Jump to content

User:Deisenbe

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This editor is a
Master Editor
and is entitled to display this Platinum
Editor Star
.
This user received the Editor of the Week award.

Helpful pages

[edit]
Helpful pages

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Repeated_citations https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_messages/Redirect_pages

Sources, links, personal info
Wikitools
  • Search through a page's history for edits made by a particular user[2]
  • List changes made recently to pages linked from a specified page [3]
  • List contributors to an article, ranked in order of activity[4]
  • Find images for a given article, using interwiki links[5]
  • Find which Wiki pages link to a particular site [6]
  • What pages have you and another edited? [7]
  • User's across-projects contributions [8]
  • Search Wikipedia's back pages [9]
  • Who wrote that? (Wiki blame) [10]
  • Request page protection [11]
  • Fix bare url reflinks [12]
  • Readability meter [13]
  • X!'s edit count [14]
  • Citation Bot [15]
  • Wikichecker [16]
  • 3RR tool [17]
  • Review [18]
  • Emote [19]
  • Help [20]
Extended content
links


Views of this page

    Barnstars

    [edit]
    The Editor's Barnstar
    The coverage of American history on Wikipedia is significantly better because of your research and writing. By creating or improving myriad articles ranging from Moses Jacob Ezekiel in recent weeks,[21] to bigger efforts like Negro Fort or biographies of interesting characters and places like Addison Mizner and Mineshaft, you've illuminated fascinating and important stories and facts. And you've done it with very little controversy. On behalf of Wikipedia readers, "Keep up the good work!" Mobi Ditch (talk) 09:19, 4 February 2019 (UTC)
    La Insignia de Diligencia (Barnstar for Diligence)
    Gracias. Reficul18nov1974 (discusión) 12:20 10 nov 2015 (UTC)
    The Original Barnstar
    Thank you for creating the Texas Civil War Museum!Zigzig20s (talk) 13:34, 13 June 2018 (UTC)
    The Content Creativity Barnstar
    For the creation of Union Literary Institute apparently from scratch in a short time. While there is no doubt further work to be done, this is an excellent addition to Wikipedia. DES (talk)DESiegel Contribs 02:12, 8 October 2019 (UTC)

    Prairie protector barnstar

    [edit]
    The Kansas Barnstar
    The Kansas Barnstar is awarded to editors to recognize significant contributions to Kansas-related aticles.
    I can't believe anybody wants to go finding more citations to throw on the mountain of John Brown! Imagine what he would say if he saw the endless accolades and respect in all mediums today. I'd like to know your background and how I can help more, but we sure have Kansas in common! You work is superb. — Smuckola(talk) 20:33, 23 May 2022 (UTC)

    A cup of coffee for you!

    [edit]
    I like and I commented on your essay at Wikipedia:Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country. Thanks for writing it. Blue Rasberry (talk) 20:52, 1 March 2020 (UTC)

    Personal information

    [edit]

    My name is Daniel Eisenberg. I grew up and attended elementary and high school in Canisteo (village), New York, though due to my father's participation in the Korean War, I attended third grade (1953-54) in a U.S. Army school in Sendai, Japan. I have a B.A. in Romance Languages from Johns Hopkins University and a Ph.D. in Spanish from Brown University. I was from 2000 to 2008 the editor of the journal Cervantes, published by the Cervantes Society of America (http://cervantesjournal.com or https://web.archive.org/web/20140801155459/http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/cervante/bcsalist.htm). In 1976 I founded and until 1992 edited and published the Journal of Hispanic Philology. I was a Contributing Editor of the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, published by Garland in 1990.

    I was Distinguished Research Professor at Florida State University, where I taught from 1974 to 1996. I am now retired.

    I enjoy editing and writing articles on a wide variety of subjects centered on the history, literature, or politics of Spain, the southern United States; African Americans; sexual minorities; pornography. But I get pretty far afield, like Golden Age of Radio or IBM MT/ST, the latter of which was my first article. (I owned an MT/ST.)

    You can find my personal page at https://fsu.academia.edu/DanielEisenberg. My prior home page was https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/deisenbe/ That contains the text of most of my writings, although those writings, plus others newly digitized, are in the process (2017) of being posted on the new site. You can find my Vita (Résumé) there. My articles on homosexual topics are at https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/deisenbe/INDEX-S.HTM, though an article from the "Encyclopedia of Medieval Iberia" is on my main page. Also there is a page on me in the Spanish Biblioteca Virtual Cervantes (http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaAutor.html?Ref=2987). My email address at present (2018) is danielbeisenberg(at)gmail.com.

    Correspondence and other papers of mine are found primarily in the Florida State University archives, Special Collections, Strozier Library, both under my name and under Journal of Hispanic Philology. Some early correspondence is at the Hispanic Society of America.

    Wikipedia's principles

    [edit]

    The following are principles of Wikipedia which appeal to me very much. I have deduced these from people's behavior, though no doubt they are written somewhere, or somewheres.

    • It is totally democratic. No one is better than anyone else.
    • Work is recognized.
    • It is the most anarchic organization, and I mean that in a good sense, that I've ever heard of. No one rules. There are no elections. The people themselves set up the structure. (Curiously, the only country in which Anarchism has been a real political force was Spain.)
    • A principle is "don't assume the worst, assume the best".
    • Knowledge is an unqualified good.
    • If you know something, you'll probably want to share it. In fact, there's a subtle pressure on you to share what you know.
    • No field of knowledge is better than any other. It doesn't matter what crazy thing you're interested in, if it's significant, write it up.
    • This is more than an encyclopedia project.
    • Interactions with other Wikipedia editors feel like a brain talking to someone else's brain.

    Here are two things I don't like, or at least am ambiguous about:

    • The burden of ascertaining the truth of Wikipedia's contents has been offloaded to externals: journals' editors and editorial boards, newspaper editors, and the like. I don't know a better system, but journal editors, newspaper editors, etc., are not exempt from influences on: what is acceptable, what will sell more papers, what is "politically correct", what will lead to the editor's career success.
    • Wikipedia does not want original research. Because it would then have to set up a structure to determine whether the original research was correct.

    The following addition of mine was reversed in the article "Campaign for 'Santorum' neologism" because it constituted original research:

    "After Savage began his campaign, Santorum was never to win another election, although the extent to which Savage contributed to the defeats has not been studied."

    The election results are public documents and easily accessible, but I had to find _someone else_ who had made this observation. This may be according to policy, but I don't think it's good policy if it prohibits this.

    Also there is a case cited somewhere in which an author was not allowed to say what was in his own book, it had to be said by a third party. This is silly and wastes time, at least as seen from the small part of Wikipedia that I hang out in. If the question is authentification (is that really the author?) then attack that.

    As we have seen in the case of computer viruses (originally there were none), there is something criminal, evil, or at least mean in human nature -- not in everyone, but certainly in some -- and that shows up in Wikipedia just like it does in other places. Yet there is lots of altruism too.

    (This added later.) Wikipedia's software is a delight. Fast, clean, and so intuitive! (That's a computer term for "makes sense" "easy to understand and use" "The command you think will probably work, it'll work.")

    I would encourage everyone to read Criticism of Wikipedia and Wikipedia:Systemic bias.

    My contributions

    [edit]

    For my contributions in Spanish to the Spanish Wikipedia, see es:Usuario:Deisenbe

    Articles created

    Articles created

    [edit]

    For pages I created, see https://xtools.wmflabs.org/pages/en.wikipedia.org/Deisenbe

    This will not include Paradise Park, Florida, Relay, Maryland, or Camilla massacre, as they previously existed as Redirects.

    Articles that I did not start, but which I wrote most of:

    About half:

    Between a third and half:

    For categories I created, see https://xtools.wmflabs.org/pages/en.wikipedia.org/Deisenbe/14 Note that Category:Removed Monuments and Memorials of the Confederate States of America, deleted on 5/10/17, was recreated 3 months later as Category:Removed Confederate States of America monuments and memorials (by someone else).

    For redirects I created, see https://xtools.wmflabs.org/pages/en.wikipedia.org/Deisenbe/0/onlyredirects

    Templates created: https://xtools.wmflabs.org/pages/en.wikipedia.org/Deisenbe/10

    Paragraphs I wrote that were reverted

    Article that was cut 60%: Treatment of the enslaved in the United States

    [edit]

    https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States&oldid=1055466160

    Scars of Gordon, a whipped Louisiana slave, photographed in April 1863 and later distributed by abolitionists.
    Bill of sale for the auction of the "Negro Boy Jacob" for "Eighty Dollars and a half" (equivalent to $1,675 in 2023) to satisfy a money judgment against the "property" of his owner, Prettyman Boyce. October 10, 1807. Click on photo for complete transcription.

    The treatment of enslaved people in the United States varied by time and place, but was generally brutal, especially on plantations. Whipping and rape were routine, but usually not in front of white outsiders, or even the plantation owner's family. ("When I whip niggers, I take them out of the sight and hearing of the house, and no one in my family knows it."[1]: 36 ) An enslaved person could not be a witness against a white; enslaved people were sometimes required to whip other enslaved people, even family members.[2]: 54  There were also businesses to which a slave owner could turn over the whipping.[2]: 24 [3]: 53  Families were often split up by the sale of one or more members, usually never to see or hear of each other again.[4] There were some relatively enlightened slave owners—Nat Turner said his master was kind[5]—but not on large plantations. Only a small minority of enslaved people received anything resembling decent treatment; one contemporary estimate was 10%, not without noting that the ones well treated desired freedom just as much as those poorly treated.[3]: 16, 31  Good treatment could vanish upon the death of an owner. As put by William T. Allan, a slaveowner's abolitionist son who could not safely return to Alabama, "cruelty was the rule, and kindness the exception".[6][7]

    There is no known instance in which an enslaved person, having escaped to freedom, returned happily to slavery, or even stated that they were sorry they had fled, because they had been better off enslaved. The United Daughters of the Confederacy, seeking to find a "faithful slave" to erect a monument to, could find no one better than Heyward Shepherd, who was not born enslaved, may never have been enslaved, and certainly showed no commitment to or support of slavery.[citation needed]

    According to Angelina Grimké, who could not endure the treatment of the enslaved owned by other members of her wealthy family, and left Charleston, South Carolina, to become a Quaker abolitionist based in Philadelphia:

    I have never seen a happy slave. I have seen him dance in his chains, it is true; but he was not happy. There is a wide difference between happiness and mirth. Man cannot enjoy the former while his manhood is destroyed, and that part of the being which is necessary to the making, and to the enjoyment of happiness, is completely blotted out. The slaves, however, may be, and sometimes are, mirthful. When hope is extinguished, they say, "let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die."[8]

    Here is how it was put in 1834 by James Bradley, a formerly enslaved man who, after years of extra work and little sleep, was able to purchase his freedom:

    How strange it is that anybody should believe any human being could be a slave, and yet be contented! I do not believe that there ever was a slave, who did not long for liberty. I know very well that slave-owners take a great deal of pains to make the people in the free states believe that the slaves are happy; but I know, likewise, that I was never acquainted with a slave, however well he was treated, who did not long to be free. There is one thing about this, that people in the free states do not understand. When they ask slaves whether they wish for liberty, they answer, "No"; and very likely they will go as far as to say they would not leave their masters for the world. But at the same time, they desire liberty more than anything else, and have perhaps all along been laying plans to get free. The truth is, if a slave shows any discontent, he is sure to be treated worse, and worked harder for it; and every slave knows this. This is why they are careful not to show any uneasiness when white men ask them about freedom. When they are alone by themselves, all their talk is about liberty – liberty! It is the great thought and feeling that fills the minds full all the time.[9]

    The same was said by ex-slave Isabella Gibbons, in words engraved on the Memorial to Enslaved Laborers at the University of Virginia.

    What is well documented is the eagerness of formerly enslaved men to take up arms against their former owners, first in the British Ethiopian Regiment and Corps of Colonial Marines, then in the United States Colored Troops, even though the Confederacy announced that the latter were traitors and would be immediately shot if captured. There is no instance in which any of these latter soldiers, having obtained arms, used them against Union troops, rather they performed well as Union soldiers.

    The Southern picture of slave treatment

    [edit]

    In the Antebellum period, the South "claimed before the world" that chattel slavery "was a highly benignant, elevating, and humanizing institution, and as having Divine approbation."[10] The general, quasi-official Southern view of their enslaved was that they were much better off than Northern employed workers, whom Southerners called "wage slaves". Certainly they were much better off than if they were still in Africa, where they did not have Christianity and (allegedly for physiological reasons) their languages had no "abstract terms" like government, vote, or legislature. Slaves loved their masters.[11] Only mental illness could make an enslaved person want to run away, and this supposed malady was given a name, drapetomania.

    On occasion of the arrival of "the seditious and insurrectionary proceedings of a Fanatical Society at New-York [the American Anti-Slavery Society], who have presumed to address some of their superstitious, stupid and vile publications to the post office of Frederica" (Georgia), "at a respectable meeting of the Inhabitants" the following statement was prepared:

    [O]ur slaves are enjoying the most perfect security and freedom from excessive labor, the most lawless riots and violence, so frequently inflicted on the Blacks of the North....

    It is a fact, known to every planter in the South, that our slaves, at some seasons of the year, do not labor half the day to accomplish the work required, while it is a matter of record before the Committee on Ways and Means in Congress, that the laborers in Northern Manufactures are required to work from the earliest dawn of day, to 9 o'clock at night.

    The condition of our slaves are [sic] therefore implicitly more independent, comfortable and free, than those over-worked and oppressed laborers, as they are clothed and fed—have as much land as they can cultivate—raise an abundance of poultry, to exchange for the comforts and some of the luxuries of life; and when sick, or the infi[r]mities of a faithful old age secures to them such a freedom as the hypocrits [sic] and fanatics of this abol[i]tion mania will never afford them, their wants are supplied and they are carefully attended in a comfortable Hospital on most plantations; because it is the interest of a master to relieve the sufferings of his slave. It is his pleasure to see them contented. Such are the relations between master and servant, and these vile Abolitionists, these Disunionists and Anarchists would sever [sic], and such are the happy people they wish to cast unprovided for upon a wide and pitiless world!![12]

    In a similar statement, "the sufferings of the southern slave dwindle into comparative nothingness" when compared with "the squalid wretchedness, the inhuman oppressions of a large proportion of the white population in the manufacturing districts."[13]

    Slavery in the American South was claimed to be the best slavery that had ever existed anywhere:

    [W]e...deny that slavery is sinful or inexpedient. We deny that it is wrong in the abstract. We assert that it is the natural condition of man; that there ever has been, and there ever will be slavery; and we not only claim for ourselves the right to determine for ourselves the relations between master and slave, but we insist that the slavery of the Southern States is the best regulation of slavery, whether we take into consideration the interests of the master or of the slave, that has ever been devised.[14]

    Southern newspapers regularly ran brief notices of occasional voluntary returnees to slavery, individual cases, although these notes were usually vague anecdotes, second-hand at best; rarely do they mention a name, much less contact the person returning. ("I could cite numerous instances...of slaves returning from the North, from Canada, even from Liberia, voluntarily, into a state of Slavery."[15]) There were some who remained enslaved because manumission would have meant separation from loved ones. Others found such severe and completely legal anti-Black discrimination in employment in the North that they could not earn enough money to live and support a family, so it was slavery or starvation.

    Sources on American treatment of slaves

    [edit]

    Rankin's Letters on Slavery (1826)

    [edit]

    Religion is at the center of American abolitionism. Just as Quakers had been early leaders against slavery, it was now Presbyterians, at the time one of the largest denominations in the country, who felt called to do God's will: to end the sin of enslaving another human being. There was considerable writing on the question of whether the Bible does or does not approve of slavery.[16]

    Starting with Presbyterian minister John Rankin's 1826 Letters on Slavery, which began as letters to his brother who had acquired slaves, readers began to hear about slavery as the slaves experienced it. Rankin lived in Ripley, Ohio, on the Ohio River. There were many fugitive slaves crossing the river separating slave Kentucky from free Ohio; they provided Rankin plenty of information. "His home became one of the busiest stations on the underground railroad in the Ohio Valley."[17]: 161  His "house atop the hill in Ripley has remained the Underground Railroad's most famous landmark."[18]: 4  There is a lot of confusion about the "real" Eliza of Uncle Tom's Cabin, but she passed through Rankin's house.[18] Harriet Beecher Stowe, living nearby in Cincinnati, and Rankin knew each other. One source says that Stowe met the "real" Eliza in Rankin's house.[19]

    • Rankin first pointed out that blacks were not "racially" inferior. "The organization of their mental powers is equal to that of the rest of mankind."[20]: 14  "Many of the Africans possess the finest powers of mind, and...in this respect, they are naturally equal to the rest of mankind."[20]: 29 
    • Rankin went on to present the depressing conditions of life as a slave: "As the making of grain is the main object of their emancipation, masters will sacrifice as little as possible in giving them food. It often happens that what will barely keep them alive, is all that a cruel avarice will allow them. Hence, in some instances, their allowance has been reduced to a single pint of corn each during the day and night. And some have no better allowance than a small portion of cotton seed!! And in some places the best allowance is a peck of corn each during the week, while perhaps they are not permitted to taste meat so much as once in the course of seven years, except what little they may be able to steal! Thousands of them are pressed with the gnawings of cruel hunger during their whole lives — an insatiable avarice will not grant them a single comfortable meal to satisfy the cravings of nature! Such cruelty far exceeds the powers of description! ...Thousands of them are really starving in a state of slavery, and are under the direful necessity of stealing whatever they can find, that will satisfy the cravings of hunger; and I have little doubt but many actually starve to death."[20]: 37–38 
    • "[I]n some parts of Alabama, you may see slaves in the cotton fields without so much as even a single rag upon them, shivering before the chilling blasts of mid-winter. ...Indeed in every slaveholding state many slaves suffer extremely, both while they labor and while they sleep, for want of clothing to keep them warm. Often they are driven through frost and snow without either stocking or shoe until the path they tread is dyed with the blood that issues from their frost-worn limbs! And when they return to their miserable huts at night they find not there the means of comfortable rest; but on the cold ground they must lie without covering, and shiver, while they slumber."[20]: 36–37 
    • "The slaveholder has it in his power, to violate the chastity of his slaves. And not a few are beastly enough to exercise such power. Hence it happens that, in some families, it is difficult to distinguish the free children from the slaves. It is sometimes the case, that the largest part of the master's own children are born, not of his wife, but of the wives and daughters of his slaves, whom he has basely prostituted as well as enslaved."[20]: 38  (See Children of the plantation.)
    • "Among the rest was an ill grown boy about seventeen, who having just returned from a skulking spell, was sent to the spring for water, and in returning let fall an elegant pitcher. It was dashed to shivers upon the rocks. This was the occasion. It was night, and the slaves all at home. The master had them collected into the most roomy negrohouse, and a rousing fire made. When the door was secured, that none might escape, either through fear of him or sympathy with George, he opened the design of the interview, namely, that they might be effectually taught to stay at home and obey his orders. All things being now in train, he called up George, who approached his master with the most unreserved submission. He bound him with cords, and by the assistance of his younger brother, laid him on a broad bench, or meat block. He now proceeded to whang [small capitals in the original] off George by the ancles!!! It was with the broad ax! — In vain did the unhappy victim scream and roar! He was completely in his master's power. Not a hand amongst so many durst interfere. Casting the feet into the fire, he lectured them at some length. He whacked him off below the knees! George roaring out, and praying his master to begin at the other end! He admonished them again, throwing the legs into the fire! Then above the knees, tossing the joints into the fire! He again lectured them at leisure. The next stroke severed the thighs from the body. These were also committed to the flames. And so off the arms, head and trunk, until all was in the fire! Still protracting the intervals with lectures, and threatenings of like punishment, in case of disobedience, or running away. ...He said that he had never enjoyed himself at a ball so well as he had enjoyed himself that evening."[20]: 63–64 

    There was only one edition of these letters before 1833 (and the warehouse with unsold copies "was set on fire and burned to the ground"[20]: 161 ). Wm. Lloyd Garrison, who was America's leading abolitionist in the 1830s, spoke of the influence of Rankin's Letters on him. He reprinted the then-obscure book in full in his newspaper The Liberator starting on August 25, 1832. He and his collaborator Isaac Knapp promptly issued it in book form as Letters on American Slavery (1833), reprinted in 1836 and 1838, becoming common reading for abolitionists.

    Slavery...in the United States (1834)

    [edit]

    Another collection of incidents of mistreatment of slaves appeared in 1834, from an otherwise unknown E. Thomas, under the title A concise view of the slavery of the people of color in the United States; exhibiting some of the most affecting cases of cruel and barbarous treatment of the slaves by their most inhuman and brutal masters; not heretofore published: and also showing the absolute necessity for the most speedy abolition of slavery, with an endeavor to point out the best means of effecting it. To which is added, A short address to the free people of color. With a selection of hymns, &c. &c.

    In his preface, Thomas explains: "[M]y principal design at present, is, to record some striking cases of cruelty of more recent date, not heretofore published, and which have been related to me during my travels through the different states, for three years past: in order to excite in the mind of every individual a love of liberty, and an inveterate abhorrence of slavery, that each may endeavor by throwing in his mite, to contribute towards its total abolition. ...Those facts or accounts of cruelty have been communicated to me by different persons of undoubted veracity, and in whom I place the most entire confidence."[21]

    Chapter titles in this collection include:

    • The infant whipped to death with a cow-skin [a leather whip], . 8[3]: 60 [22]: 4 ]
    • The aged woman starved to death, . . 9
    • The man that had his teeth knocked out, . . 11
    • The slave shot by her master, . . 18
    • The slave that was shot for going out to preach, 20
    • The slave whipped for hard riding, . . 22
    • Slaves eating out of a hog-trough, . . 23
    • The slave whipped to death for killing a sheep, 24
    • The slave slowly dissected and burnt, . . 25
    • The slave whipped to death for telling his vision, 27
    • The man and wife yoked like oxen, . . 29
    • The slave whipped for going to see his wife, . 38
    • The slave flogged and robbed, . . .39

    The publications of the anti-slavery societies

    [edit]

    Starting in the early 1830s there were dozens of lecturers, many of them trained as ministers, criss-crossing the free states, speaking and giving lectures in churches, meeting-houses, and any other venue that would have them, on how slaves were treated in the American South. There was even training for these lecturers, in Ohio, by Theodore Dwight Weld, employed by the American Anti-Slavery Society. Hundreds of local anti-slavery societies were formed. What little publicity these lectures got was mostly negative, but in the publications of the larger anti-slavery societies we have considerable information on what they were saying, across the North, about the treatment of American slaves.

    • A female slave was sent on an errand, and was gone longer than her master wished. She was ordered to be flogged, and was tied up and nearly beaten to death. While the overseer was whipping her, in the presence of her master, she said that she had been prevented returning sooner by sickness on the way. Her enraged master ordered her to be whipped again for daring to speak, and the lash was again applied, until she expired under the operation. Nor was her life alone sacrificed. An unborn infant died with her, which had been the cause of her delay on her master's errand. Another case occurred, where a black boy was whipped for stealing a piece of leather, and because he persisted in denying it, he was whipped till he died. After he was dead, his master's son acknowledged that he took the piece of leather. A Georgian bought five slaves and set them a task in the field, which they could not or would not do. The next day he added another task, with orders that they should do that and the work of the preceding day, or be whipped until they accomplished it. The third day more work was added and additional whipping ordered. The work was now beyond the strength of the slaves. They tried in vain to accomplish it, and at last left it in despair, and went into the woods. They were missed, and pursuit made after them, and were all found hanging dead. They had committed suicide to escape the cruelty of their master. A hole was dug, and they were thrown into it, amid the curses of their owner at the loss he had met with in his property.[23]: 58 

    • A slave, who was a husband and father, was made to strip his wife and daughter, and whip them.[24]

    A similar report was published by Garrison in the July 3, 1862 issue of The Liberator.[25]

    American Slavery As It Is (1839)

    [edit]

    Although there were a variety of books in which travelers in the South reported what they saw and heard about the enslaved,[3][1] the encyclopedia of the cruelty with which American slaves were treated was American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses, by Theodore Dwight Weld, his wife Angelina Grimké, and her sister Sarah Grimké, which was published in 1839 by the American Anti-Slavery Society. Well organized, by informant and by topic (Food, Labor, Dwellings, Clothing, Treatment of the Sick, Privations, Punishments, Tortures), it states at the outset that most of the stories are taken from Southern newspapers, most of which are available at the office of the publisher, the American Anti-Slavery Society, 143 Nassau St., New York, and invites the public to call and see their sources. Over 6 to 24 months, Weld had purchased in bulk thousands of issues of papers being discarded by a reading room at the New York Stock Exchange (open to white men only), then taken them home to Fort Lee, New Jersey, where the Grimké sisters analyzed them.[26]: 97  The names of informants are given, but "a number of them still reside in slave states; — to publish their names would be, in most cases, to make them the victims of popular fury."[2]

    Here is a statement by Theodore Weld about what the book contains:

    Reader, you are impaneled as a juror to try a plain case and bring in an honest verdict. The question at issue is not one of law, but of fact — "What is the actual condition of the slaves in the United States? ...As slaveholders and their apologists are volunteer witnesses in their own cause, and are flooding the world with testimony that their slaves are kindly treated; that they are well fed, well clothed, well housed, well lodged, moderately worked, and bountifully provided with all things needful for their comfort, we propose — first, to disprove their assertions by the testimony of a multitude of impartial witnesses.... We will prove that the slaves in the United States are treated with barbarous inhumanity; that they are overworked, underfed, wretchedly clad and lodged, and have insufficient sleep; that they are often made to wear round their necks iron collars armed with prongs, to drag heavy chains and weights at their feet while working in the field, and to wear yokes, and bells, and iron horns; that they are often kept confined in the stocks day and night for weeks together, made to wear gags in their mouths for hours or days, have some of their front teeth torn out or broken off, that they may be easily detected when they run away; that they are frequently flogged with terrible severity, have red pepper rubbed into their lacerated flesh, and hot brine, spirits of turpentine, &c., poured over the gashes to increase the torture; that they are often stripped naked, their backs and limbs cut with knives, bruised and mangled by scores and hundreds of blows with the paddle, and terribly torn by the claws of cats, drawn over them by their tormentors; that they are often hunted with blood hounds and shot down like beasts, or torn in pieces by dogs; that they are often suspended by the arms and whipped and beaten till they faint, and when revived by restoratives, beaten again till they faint, and sometimes till they die; that their ears are often cut off, their eyes knocked out, their bones broken, their flesh branded with red hot irons; that they are maimed, mutilated and burned to death over slow fires. All these things, and more, and worse, we shall prove. Reader, we know whereof we affirm, we have weighed it well; more and worse WE WILL PROVE. Mark these words, and read on; we will establish all these facts by the testimony of scores and hundreds of eyewitnesses, by the testimony of slaveholders in all parts of the slave states, by slaveholding members of Congress and of state legislatures, by ambassadors to foreign courts, by judges, by doctors of divinity, and clergymen of all denominations, by merchants, mechanics, lawyers and physicians, by presidents and professors in colleges and professional seminaries, by planters, overseers and drivers. We shall show, not merely that such deeds are committed, but that they are frequent; not done in corners, but before the sun; not in one of the slave states, but in all of them; not perpetrated by brutal overseers and drivers merely, but by magistrates, by legislators, by professors of religion, by preachers of the gospel, by governors of states, by "gentlemen of property and standing," and by delicate females moving in the "highest circles of society."[2]: 9 

    Beginning of index of American Slavery As It Is, by Theodore Weld, Angelina Grimké, and Sarah Grimké 1839

    In a measure unusual at the time, the book concluded with an index, allowing the reader to quickly locate information by person or newspaper, and by type of treatment.

    Slave narratives and lectures

    [edit]

    As there began to be a significant number of literate ex-slaves (freedmen or fugitives), some wrote of their earlier experiences as slaves, reporting mistreatment they witnessed and suffered themselves. Shortly after, a growing number of former slaves were able to speak in public, sometimes eloquently, about what they had experienced and seen. Starting with James Bradley, in Ohio, then William G. Allen, so well-educated that he taught Greek at New-York Central College, in Massachusetts and upstate New York, Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth across the free states, and the list could be extended. Both the slave narratives and the lectures were for free state audiences, who were mostly unaware of the reality of enslaved people's lives.

    Frederick Douglass

    [edit]

    In his autobiography, a bestseller first published in 1845 and later revised several times, Frederick Douglass describes the treatment of his cousin at the hands of their enslaver:

    His cruelty and meanness were especially displayed in his treatment of my unfortunate cousin Henny, whose lameness made her a burden to him. I have seen him tie up this lame and maimed woman and whip her in a manner most brutal and shocking; and then with blood-chilling blasphemy he would quote the passage of scripture, 'That servant which knew his lord's will and prepared not himself, neither did according to his will, shall be beaten with many stripes.' He would keep this lacerated woman tied up by her wrists to a bolt in the joist, three, four, and five hours at a time. He would tie her up early in the morning, whip her with a cowskin before breakfast, leave her tied up, go to his store, and returning to dinner repeat the castigation, laying on the rugged lash on flesh already raw by repeated blows. He seemed desirous to get the poor girl out of existence, or at any rate off his hands. ...Finally, upon a pretense that he could do nothing for her (I use his own words), he 'set her adrift to take care of herself' ...turning loose the only cripple among [his slaves] virtually to starve and die."[27]

    He also describes the cowskin whip:

    The cowskin is a kind of whip seldom seen in the northern states. It is made entirely of untanned, but dried, ox hide, and is about as hard as a piece of well-seasoned live oak. It is made of various sizes, but the usual length is about three feet. The part held in the hand is nearly an inch in thickness; and, from the extreme end of the butt or handle, the cowskin tapers its whole length to a point. This makes it quite elastic and springy. A blow with it, on the hardest back, will gash the flesh, and make the blood start. Cowskins are painted red, blue and green, and are the favorite slave whip. I think this whip worse than the "cat-o'nine-tails." It condenses the whole strength of the arm to a single point, and comes with a spring that makes the air whistle. It is a terrible instrument, and is so handy, that the overseer can always have it on his person, and ready for use. The temptation to use it is ever strong; and an overseer can, if disposed, always have cause for using it. With him, it is literally a word and a blow, and, in most cases, the blow comes first.[28]

    Sojourner Truth

    [edit]

    Sojourner Truth, to whose narrative the above statement by Douglass was appended, relates the following scene she witnessed:

    ...one Hasbrouck. — He had a sick slave-woman, who was lingering with a slow consumption [tuberculosis] whom he made to spin, regardless of her weakness and suffering; and this woman had a child, that was unable to walk or talk, at the age of five years, neither could it cry like other children, but made a constant, piteous, moaning sound. This exhibition of helplessness and imbecility, instead of exciting the master's pity, stung his cupidity, and so enraged him, that he would kick the poor thing about like a foot-ball. Isabella's informant had seen this brute of a man, when the child was curled up under a chair, innocently amusing itself with a few sticks, drag it thence, that he might have the pleasure of tormenting it. She had seen him, with one blow of his foot, send it rolling quite across the room, and down the steps at the door. Oh, how she wished it might instantly die! "But," she said, "it seemed as tough as a moccasin." Though it did die at last, and made glad the heart of its friends; and its persecutor, no doubt, rejoiced with them, but from very different motives.[29]: 83 

    Teaching slaves to read was discouraged or (depending upon the state) prohibited, so as to hinder aspirations for escape or rebellion. In response to slave rebellions such as the Haitian Revolution, the 1811 German Coast Uprising, a failed uprising in 1822 organized by Denmark Vesey, and Nat Turner's slave rebellion in 1831, some states prohibited slaves from holding religious gatherings, or any other kind of gathering, without a white person present, for fear that such meetings could facilitate communication and lead to rebellion and escapes.

    Slaves were punished by whipping, shackling, beating, mutilation, branding, and/or imprisonment. Punishment was most often meted out in response to disobedience or perceived infractions, but masters or overseers sometimes abused slaves to assert dominance. Pregnancy was not a barrier to punishment; methods were devised to administer lashings without harming the baby. Slave masters would dig a hole big enough for the woman's stomach to lie in and proceed with the lashings.[30] But such "protective" steps gave neither expectant slave mothers nor their unborn infants much real protection against grave injury or death from excess zeal or number of lashes inflicted, as one quote by ex-captive Moses Grandy took note:

    One of my sisters was so severely punished in this way, that labour was brought on, and the child born in the field. This very overseer, Mr. Brooks, killed in this manner a girl named Mary: her [parents] were in the field at the time. He also killed a boy about twelve years old. He had no punishment, or even trial, for either [murder].[31]

    The mistreatment of slaves frequently included rape and the sexual abuse of women. The sexual abuse of slaves was partially rooted in historical Southern culture and its view of the enslaved as property.[32] After 1662, when Virginia adopted the legal doctrine partus sequitur ventrem, sexual relations between white men and black women were regulated by classifying children of slave mothers as slaves regardless of their father's race or status. Particularly in the Upper South, a population developed of mixed-race (mulatto) offspring of such unions (see children of the plantation), although white Southern society claimed to abhor miscegenation and punished sexual relations between white women and black men as damaging to racial purity.

    Frederick Law Olmsted visited Mississippi in 1853 and wrote:

    A cast mass of the slaves pass their lives, from the moment they are able to go afield in the picking season till they drop worn out in the grave, in incessant labor, in all sorts of weather, at all seasons of the year, without any other change or relaxation than is furnished by sickness, without the smallest hope of any improvement either in their condition, in their food, or in their clothing, which are of the plainest and coarsest kind, and indebted solely to the forbearance or good temper of the overseer for exception from terrible physical suffering.[33]

    Living conditions

    [edit]

    Compiling a variety of historical sources, historian Kenneth M. Stampp identified in his classic work The Peculiar Institution reoccurring themes in slavemasters’ efforts to produce the "ideal slave":

    1. Maintain strict discipline and unconditional submission.
    2. Create a sense of personal inferiority, so that slaves "know their place."
    3. Instill fear.
    4. Teach servants to take interest in their master's enterprise.
    5. Prevent access to education and recreation, to ensure that slaves remain uneducated, helpless, and dependent.[34][35]

    Brutality

    [edit]

    According to historians David Brion Davis and Eugene Genovese, treatment of slaves was harsh and inhumane. During work and outside of it, slaves suffered physical abuse, since the government allowed it. Treatment was usually harsher on large plantations, which were often managed by overseers and owned by absentee slaveholders. Small slaveholders worked together with their slaves and sometimes treated them more humanely.[36]

    Besides slaves' being vastly overworked, they suffered brandings, shootings, "floggings," and much worse punishments. Flogging was a term often used to describe the average lashing or whipping a slave would receive for misbehaving. Many times a slave would also simply be put through "wanton cruelties" or unprovoked violent beatings or punishments.[37]

    Inhumane treatment

    [edit]

    After 1820,[38] in response to the inability to legally import new slaves from Africa following prohibition of the international slave trade, some slaveholders improved the living conditions of their slaves, to influence them not to attempt escape.[39]

    Some slavery advocates asserted that many slaves were content with their situation. African-American abolitionist J. Sella Martin countered that apparent "contentment" was in fact a psychological defense to dehumanizing brutality of having to bear witness to their spouses being sold at auction and daughters raped.[40] Likewise, Elizabeth Keckley, who grew up a slave in Virginia and became Mary Todd Lincoln's personal modiste, gave an account of what she had witnessed as a child to explain the folly of any claim that the slave was jolly or content. Little Joe, son of the cook, was sold to pay his owner's bad debt:

    Joe’s mother was ordered to dress him in his best Sunday clothes and send him to the house, where he was sold, like the hogs, at so much per pound. When her son started for Petersburgh, ... she pleaded piteously that her boy not be taken from her; but master quieted her by telling that he was going to town with the wagon, and would be back in the morning. Morning came, but little Joe did not return to his mother. Morning after morning passed, and the mother went down to the grave without ever seeing her child again. One day she was whipped for grieving for her lost boy.... Burwell never liked to see his slaves wear a sorrowful face, and those who offended in this way were always punished. Alas! the sunny face of the slave is not always an indication of sunshine in the heart.[41]

    William Dunway notes that slaves were often punished for their failure to demonstrate due deference and submission to whites. Demonstrating politeness and humility showed the slave was submitting to the established racial and social order, while failure to follow them demonstrated insolence and a threat to the social hierarchy. Dunway observes that slaves were punished almost as often for symbolic violations of the social order as they were for physical failures; in Appalachia, two-thirds of whippings were done for social offences versus one-third for physical offences such as low productivity or property losses.[42]

    Education and access to information

    [edit]

    Slave owners, even though they proclaimed American slavery to be benevolent, greatly feared slave rebellions.[43] Most of them sought to minimize slaves' exposure to the outside world to reduce the risk. The desired result was to eliminate slaves' dreams and aspirations, restrict access to information about escaped slaves and rebellions, and stifle their mental faculties.[39]

    Education of slaves, then, was at least discouraged, and usually prohibited altogether. (See Education during the slave period.) It was seen by slaveowners as something the enslaved, like other farm animals, were incapable of learning and not needed to do their jobs. They believed slaves with knowledge would become morose, if not insolent and "uppity". They might learn of the Underground Railroad: that escape was possible, that many would help, and that there were sizeable communities of formerly enslaved Blacks in Northern cities.[44]

    In 1841, Virginia punished violations of this law by 20 lashes to the slave and a $100 fine to the teacher, and North Carolina by 39 lashes to the slave and a $250 fine to the teacher.[44] In Kentucky, education of slaves was legal but almost nonexistent.[44] Some Missouri slaveholders educated their slaves or permitted them to do so themselves.[45] In Utah, slave owners were required to send black slaves to school for eighteen months between the ages of six and twenty years[46] and Indian slaves for three months every year.[47]

    Working conditions

    [edit]

    In 1740, following the Stono Rebellion, Maryland limited slaves' working hours to 15 per day in the summer and 14 in the winter, with no work permitted on Sunday. Historian Charles Johnson writes that such laws were not only motivated by compassion, but also by the desire to pacify slaves and prevent future revolts. Slave working conditions were often made worse by the plantation's need for them to work overtime to sustain themselves in regards to food and shelter.[48][49] In Utah, slaves were required to work "reasonable" hours.[46]

    Child workers

    [edit]

    Children, who of course could not go to school, were, like adults, usually expected to work to their physical limits. It was completely legal to exploit children, to work them brutally, to whip them, and to use them sexually. Even very young children could be given tasks such as guarding flocks or carrying water to the field hands.

    Medical treatment

    [edit]

    The quality of medical care to slaves is uncertain; some historians conclude that because slaveholders wished to preserve the value of their slaves, they received the same care as whites did. Others conclude that medical care was poor. A majority of plantation owners and doctors balanced a plantation need to coerce as much labor as possible from a slave without causing death, infertility, or a reduction in productivity; the effort by planters and doctors to provide sufficient living resources that enabled their slaves to remain productive and bear many children; the impact of diseases and injury on the social stability of slave communities; the extent to which illness and mortality of sub-populations in slave society reflected their different environmental exposures and living circumstances rather than their alleged racial characteristics.[50] Slaves may have also provided adequate medical care to each other.[51] Previous studies show that a slave-owner would care for his slaves through only "prudence and humanity." Although conditions were harsh for most slaves, many slave-owners saw that it was in their best interest financially to see that each slave stayed healthy enough to maintain an active presence on the plantation, and if female, to reproduce. (In the northern states of Maryland and Virginia, children were openly spoken of as a "product" exported to the Deep South.) An ill slave meant less work done, and that motivated some plantation owners to have medical doctors monitor their slaves in an attempt to keep them healthy. (J. Marion Sims was for some years a "plantation doctor".) Other slave-owners wishing to save money would rely on their own self-taught remedies, combined with any helpful knowledge of their wives to help treat the sickly. Older slaves and oftentimes grandparents of slave communities would pass down useful medical skills and remedies as well. Also, large enough plantations with owners willing to spend the money would often have primitive infirmaries built to deal with the problems of slaves' health.[52]

    According to Michael W. Byrd, a dual system of medical care provided poorer care for slaves throughout the South, and slaves were excluded from proper, formal medical training.[53] This meant that slaves were mainly responsible for their own care, a "health subsystem" that persisted long after slavery was abolished.[54] Slaves took such an active role in the health care of their community. In 1748, Virginia prohibited them from advertising certain treatments.[55]

    Medical care was usually provided by fellow slaves or by slaveholders and their families, and only rarely by physicians.[56] Care for sick household members was mostly provided by women. Some slaves possessed medical skills, such as knowledge of herbal remedies and midwifery and often treated both slaves and non-slaves.[57] Covey suggests that because slaveholders offered poor treatment, slaves relied on African remedies and adapted them to North American plants.[55] Other examples of improvised health care methods included folk healers, grandmother midwives, and social networks such as churches, and, for pregnant slaves, female networks. Slave-owners would sometimes also seek healing from such methods in times of ill health.[58] In Missouri, slaveholders generally provided adequate health care to their slaves, and were motivated by humanitarian concerns, maintenance of slaves' productivity, and protection of the owners' investment.[57]

    Researchers performed medical experiments on slaves, who could not refuse, if their owners permitted it. They frequently displayed slaves to illustrate medical conditions.[59] Southern medical schools advertised the ready supply of corpses of the enslaved, for dissection in anatomy classes, as an incentive to enroll.[60]: 183–184 

    Religion

    [edit]

    During the early 17th century, some colonies permitted slaves who converted to Christianity to become free, but this possibility was eliminated by the mid 17th century.[61]

    In 1725, Virginia granted slaves the right to establish a church, leading to the establishment of the First Church of Colored Baptists.[62] In many cases throughout the American South, slaves created hybrid forms of Christianity, mixing elements of traditional African religions with traditional as well as new interpretations of Christianity.[63]

    South Carolina permitted law enforcement to disband any religious meeting where more than half the participants were black.[64]

    Earnings and possessions

    [edit]

    Owners usually provided the enslaved with low-quality clothing, made from rough cloth and shoes from old leather.[65] Masters commonly paid slaves small bonuses at Christmas, and some slaveholders permitted them to keep earnings and gambling profits. One slave, Denmark Vesey, bought his freedom with a lottery prize;[66] James Bradley worked extra hours and was allowed to save enough to purchase his.

    In comparison to non-slaves

    [edit]

    Robert Fogel argued that the material conditions of slaves were better than those of free industrial workers. However, 58% of historians and 42% of economists surveyed disagreed with Fogel's proposition.[67] Fogel's view was that, while slaves' living conditions were poor by modern standards, all workers during the first half of the 19th century were subject to hardship. He further stated that over the course of their lifetime, a typical slave field hand "received" about 90% of the income he produced.[67] Harriet Jacobs, who escaped from slavery and later visited England while working as a nanny, considered the conditions of the poor English farmworkers in Berkshire to still be much better than what the American slaves had because of the former's better quality of life. [68]

    Slaves were legally considered non-persons unless they committed a crime. An Alabama court ruled that slaves "are rational beings, they are capable of committing crimes; and in reference to acts which are crimes, are regarded as persons. Because they are slaves, they are incapable of performing civil acts, and, in reference to all such, they are things, not persons."[69]

    Punishment and abuse

    [edit]

    Slaves were punished by whipping, shackling, hanging, beating, burning, mutilation, branding, rape, and imprisonment. Punishment was often meted out in response to disobedience or perceived infractions, but sometimes abuse was performed to re-assert the dominance of the master (or overseer) over the slave.[70] They were punished with knives, guns, field tools and nearby objects. The whip was the most common instrument used against a slave; one said "The only punishment that I ever heard or knew of being administered slaves was whipping", although he knew several who were beaten to death for offenses such as "sassing" a white person, hitting another "negro", "fussing" or fighting in quarters.[71][failed verification][full citation needed]

    Slaves who worked and lived on plantations were the most frequently punished. Punishment could be administered by the plantation owner or master, his wife, children, or (most often) the overseer or driver.

    Slave overseers were authorized to whip and punish slaves. One overseer told a visitor, "Some Negroes are determined never to let a white man whip them and will resist you, when you attempt it; of course you must kill them in that case."[72] A former slave describes witnessing females being whipped: "They usually screamed and prayed, though a few never made a sound."[73] If the woman was pregnant, workers might dig a hole for her to rest her belly while being whipped. After slaves were whipped, overseers might order their wounds be burst and rubbed with turpentine and red pepper. An overseer reportedly took a brick, ground it into a powder, mixed it with lard and rubbed it all over a slave.[71]

    A metal collar could be put on a slave. Such collars were thick and heavy; they often had protruding spikes which made fieldwork difficult and prevented the slave from sleeping when lying down. Louis Cain, a former slave, describes seeing another slave punished: "One nigger run to the woods to be a jungle nigger, but massa cotched him with the dog and took a hot iron and brands him. Then he put a bell on him, in a wooden frame what slip over the shoulders and under the arms. He made that nigger wear the bell a year and took it off on Christmas for a present to him. It sho' did make a good nigger out of him."[71]

    Old black-and-white photo of wooden shacks
    Plantation slave cabins, South Carolina Low Country

    Slaves were punished for a number of reasons: working too slowly, breaking a law (for example, running away), leaving the plantation without permission, insubordination, impudence as defined by the owner or overseer, or for no reason, to underscore a threat or to assert the owner's dominance and masculinity. Myers and Massy describe the practices: "The punishment of deviant slaves was decentralized, based on plantations, and crafted so as not to impede their value as laborers."[74] Whites punished slaves publicly to set an example. A man named Harding describes an incident in which a woman assisted several men in a minor rebellion: "The women he hoisted up by the thumbs, whipp'd and slashed her [sic] with knives before the other slaves till she died."[75] Men and women were sometimes punished differently; according to the 1789 report of the Virginia Committee of the Privy Council, males were often shackled but women and girls were left free.[75]

    The branding of slaves for identification was common during the colonial era; however, by the nineteenth century it was used primarily as punishment. Mutilation of slaves, such as castration of males, removing a front tooth or teeth, and amputation of ears was a relatively common punishment during the colonial era, still used in 1830: it facilitated their identification if they ran away. Any punishment was permitted for runaway slaves, and many bore wounds from shotgun blasts or dog bites used by their captors.[76]

    In 1717, Maryland law provided that slaves were not entitled to a jury trial for a misdemeanor and empowered county judges to impose a punishment of up to 40 lashes.[77] In 1729, the colony passed a law permitting punishment for slaves including hanging, decapitation, and cutting the body into four quarters for public display.[62]

    In 1740, South Carolina passed a law prohibiting cruelty to slaves; however, slaves could still be killed under some circumstances. The anti-cruelty law prohibited cutting out the tongue, putting out the eye, castration, scalding, burning, and amputating limbs, but permitted whipping, beating, putting in irons, and imprisonment.[78] There was almost no enforcement of the prohibitions, as a slave could not be a witness nor give testimony against a white.[79]

    In 1852, Utah passed the Act in Relation to Service, which provided several protections for slaves. They were freed if the slave owner was found guilty of cruelty or abuse, or neglect to feed, clothe, or shelter the slave, or if there were any sexual intercourse between the master and the slave.[80] The definition of cruelty was vague and hard to enforce, and in practice, slaves received similar treatment to those in the South.[81]

    Laws governing treatment

    [edit]

    By law,[where?] slaveholders could be fined for not punishing recaptured runaway slaves. Slave codes authorized, indemnified or required violence, and were denounced by abolitionists for their brutality.[82][83] Both slaves and free blacks were regulated by the Black Codes, and their movements were monitored by slave patrols conscripted from the white population. The patrols were authorized to use summary punishment against escapees; in the process, they sometimes maimed or killed the escapees.

    Black-and-white photo of large gazebo
    Slave Market, Public Square, Louisville, Georgia

    Historian Nell Irvin Painter and others have documented that Southern history went "across the color line." Contemporary accounts by Mary Chesnut and Fanny Kemble (both married in the Deep South planter class) and accounts by former slaves gathered by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) attested to the abuse of women slaves by white owners and overseers.

    Slave codes

    [edit]

    The slave-owning colonies had laws governing the control and punishment of slaves which were known as slave codes.[84] South Carolina established its slave code in 1712, based on the 1688 Barbadian slave code. The South Carolina slave code was a model for other North American colonies. In 1770, Georgia adopted the South Carolina slave code and Florida adopted the Georgia code.[84] The 1712 South Carolina slave code included the following provisions:[84]

    • Slaves were forbidden to leave the owner's property unless accompanied by a white person, or with permission. If a slave left the owner's property without permission, "every white person" was required to chastise them.
    • Any slave attempting to run away and leave the colony (later, the state) received the death penalty.
    • Any slave who evaded capture for 20 days or more was to be publicly whipped for the first offense; branded with an "R" on the right cheek on the second offense; lose one ear if absent for thirty days on the third offense, and castrated on the fourth offense.
    • Owners refusing to abide by the slave code were fined and forfeited their slaves.
    • Slave homes were searched every two weeks for weapons or stolen goods. Punishment escalated from loss of an ear, branding and nose-slitting to death on the fourth offense.
    • No slave could work for pay; plant corn, peas or rice; keep hogs, cattle, or horses; own or operate a boat; buy or sell, or wear clothes finer than "Negro cloth".

    The South Carolina slave code was revised in 1739, with the following amendments:[84]

    • No slave could be taught to write, work on Sunday, or work more than 15 hours per day in summer and 14 hours in winter.
    • The willful killing of a slave was fined £700, and "passion" killing £350.
    • The fine for concealing runaway slaves was $1,000 and a prison sentence up to one year.
    • A fine of $100 and six months in prison were imposed for employing a freeman or slave as a clerk.
    • A fine of $100 and six months in prison were imposed for selling (or giving) alcoholic beverages to slaves.
    • A fine of $100 and six months in prison were imposed for teaching a slave to read and write; the death penalty was imposed for circulating incendiary literature.
    • Freeing a slave was forbidden except by deed (after 1820, only by permission of the legislature; Georgia required legislative approval after 1801).

    The slave codes in the tobacco colonies (Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina and Virginia) were modeled on the Virginia code, established in 1667.[84] The 1682 Virginia code included the following provisions:[85]: 19 

    • Slaves were prohibited from possessing weapons.
    • Slaves were prohibited from leaving their owner's plantation without permission.
    • Slaves were prohibited from attacking a white person, even in self-defense.
    • A runaway slave, refusing to surrender, could be killed without penalty.

    Owners convicted of crimes

    [edit]

    In 1811, Arthur William Hodge was the first slaveholder executed for the murder of a slave in the British West Indies. However, he was not (as some have claimed) the first white person to have been executed for killing a slave.[86] Records indicate at least two earlier incidents. On November 23, 1739, in Williamsburg, Virginia, two white men (Charles Quin and David White) were hanged for the murder of another white man's slave. On April 21, 1775, the Virginia Gazette in Fredericksburg reported that a white man (William Pitman) was hanged for the murder of his own slave.[87]

    Laws punishing whites for punishing their slaves were weakly enforced or easily avoided. In Smith v. Hancock, the defendant justified punishing his slave to a white jury; the slave was attending an unlawful meeting, discussed rebellion, refused to surrender and resisted the arresting officer by force.[88]

    Sexual relations and rape

    [edit]

    Rape and sexual abuse

    [edit]

    Owners of enslaved people could legally use them as sexual objects. Therefore, slavery in the United States encompassed wide-ranging rape and sexual abuse, including many forced pregnancies, in order to produce children for sale.[32] Many slaves fought back against sexual attacks, and some died resisting them; others were left with psychological and physical scars.[89] "Soul murder, the feeling of anger, depression and low self-esteem" is how historian Nell Irvin Painter describes the effects of this abuse, linking it to slavery. Slaves regularly suppressed anger before their masters to avoid showing weakness.[full citation needed]

    Harriet Jacobs said in her narrative that she believed her mistress did not try to protect her because she was jealous of her master's sexual interest in her. Victims of abuse during slavery may have blamed themselves for the incidents, due to their isolation.{[90]}

    Rape laws in the South embodied a race-based double standard. Black men accused of rape during the colonial period were often punished with castration, and the penalty was increased to death during the Antebellum Period;[91] however, white men could legally rape their female slaves.[91] Men and boys were also sexually abused by slaveholders.[92] Thomas Foster says that although historians have begun to cover sexual abuse during slavery, few focus on sexual abuse of men and boys because of the assumption that only enslaved women were victimized. Foster suggests that men and boys may have also been forced into unwanted sexual activity; one problem in documenting such abuse is that they, of course, did not bear mixed-race children.[93]: 448–449  Both masters and mistresses were thought to have abused male slaves.[93]: 459 

    Angela Davis contends that the systematic rape of female slaves is analogous to the supposed medieval concept of droit du seigneur, believing that the rapes were a deliberate effort by slaveholders to extinguish resistance in women and reduce them to the status of animals.[94]

    The sexual abuse of slaves was partially rooted in a patriarchal Southern culture which treated all women, black and white, as property.[32] Although Southern mores regarded white women as dependent and submissive, black women were often consigned to a life of sexual exploitation.[32] Racial purity was the driving force behind the Southern culture's prohibition of sexual relations between white women and black men; however, the same culture protected sexual relations between white men and black women. The result was a number of mixed-race offspring.[32] Many women were raped, and had little control over their families. Children, free women, indentured servants, and men were not immune from abuse by masters and owners(See Children of the plantation.) Children, especially young girls, were often subjected to sexual abuse by their masters, their masters' children, and relatives.[95] Similarly, indentured servants and slave women were often abused. Since these women had no control over where they went or what they did, their masters could manipulate them into situations of high risk, i.e. forcing them into a dark field or making them sleep in their master's bedroom to be available for service.[96] Free or white women could charge their perpetrators with rape, but slave women had no legal recourse; their bodies legally belonged to their owners.[97] This record has also given historians the opportunity to explore sexual abuse during slavery in populations other than enslaved women.

    In 1662, the Southern colonies adopted into law the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, by which the children of enslaved women took the status of their mothers regardless of the ethnicity of their fathers. This was a departure from common law, which held that children took the status of their father. Some fathers freed their children, but many did not. The law relieved men of responsibility to support their children, and restricted the open secret of miscegenation to the slave quarters. However, Europeans and other visitors to the South noted the number of mixed-race slaves. During the 19th century Mary Chesnut and Fanny Kemble, whose husbands were planters, chronicled the disgrace of white men taking sexual advantage of slave women.

    Resisting reproduction

    [edit]

    Some women resisted reproduction in order to resist slavery. They found medicine or herbs to terminate pregnancies (abortifacients) or practiced abstinence. For example, chewing on cotton root was one of the more popular methods to end a pregnancy. This method was often used as the plant was readily available, especially for the women who worked in cotton fields.[98] Gossypol was one of the many substances found in all parts of the cotton plant, and it was described by scientists as 'poisonous pigment'. It appears to inhibit the development of sperm or restrict the mobility of the sperm.[98] Also, it is thought to interfere with the menstrual cycle by restricting the release of certain hormones. Women's knowledge of different forms of contraception helped them control some factors in their life.[98]

    By resisting reproduction, enslaved women took control over their bodies and their lives. Richard Follet says:

    by consciously avoiding pregnancy or through gynecological resistance, black women reclaimed their own bodies, frustrated the planters' pro-natalist policies, and in turn defied white male constructions of their sexuality. Whether swallowing abortifacients such as calomel and turpentine or chewing on natural contraceptives like cotton roots or okra, slave women wove contraception and miscarriages through the dark fabric of slave oppositional culture.[99]

    By using various ways to resist reproduction, some women convinced their masters they could not bear children. Deborah Gray White cites several cases of women who were considered by their masters to be infertile during slavery. These women went on to have several healthy children after they were freed.[100]

    Other slave women used abstinence. "Slave men and women appear to have practiced abstinence, often with the intention of denying their master any more human capital." It was not just women who resisted reproduction, in some instances men did also. An ex-slave, Virginia Yarbrough, explained how one slave woman persuaded the man that her master told her to live with to practice abstinence. After three months, the master realized that the couple were not going to produce any children, so he let her live with the man of her choice, and they had children. "By abstaining from sexual intercourse, she was able to resist her master's wishes and live and have children with the man she loved."[98]

    Women resisted reproduction to avoid bringing children into slavery, and to deprive their owners of future property and profit. "In addition to the labor they provided, slaves were a profitable investment: Their prices rose steadily throughout the antebellum era, as did the return that slave owners could expect when slaves reproduced."[100] Liese M. Perrin writes, "In avoiding direct confrontation, slave women had the potential to resist in a way which pierced the very heart of slavery- by defying white slave owners the labor and profits that their children would one day provide."[98] Women knew that slave children were forced to start working at a very young age.[101] Life was harsh under slavery, with little time for a mother and child to bond. Enslaved women and their children could be separated at any time.[101] Women were forced to do heavy work even if pregnant. Sometimes this caused miscarriage or difficulties in childbirth. Richard Follett explains that "heavy physical work undermines reproductive fitness, specifically ovarian function, and thus limits success in procreation."[99] An enslaved woman carried her infant with her to field work, nursing it during brief breaks. For instance, in Freedom on My Mind', it is said that "as an infant, he rode on his mother's back while she worked in the fields to nurse."[100] Women's use of contraception was resistance and a form of strike, since slave women were expected to reproduce.[98]

    Despite acts of resistance, many slave women had numerous children. Peter Kolchin notes that some historians estimate a birthrate of 7 children per slave woman during the antebellum era, which was an era of large families among free women as well.[102]

    Effects on womanhood

    [edit]

    Slave women were unable to maintain African traditions, although some were carried on. African women were born and raised to give birth;[103] there were no rituals or cultural customs in America. "Under extreme conditions the desire and ability of women to have children is reduced". Slavery removed everything that made them feel womanly, motherly, and African. A "normal" African family life was impossible; women were in the field most of the day and fathers were almost non-existent. In Africa, "Motherhood was the fulfillment of female adulthood and fertility the African women's greatest gift".[104]

    Slave breeding

    [edit]

    Slave breeding was the attempt by a slave-owner to influence the reproduction of his slaves for profit.[105] It included forced sexual relations between male and female slaves, encouraging slave pregnancies, sexual relations between master and slave to produce slave children and favoring female slaves who had many children.[106]

    Nobel economist Robert Fogel disagreed in his controversial 1970s work that slave-breeding and sexual exploitation destroyed black families. Fogel argued that since the family was the basic unit of social organization under slavery, it was in the economic interest of slaveholders to encourage the stability of slave families and most did so. Most slave sales were either of entire families, or of individuals at an age when it would have been normal for them to leave home.[67] However, testimony from former slaves does not support Fogel's view. For instance, Frederick Douglass (who grew up as a slave in Maryland) reported the systematic separation of slave families and widespread rape of slave women to boost slave numbers.[107] With the development of cotton plantations in the Deep South, planters in the Upper South frequently broke up families to sell "surplus" male slaves to other markets. In addition, court cases such as those of Margaret Garner in Ohio or Celia, a slave in 19th-century Missouri, dealt[how?] with women slaves who had been sexually abused by their masters.[108]

    Families

    [edit]

    Slaves were predominantly male during the early colonial era, but the ratio of male to female slaves became more equal in later years. Under slavery, planters and other slaveholders owned, controlled, and sold entire families of slaves.[32] The slave population increased in the southern United States as native-born slaves produced large families. Slave women were at high risk for sexual abuse from slave owners and their sons, overseers, or other white men in power, as well as from male slaves.

    Slaves were at a continual risk of losing family members if their owners decided to sell them for profit, punishment or to pay debts. Slaveholders also made gifts of slaves to grown children (or other family members) as wedding settlements. They considered slave children to be adults, ready to work in the fields or leave home (by sale) as young as age 12 or 14. However, slave children, who of course did not go to school, were routinely given work: carrying water to the field hands, for example. A few slaves retaliated by murdering their owners and overseers, burning barns, and killing horses. But work slowdowns were the most frequent form of resistance and hard to control. Slaves also "walked away," going to the woods or a neighboring plantation for a while.[109] Slave narratives by escaped slaves published during the 19th century often included accounts of families broken up and women sexually abused.

    During the early 1930s, members of the Federal Writers' Project interviewed former slaves and also made recordings of the talks (the only such records made). In 2007, the interviews were remastered, reproduced on CDs, and published in book form in conjunction with the Library of Congress, Smithsonian Productions, and a National Public Radio project. In the introduction to the oral history project (Remembering Slavery: African Americans Talk About Their Personal Experiences of Slavery and Emancipation), the editors wrote:

    As masters applied their stamp to the domestic life of the slave quarter, slaves struggled to maintain the integrity of their families. Slaveholders had no legal obligation to respect the sanctity of the slave's marriage bed, and slave women— married or single – had no formal protection against their owners' sexual advances. ...Without legal protection and subject to the master's whim, the slave family was always at risk.[110]

    The book includes a number of examples of enslaved families who were torn apart when family members were sold out of state, and accounts of sexual violation of enslaved women by men in power.

    Handwritten receipt for slave
    Receipt for $500 payment ($10,300, adjusted for inflation as of 2007) for slave, 1840: "Recd of Judge S. Williams his notes for five hundred Dollars in full payment for a negro man named Ned which negro I warrant to be sound and well and I do bind myself by these presents to forever warrant and defend the right and Title of the said negro to the said Williams his heirs or assigns against the legal claims of all persons whatsoever. Witness my hand and seal this day and year above written. Eliza Wallace [seal]"

    Female slave stereotypes

    [edit]

    The evidence of white men raping slave women was obvious in the many mixed-race children who were born into slavery and part of many households. In some areas, such mixed-race families became the core of domestic and household servants, as at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. Both his father-in-law and he took mixed-race enslaved women as concubines after being widowed; each man had six children by those enslaved women. Jefferson's young concubine, Sally Hemings, was 3/4 white, the daughter of his father-in-law John Wayles, making her the half-sister of his late wife.

    By the 19th century, popular Southern literature characterized female slaves as lustful and promiscuous "Jezebels" who shamelessly tempted white owners into sexual relations. This stereotype of the promiscuous slave was partially motivated by the need to rationalize the obvious sexual relations that took place between female slaves and white males, as evidenced by the children.[91] The stereotype was reinforced by female slaves' working partially clothed, due to the hot climate. During slave auctions, females were sometimes displayed nude or only partially clothed.[91] Edward Ball, in his Slaves in the Family (1995), noted that it was more often the planters' sons who took advantage of slave women before their legal marriages to white women, than did the senior planters.

    Concubines and sexual slaves

    [edit]

    Many female slaves (known as "fancy maids") were sold at auction into concubinage or prostitution, which was called the "fancy trade".[91] Concubine slaves were the only female slaves who commanded a higher price than skilled male slaves.[111]

    During the early Louisiana colonial period, French men took wives and mistresses from the slaves; they often freed their children and, sometimes, their mistresses. A sizable class of free people of color developed in New Orleans, Mobile, and outlying areas. By the late 18th century white creole men of New Orleans, known as French Creoles, had a relatively formal system of plaçage among free women of color, which continued under Spanish rule. Plaçage was a public and well known system. This was evident by the fact that the largest annual ball was the "Quadroon Ball." It was an event equivalent to the white debutant ball, where young Quadroon women were paraded out for selection by their would-be Creole benefactors.[112] Mothers negotiated settlements or dowries for their daughters to be mistresses to white men. In some cases, young men took such mistresses before their marriages to white women; in others, they continued the relationship after marriage. They were known to pay for the education of their children, especially their sons, whom they sometimes sent to France for schooling and military service. These Quadroon mistresses were housed in cottages along Rampart Street the northern border of the Quarter. After the Civil War most were destitute and this area became the center of prostitution and later was chosen as the site to confine prostitution in the city and became known as Storyville.[112]

    Anti-miscegenation sentiment

    [edit]

    There was a growing feeling among whites that miscegenation was damaging to racial purity. Some segments of society began to disapprove of any sexual relationships between blacks and whites, whether slave or free, but particularly between white women and black men. In Utah, sexual relationships with a slave resulted in the slave being freed.[46]

    Mixed-race children

    [edit]

    The children of white fathers and slave mothers were mixed-race slaves, whose appearance was generally classified as mulatto. This term originally meant a person with white and black parents, but then encompassed any mixed-race person.

    In New Orleans, where the Code Noir (Black Code) held sway under French and Spanish rule, people of mixed race were defined as mulatto: one half white, one half black; quadroon: three quarters white, one quarter black; octoroon: seven-eights white, one eighth black. The Code Noir prohibited marriage between those of mixed race and full-blooded, or "slave", blacks.[112] This undoubtedly formed the base of the well-known color discrimination within the black community, known as colorism.[113] In the Black community, it is believed lighter-skinned black women are preferred by black men over darker skinned black women.<Documentary Dark Girls: Bill Duke>[full citation needed] In the Quarter,[further explanation needed] lighter-skinned blacks had a higher social position and constituted a higher percentage of the free black population.

    By the turn of the 19th century many mixed-race families in Virginia dated to Colonial times; white women (generally indentured servants) had unions with slave and free African-descended men. Because of the mother's status, those children were born free and often married other free people of color.[114]

    Given the generations of interaction, an increasing number of slaves in the United States during the 19th century were of mixed race. In the United States, children of mulatto and black slaves were also generally classified as mulatto. With each generation, the number of mixed-race slaves increased. The 1850, census identified 245,000 slaves as mulatto; by 1860, there were 411,000 slaves classified as mulatto out of a total slave population of 3,900,000.[89] As noted above, some mixed-race people won freedom from slavery or were born as free blacks.

    If free, depending on state law, some mulattoes were legally classified as white because they had more than one-half to seven-eighths white ancestry. Questions of social status were often settled in court, but a person's acceptance by neighbors, fulfillment of citizen obligations, and other aspects of social status were more important than lineage in determining "whiteness".

    Notable examples of mostly-white children born into slavery were the children of Thomas Jefferson by his mixed-race slave Sally Hemings, who was three-quarters white by ancestry. Since 2000 historians have widely accepted Jefferson's paternity, the change in scholarship has been reflected in exhibits at Monticello and in recent books about Jefferson and his era. Some historians, however, continue to disagree with this conclusion.

    Speculation exists on the reasons George Washington freed his slaves in his will. One theory posits that the slaves included two half-sisters of his wife, Martha Custis. Those mixed-race slaves were born to slave women owned by Martha's father, and were regarded within the family as having been sired by him. Washington became the owner of Martha Custis's slaves under Virginia law when he married her and faced the ethical conundrum of owning his wife's sisters.[115]

    Relationship of skin color to treatment

    [edit]

    As in Thomas Jefferson's household, the use of lighter-skinned slaves as household servants was not simply a choice related to skin color. Sometimes planters used mixed-race slaves as house servants or favored artisans because they were their children or other relatives. Six of Jefferson's later household slaves were the grown children of his father-in-law John Wayles and his slave mistress Betty Hemings.[116][117] Half-siblings of Jefferson's wife Martha, she inherited them, along with Betty Hemings and other slaves, a year after her marriage to Jefferson following the death of her father. At that time some of the Hemings-Wayles children were very young; Sally Hemings was an infant. They were trained as domestic and skilled servants and headed the slave hierarchy at Monticello.[118]

    Since 2000, historians have widely accepted that the widowed Jefferson had a nearly four-decade relationship with Sally Hemings, the youngest daughter of Wayles and Betty.[117] It was believed to have begun when he was US minister in Paris, and she was part of his household. Sally was nearly 25 years younger than his late wife; Jefferson had six children of record with her, four of whom survived. Jefferson had his three mixed-race sons by Hemings trained as carpenters - a skilled occupation - so they could earn a living after he freed them when they came of age. Three of his four children by Hemings, including his daughter Harriet, the only slave woman he freed, "passed" into white society as adults because of their appearance.[118][119] Some historians disagree with these conclusions about the paternity; see Jefferson-Hemings controversy.

    Planters with mixed-race children sometimes arranged for their education (occasionally in northern schools) or apprenticeship in skilled trades and crafts. Others settled property on them, or otherwise passed on social capital by freeing the children and their mothers. While fewer in number than in the Upper South, free blacks in the Deep South were often mixed-race children of wealthy planters and sometimes benefited from transfers of property and social capital. Wilberforce University, founded by Methodist and African Methodist Episcopal (AME) representatives in Ohio in 1856, for the education of African-American youth, was during its early history largely supported by wealthy southern planters who paid for the education of their mixed-race children. When the American Civil War broke out, the majority of the school's 200 students were of mixed race and from such wealthy Southern families.[120] The college closed for several years before the AME Church bought and operated it.

    See also

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ a b Dresser, Amos (1836). "Slavery in Florida. Letters dated May 11 and June 6, 1835, from the Ohio Atlas". The narrative of Amos Dresser: with Stone's letters from Natchez, an obituary notice of the writer, and two letters from Tallahassee, relating to the treatment of slaves.
    2. ^ a b c d Weld, Theodore Dwight; American Anti-Slavery Society (1839). American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses. New York: American Anti-Slavery Society. p. iii.
    3. ^ a b c d Redpath, James (1859). The roving editor: or, Talks with Slaves in the Southern States. New York: A. B. Burdick.
    4. ^ Rosenwald, Mark (December 20, 2019). "Last Seen Ads". Washington Post. Retropod. Archived from the original on December 29, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
    5. ^ Turner, Nat (1831). Gray, Thomas R. (ed.). Confessions. p. 11. Archived from the original on 2019-12-11. Retrieved 2019-12-25.
    6. ^ Allan, William T. (1834). "Facts communicated by Mr. Augustus Wattles, of Lane Seminary, to the Editor of the Western Recorder". First Annual Report of the American Anti-slavery Society; with the Speeches Delivered at the Anniversary Meeting, Held in Chatham-Street Chapel, in the City of New-York, on the 6th of May, 1834, and by Adjournment on the 8th, in the Rev. Dr. Lansing's Church; and the Minutes of the Meetings of the Society for Business. [Ron Gorman identifies the person Wattles is quoting.] New York: Dorr & Butterfield. p. 64. {{cite news}}: External link in |others= (help)
    7. ^ Allan, William T. (January 1837). "Testimony of Rev. William Allan". Anti-Slavery Record. Vol. 3, no. 1. p. 11. Archived from the original on 2015-02-06. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
    8. ^ Browne, Stephen H. (1999). Angelina Grimké: rhetoric, identity, and the radical imagination. Michigan State University Press. p. 156. ISBN 0870135309. Archived from the original on 2019-10-24. Retrieved 2019-10-21 – via Project MUSE.
    9. ^ Bradley, James (June 1834), Brief Account of an Emancipated Slave Written by Himself, archived from the original on June 29, 2016, retrieved October 31, 2019
    10. ^ Doolitle, J[ames] R. (June 15, 1860). "Views of the minority". Report [of] the Select committee of the Senate appointed to inquire into the late invasion and seizure of the public property at Harper's Ferry. United States Senate. p. 25.
    11. ^ Cartwright, Samuel A. "Report on the Diseases of and Physical Peculiarities of the Negro Race". In Finkelman, Paul (ed.). Defending Slavery. Proslavery thought in the Old South. A Brief History with Documents. pp. 157–173, at pp. 160–161.
    12. ^ "Communicated". Savannah Republican (Savannah, Georgia). August 28, 1835. p. 3. Archived from the original on December 31, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2019 – via newspaperarchive.com.
    13. ^ "The Anti-Slavery Agitators". Richmond Enquirer. Reprinted from the New Hampshire Patriot. June 24, 1834. p. 4. Archived from the original on 2020-09-11. Retrieved 2020-02-07.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
    14. ^ "The Excitement — The Fanatics". The Liberator. Reprinted from the Washington Telegraph. August 29, 1835. p. 1. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020 – via newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
    15. ^ A Slaveholder (December 5, 1859). "Southern Panic. A Pair of Contradictory Pictures. [1.] The real sentiment of Virginia. Letter from a southside slaveholder". New York Times. p. 3. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
    16. ^ Stringfellow, D.D., Thornton (1856). Scriptural and statistical views in favor of slavery (4th ed.). Richmond: J. W. Randolph. Archived from the original on 2019-10-11. Retrieved 2019-10-11.
    17. ^ Willey, Larry G. (Fall 1994). "John Rankin, Antislavery Prophet, and the Free Presbyterian Church". American Presbyterians. 72 (3): 157–171. JSTOR 23333630.
    18. ^ a b Griffler, Keith (Summer 2003). "Beyond the Quest for the 'Real Eliza Harris': Fugitive Slave Women in the Ohio Valley". Ohio Valley History. 3 (2): 3–16. Archived from the original on 2019-10-08. Retrieved 2019-09-28 – via Project MUSE.
    19. ^ Aber, Mina E. (May 1963). "The Rankin House: Stop On Underground Railroad". Negro History Bulletin. 26 (8): 253. JSTOR 44176196.
    20. ^ a b c d e f g Rankin, John (1833). Letters on American slavery, addressed to Mr. Thomas Rankin, merchant at Middlebrook, Augusta County, Va. Boston: Garrison and Knapp.
    21. ^ Thomas, E. (1834). A concise view of the slavery of the people of color in the United States; exhibiting some of the most affecting cases of cruel and barbarous treatment of the slaves by their most inhuman and brutal masters; not heretofore published: and also showing the absolute necessity for the most speedy abolition of slavery, with an endeavor to point out the best means of effecting it. To which is added, A short address to the free people of color. With a selection of hymns, &c. &c. Philadelphia: Philadelphia, E. Thomas. p. iv.
    22. ^ Dresser, Amos (1835). Amos Dresser's Narrative. "From the Cincinnati Daily Gazette.". Cincinnati, Ohio.
    23. ^ New-England Anti-Slavery Society (1834). Proceedings of the New-England Anti-Slavery Convention, held in Boston on the 27th, 28th and 29th of May, 1834. Boston. Archived from the original on 2020-07-02. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
    24. ^ New-England Anti-Slavery Society (1835). Second annual report of the board of managers of the New-England Anti-Slavery Society: presented Jan. 15, 1834: with an appendix. pp. 4–5. Archived from the original on 2020-06-26. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
    25. ^ "Shall Such Things Be? and A Fresh Revelation of Horrors". The Liberator (Boston, Massachusetts). July 3, 1863. p. 3. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
    26. ^ Garvey, Ellen Gruber (2013). "'facts and FACTS': Abolitionists' Database Innovations". In Gitelman, Lisa (ed.). "Raw Data" Is an Oxymoron. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 89–102. ISBN 9780262518284. Archived from the original on 2020-09-11. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
    27. ^ Douglass, Frederick (1882). Life and times of Frederick Douglass. Hartford, Connecticut: Park Publishing Co. pp. 137–138.
    28. ^ Douglass, Frederick (1855). My Bondage and My Freedom. New York: Miller, Orton & Mulligan. p. 103.
    29. ^ Truth, Sojourner (1850). Narrative of Sojourner Truth : a northern slave, emancipated from bodily servitude by the state of New York, in 1828 : with a portrait. Boston: Boston : Printed for the author.
    30. ^ Gray White, Deborah (2013). Freedom On My Mind: A History of African Americans. Bedford/ St. Martins. ISBN 978-0-312-19729-2.
    31. ^ "Grandy, M.(1843). Narrative of the Life of Moses Grandy; Late a Slave in the United States of America, p. 29. Retrieved from Documenting the American South". Archived from the original on 2018-07-04. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
    32. ^ a b c d e f Moon, Dannell (2004). "Slavery". In Smith, Merril D. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Rape. Greenwood. p. 234.
    33. ^ Reef, Catherine (2007). Poverty in America. Facts on File. ISBN 9781438108117.
    34. ^ Stampp, Kenneth (1956). The peculiar institution: slavery in the ante-bellum South. Vintage. pp. 141–148. Archived from the original on 2019-04-19. Retrieved 2019-04-09.
    35. ^ A turbulent voyage : readings in African American studies. Hayes, Floyd W. (Floyd Windom) (3rd ed.). Lanham, MD.: Rowman & Littlefield. 2000. p. 277. ISBN 0939693526. OCLC 44998768.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
    36. ^ Moore, p 118
    37. ^ McBride, David (September 2005). "' Slavery As It Is:' Medicine and Slaves of the Plantation South". OAH Magazine of History. 19 (5): 36–40. doi:10.1093/maghis/19.5.36.
    38. ^ "Suppression – The Abolition of The Slave Trade". abolition.nypl.org. Archived from the original on 2017-04-09. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
    39. ^ a b Christian, p 90
    40. ^
      • Davis, pp 228-9
      • Johnson, p 371
    41. ^ Keckley, 1868, p. 12 Behind the Scenesor, Thirty years a slave, and Four Years in the White House Archived 2018-12-05 at the Wayback Machine
    42. ^ Dunaway, Wilma A. Slavery in the American mountain south. Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp.168-171
    43. ^ Aptheker, Henry (1993). American Negro Slave Revolts (50th Anniversary ed.). New York: International Publishers. ISBN 978-0717806058. Widespread fear of slave rebellion was characteristic of the South (p. 39).
    44. ^ a b c Rodriguez, pp.616-617
    45. ^ Stone, Jeffery C., Slavery, Southern culture, and education in Little Dixie, Missouri, 1820–1860, CRC Press, 2006, p 38
    46. ^ a b c "The Utah Territory Slave Code (1852) - The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed". www.blackpast.org. 2007-06-27. Archived from the original on 2016-10-03. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
    47. ^ Acts, Resolutions, and Memorials Passed at the ... Annual, and Special Sessions, of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah. Brigham H. Young, Printers. 1866. pp. 87–88. Archived from the original on 2016-10-22. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
    48. ^ "Cyrus Bellus" Born into Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers Project, 1936–1938, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query Archived 2013-02-11 at the Wayback Machine
    49. ^ Johnson, p 105
    50. ^ Kenneth F. Kiple and Virginia Himmeisteib King, Another Dimension to the Black Diaspora: Diet, Disease, and Racism (Cambridge: Cambridge University)
    51. ^ Covey, p 5-6
    52. ^ McBride, D. (2005). "Slavery As It Is:" Medicine and Slaves of the Plantation South. OAH Magazine Of History, 19(5), 37.
    53. ^ Covey, p 4-5, citing Byrd, p 200
    54. ^ Covey, p 4, citing Byrd, p 200
    55. ^ a b Covey, p 5
    56. ^ Burke, p 155; *Covey, p 5
    57. ^ a b Burke, p 155
    58. ^ McBride, D. (2005). "Slavery As It Is:" Medicine and Slaves of the Plantation South. OAH Magazine Of History, 19(5), 38.
    59. ^ Covey, p 30
    60. ^ von Daacke, Kirt (2019). "Anatomical Theater". In McInnis, Maurie D.; Nelson, Louis P. (eds.). Educated in Tyranny: Slavery at Thomas Jefferson's University. University of Virginia Press. pp. 171–198, at pp. 183–184. ISBN 978-0813942865.
    61. ^ Johnson, p 40
    62. ^ a b Christian, p 33
    63. ^ "Story of Reverend Williams, aged 76, colored Methodist minister, born Greenbriar County, West Virginia" Born into Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers Project, 1936–1938, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.http://memory.loc.gov/cgibinquery
    64. ^ Morris, Thomas D., Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619-1860, p 347
    65. ^ "Work, Play, Food, Clothing, Marriage, etc." Born into Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers Project, 1936–1938 Archived 2018-04-01 at the Wayback Machine, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress
    66. ^ "Denmark Vesey". Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. 1 January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
    67. ^ a b c Weiss, Thomas. "Review of Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, "Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery" Archived 2015-07-10 at the Wayback Machine, Economic History News Services – Book Reviews, November 16, 2001. Book review. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
    68. ^ Eric V. Snow, Who Was Better Off? A Comparison of American Slaves and English Agricultural Workers, 1750-1875; http://lionofjudah1.org/Historyhtml/Were%20Slaves%20or%20Farmworkers%20Better%20Off%202004.htm Archived 2017-06-30 at the Wayback Machine
    69. ^ Catterall, Helen T., Ed. 1926. Judicial Cases Concerning Slavery and the Negro, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institute, p. 247
    70. ^ Moore, p 114
    71. ^ a b c Rawick, George P. "From Sundown to Sunup", Making of the Black Community 1. (1972): n. pag. Web. 21 Nov 2009
    72. ^ Howard Zinn A People's History of the United States. New York: Harper Collins Publications, 2003.
    73. ^ "The American Mosaic: The African American Experience – Username". aae.greenwood.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12.[permanent dead link]
    74. ^ Myers, Martha, and James Massey. "Race, Labor, and Punishment in Postbellum Georgia." 38.2 (1991): 267–286.
    75. ^ a b Lasgrayt, Deborah. Ar'n't I a Woman?: Female Slaves in the Plantation South, 2nd edition, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1999
    76. ^ Christian, pp 102-103
    77. ^ Christian, p 31
    78. ^ Christian, p 36
    79. ^ Baker, Daniel (October 23, 2018). "Were any American slave owners ever prosecuted for murder or maltreatment before the Civil War?". Archived from the original on September 11, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
    80. ^ "The Utah Territory Slave Code (1852) - The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed". www.blackpast.org. 2007-06-27. Archived from the original on 2016-10-03. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
    81. ^ "Brief History Alex Bankhead and Marinda Redd Bankhead (mention of Dr Pinney of Salem)". The Broad Ax. March 25, 1899. Archived from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
    82. ^ Nordmann, Christopher A. Runaway Slaves . 5 May 2009, http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2125yclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2125 Archived 2020-09-11 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 18 Nov. 2019.
    83. ^ Matthews, Donald (1967). "The Abolitionists on Slavery: The Critique Behind the Social Movement". The Journal of Southern History. 33 (2): 177–179. doi:10.2307/2204964. JSTOR 2204964.
    84. ^ a b c d e Christian, pp 27-28
    85. ^ Christian, Charles M.; Bennet, Sari (1998). Black Saga: The African American Experience. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395687178.
    86. ^ Vernon Pickering, A Concise History of the British Virgin Islands, ISBN 0-934139-05-9, page 48
    87. ^ Blacks in Colonial America, p. 101, Oscar Reiss, McFarland & Company, 1997; Virginia Gazette, April 21, 1775 Archived June 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, University of Mary Washington Department of Historic Preservation archives
    88. ^ [1][permanent dead link]
    89. ^ a b Marable, p 74
    90. ^ Jacobs, Harriet A. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself. Simon & Brown, 2012.
    91. ^ a b c d e Moon, p 235
    92. ^ Getman, Karen A. "Sexual Control in the Slaveholding South: The Implementation and Maintenance of a Racial Caste System," Harvard Women's and Law Journal, 7, (1984), 132.
    93. ^ a b Foster, Thomas (2011). "The Sexual Abuse of Black Men under American Slavery". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 20 (3): 445–464. doi:10.1353/sex.2011.0059. PMID 22175097. S2CID 20319327.
    94. ^ Marable, p 73
    95. ^ Painter, Nell Irvin, "Soul Murder and Slavery: Toward A Fully Loaded Cost Accounting," U.S. History as Women's History, 1995, p 127.
    96. ^ Block, Sharon. "Lines of Color, Sex, and Service: Sexual Coercion in the Early Republic," Women's America, p 129-131.
    97. ^ Block, Sharon. "Lines of Color", 137.
    98. ^ a b c d e f Perrin, Liese M. "Resisting Reproduction: Reconsidering Slave Contraception in the Old South," Journal of American Studies 35, no. 2 (August 2001): 255. America: History & Life, EBSCOhost (accessed October 30, 2013).
    99. ^ a b Follett, Richard. "'Lives of living death': The reproductive lives of slave women in the cane world of Louisiana," Slavery & Abolition 26, no. 2 (August 2005): 289-304. America: History & Life, EBSCOhost (accessed November 12, 2013).
    100. ^ a b c Deborah Gray White, Mia Bay and Waldo E. Martin, Freedom on My Mind, Volume 1: A History of African Americans, with Documents (Bedford/St. Martins, Dec 14, 2012), 213
    101. ^ a b Li, Stephanie. "Motherhood as Resistance in Harriet Jacobs's Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl," Legacy 23, no. 1 (May 2006): 14-29. America: History & Life, EBSCOhost (accessed October 30, 2013).
    102. ^ Kolchin, Peter. American Slavery: 1619-1877. Hill and Wang, 1993.
    103. ^ Bush-Slimani, Barbara (1993). "Hard Labour: Women, Childbirth and Resistance in British Caribbean Slave Societies". History Workshop (36): 83–99. ISSN 0309-2984. JSTOR 4289253.
    104. ^ Bush, Barbara (2010). "African Caribbean Slave Mothers And Children: Traumas Of Dislocation And Enslavement Across The Atlantic World". Caribbean Quarterly. 56 (1–2): 69–94. doi:10.1080/00086495.2010.11672362. S2CID 141289167.
    105. ^ Marable, Manning, How capitalism underdeveloped Black America: problems in race, political economy, and society South End Press, 2000, p 72
    106. ^ Marable, ibid, p 72
    107. ^ Douglass, Frederick Autobiography of Frederick Douglass Archived 2011-08-29 at the Wayback Machine, Autobiography of Frederick Douglass, 1845. Book. Retrieved June 10, 2008
    108. ^ Melton A. McLaurin, Celia, A Slave, Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1991, pp. x–xiv
    109. ^ Genovese (1967)
    110. ^ Remembering Slavery: African Americans Talk About Their Personal Experiences of Slavery and Emancipation edited by Ira Berlin, Marc Favreau, and Steven F. Miller, pp. 122–3. ISBN 978-1-59558-228-7
    111. ^ Baptist, Edward E. "'Cuffy', 'Fancy Maids', and 'One-Eyed Men': Rape Commodification, and the Domestic Slave Trade in the United States", in The Chattel Principle: Internal Slave Trades in the Americas, Walter Johnson (Ed.), Yale University Press, 2004
    112. ^ a b c The French Quarter: Herbert Asbury
    113. ^ Perkins, Rhea (2014-01-01). "The Influence of Colorism and Hair Texture Bias on the Professional and Social Lives of Black Women Student Affairs Professionals". LSU Doctoral Dissertations. Archived from the original on 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
    114. ^ Paul Heinegg, Free African Americans in Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina Archived 2012-09-19 at the Wayback Machine, 1998–2005
    115. ^ Wiencek, Henry (November 15, 2003). An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. ISBN 978-0374175269.
    116. ^ Note: As the historians Philip D. Morgan and Joshua D. Rothman have written, this was one of numerous interracial relationships in the Wayles-Hemings-Jefferson families, Albemarle County and Virginia, often with multiple generations repeating the pattern. Philip D. Morgan (1999). "Interracial Sex In the Chesapeake and the British Atlantic World c. 1700–1820". In Jan Lewis; Peter S. Onuf (eds.). Sally Hemings & Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory, and Civic Culture. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-1919-5. Archived from the original on 2021-07-20. Retrieved 2020-10-24.
    117. ^ a b Joshua D. Rothman, Notorious in the Neighborhood: Sex and Interracial Relationships Across the Color Line in Virginia, 1787–1861, University of North Carolina Press, 2003
    118. ^ a b Annette Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family, New York: W.W. Norton, 2008
    119. ^ "Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account". Monticello. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011. Quote: "Based on the documentary, scientific, statistical, and oral history evidence, the TJF Research Committee Report on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings (January 2000) remains the most comprehensive analysis of this historical topic. Ten years later, TJF and most historians now believe that, years after his wife's death, Thomas Jefferson was the father of the six children of Sally Hemings mentioned in Jefferson's records, including Beverly, Harriet, Madison, and Eston Hemings."
    120. ^ James T. Campbell, Songs of Zion, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, p.259-260, accessed 13 Jan 2009

    Bibliography

    [edit]
    • Bankole, Katherine Kemi, Slavery and Medicine: Enslavement and Medical Practices in Antebellum Louisiana, Garland, 1998
    • Ball, Edward, Slaves in the Family, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998
    • Burke, Diane Mutti, On Slavery's Border: Missouri's Small Slaveholding Households, 1815–1865, University of Georgia Press, 2010
    • Byrd, W. Michael, and Clayton, Linda A., An American Health Dilemma: Vol 1: A Medical History of African Americans and the Problem of Race: Beginnings to 1900. Psychology Press, 2000.
    • Campbell, James T. Songs of Zion, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995
    • Christian, Charles M., and Bennet, Sari, Black Saga: The African American Experience : A Chronology, Basic Civitas Books, 1998
    • Covey, Herbert C., African American Slave Medicine: Herbal and Non-Herbal Treatments, Lexington Books, 2008
    • "Cyrus Bellus" Born into Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers Project, 1936–1938, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query
    • Davis, David Brion, Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006
    • Fogel, Robert, and Stanley Engerman, Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery, 2 volumes, 1974.
    • Genovese, Eugene, The Political Economy of Slavery: Studies in the Economy and the Society of the Slave South, 1965.
    • Heinegg, Paul, Free African Americans in Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina, 1998–2005
    • Johnson, Charles, and Smith, Patricia, Africans in America: America's Journey Through Slavery, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1999
    • Marable, Manning, How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America: Problems in Race, Political Economy, and Society South End Press, 2000
    • Moon, Dannell, "Slavery", in Encyclopedia of Rape, Merril D. Smith (Ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004
    • Moore, Wilbert Ellis, American Negro Slavery and Abolition: A Sociological Study, Ayer Publishing, 1980
    • Morgan, Philip D. "Interracial Sex In the Chesapeake and the British Atlantic World c. 1700–1820". In Jan Lewis, Peter S. Onuf. Sally Hemings & Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory, and Civic Culture, University of Virginia Press, 1999
    • Rothman, Joshua D. Notorious in the Neighborhood: Sex and Interracial Relationships Across the Color Line in Virginia, 1787–1861, University of North Carolina Press, 2003
    • Rodriguez, Junius P., Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, 2007
    • "Story of Reverend Williams, aged 76, colored Methodist minister, born Greenbriar County, West Virginia" Born into Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers Project, 1936–1938, Manuscrupt Division, Library of Congress.http://memory.loc.gov/cgibinquery
    • "Work, Play, Food, Clothing, Marriage, etc." Born into Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers Project, 1936–1938, Manuscrupt Division, Library of Congress http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?mesnbib:4:./temp~ammem_e2K8::@@@mdb=aap,aaeo,rbaapcbib,aasm,aaodyssey,bbpix,rbpebib,mfd,hurstonbib,gmd,mcc,ncpm,afcesnbib,mesnbib,llstbib,uncall,fpnas

    Further reading

    [edit]

    Paragraphs I wrote that were reverted

    [edit]

    Slavery in the United States

    [edit]

    Unique features

    [edit]

    Slavery in the United States developed a number of features that distinguished it, sometimes positively and sometimes negatively, from slavery as practiced in other countries and time periods.

    • Although there wrre no such restrictions in 1776, before the Civil War 13 of the 15 slave states enacted legislation prohibiting teaching slaves to read and write. No other example of prohibition of slave education has come to light; rather, in medieval Spain, for example, a promising slave might well be educated, because he, or occasionally she, would gain in value and be able to carry out highly-paid work, such as correspondence, poetry-writing, or bookkeeping. Behind the prohibition is the relative cheapness of printed communication.
    • In no other country was the possession of abolitionist literature made illegal. Thus indicates how vulnerable Southern slave-owners felt.
    • Nowhere else was slavery debated from a religious point of view.
    • In most places the children of free men with slaves were free. There were many more "children of the plantation" in the United States than in other countries
    • Nowhere else was slavery be defended at length as a positive good, that a slave society was both more just, cultured, and prosperous.
    • No other country has fought a civil war over slavery.
    • Finally, while the United States was of course not the first country to eliminate slavery, it produced by far the largest body of writing attacking slavery and documenting its evils.

    NEED TO ADD: chattel deisenbe (talk) 16:23, 26 October 2019 (UTC)

    Slavery in Florida

    [edit]

    In 1763 began one of Florida's least-known colonial periods. The British ruled from 1763 to 1783 over Florida, taking it from the Spaniards. When Florida was returned to Spain in 1783, there was a nearly complete exodus of the few English colonists and the many Tories (British loyslists) who had fled there from the revolted colonies and made East Florida more populous and prosperous than it ever was as a Spanish colony.[1] Spain had always looked upon Florida as a protective barrier for her vast colonies to the South, but being in her usual financial distress she was incapable of providing adequate forces for that protection.[citation needed]

    José María Casasayas

    [edit]

    Le sobrevino un incidente a que llamaba su desgracia: al volante en el campo, acompañado por Jean Canavaggio, se adormeció, dejó que el coche saliera de la carretera, causando la muerte de su esposa. Accidente de un solo coche. Pocos años después perdió la voz por una intervención quirúrgica originado en cábcer de la gargante. Lo vio como un castigo.

    Los cervantistas no le permitieron jubilarse; continuó organizando congresos aunque casi mudo y visiblemente mermado de fuerzas. Vivió solo, en la ciudad vieja de Palma, y antes de morirse estuvo tres días boca abajo en el suelo antes de que alguien le buscara.

    Esquivias

    [edit]

    1 Cervantes y Esquivias

    Todo el texto siguiente, contribución de un servidor, fue borrado por usuario:Enrique_Cordero, no porque sea incorrecto o indocumentado, sino porque demuestra mi "voluntad polémica". Culpable, y mucha honra.

    __________________________________________


    Sin embargo, en Esquivias hay, o ha habido, una cierta cervantomanía en que se idenfica a Esquivias — que está en La Sagra de Toledo, no la baja Mancha de Don Quijote — con el pueblo de Don Quijote. La casa solariega en que está ubicada la Casa-Museo de Cervantes se identificó con argumentos como éste:

    La casa tiene un corral y una puerta falsa; Don Quijote salió de su casa por una puerta falsa, luego la casa era su casa. En fin, allí vivió un Quixada, que era un nombre posible de Don Quijote. (No se toma en cuenta que al final de la Segunda Parte, se indica claramente que su apellido genuino era Quijano1​). Cervantes se inspiró en esta puerta falsa para incluir una en su obra, luego la casa era suya también. (La diferencia entre la casa de Don Quijote y la casa de Cervantes se mantiene mal en Esquivias; suelen confundirse o identificarse. En la Casa-Museo figuran tanto "la Biblioteca de Cervantes" como "el dormitorio de Alonso Quijada".)

    Además, Esquivias, en cuanto a Cervantes, acompaña a los monumentos auténticos — la iglesia en que se casó, la casa de los padres de Catalina de Palacios, la desprotegida casa en que vivió el matrimonio — con una serie de fantasías convertidas en leyendas convertidas en historias. Que hay un feísimo conjunto designado como el "Centro Comercial La Galatea", y las calles designadas El licenciado Vidriera, Rinconete y Cortadillo, Doña Catalina, Teresa Panza, del Cura Pero Pérez y "de la Dulcinea", no perjudica a nada, y las calles de Pedro Laínez (maestro poético de Cervantes, cuya viuda era esquiviana) y Lope de Rueda son elegantes de nombre. Pero decir que los personajes de Don Quijote están enterrados en la iglesia — como afirma, entre otros muchos disparates, www.esquivas.org3​ — deja el municipio en ridículo. La Sociedad Cervantina de Esquivias increíblemente sigue afirmando que están basados en figuras de Esquivias el cura Pero Pérez, el Bachiller Sansón Carrasco (en Argamasilla de Alba hubo otra casa "suya"), Teresa Panza, el morisco Ricote, Aldonza Lorenzo, el anónimo vizcaíno de Don Quijote, I, capítulos 8 y 9 y el labrador Pedro Alonso del capítulo 5.4​ En www.esquivias org se añade que Sancho Panza "estaba inspirado en un criado llamado tío Zancas", desde luego esquiviano.5​ Ni un solo cervantista, ni en realidad nadie fuera de Esquivias, cree en estos absurdos. En las páginas esquivianas citadas se dice que todo ello está apoyado por numerosos cervantistas de relieve, pero nunca se cita la página de ningún libro de ellos donde se puede encontrar. Ningún cervantista fuera de Esquivias ha escrito que Miguel y Catalina vivieron en la Casa-Museo de Cervantes.6​

    Tan desprestigiada está Esquivias entre los cervantistas que, aunque los cervantistas del mundo se han reunido en varios lugares asociados con Cervantes — Argamasilla de Alba, El Toboso, Alcalá de Henares, Barcelona, Lepanto — no se han reunido nunca en Esquivias. Las únicas actividades cervantinas en Esquivias son locales.

    El Ayuntamiento de Esquivias, cuya página oficial antes señalaba como no sólo los arriba dichos sino también Juana Gutiérrez, Mari Gutiérrez, y Teresa Cascajo aparecen en documentos de la parroquia de Esquivias,7​ ha borrado todo lo cervantino, y todo el apartado "Cultura", de su página oficial, http://www.esquivias.es.

    ↑ Véase Thomas Lathrop, "Cervantes' Treatment of the False Quijote", Kentucky Romance Quarterly, vol. 32, 1985, pp. 213-217.

    http://www.esquivias.org/casacervantes/index.html

    http://www.esquivias.org/cervantes_esquivias.html, consultado 5 mayo 2015.

    http://cervantinaesquivias.org, página actualizada en 2015 según la fecha en ella, consultado 5 mayo 2015.

    http://www.esquivias.org/cervantes_esquivias.html, consultado 5 mayo 2015.

    ↑ Sin embargo, esto es lo que se dice en Esquivias: "Casa-museo donde Catalina vivió con Cervantes en Esquivias" (Jaime García, "Catalina de Palacios, una mujer ejemplar", ABC, 28/06/2015, http://www.abc.es/toledo/ciudad/20150627/abci-catalina-palacios-mujer-ejemplar-201506271410.html, consultado 14 julio 2015.)

    https://web.archive.org/web/20120626140415/http://www.esquivias.es, consultado 5 mayo 2015 _______________________________ Deisenbe (discusión) 10:31 18 ago 2015 (UTC)

    Bueno, lo borré por eso y porque Deisenbe no tiene muy claro lo de que Wikipedia no es un foro donde uno vierte sus opiniones y se toma sus revanchas. Saludos, --Enrique Cordero (discusión) 11:56 18 ago 2015 (UTC)

    Esto lo tomo por ofensivo. La palabra "feísima" es una opinión, supongo. Se podría suprimir. Hablar de "cervantomanía", puede que lo sea también. Pero que no existe ningún cervantista, fuera de Esquivias, que diga que Esquivias es cuna del Quijote, como se anuncia a la entrada del pueblo, y que Miguel y Catalina vivieron en la "Casa-Museo", no es una opinión, es un hecho. El mismo Luis Astrana Marín, el mayor biógrafo de Cervantes, identificó en su biografía su verdadera casa, que ha sido reformada dos veces desde la foto publicada por Astrana, pues la casa genuina está, como dije, desprotegida. Ni tiene una placa. Que la Asociación de Cervantistas se haya reunido en El Toboso, Argamasilla de Alba, Barcelona, Alcalá de Henares y Lepanto, pero desde su fundación en 1989 no se ha reunido nunca en Esquivias, es un hecho, no una opinión. Que en la "Casa-Museo" hay etiquetas identificando la biblioteca de Cervantes y también el dormitorio de Alonso Quijada, es un hecho. Que estoy tomando "una revancha" - esto es absurdo. No tengo enemistad personal con nadie, pues no conozco a ningún esquiviano, ni en persona ni por escrito. ¿Revancha de qué, y para qué? Por tergiversar los hechos, eso sí, y despistar a los novatos - si esto es revancha de mi parte, lo confieso. Deisenbe (discusión) 12:20 18 ago 2015 (UTC)

    Y que usted tiene muchas ganas de discutir también es un hecho evidente.--Enrique Cordero (discusión) 12:50 18 ago 2015 (UTC) 2 Enlaces rotos

    Removal of more than half the article

    Agee's text as excerpted by Barber

    [edit]

    Barber chose only excerpts of "Knoxville" for his composition, but his Knoxville, Summer of 1915, in many ways, parallels Agee's text. Agee was touched by the death of his father in his childhood, while Barber was, during the time of composition, enduring his father's deteriorating health. The two men were similarly aged. Most importantly, however, the two men were so compelled by nostalgia and inspiration that they (supposedly) wrote their pieces quickly and without much revision. The spontaneity of both the text and the music illustrate this reverie of the American south with an ease and honesty that sharply contrasts the paradigm of "multiple-draft writing," but with technical mastery nonetheless.

    Summary

    [edit]

    The text of Knoxville, Summer of 1915 does not tell a story. It is a poetic evocation of life as seen from the perspective of a small boy. It is full of alliteration ("people in pairs", "parents on porches", "sleep, soft smiling", "low on the length of lawns"). The point is that nothing is happening; the adults sit on the porch and talk "of nothing in particular, of nothing at all". Their voices are "gentle and meaningless, like the voices of sleeping birds". A horse and a buggy go by, a loud auto, a quiet auto, a noisy streetcar. The members of the family lie on quilts, in the yard (as was not unusual on a hot summer evening, before air conditioning). "The stars are wide and alive, they all seem like a smile of great sweetness, and they seem very near". The family members are described as a child would, quoting a grown-up: "One is an artist, he is living at home. One is a musician, she is living at home." The key people are the parents, his father and mother, who are both "good to me". The boy is "one familiar and well-beloved in that home". The text alludes to some tragedy to come: "May God bless my people, my uncle, my aunt, my mother, my good father, oh, remember them kindly in their time of trouble; and in the hour of their taking away".

    The boy includes philosophical commentary: "By chance, here they are, all on this earth; and who shall ever tell the sorrow of being on this earth, lying, on quilts, on the grass, in a summer evening, among the sounds of the night". He is "taken in and put to bed", and is received by sleep. Yet the one thing he can never learn in that house, that no one will ever tell him, is "who I am". With this sense of lack, of future, of responsibility, the piece ends.

    Musical structure

    [edit]

    The beginning of the piece, describing a warm summer's evening, is particularly lyrical in comparison to Agee's earlier passages in the same work. Barber capitalizes on the lyricism of this section through his use of word painting: "Talking casually" in measures 23–24, "increasing moan" in measures 65–66, "the faint swinging bell rises again..." in measure 79.

    The introduction concludes, and the reverie is interrupted abruptly; we are thrown into an allegro agitato, where Barber carries a simple horn-like motive in the woodwinds and horns. Staccato and pizzicato lines add to the chaos. Like the introduction, the imagery is vivid but intangible yet—this passage has all the clearness of a dream, but we are unclear what it means. The soprano again clarifies the imagery: "a streetcar raising its iron moan; stopping; belling and starting, stertorous; rousing and raising again its iron increasing moan." The noisy, metallic texture persists, interrupted by a notably pointed excursion, "like a small malignant spirit set to dog its tracks." Describing the spark above the trolley car as a spirit following it closely, Barber uses staccato woodwinds and pizzicato strings in walking chromaticism to illustrate this image.

    After the streetcar fades, the soprano begins a lyrical passage "now is the night one blue dew." Here the soprano reaches the highest note of the entire work, a B-flat sung piano. After this, we return to a rough interpretation of the first theme; this time the harp carries the "rocking" theme alone. This brief return to familiarity smoothly transitions into a passage where the narrator has changed from describing the summer's eve to contemplating grander things: "On the rough wet grass of the backyard my father and mother have spread quilts..." As was common before air conditioning, people would spend evenings outside their houses. Here adults and the narrator are lying down on quilts, talking sparsely and idly. In relative silence, the narrator, still a child, contemplates the vastness of the stars and "his people," sitting quietly with "larger bodies than mine." Thematically, the orchestra is closest to the introductory section before the rocking, consisting of a repetitive exchange between the bassoon and the other woodwinds.

    The section ends particularly poignantly, with the narrator counting off the people present, ending with "one is my father who is good to me." The orchestra breaks into an agitated section, characterized musically by leaps of ninths and seconds. We see here that the text has struck a chord with Barber, whose father was grievously ill at the time, drawing a parallel between Agee's father (his text is "strictly autobiographical") in 1915 and Samuel Barber's father at the time of writing in 1947.

    The childlike recollection of the summer's evening now turns abruptly, seriously "who shall ever tell the sorrow of being on this earth," again hitting the high B-flat. The narrator then asks for the blessing of the aforementioned people, and moves into a final re-entry of the original theme, while the narrator talks about being put to bed. The piece ends with the instruments calmly rising, almost floating, reinforcing the dreamlike aspects of the piece.

    In Classical Latin the order of elements in a sentence can differ dramatically from that of English. Perceiving the grammatical agreement of elements in a sentence is necessary to determine a sentence's structure, and thus its meaning. In a simple example, magna cum laude means "with great praise", but with an order that seems strange to English speakers: "great with praise". The fact that "great" (magna) is modifying "praise" (laude), that it is telling you something about the praise, is implied by the grammatical agreement of "magna" and "laude": both are female, singular, and ablative. Since the two words are so strongly linked they do not have to be adjacent, and in Classical Latin some authors, to beautify sentences as they understood beauty, deliberately made sentences more complex by separating elements in grammatical agreement, forcing the reader to use agreement to analyze and thus understand a sentence. "Magna cum laude" is more complex, and therefore more elegant, than "cum magna laude", and to be understood requires perception of the grammatical agreement of "magna" and "laude".

    • Kars4Kids: There is no full explanation on Kars4Kids' web site, literature, or magazine (they call it a blog, https://kars4kids.wordpress.com) about what they do with the donated cars — pieces of junk, "does not need to be running", cars that are unsalable, at least nearby. The cars in most cases have major mechanical problems, like no brakes or radiator, and it usually does not make economic sense to repair them, they are "not worth repairing". What is on the Kars4Kids web site is a statement of their willingness to accept cars with water or hurricane damage.
    "Based on the location and condition of your vehicle, your car will be sold at auction, sold to a parts dealer, or used by the charity to further its charitable programs." Those sold at auction are either exported to poorer countries or moved to poor corners of the U.S., where the repairs cost less. There are junkyard owners who buy junk cars to remove and sell parts worth the time to disassemble them, or sometimes to repair them.
    The remaining cars, those that even poor countries don't want, those that are "used by the charity to further its charitable programs", are sold to middlemen. The middlemen resell them to the industry that Kars4Kids pretends (plausible deniability) never to have heard of: they are used for motorized sports that involve car destruction — demolition derbys, car jumps, car rolling, hillclimbing, playing soccer using cars, "bangers" (racing on a figure 8 track), the monster truck crushes cars, and the like, which appeal primarily to the blue collar population. The people who own and operate the cars are usually mechanics, or relatives of one. It's what people who repair cars, or their families, do for fun: fix them up and wreck them. There are other races in whicn a car pulls a travel trailer (caravan) or a boat on a trailer. Of course they are destroyed by the end of the race. You can donate a trailer, a boat, even a fleet of worn-out buses.
    The industry says that it is carrying out a useful function: disposing of old or damaged cars, which will eventually end up in salvage yards for the value of their metal. They are making the country more beautiful by removing old cars. What they're selling is fun. And anyone who has a better idea of what to do with the cars is welcome to buy them.
    Having a charity as intermediary makes it possible for the industry to obtain enough cars. Many owners of the junk cars have emotional attachments to them and would not sell them to a company that intends to destroy them.

    Mulholland Drive is...significant because it runs along the spine (the peak) of the mountains. It has the best views in the county and is easily, along with the Pacific Coast Highway, the most dramatic highway in the state.

    Holy Roman Empire

    [edit]

    The title was prestigious and conferred a tradition and a type of legitimacy on a monarch; thus several (like Alfonso X of Castile) went to great, even ruinous lengths to get elected. ... (At the time the Pope was perceived differently; he was not just a religious leader, carrying out God's will, but ruler over several small papal states, and governed from the royal palace, what today (2018) is the Vatican City.) ... His only power was that of conferring prestige — the link, via him and the Pope, with both God and the Roman emperors — on his vassals, and others. ... Voltaire famously remarked that the Holy Roman Empire wasn't holy, wasn't Roman, and wasn't an empire (reference below).

      • The Late Show compared with Late Night
      • The Late Show is sometimes treated like it was the second part of Letterman's "nightly talk show", that Late Show is Late Night moved to another network. In fact there are significant differences between them.
      • Late Night is an outsider's show as well as a young man's show. Stuck in a time slot of little value — "nobody's listening", as he discussed with a guest — he had a lot of freedom to be wacky, and he wanted to. There were no major advertisers to inform content. Only a hard core of Letterman enthusiasts were watching a show at that hour.
      • With The Late Show, Letterman reached the peak of his career, even though it was an offshoot of his devastating career failure, not getting The Tonight Show upon Carson's retirement. Just as the cancellation of The David Letterman Show led to a $1,000,000 contract to do nothing, and then Late Night, the end to Late Night led to his salary being doubled, and other externals showing success. Shaffer's band was larger, with a horn section (prohibited, on Carson's order, at NBC). Letterman had for his sole use an updated, historical theater, renovated on a 24-hour schedule (to have it ready for the first broadcast) at considerable expense. (The workmen appeared on the first broadcast.) The set was larger and more luxurious. The average age of the viewers was higher because of the earlier hour; older people in the United States on average go to bed earlier. Advertising was up, as one would expect in an 11:30 PM instead of 12:30 AM time slot. Budgets to pay guests were larger.
      • The show, however, lost most of its edginess and became a much more traditional talk show. "The World's Most Dangerous Band" became the sedate "CBS Orchestra". Announcer Bill Wendell retired, and long-time director Hal Gurnee and producer Jack Rollins also soon departed. At this point the show ceased to be serious competition in ratings for the Tonight Show. The greater distance between Letterman and Schafer cut down on their banter, since now they could no longer appear in a single camera shot. Gone were colorful characters like Brother Theodore, Father Guido Sarducci, and Chris Elliott's series of characters. There was less audience participation and fewer stunts. Trips outside the studio were limited to visiting the attendees or would-be attendees waiting in front of the theater and to visits to Rupert Jee's Hello Deli, around the corner but in the same building. There were no more "suits of suet" or dental chairs, no bullhorns used out the window to passers-by floors below on Sixth Avenue, or to occupants of the same floor (the 6th) of the building across the street. Calvin DeForest had a much smaller role than did his NBC predecessor Larry "Bud" Melman, and certainly no sending him off on a road trip to Mexico with an early picturephone. (He got as far as Guatemala City.) Guests were much more distinguished — in a memorable January 8, 2015, segment, there was a 15-minute interview with Donald Trump, described by Letterman as "America's favorite cut-throat real estate mogul and slumlord".[2] But gone were the humble but colorful characters like the nut lady Elizabeth Tashjian, who ran a one-person Nut Museum with both the world's largest nut and the world's largest nutcracker, for which admission was one nut.[3]
      • Taping outside the studio
        • More than any other major talk show, Late Night ventured outside the studio frequently. Letterman ran elevator races, taxi races (the taxis went around Rockefeller Center), had a flock of sheep herded out of the studio, down the hall, and onto the elevators by two border collies, and ran various kinds of races or other "sporting events" in the corridor outside the studio. He would charter a steam roller and have it run over cans of tomatoes (not in Manhattan). He would interview strangers on the street, searching for Miss November. Sometimes he just walked, commenting on signs in store windows. He might visit a guest's or staffer's house, in New Jersey. There were repeated segments outside the studio, such as:
        • "May We See Your Photos Please?" Letterman and crew would visit a nearby photo finisher, where people were picking up their newly developed and printed photos. Letterman would ask patrons at random to see their photos.
        • "My Dog Bob." Letterman attached a miniature camera ("dog-cam") to the head of what he said was his dog, at home, and offered viewers very jerky footage of a dog's view of the world. He also had, once, a monkey and monkey-cam, which did not go as planned because the monkey (actually a chimpanzee) headed for the metal rafters of the studio, which held lights and other equipment. A Thrill-Cam, mounted in the ceiling, ran down a track toward the set.
        • Visits to Live at Five, a WNBC local news/talk show which was broadcast live at the time Letterman's show was being taped, from a studio across the hall. The allegedly superior-quality guests of Live at Five were the subject of repeated jokes on Late Night. With portable camera he would interview their staffers manning the doors, or guests coming or going, or go in (quietly and off-their-camera). On February 18, 1988, he actually crashed the live broadcast (Al Roker giving the local weather).

    Utica, New York

    [edit]
      • While since the 20th century Utica has been most thought as a subsidiary of Syracuse, in the 19th century Utica was the intellectual and economic capital of western New York State. It was an early center of abolitionism.
      • Intellectual capital of American Protestantism and of western New York

    While Utica has been thought since the 20th century as merely a subsidiary of Syracuse, in the 19th century Utica was the intellectual and economic capital of western New York State. In pre-canal times no city west of Schenectady had as good a location, on the Mohawk. It and Rome were the westernmost Mohawk ports, used by all those travelling west by land on the old Genesee Road (since the 20th century, New York State Route 5) to what then was mostly wilderness. It had rail service before Syracuse did. It had Hamilton College, the third college in New York State. (The first two were King's (Columbia) and Union.) It was arguably the intellectual capital of American Protestantism in the early 19th century, and George Washington Gale its intellectual president. From Oneida County also came Charles Grandison Finney, a disciple of Gale, who created a great wave of revivalists, sweeping over all the land west of the Appalachians promoting their cause, the elimination of slavery, God's mandate, and to a lesser extent temperance. Utica was the point of contact between New York's Burned-over district — the term is Finney's — and the rest of the world. The Oneida Institute and later the Oneida Community received national attention. The former was America's "abolitionist college"; the latter gave us "free love". ... When Beriah Green called a meeting to organize the New York State Anti-Slavery Society, he held it in Utica (where it was met with mob anti-abolitionist violence that forced it to adjourn).

    Edits I want to remember

    Edits I want to remember

    [edit]

    Formerly this was a list of Major Contributions.

    For a list of the top 100 pages I edited, with lists of my edits, see https://xtools.wmflabs.org/topedits/en.wikipedia.org/Deisenbe

    Top template edits: https://xtools.wmflabs.org/topedits/en.wikipedia.org/Deisenbe/10

    Top category edits: https://xtools.wmflabs.org/topedits/en.wikipedia.org/Deisenbe/14

    I stopped maintaining this comprehensively in late 2017, because it was too time-consuming. Dates given below may not be the only ones. The same article may appear more than once. It includes edits of more than a paragraph, or ones I felt were significant, at least to me, and wanted to remember. Some of the latter may be brief.


    1. Enantiomer 20221216
    2. List of former national capitals 20220424
    3. Movie projector 20211009
    4. Amoz 20211007
    5. Portage 20210831
    6. North Elba, New York 20210822
    7. Sacagawea
    8. Seaman (dog)
    9. York (explorer)
    10. Bust of York
    11. Pitman shorthand 20210810
    12. Talk:Anthony Fauci
    13. Port Royal, South Carolina 20210804
    14. James Miller McKim 20210804
    15. Template:LGBT culture in New York 20210724
    16. Erotic humiliation 20210625
    17. Ossining (village), New York 20210624 (reverted)
    18. Hebrew language 20210623
    19. Classics 20210623
    20. Latin 20210617
    21. Help:Page history 20210615
    22. Potomac Company 20210615
    23. Barefoot mailman 20210614
    24. Love hotel 20210611
    25. Tom Thumb (locomotive) 20210610
    26. Template:National unicameral legislatures 20210604
    27. John A. Andrew 20210527
    28. John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital 20210527
    29. List of African-American abolitionists 20210519
    30. John Beauchamp Jones 20210518
    31. Labor omnia vincit 20210515
    32. Pittsburgh#1900 to present 20210508
    33. Gerrit Smith 20210329
    34. Nicknames of New York City 20210324
    35. Ron Jeremy 20210323
    36. Francis P. Fleming 20210323
    37. Modern display of the Confederate battle flag\20210323 and earlier
    38. Matron 20210317
    39. Frederick Douglass 20210317
    40. Amazing Grace 20210308
    41. Freedom (2014 film) 20210308
    42. Chargé d'affaires 20210306
    43. BYOB
    44. History of slavery in Missouri 20210222
    45. Lajos Kossuth 20210201
    46. Emperor (2020 film) 20210201
    47. Port-au-Prince, Haiti 20210202
    48. United States Declaration of Independence 202101 and earlier
    49. Popular sovereignty in the United States 202101
    50. First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln 20210127
    51. Kennedy Farm 20210125
    52. Ward (law) 20210105
    53. Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society 20210105
    54. History of slavery in Florida 20210104
    55. es:Divorcio 20201230
    56. es:Fernando de Herrera 20201230
    57. Black suffrage in the United States 20201229
    58. List of St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) people 20201228
    59. Peace Conference of 1861 20201227
    60. Kansas-Nebraska Act20201225
    61. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spain & Spanish-related articles 20201215-18
    62. Protests against Donald Trump 20201207
    63. Cover 20201122
    64. Chiclete com banana (song) 20201122
    65. College-preparatory school 20201118
    66. Hebrew Bible#Tanakh 20201118
    67. History of slavery in Kansas 20201116
    68. Canisteo River 20201106
    69. Susquehanna River 20201106
    70. Aldine 20201101
    71. Dubose Heyward 20201031
    72. History of slavery in Nebraska 20201030
    73. Spanish Civil War 20201020
    74. Panties 20201018
    75. Colored
    76. Contraband (American Civil War) 20201007
    77. Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 20201007, 20210317 and earlier
    78. 1856 United States presidential election 20200930
    79. Analysis 20200929
    80. Mixed-sex education#Colleges 20200929
    81. Antioch College 20200929
    82. Nat Turner's slave revolt 20200921
    83. Colgate University 20200921
    84. Cassare 20200920
    85. Storer College 20200920
    86. Anti-lynching movement 20200920
    87. Thomas Ruffin Gray 20200919
    88. History of the College of Wiliam & Mary 20200917
    89. John C. Frémont 20200917
    90. History of Erie, Pennsylvania 20200917
    91. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 20200917
    92. Arbutus, Maryland 20200917
    93. Sociopolitical issues of anatomy in America in the 19th century 20200907
    94. History of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
    95. History of the University of Virginia 20200906
    96. Link rot 2020904
    97. Fleshlight 20200904
    98. Solid South 20200823
    99. Linguistic purism in English 20200810, 20201026
    100. Staunton Military Academy 20200721
    101. Market House (Fayetteville, North Carolina) 20200719
    102. Prostate 20200712
    103. Jean Pond Miner Coburn 20200625
    104. Gone with the Wind (film) 20200623
    105. Alice's Restaurant 201511
    106. Anthony Fauci 20200531 (what I added since deleted)
    107. Book of Genesis 20200524
    108. Confederate States of America
    109. Cohoes Falls 20200517
    110. Philanthropy in the United States 20200511
    111. Interracial marriage in the United States 20200511
    112. IBM Selectric typewriter 20200510
    113. George Boyer Vashon 2019 and 2020
    114. St. Croix 20200510
    115. Hashish 20200418
    116. Electronic cigarette 20200418
    117. Stansbury 20200324
    118. Tragic Prelude 20200317
    119. Beecher's Bible 20200317
    120. Ali Akbar al-Modarresi 20200315
    121. Talk:History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 20200315
    122. Plant (disambiguation) 20200315
    123. Bandeirantes 20200315
    124. Greenwood, New York 20200307
    125. Watervliet Shaker Historic District 20200306
    126. John H. Van Evrie 20200505
    127. Miscegenation 20200505
    128. Francis Scott Key 20200505


    1. Sod house 20200217
    2. History of Kansas
    3. Bleeding Kansas also 20200317
    4. Gag rule (United States) 20200129
    5. Gamaliel Bailey 202001129
    6. Republic of Maryland 20200128
    7. Lyman Beecher 20200128
    8. Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia) 20200105 +
    9. CBD 20200113
    10. Benjamin Lundy 20200111
    11. Henry Highland Garnet 20200105
    12. Charles P. Bush 20191229
    13. Pamphlet 20191114
    14. Henry Hudson 20191111
    15. John Rankin (abolitionist) 20191111 and earlier
    16. Annexation 20191111
    17. Mormon pornography 20191101
    18. America the Beautiful 20191031
    19. Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery 20191031
    20. Elmira Prison 20191026
    21. Regional accreditation 20191025 and earlier
    22. Comparison (grammar) 20191025
    23. Halfmoon, New York 20191025
    24. Battle of Olustee 20191022
    25. Angelina Grimké 20191022
    26. List of photographic processes 20191013
    27. David Daggett 20191012
    28. Agreement (linguistics) 20191011 (reverted)
    29. Andrew T. Judson 20190110, 12
    30. Tulsa race riot 20191009
    31. Prudence Crandall Museum 20191008
    32. History of the University of Virginia 20191006
    33. American Anti-Slavery Society 20190929, 20191006 not finished
    34. Arthur Tappan 20191005, 20191001
    35. Termination rates 20191004
    36. List of mobile network operators of the Americas#United States 20191004
    37. Termination rates 20191004
    38. Conference call 20191004
    39. Oberlin College 20191003
    40. Simeon Jocelyn 20191002
    41. Abolitionism 20191001
    42. Angelina Grimké 20190929
    43. Treatment of slaves in the United States 20190929, 20191031
    44. The Nation 20190928
    45. Wendell Phillips Garrison 20190928
    46. List of amendments to the United States Constitution 20190927
    47. Canal 20190925
    48. Mason-Dixon line 20190924
    49. Abraham Lincoln and slavery 20190924
    50. Abolitionism in the United States 20190923
    51. Slavery in the United States 20190919, 20191002


    1. English plural#Irregular plurals from Latin and Greek 20190912
    2. American Colonization Society 20190905
    3. Utica, New York 20190817 (reverted)
    1. Northeast blackout of 2003 20190731
    2. Bachianas brasileiras 20190731 and twice below
    3. George Washington Gale 20190731
    4. Manual labor college 20190731, 20190714
    5. Ethnic conflict 20190731
    6. Lane Theological Seminary 20190731-into Oct
    7. Frederick Douglass 20190730
    8. Case Western Reserve University 20190726
    9. Gerrit Smith 20190726, 20190716
    10. Elizur Wright 20190725
    11. Charles Backus Storrs 20190725
    12. Hiram Wilson 20190723
    13. The North Star (anti-slavery newspaper) 20190722
    14. Prudence Crandall 20190722
    15. American Colonization Society 20190722
    16. Hudson, Ohio 20190719
    17. William Lloyd Garrison 20190718
    18. Northeast blackout of 1965 20190715, 20181105
    19. Samba 20190715
    20. Rogers, Arkansas 20190711
    21. Uncle Tom's Cabin 20190709
    22. Typewriter 20190706
    23. Claude Bowers 20190629
    24. Voting rights in the United States 20190629
    25. Hamburg massacre 20190625
    26. Benjamin Tillman 20190625
    27. Virginia v. John Brown 20190625
    28. Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era 20190625e
    29. For Whom the Bell Tolls 20160624
    30. St. Augustine movement 20160505, 20170615, 20190622
    31. Bedtime 20190621
    32. WFME (AM) 20190621
    33. Temperance movement 20190613
    34. Amos 'n' Andy 20190612
    35. Pink Flamingos 20190611
    36. John Waters 20190611
    37. Bachianas Brasileiras 20190610
    38. Dr. Von D. Mizell-Eula Johnson State Park 20190609
    39. Doubleday (publisher) 20190608
    40. Boroughs of New York City 20190606
    41. First Amendment to the United States Constitution 20190606
    42. The Leopard's Spots 20190606
    43. Martin County School District 20190604
    44. William E. Allen 20190531
    45. McGraw, New York 20190531, 20190610
    46. Sans Souci Hotel (Ballston Spa) 20190528
    47. John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 20150525
    48. Furman University 20190524
    49. South Carolina Baptist Convention 20190524
    50. Hornell Traction Company 20190523
    51. List of Temperance organizations 20190523
    52. Teaching fellow 20190521
    53. Joaquín Turina 20190521
    54. Erie Canal 20190520
    55. History of steam road vehicles 20190520, 20190521
    56. Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda 20190519
    57. Ernestine Rose 20190518, 20190519
    58. John C. Calhoun 20190518
    59. Americans in France 20190517
    60. Jewish views on slavery 20190517
    61. Morris Jacob Raphall 20190512, 20190514, 20190517
    62. Trefa banquet 20190510
    63. Atlanta race riot 20190508
    64. Wilmington insurrection of 1898 2019050066
    65. Lost Cause of the Confederacy 20190506, 20191022
    66. The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan 20190504
    67. Brasília 20190503
    68. Broward County Public Schools 20190503
    69. Dillard High School 20190503
    70. Bartow High School 20190503
    71. J. Wayne Reitz 20190501
    72. Wikipedia:Further reading 20190428
    73. Irving Berlin 20190427
    74. Hornellsville, New York 20190425
    75. Florida Legislative Investigation Committee 20190421, 20190423
    76. Florida School for Boys 20190423
    77. Doak S. Campbell 20190421
    78. Selma, Alabama 20190421
    79. Racial segregation in the United States 20190418
    80. James Paul Clarke
    81. The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan
    82. The Birth of a Nation 20190406 20190606
    83. Monson Motor Lodge 20190409
    84. Thomas Dixon Jr. 20190404, 20290611
    85. Trefa banquet 20190404
    86. A. C. Dixon 20190406
    87. Sodom 20190327
    88. History of the Jews in Cincinnati 20190323
    89. Isaac Mayer Wise 20190323
    90. Open House 20190316


    1. Middle Passage 20190225


    1. Template:Cognition, perception, emotional state and behaviour symptoms and signs 201190216
    2. Charles Kenzie Steele 20190216
    3. Tallahassee bus boycott 20190226
    4. Lynching of Willie James Howard 20190226
    5. Live Oak, Florida 20190216


    1. aka 20190125
    1. Fitna of al-Andalus 20190122
    2. Territorial evolution of the United States 20190122
    3. Harrison, Arkansas 20190117
    4. Context 20190111
    5. Northwest Historic District 20190105
    6. Second City Television 20190105 and earlier
    7. Woman's Working Band House 20190103
    8. List of monuments erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy 20190102
    9. The News & Observer 20190102
    10. Iko Iko 20190101
    11. William Higgins (director) 20190101
    12. Anna J. Cooper 20190101 more to be done
    13. Template:Folk costumes 20181231
    14. For Whom the Bell Tolls 20181230
    15. Anna J. Cooper
    16. United States v. Shipp
    17. Wikipedia:Offensive
    18. Encyclopedia Britannica 20181228 (see Talk:Encyclopædia Britannica)
    19. Buck Angel 20181228
    20. Coprophilia 20181228
    21. Frelinghuysen University 20181228, 29
    22. Anna J. Cooper 20181228
    23. Noxious 20181227
    24. Kars4Kids 20181227
    25. Race (human categorization) 20181227 (Reverted by Flyer22)
    26. Cultural depictions of Richard Nixon 20181226
    27. Trio 20181225
    28. Formal 20181223
    29. Red Hook Summer 20181223
    30. Mulholland Drive (reverted)
    31. Help 20181208
    32. Andrew Cowan (soldier) 20181208
    33. Charles B. Dew 20181208
    34. Michael Galinsky 20181208
    35. Confederate Memorial Park (Marbury, Alabama) 20181207
    36. A. H. Stephens State Park 20181206
    37. States' Rights Party 20181205
    38. History of the Encyclopedia Britannica 20181203, 20181228
    39. Reading (disambiguation)
    40. Asturleonese language
    41. Leonese dialect
    42. List of Leonese language writers 20181125
    43. Juan del Encina 20181125
    44. Sertão 20181128
    45. Thomas Roderick Dew
    46. Baltimore
    47. Pelham, North Carolina 20181125
    48. Alexander Hamilton 20181125
    49. Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
    50. Harper's Ferry National Historical Park
    51. Colonization (disambiguation) 20181123
    52. Julian Carr (industrialist) 201811, 201812
    53. Bye Bye Brazil 20181119, 20, 27, 30
    54. Abolitionism in the United States 20181119
    55. United Daughters of the Confederacy 20181117
    56. Template:Abraham Lincoln 20181116
    57. Template:Chapel Hill-Carrboro 20181113
    58. John Brown (abolitionist) 20181112+, 20190625
    59. Undergarment 20181112
    60. Georges Bizet 20181031
    61. Order of Gimghoul 20181030
    62. Clarinet family 20181029
    63. Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2018 October 23
    64. E. D. Nixon 20181025
    65. Chicha morada 20181023
    66. Knickerbocker 20181023
    67. Arsenal (disambiguation) 20181023
    68. Constitution of North Carolina 20181022
    69. New York Cancer Hospital 20181017
    70. Hernando de Talavera 20181017
    71. Talk:Reefer Madness 20181016
    72. Castrato 20181013
    73. Papal States 20181013
    74. Holy Roman Empire 20181013 (reverted)
    75. 976 20181012
    76. Unethical human experimentation in the United States 20181011
    77. South Florida 20181011
    78. Anarcha Westcott 20181011
    79. Emmett Till
    80. Coming of Age in Mississippi 20181007
    81. Vernon, Oklahoma 20181007
    82. Help:Entering special characters 20180930 and earlier, 20181011
    83. Ku Klux Klan in Maine 20180930
    84. Covenant (law) 20180930
    85. Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial 20180929
    86. Camilla, Georgia 20180929
    87. Camilla massacre 20180929
    88. Ulysses L. Houston 20180929
    89. William Jennings Bryan 20180927
    90. Children of the plantation 20180926
    91. Futanari 20180925 (reverted)
    92. Shemale 20180925
    93. Bob Bartlett 20180916
    94. The whole world is watching 20180915
    95. Meredith Willson and Make the Connection 20180914
    96. Romulus Moore 20180909
    97. Alexander H. Stephens 20180909, 20181205
    98. Rufus Bullock 20180909
    99. Georgia State Capitol 20180909
    100. Alexander H. Stephens 20180909
    101. Mangueira 20180908
    102. Samba 20180908
    103. History of Oklahoma 20180907
    104. Predictions of Wikipedia's end 20180825
    105. Silent Sam 20180824
    106. Tennessee Heritage Protection Act 20180822
    107. Casa de Cervantes 20180807
    108. Drug culture 20180807
    109. Micronation 20180807
    110. Talk:Reconquista (again) 20180806
    111. William H. Holland (politician) 20180731
    112. Fanfare 20180731
    113. Social cost 20180723
    114. Betis 20180722
    115. Template:Florida
    116. Template:David Letterman
    117. Template:Leon County, Florida
    118. Template:Lynching in the United States
    119. Talk:Late Show with David Letterman
    120. Talk:Kubla Khan 20180707
    121. List of assassinated American politicians (Several, and see Talk.)
    122. Rotary dial
    123. Vinicius de Moraes 20180707
    124. Missouri 20180705 and earlier
    125. Middle Eastern music 20180629
    126. Quarter tone 20180629
    127. Christopher Columbus#First Voyage 20180628
    128. Free negro#Free negroes unwelcome
    129. Fessenden Elementary School 20180616
    130. T.E. Lawrence 20180611
    131. Long distance calling 20180606 20180709
    132. Operator assistance 20180606
    133. Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 20180606
    134. Template:David Letterman 20180605
    135. Mount Zion A.M.E. Church (Ocala, Florida) 20180602
    136. Fangak 20180528
    137. Roger Williams University (Nashville, Tennessee) 20180526
    138. List of capitals in the United States
    139. Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 201805?
    140. University don 20180512
    141. Talk:Washington, D.C. 20180505
    142. Zephaniah Kingsley 20180428
    143. Slavery in the United States#Slave trade
    144. Nigger 20180419 (reverted)
    145. J. Marion Sims 20180419, 201810xx
    146. Names of the American Civil War 20180419
    147. Payphone 20180413 20180619
    148. Seal of Florida 20180413
    149. 9-1-1 20180411
    150. List of North American Numbering Plan area codes 20180411 and previously
    151. Talk:Dorothy Kilgallen 20180411
    152. Collect call 20180411
    153. Template:Muscogee 20180411
    154. Template:Indian Removal 20180411, 20180422
    155. Template:Leon County, Florida 20180411
    156. Acetate disc 20180405
    157. Root (linguistics) 20180404
    158. Maghreb 20180404
    159. National Statuary Hall Collection ?, 20180915
    160. Muscogee 20180326, 20180515
    161. Booth Tarkington 20180317
    162. Fisting (reverted, around March 6 2018)
    163. Modern display of the Confederate flag
    164. U.S. Declaration of Independence#John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence (1817–1826)
    165. List of colleges and universities in Florida
    166. Robert Meacham
    167. Franklin and Armfield Office 20180214
    168. Lawrenceville School
    169. Nathan Bedford Forrest
    170. Pahokee, Florida
    171. Everglades Club
    172. Lansing Mizner
    173. Wilson Mizner
    174. Addison Mizner
    175. Boca Raton, Florida ?, 20181125
    176. Talk:United States Declaration of Independence/Archive 8#Song "Declaration" by The 5th Dimension
    177. Vicente Sebastián Pintado 20180117
    178. Popular vote
    179. History of radio 20180112
    180. Bourbon Democrat 20171006, 2017102, 20190521
    181. Bukkake 20170929
    182. World Erotic Art Museum 20170928
    183. Naomi Wilzig 20170928
    184. Lee High School (disambiguation page) 20170818
    185. Rex (artist) 20161214, 20170508, 20170518, 20170525, 20170801, 20170803, 20170805
    186. Divorce in the United States 20170728
    187. List of colleges and universities in Florida 20170727; 20170805
    188. Lynching in the United States 20160722, 20170706, 20170728, 20190216
    189. Segregation academy 20170525, 20170728

      Above this are most recent first, below earliest first
    190. El retablo de Maese Pedro ?, 20170904
    191. Trouble in Tahiti
    192. Count Julian (novel)
    193. Fetlife
    194. Ashley Madison 8/17/2014, 11/18/2014, 9/14/2015, 9/21/2015
    195. Munsingwear
    196. Adult video arcade
    197. Tirant lo Blanch#Tirant lo Blanc and Don Quixote
    198. Knoxville: Summer of 1915 (some reverted for being (shudder!) original research; see Talk:Knoxville: Summer of 1915)
    199. Al Goldstein ?, 20170521 (see the Talk page)
    200. Capturing the Friedmans ?, 20160707, 20160727
    201. Montilla
    202. Argamasilla de Alba ?, 20160607
    203. Expected Family Contribution ?, 20160921, 20170628, 20190530
    204. Hornell, New York ?, 20170420, 20170727
    205. Scholarship
    206. Scott O'Hara
    207. Dulcinea del Toboso
    208. Canisteo, New York 20141028, 20141118, 20141125, 20150601, 20150628, 20150718, 20150817, 20161114, 20170727
    209. History of Tallahassee, Florida#Black history 20150607, 20170531, 20170601, 20170824
    210. Spanish pronouns ?, 20170504
    211. Tallahassee Democrat
    212. es:Esquivias (see es:Discusión: Esquivias)
    213. El Salón México ?, 20161120, 20170328
    214. Talk:Judaism and sexuality
    215. Romance (meter) 8/8/2015
    216. Talk:Edifi 8/16/2015
    217. Phone sex 9/21/2015, 20160618, 20160629
    218. Florida State Capitol ?, 9/23/2015
    219. Susan Block 10/10/2015, 4/20/2017
    220. Tilde 1/5/2016, 20160718See also Wikipedia:Teahouse/Questions#What_to_do_to_use_a_special_character
    221. Moved L'Espoir (film) to Espoir: Sierra de Teruel 20160217
    222. Racism in the United States 20160224. Reverted; see Talk:Racism in the United States
    223. Scholarship/Scholarships in the United States ((see Talk:scholarship) 201602
    224. Symphony No. 1 (Bernstein) 20160226
    225. Davie, Florida 20160330
    226. Bachianas brasileiras 20160327
    227. Florida Constitutional Convention of 1885 20160320, 20160325, 201603/27 moved to Florida Constitution of 1885, 20160328
    228. Kenneth Megill ?, 20160323
    229. St. Petersburg College 20160421
    230. Constitution of Florida 20160421, 20160504, 20180210
    231. North Florida Community College 20160429
    232. Tribute of 100 Virgins 8/8/2015, 8/15/2015, moved from Tribute of 100 Damsels
    233. In God We Trust 20160517
    234. List of historically black colleges and universities 20160516, 20161101, 20170727
    235. Boca Express Train Museum, moved from Boca Raton Florida East Coast Railway Station 20160622, 20160707, 20170523
    236. Philadelphia, New York 20161031, 20161101
    237. Penile implant 20161119
    238. Zine 20161201
    239. Palm Beach County, Florida ?, 20160419, 20160622, 20160810, 20161119, 20170116, 20170203
    240. Female condom 20170308
    241. The Naked Sun (novel) 20170218
    242. United States Declaration of Independence 20170417, 20170420, 20170528 (see Talk:United States Declaration of Independence#Song .22Declaration.22 by The 5th Dimension)
    243. Spanish irregular verbs 20170503 (See the talk page.)
    244. Tallahassee Memorial HealthCare 20170505, 20170610
    245. Florida A&M University 20170505
    246. Voseo 20170511
    247. List of monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America 20170510, 20170511, 20170701, 20170807, 20170817, 20170818, 20170819, 20179821, 20170822, 20170823, 20170824, 20170826, 20170828, 20170903, 20170904, 20170905, 20170906, 20170928, 20170929
    248. Lake Worth, Florida 20170803
    249. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 20170806
    250. Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials 20170817, 20170818, 20170821, 20170822, 20180823, 20180824, 20170825, 20170826, 20170827, 20170830, 20170903, 20170907, 20170929
    251. Missouri 20170810, 20170817
    252. Symphony No. 3 (Shostakovich) 20170822
    253. Template:American Civil War 20170821
    254. A Lincoln Portrait 20150628, 20170912
    Smaller improvements

    Smaller improvements

    [edit]

    (My smaller contributions to es:wikipedia, in Spanish, are located at es:Usuario:Deisenbe.)

    Some of my edits have been reverted. Those I am aware of are annotated below. Some of the reversions include explanations: I was wrong. FM broadcasting is one example. Other reverts I believe were wrong-headed. However, in general I have avoided "edit wars". If someone reverts me, in most cases I leave it alone. I don't need the stress of edit wars. Better things to do with my time and energy. Particularly egregious cases I mention on the article's talk page.

    I stopped maintaining this in late 2017, because it was too time-consuming. Dates given below may not be the only ones.

    1. Charles Todd Quintard 20170906
    2. Sewanee: The University of the South 20170906, 20170907
    3. Reparations for slavery debate in the United States ?, 20170905
    4. David 20170904
    5. Confederate Memorial of the Wind 20170904
    6. Natural Bridge Battlefield Historic State Park 20170904
    7. Mia Khalifa 20180830 (referted)
    8. Hilbert's fifteenth problem 20170830
    9. Walt Disney 20170830 (reverted)
    10. Sexual abuse 20170830
    11. National Register of Historic Places listings in Steuben County, New York 20170828
    12. Warren G. Harding 20170828
    13. Memorials to Abraham Lincoln 20170828
    14. William L. Saunders 20170827
    15. Slavery in the United States ?, 20170826
    16. Hellfire Club 20180826
    17. Slavery 20180826
    18. Talk:List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials 20180825
    19. History of Leon County, Florida ?, 20180824
    20. Plantations of Leon County 20180824
    21. Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials 20170817, 20170818, 20170821, 20170822, 20180823, 20180824, 20170825, 20170826, 20170827, 20170830, 20170903, 20170907
    22. al-Andalus below, 20170817, 20170824
    23. Symphony No. 3 (Shostakovich) 20170823
    24. Memorial Hall, Vanderbilt University 20170823
    25. Roger B. Taney Monument (Annapolis, Maryland) 20170823
    26. Dick Dowling (sculpture) 20170822
    27. List of memorials to Jefferson Davis 20170822
    28. Richard W. Dowling 20180821
    29. Robert Edward Lee Sculpture 20170821
    30. List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic 20170821
    31. Jefferson Davis Hospital 20170818
    32. Memorials to Abraham Lincoln 20170818
    33. List of memorials to Robert E. Lee 20170818
    34. Lee High School (dismbiguation) 20170818
    35. Convict lease 20170817
    36. Cornerstone Speech 20170817
    37. List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials 20170817
    38. List of former municipalities in Florida 20170817
    39. Hawthorne, Florida 20170817
    40. Palm Beach Lakes Community High School 20170817
    41. Timothy Curley 20170817
    42. Jerry Sandusky 20170817
    43. Lauren Book 20170816 entries missing
    44. Maryland State House 20170815, 20170818
    45. Confederados 20170815
    46. Stone Mountain 20170815
    47. List of Underground Railroad sites 20160814
    48. Template:Streets in San Francisco 20180814
    49. Miguel de Cervantes ?, 20170810
    50. State-sponsored terrorism 20170810
    51. Kansas-Nebraska Act 20170810
    52. Missouri Compromise 20170810
    53. University of Missouri System 20170808
    54. Castalia (disambiguation) 20170808
    55. Ferguson unrest 20170808
    56. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 20170808
    57. Sierra Blanca, Texas 20180807
    58. Talk: Modern display of the Confederate flag 20170807
    59. List of monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America 20170807, 20170817, 20170818, 20170819, 20179821, 20170822, 20170823, 20170824, 20170826, 20170828, 20170903, 20170904, 20170905, 20170906,
    60. Miguel de Unamuno 20170805
    61. Talk:Ninth chord 20170805
    62. Prohibition of drugs 20170805
    63. Charles Ives 20170805
    64. WANM 20170805
    65. Cottaging 20170805
    66. Talk:Health effects of salt 20170804
    67. Michael Jackson 20170803
    68. Ya Got Trouble 20170803
    69. The Music Man 20170803
    70. Spanish protectorate in Morocco 20170802
    71. Montgomery bus boycott 20170802
    72. Tallahassee bus boycott 20170802
    73. 4 Little Girls 20170802
    74. Maghreb 20170802
    75. Hispano-Moroccan War (1859-60) 20170802
    76. en:Category:Child sexual abuse 20170802
    77. Michael Jackson's Dangerous Liaisons 20170802
    78. Jeffrey Epstein 20170802
    79. Florida Action Committee 20170802
    80. Pervert Park 20170802
    81. Miracle Village (community) 20170802
    82. Sex offender registry 20170802
    83. Racial segregation in the United States 20170802
    84. Milton S. Eisenhower 20170801
    85. Segregation academy 20170801
    86. Lynching in the United States 20170728, 2010729
    87. Slavery in the Ottoman Empire 20170729
    88. Hotaru Akane 20170727, 20170729
    89. Jump Jim Crow 20170729
    90. Jim Crow laws 20170729
    91. , Hypertension 20170728
    92. Racial segregation 20170728
    93. Nadir of American race relations 20170728
    94. Segregation Academy 20170728
    95. Williams v. North Carolina 20170728
    96. Facesitting 20170728
    97. Black Codes (United States) 20170728
    98. Union Community Hospital 20170728
    99. Taborian Hospital 20170728
    100. Southwest Atlanta Hospital 20170728
    101. Chronology of adult videos in Japan 20170728
    102. South Carolina State Hospital 20170728
    103. Searcy Hospital 20170728
    104. St Elizabeths Hospital 20170728
    105. ,St. Augustine's University (Raleigh, North Carolina) 20170728
    106. Riverside General Hospital 20170728
    107. Former L. Richardson Memorial Hospital 20170728 entries missing
    108. Portal:Japan/Topics 20170727
    109. Wikipedia: Pages needing translation into English 20170727
    110. Chronology of adult videos in Japan 20170727
    111. Charity Hospital (New Orleans) 20170727
    112. Brewster Hospital 20170727
    113. Barnett Hospital and Nursing School 20170727
    114. Afro-American Sons and Daughters Hospital 20170727 entries missing
    115. Boydell & Brewer 20170724
    116. Fireside chats 20170721
    117. Usenet 20170721
    118. Scopes Trial 20170725
    119. Carpetbagger 20170724
    120. Alan Deyermond 20170719
    121. Mormon pornography 20170716
    122. Talk:2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis 20170715
    123. Talk:Jared Kushner 20170711, 20170715, 20170719entries missing
    124. Jew's harp 20170709 (reverted; see Talk:Jew's harp#Origin of the name)
    125. Highland Park General Hospital 20170704
    126. American Beauty (1999 film) 20170703
    127. John and Lorena Bobbitt 20170703
    128. Provident Hospital (Chicago) 20170701
    129. Reconstruction Era 20170701
    130. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 20170701
    131. American Beauty (soundtrack) 20170630
    132. Don't Let It Bring You Down 20170630
    133. Brewster Hospital 20170629
    134. Serge Voronoff 20170629, 20170704
    135. Book of Revelation 20170627
    136. Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti 20170622
    137. Hasan al-Attar 20170622
    138. Template:Alternative medicine sidebar 20170622
    139. Gustave Flaubert 20170620
    140. Monson House 20170615
    141. African-American teachers 20170608
    142. Chivalry 20170518, 20170608
    143. Mineshaft (gay club) 20170608
    144. List of hospitals in Florida 20170607
    145. Puerto Rico 20170607
    146. Treasure Coast 20170607
    147. Middlesex University 20170606
    148. WHHO 20170605
    149. Alabama Memorial Preservation Act 20170601
    150. Classical Arabic 20170601
    151. Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War 20170529
    152. Ohio University 20170629
    153. Muskrat Ramble 20170529
    154. Sovereign citizen movement 20170528
    155. Glades Day School 20170525
    156. Ku Klux Klan 20170521
    157. Jefferson Davis Monument 20170521
    158. Modern display of the Confederate flag 20170521
    159. Gonzo pornography 20170519, 20170814
    160. Pornography in Japan 20170515
    161. Robert Edward Lee Sculpture 2017
    162. List of memorials to Jefferson Davis 20170511
    163. Charleston Church Shooting 20170511
    164. Jefferson Davis Monument 20170510, 20170521
    165. List of monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America 20170510, 20170511, 20170701
    166. Liberty Monument (New Orleans) 20170510
    167. Penile prosthesis 20170505
    168. Dale Mabry Field 20170505
    169. Hasidic Judaism 20170504 (reverted)
    170. Tallahassee Railroad ?, 20170504
    171. T-shirt 20170504
    172. Dazzle (fabric) 20170428
    173. Historical impacts of climate change 20170427
    174. University of North Carolina 20170422
    175. Dennis Hof,?, 20170420
    176. Fake denominations of United States currency 20170421 (reverted; see Talk:Fake denominations of United States currency
    177. Ruth Westheimer 20170417
    178. Annie Sprinkle 20170417, also below, currently no. 305
    179. Climate change 20170417
    180. Spanish irregular verbs 20170417
    181. Going down 20170417
    182. Larry Kramer 2070416
    183. Thom Gunn 20170414
    184. Sex offender registries in the United States 20170414
    185. Fag Rag 20170413
    186. Talk:Beefcake magazine 20170407
    187. Talk:Filibuster in the United States Senate 20170406
    188. Constitution of Florida 20170402
    189. Folsom Street 20170401
    190. South of Market, San Francisco 20170401
    191. Symphony No. 13 (Shostakovich) 20170329
    192. Jack Wrangler 20170328
    193. Rim 20170328
    194. Aaron Copland 20170328
    195. Symphony for Organ and Orchestra (Copland) 20170328
    196. List of compositions for organ 20170328
    197. Museum of Modern Art 20170328
    198. Swinging (sexual practice) 20170326
    199. Granada War 20170326
    200. Bacha bazi 20170308, 20170326
    201. Henry Kamen 20170318, 20170328
    202. Pantyhose for men 20170304
    203. John Andrew Rice 20170218
    204. Sleeveless shirt 20170218
    205. PAL (tv spec) 20170218
    206. Black Mountain College ?, 20170218
    207. Dan Savage 20170217
    208. Color television 20170218
    209. Casual sex 20170215
    210. Template:Academic ranks 20170215
      Below this line I was trying to combine my different edits on a file into one, with multiple dates. Doing this manually proved too time-consuming, so above this line there may be multiple entries for the same topic. Some above this line may also be below the line.
    211. List of pipe organs 20170215
    212. Pornography ?, 20170214
    213. Female condom 20170209, 20170211
    214. Erection 20170208
    215. Panties 20170203
    216. Template:Men's undergarments 20170203, 20170215
    217. Book of Revelation 20170127
    218. Obscenity 20170116
    219. The Seven Minutes 20170116, 20170215
    220. Barry Manilow 20170112
    221. Federal Work-Study Program 20170112
    222. Christopher Street (magazine) 20170112
    223. Mass racial violence in the United States 20161231
    224. Winston Leyland 20161231
    225. Jocelyn Elders 20161231
    226. National Masturbation Day 20161231
    227. Promiscuity 20161231
    228. Boca Raton Army Air Field 20161231
    229. Area code 754 20161227
    230. Stevie Wonder 20161202
    231. Student financial aid in the United States 20161201, 20170215
    232. Zine 20161201
    233. Florida Memorial University 20161121
    234. St. Augustine movement 20161121
    235. Pervert Park 20161120
    236. Scholarship 20161120
    237. Penile implant 20161120
    238. Expected Family Contribution ?, 20160921, 20161120
    239. Ira Isaacs 20161115
    240. Academic tenure in North America 20161105
    241. Hope Rosenwald School 20161105
    242. United States Numbered Highway System 20161101
    243. Welcome centers in the United States 20161101
    244. Visitor center 20161101
    245. Cream cheese 20161101
    246. Harvard University 20161001
    247. Modern display of the Confederate flag 20160925, 20170521, 20170710, 20170906
    248. Leo Frank 20160925
    249. Lanier University 20160925
    250. Blair Williams 2016007
    251. Battle of Clavijo ?, 20160831
    252. Ponce de Leon Hotel 20160829
    253. Underwear as outerwear 20160827
    254. Federal Work-Study Program 20160825
    255. Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States 20160807
    256. Book of Daniel 20160804
    257. History of Saudi Arabia 20160728
    258. Racial segregation in the United States 20160724
    259. Jim Crow laws ?, 20160721
    260. Himno de Riego 201607200719
    261. Talk:Cara al Sol 20160720
    262. Emergency telephone number 20160719
    263. Broward County, Florida 20160719
    264. Talk:Trump University 20160714 (dismissed as "original research", in part)
    265. Art Institute of Pittsburgh 20160714
    266. Haredi Judaism 20160714
    267. Whisper Walk, Florida 20160713 (not logged in)
    268. Southern United States 20160713
    269. Southern Baptist Convention 20160713
    270. Jimmy Ryce 201607011
    271. Private student loan (United States) 20160711, 20160921, 20161231
    272. Police brutality in the United States 20160711
    273. The Art Institutes 20160707
    274. Art Institute of Portland 20160707
    275. For-profit higher education in the United States 20160707
    276. Trump University 20160707 (reverted, see Talk:Trump University), 20160713
    277. Erie Lackawanna Railroad 20160706
    278. North Florida Christian High School 20160706
    279. Maclay School 20160706
    280. Civil rights movement 20160706
    281. Florida East Coast Railway 20160622
    282. Dining car 20160622
    283. Seaboard Air Line 6113 20160622
    284. Mizner Park 20160622
    285. Boca Raton Army Airfield 20160622
    286. Erie Railroad 20160618, 20160619
    287. Robert Smalls 20160618
    288. Charles E. Nash 20160618
    289. John Adams Hyman 20160618
    290. Jeremiah Haralson 20160618
    291. John R. Lynch 20160618
    292. Richard H. Cain 20160618
    293. Josiah T. Walls 20160618
    294. Benjamin S. Turner 20160618
    295. Robert B. Elliott 20160618
    296. Robert C. De Large 20160618
    297. Jefferson F. Long 20160618
    298. Joseph Rainey 20160618
    299. William L. McMillan 20160618
    300. Tuskegee University 20160618
    301. Harriet Tubman 20160618
    302. Hurricane Agnes 20160618
    303. Higher education accreditation in the United States 20160707, 20160617, 20160618
    304. Pledge of Allegiance 20160517
    305. Farm (revenue leasing) 20160514, 20160516
    306. Symphony No. 3 (Górecki) 20160613
    307. An American Dilemma 20160511
    308. Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas 20160511
    309. Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States 20160510
    310. Separate but equal 20160510, 20160706, 20170809
    311. La Vanguardia 20160510
    312. Public opinion on climate change 20160510
    313. Sexual surrogate 20160509
    314. Surrogate alcohol 20160509
    315. Granada War 20160507
    316. Salvador Dalí 20160507
    317. Ben Belitt 20160507
    318. Lincoln Park Academy 20160507
    319. Marianna, Florida 20160506
    320. Sopchoppy School 20160505
    321. St. Augustine, Florida 20160501, 20160505, 20170525, 20170615
    322. Florida Memorial University 20160505
    323. St. Johns River State College 20160501, 20160504
    324. Racial segregation in the United States 20160503
    325. Plantations in the American South 20160501
    326. Plantation complexes in the Southern United States 20160501
    327. Palm Beach State College 20160430
    328. State College of Florida, Manatee-Sarasota 20160430
    329. Eastern Florida State College 20160430
    330. Seminole State College of Florida 20160430
    331. Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida 20160430
    332. Robert Hayling 20160430, 20170521
    333. April Flowers 20160430
    334. North Florida Community College 20160429
    335. List of Rollins College alumni 20160429
    336. Florida A&M University College of Law 20160429
    337. Florida A&M University – Florida State University College of Engineering 20160429
    338. Great Migration (African American) 20160428
    339. List of Rosenwald schools 20160427
    340. African Americans in the United States Congress 20160427
    341. Rosenwald school 20160427
    342. Moses 20160427
    343. Eastern State Penitentiary 20160426
    344. WFRF-FM 20160426
    345. WFRF (AM) 20160426
    346. Christian Academy of Knoxville 20160426
    347. Slavery in the United States ?, 20160426, 20170817, 20170827
    348. Pelagius of Córdoba 20160426
    349. Separate but equal 20160425, 20160428
    350. Daytona State College 20160425
    351. Wickr 20160425
    352. Fraternities and sororities 20160425
    353. Chapada do Norte 20160422
    354. Racial segregation in the United States 20140422
    355. Maclay School 20160422
    356. Mosquito County, Florida 20160422
    357. Pineapple Festival 20160422 (deleted)
    358. Florida Constitutional Convention of 1838 20160327, 20160422
    359. Woodville, Florida 20160422
    360. Iamonia, Florida 20160422
    361. Hypoluxo, Florida 20160422
    362. Tallahassee Community College 20160422
    363. Eastern Florida State College 20160422
    364. Don Quixote (disambiguation) 20160422
    365. Gulf Coast State College 20160422
    366. Community colleges in the United States 20160422
    367. Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs 20160421
    368. Same-sex marriage in Virginia 20160421
    369. Marshall-Newman Amendment 20160421
    370. List of Rosenwald schools 20160421
    371. Oral Torah ?, 20160420
    372. Moorish Revival architecture 20160420
    373. Ponce de León Hotel 20160420
    374. Lakeside Academy (Belle Glade) 20160420
    375. Glades Correctional Institution 20160420
    376. History of same-sex unions 20160420
    377. History of nudity 20160420
    378. History of same-sex unions 20160419
    379. Telephone numbers in the Dominican Republic 20160418
    380. List of North American Numbering Plan area codes ?, 20160418, 20160718
    381. Talk:Mitzvah 20160417
    382. St. Priapus Church ?, 20160417
    383. Reconquista ?, 20160414
    384. Emirate of Granada 20160411, 20160412 See Talk:Emirate of Granada
    385. Center for Sex Positive Culture 20160412
    386. Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality ?, 20160412
    387. Steuben County, New York 20160411
    388. Hornellsville, New York 20160411
    389. Felix Frankfurter 20160411
    390. Civil war.20160411
    391. John C. Calhoun 20160411
    392. Dave Cummings ?, 20160410
    393. Ramón Serrano Suñer 20160410
    394. Lynching in the United States 20160331
    395. Davie, Florida 20160330
    396. Monroe High School (disambiguation) 20160324
    397. Edmund Kirby Smith 20160311
    398. National Statuary Hall Collection 20160311 (mostly reverted)
    399. Help:Wikipedia: The Missing Manual/Appendixes/Learning more#News 20160308
    400. Ñ 20160225, 20160619
    401. Antonin Scalia (reverted, see Talk:Antonin Scalia) 20160223
    402. Harlem Renaissance 20160224
    403. Vandals 20160224
    404. Isolated brain 20160219
    405. Bursary 20160218
    406. Cooperative education 20160217
    407. Francoist Spain 20160217
    408. L'espoir (film) 20160217
    409. Ally 20160217
    410. List of English words of Portuguese origin 20160217
    411. Islam in Spain 20160217
    412. Hit record 20160124
    413. Penis removal 1/19/2016, 20160308
    414. Henry Kissinger 1/9/2016
    415. Political system 12/26/2015
    416. Song of Songs 12/26/2015
    417. Homosexuality and Judaism ?, 12/26/2015, 6/2/2016
    418. Holy Roman Empire 12/19/2015
    419. Rome (disambiguation) 12/19/2015
    420. List of memorials to Robert E. Lee
    421. Fred Halstead 11/19/2015
    422. Abu Bakr 11/19/2015
    423. Indecent exposure 11/19/2015
    424. Alabama State University 11/12/2015
    425. Alfred B. Maclay Gardens State Park 11/12/2015
    426. Muxe 11/12/2015
    427. Soggy biscuit 11/8/2015
    428. Anal sex 10/22/2015
    429. State of Palestine 10/21/2015
    430. Special commitment 1021/2015
    431. Talk:Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba 10/10/2015
    432. Template:Sex offender registries in the United States 10/10/2015
    433. Reform Sex Offender Laws, Inc. 10/10/2015
    434. Health issues in American football 10/9/2015
    435. Concussions in American football 10/9/2015
    436. Sports injury 10/9/2015
    437. Alan Hovhaness 10/9/2015
    438. Armenian Genocide 10/9/2015
    439. Lentil 10/2/2015
    440. Transvestism 10/1/2015
    441. Luis Jayme 9/29/2015
    442. Junípero Serra 9/29/2015
    443. Spanish missions in California 9/29/2015
    444. Julia Tuttle Causeway sex offender colony 9/29/2015, 20160714, 2170802, 20170812
    445. Talk:History of Florida State University 9/29/2015
    446. Talk:Chivalry 9/29/2015
    447. Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence 9/22/2015
    448. David S. Walker Library 9/21/2015
    449. Afghanistan 9/21/2015
    450. 32nd AVN Awards 9/19/2015
    451. Censorship in Japan 9/19/2015
    452. Siete canciones populares españolas 9/16/2015
    453. Henry IV of Castile 9/8/2015, 9/14/2015
    454. Megan's Law 9/14/2015
    455. Brandeis University 9/13/2015
    456. List of defunct medical schools in the United States 9/13/2015
    457. Murder of Adam Walsh 9/13/2015
    458. Florida Legislative Investigation Committee 9/12/2015, 20160306
    459. Template:US student loans 9/10/2015
    460. Sex offender registry 9/10/2015
    461. Presenting 9/10/2015
    462. Student loans in the United States 9/10/2015
    463. Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence 9/8/2015
    464. Middlesex University (Massachusetts) 9/8/2015
    465. Diego García de Paredes 9/8/2015
    466. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba 9/8/2015
    467. Henry IV of Castile 9/8/2015
    468. Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence 9/8/2015
    469. Ramón Menéndez Pidal 9/7/2015
    470. For-profit higher education in the United States 9/7/2015
    471. Chivalric romance 9/5/2015, 9/6/2015
    472. Daisy wheel printing 9/5/2015
    473. Betty Dodson 9/5/2015
    474. Fat fetishism 9/5/2015
    475. WKPQ 9/5/2015
    476. Daisy wheel printing 9/5/2015
    477. Dirty talk 9/2/2015
    478. Lost Cause of the Confederacy 8/31/2015, 20180823
    479. Victimless crime 8/30/2015
    480. Clarence Thomas 8/27/2015
    481. Template:Sex 8/27/2015
    482. Talk:Safe sex 8/27/2015
    483. Sexuality in Japan 8/27/2015, 20170727
    484. Talk:Sexuality in China 8/27/2015
    485. Safe sex ?, 8/27/2015
    486. List of memorials to Robert E. Lee 8/25/2015
    487. Seymore Butts 8/22/2015
    488. Seth Warshavsky 8/22/2015
    489. Bandit (disambiguation) 8/19/2015
    490. Regional accreditation 8/18/2015, 9/7/2015, 9/12/2015, 20151011, 20160615
    491. List of historically black colleges and universities 8/17/2015, 9/16/2015
    492. Spunk Video 8/17/2015
    493. Florida Legislative Investigation Committee 8/17/2015, 9/12/2015
    494. Gerald Hannon 8/16/2015 (reverted)
    495. Homosexuality and Roman Catholic priests 8/16/2015
    496. Emirate of Córdoba 8/15/2015
    497. MILF (slang) 8/13/2015
    498. KSEX 8/13/2015
    499. Chi Chi LaRue 8/11/2015
    500. Romance (meter) 8/8/2015, 9/7/2015
    501. Battle of Clavijo 8/7/2015
    502. Everest Records 8/5/2015
    503. IBM Selectric typewriter 8/4/2015
    504. Century type family 8/4/2015
    505. Federal grants in the United States 8/3/3015
    506. Talk:Blaze Starr 8/3/2015
    507. Annie Sprinkle 8/3/2015
    508. Blaze Starr 8/2/2015 (reverted)
    509. John F. Kennedy 8/2/2015 (reverted)
    510. Albany and Schenectady Railroad 8/2/2015
    511. The Evening Tribune (Hornell) 7/31/2015
    512. Maurice Girodias 7/31/2015
    513. San Francisco Sex Information 7/31/2015
    514. Go Ask Alice! 7/31/2015
    515. Circuit (disambiguation) 7/30/2015
    516. Modern display of the Confederate flag 7/29/2015, 20160615
    517. Higher education bubble 7/29/2015
    518. Slavery in Brazil 7/28/2015
    519. Talk:Reconquista 7/28/2015
    520. Pelagius of Cordova 7/28/2015
    521. Incarceration in the United States 7/28/2015
    522. PLUS loan 7/28/2015
    523. Project Gutenberg 7/28/2015
    524. Civil rights movement (1896–1954) 7/27/2015
    525. Martyrs of Córdoba 7/27/2015
    526. Talk:Ludwig van Beethoven 7/26/2015
    527. Jack Wrangler 7/24/2015 (reverted by user:flyer22)
    528. A Night at the Adonis 7/24/2015
    529. Alhambra decree 7/23/2015
    530. Arab slave trade 7/23/2015
    531. Erotic humiliation 7/23/2015
    532. Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula 7/23/2015
    533. KSEX 7/23/2015
    534. Talk:Orthodox Judaism 7/23/2015
    535. People's History of the United States 7/22/15
    536. Charles Sumner 7/22/2015
    537. Elián González affair 7/22/2015
    538. History of Miami 7/22/2015
    539. 1980 Miami Riots 7/22/2015
    540. Montgomery Bus Boycott 7/22/2015
    541. Lynchings in the United States 7/22/2015, 3/28/2015, 3/31/2015, 4/1/2015
    542. Hazing 7/21/2015
    543. Haredi Judaism 7/21/2015
    544. Talk:Yiddish language 7/21/2015
    545. History of the Supreme Court of the United States 7/20/2015
    546. Talk:History of the United States Democratic Party 7/20/2015
    547. Talk:First Baptist Church of Jacksonville 7/20/2015
    548. Southern Baptist Convention 7/20/2015
    549. Andrew Carnegie 7/20/2015
    550. Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University 7/20/2015
    551. LGBT slang 7/20/2015
    552. Anti-LGBT rhetoric 7/20/2015
    553. Category:Jewish American pornographers
    554. Charley Eugene Johns 7/15/2015, 7/20/2015
    555. List of country calling codes 7/19/2015
    556. Talk:Chitlin' circuit 7/19/2015, 7/30/2015
    557. School integration in the United States 6/6/2015
    558. Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba 8/21/2014, 10/10/2015
    559. Charleston riot
    560. Trailer trash
    561. Allen Ginsberg
    562. Talk:Philip Roth
    563. Talk:Supreme Court of the United States
    564. Erica Jong (reverted)
    565. Talk:Spanish pronouns
    566. Jamie Gillis
    567. Talk:Philip Roth
    568. Talk:Judaism and sexuality
    569. Ron Jeremy
    570. Nina Hartley
    571. Phil Harvey
    572. Florida
    573. Florida Legislature
    574. List of Presidents of Florida State University
    575. List of hazing deaths in the United States
    576. List of LGBT periodicals
    577. Apportionment
    578. Neo-confederate
    579. Cara al sol
    580. Secession in the United States
    581. Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Florida State University
    582. Template:US student loans
    583. Private student loans ?, 20160711
    584. SSI (disambiguation)
    585. Don Fuqua
    586. Gone with the Wind
    587. History of Florida State University
    588. Wikipedia:Criticisms
    589. User talk:Flyer22
    590. Jorge Luis Borges
    591. Juan de Jáuregui (assassin)
    592. Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar (renaming to Juan de Jáuregui requested)
    593. Template:Civil rights movement
    594. 51st state
    595. Recy Taylor
    596. Rosa Parks
    597. Talk:Democratic Party (United States)
    598. Georgia during Reconstruction
    599. Territorial evolution of the United States
    600. Talk:Territorial evolution of the United States
    601. Article Four of the United States Constitution
    602. Puerto Rico
    603. Harper College
    604. Tougaloo College
    605. Talk:Siete Partidas
    606. William Lloyd Garrison
    607. Minyan
    608. Humanistic Judaism
    609. 'Abd al-Rahman I
    610. Scientology controversies
    611. Talk:Cannibals and Kings
    612. Talk:Tantra
    613. Human sacrifice
    614. Homosexual behavior in ancient Peru
    615. LGBT history in Mexico
    616. White supremacy (some reverted)
    617. Charleston, South Carolina
    618. South Carolina in the American Civil War
    619. Charleston, South Carolina in the American Civil War
    620. Charles Sumner
    621. Confederate Museum
    622. Radical Republicans
    623. Nullification crisis
    624. American Civil War
    625. Mississippi
    626. Reparations for slavery debate in the United States
    627. Index of Mississippi-related articles
    628. Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission
    629. Treatment of slaves in the United States
    630. Fantasía Bética
    631. Guadalquivir
    632. Template:Events leading to US Civil War
    633. Template:American Civil War
    634. George Luther Stearns
    635. Confederate States of America
    636. New York State Route 248
    637. African American
    638. Slavery in the United States
    639. Lincoln Portrait
    640. Florida in the American Civil War
    641. Saladin
    642. Lost Cause of the Confederacy (some reverted)
    643. Second Great Awakening
    644. History of health care reform in the United States
    645. List of memorials to Jefferson Davis
    646. Academic ranks (United States)
    647. Southern United States
    648. Richard Francis Burton
    649. History of the Jews in Spain
    650. History of the Jews under Muslim rule
    651. Trial of Michael Jackson
    652. Kenneth Megill
    653. Lavender scare
    654. War on Drugs
    655. Don Juan
    656. The Trickster of Seville and the Stone Guest
    657. Mezz Mezzrow
    658. Harriet Tubman
    659. Fornication (reverted by user:Flyer22)
    660. South Carolina
    661. Regressive tax
    662. Tallahassee Museum
    663. Rabbinic Judaism
    664. Dennis Hof
    665. Islam and Antisemitism
    666. Oral Torah
    667. Pahokee, Florida
    668. Miracle Park (community)
    669. Template:Criminology and penology
    670. Grammatical gender in Spanish
    671. Spanish pronouns
    672. Template:Family law
    673. Tallahassee Railroad
    674. Gender-neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese [sic]
    675. Call signs in the United States
    676. Of Human Bondage
    677. Florida State Capitol
    678. Paul Bowles
    679. Alfred Lawson, Jr.
    680. Chitlin' Circuit
    681. Cotton Club
    682. Twelve Years a Slave
    683. Palm Beach County, Florida
    684. James R. Ford
    685. Alan Williams (Florida politician)
    686. José Antonio Primo de Rivera
    687. List of majority minority United States congressional districts
    688. Alfred Cumming (governor)
    689. Axilla
    690. British colonization of the Americas
    691. History of Florida
    692. Historical revision of the Inquisition
    693. Tallahassee Fire Department
    694. Tallahassee, Florida
    695. Tallahassee Community College
    696. History of the United States
    697. Template:Academic ranks
    698. Jews
    699. Pornography (reverted)
    700. Moroccan Jews
    701. Apalachee
    702. Racism in the United States
    703. Stanley plan
    704. Florida's Turnpike
    705. Miccosukee Land Co-op
    706. Florida State University
    707. Century Village, Florida
    708. Plantations of Leon County
    709. History of Leon County
    710. Dale Mabry Field
    711. Canceled expressways in Florida
    712. Ole Miss Rebels
    713. Leon County Schools
    714. List of Ethiopian Americans
    715. List of African-American neighborhoods
    716. Frenchtown (Tallahassee)
    717. Cross burning
    718. Florida A&M University College of Law
    719. Florida A&M University ?, 7/29/2015
    720. List of gay villages
    721. Town
    722. Allegany County, New York
    723. Muxe
    724. Template:Sexual orientation
    725. UHF
    726. WCTV
    727. Channel 1 branded TV stations in the United States
    728. Lafayette Land Grant
    729. Carnegie Library at FAMU
    730. Pedro Salinas
    731. en:Category:Harlem Renaissance
    732. Perizoma (loincloth)
    733. Joseph McCarthy
    734. Corinthian Colleges
    735. Emma Goldman
    736. Affair
    737. Professors in the United States
    738. Stephen Kosslyn
    739. North American Numbering Plan
    740. Edward Ball (businessman)
    741. Wakulla Springs
    742. Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park 5/20/2015, 7/28/2015
    743. R. Kelly
    744. Probation
    745. Criminal sentencing in the United States
    746. College admissions in the United States
    747. Progressive tax (reverted)< /b>Below this point links are in the approximate order I made the edits. Since it grew tiring to scroll through all of these to add a new one at the end, I started adding them at the beginning. So those above have the newest changes first.
    748. al-Andalus ?, 20170824 (Some reverted. See the talk page, 6/16/2015 and 7/6/2015.)
    749. Rollins College ?, 20170601
    750. Silk
    751. Menstruation
    752. Yegen
    753. Alpujarras
    754. Minerva Schools at KGI ?, 20160617
    755. Alcibiades
    756. Alcibiades the Schoolboy ?, 20161231
    757. The Public (play)
    758. Palace of Charles V
    759. Ashley Madison
    760. Suburbia
    761. Condom
    762. WordPerfect
    763. Early Middle Ages
    764. Colonialism (reverted)
    765. John Bowle (writer)
    766. History of birth control
    767. Umayyad conquest of Hispania
    768. Kaypro
    769. Sexually transmitted disease
    770. Florida statewide teachers' strike of 1968
    771. Masturbation
    772. Alhambra decree
    773. Talavera
    774. Thomas Shelton (translator)
    775. John Ormsby (translator)
    776. James, son of Zebedee (Saint James) ?, 8/15/2015
    777. Amadis de Gaula
    778. Bareback (sex)
    779. List of paraphilias
    780. History of Rhode Island
    781. Anais Nin
    782. Caliphate of Cordoba
    783. IBM MT/ST
    784. Reconquista
    785. Miguel de Cervantes
    786. NBC Symphony Orchestra
    787. Giuseppe Marc'Antonio Baretti
    788. CP/M ?, 1/19/2016
    789. Favela
    790. The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter
    791. College football
    792. American football
    793. Bisexuality
    794. Frederick Rolfe
    795. Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom
    796. Pink Flamingos
    797. Sosúa
    798. Nights in the Gardens of Spain
    799. Christopher Street (magazine)
    800. Excelsior College
    801. Florida State Seminoles football
    802. Word processing
    803. Iberia (Albéniz)
    804. Machine translation
    805. Amahl and the Night Visitors
    806. Helen Keller
    807. Spanish naming customs
    808. Federico García Lorca
    809. AM Broadcasting
    810. Carrier current (some reverted)
    811. Concierto de Aranjuez
    812. FM broadcasting (some reverted)
    813. FM broadcasting in the United States
    814. Spanish orthography
    815. History of the University of Kansas
    816. Ebook
    817. Erotic humiliation
    818. Tenure (some reverted)
    819. Chastity
    820. Teleprinter
    821. List of North American Numbering Plan area codes
    822. Robert Mapplethorpe
    823. Cauldron (disambiguation)
    824. Mineshaft (disambiguation)
    825. Cruising (film)
    826. Antisemitism
    827. History of antisemitism
    828. Men's colleges in the United States
    829. Tikal
    830. South of Market, San Francisco
    831. Fisting (some reverted by user:flyer22)
    832. Max Hardcore
    833. Date rape
    834. SCTV
    835. La Puebla de Montalbán
    836. Gay bathhouse (some reverted, especially by user:Flyer22), ?, 20170803, 20170812, 20212224
    837. COYOTE
    838. Second Amendment to the United States Constitution (reverted)
    839. Snuff film
    840. Josh McNey
    841. Gun law in the United States
    842. SAMOIS
    843. Patrick Califia
    844. Eldridge Street Synagogue
    845. FM broadcast band#Historic U.S. bandplan
    846. Bugchasing
    847. Erotic literature
    848. Microsoft Flight Simulator
    849. Pornographic film actor (reverted)
    850. Color television
    851. Slavery in the United States
    852. Life extension
    853. Siena College
    854. Interior. Leather Bar.
    855. Donkey Punch (pornographic film)
    856. Steam (disambiguation) (reverted)
    857. List of book-burning incidents
    858. Garcilaso de la Vega (poet)
    859. Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
    860. Isabella I of Castile
    861. Queen Isabella (disambiguation)
    862. Battle of Munda
    863. Noise (disambiguation)
    864. John Andrew Rice
    865. Recreational drug use
    866. Trip sitter
    867. Alhambra
    868. Mater lectionis
    869. David Petraeus
    870. Iraq War
    871. Wilton Manors, Florida
    872. Fort Lauderdale, Florida
    873. Stonewall Library & Archives
    874. Iraq
    875. Day-care sex-abuse hysteria
    876. WLEA
    877. WWHG
    878. Aaron Lawrence
    879. Gang bang
    880. A Celebration of Friends
    881. Canisteo (village), New York
    882. Canisteo, New York
    883. Northern Arizona University
    884. Quipu, ?, 20180930
    885. Macchu Picchu
    886. Amateur radio
    887. Implant (body modification)
    888. Mohawk hairstyle
    889. Censorship in the United States
    890. List of books banned by governments
    891. Poppers
    892. Kink.com
    893. James Deen
    894. Times Square
    895. Antisexualism
    896. Consensual homicide
    897. Torero
    898. Boxing
    899. Transgender
    900. Supreme Court of the United States (some reverted; preserved on Talk page)
    901. Jim Crow laws
    902. Violence against LGBT people
    903. John Giorno
    904. Deep Springs College (reverted)
    905. Monogamy
    906. Belladonna (actress)
    907. Urination
    908. Club Baths
    909. Sex club
    910. Islam in Spain
    911. New Christian
    912. Barbary pirates
    913. Judaism and sexuality (some reverted)
    914. LGBT in Islam (some reverted by user:flyer22)
    915. Harry Reems
    916. Deep Throat
    917. Origins of Rabbinic Judaism
    918. Zina (reverted)
    919. Marriage in Islam
    920. Plato's Retreat , 20210224
    921. Adam & Eve (company)
    922. SCREW (magazine)
    923. Griffith Park
    924. Francoist Spain
    925. United States presidential election, 1876
    926. List of people known for extensive body modification
    927. Algiers
    928. Edith Massey
    929. Divine (performer)
    930. Wikipedia: replies to common objections
    931. Gerard Damiano
    932. Joani Blank
    933. AIDS Museum
    934. Wakefield Poole
    935. Boys in the Sand
    936. Toby Ross
    937. Hebrew language
    938. Casual sex ?, 20170215
    939. Opposition to pornography (some reverted)
    940. Maurice (novel)
    941. Aguadulce, Coclé
    942. Pan-American highway
    943. Niggas' Revenge
    944. James Ingram
    945. University of Virginia (mostly reverted, see Talk page)
    946. Homeless shelter
    947. John Stagliano
    948. Gay pornography
    949. List of Johns Hopkins University people
    950. Boléro
    951. Crossover (disambiguation) (reverted)
    952. Glory hole (sexual slang)
    953. Federal Medical Center, Lexington
    954. A Rape on Campus (reverted?)
    955. Sabrina Erdely (reverted?)
    956. Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar
    957. Drummer Magazine (leather)
    958. William S. Burroughs
    959. Template:Criminal law
    960. Club kids
    961. Sex offender
    962. Masoretic Text
    963. Arthur Eddington
    964. Working Man Trilogy
    965. The Wild Boys
    966. El Paso Wrecking Corp.
    967. J. Edgar Hoover (some reverted)
    968. Larry Flynt
    969. Sodomy
    970. Bodil Joensen
    971. Jamie Gillis
    972. Victimless crime
    973. ¡Ay Carmela! (see the Talk page)
    974. ¡Ay Carmela! (play)
    975. ¡Ay Carmela! (song)
    976. Flatulist
    977. Gary Hart
    978. Bill Clinton
    979. Diaper fetishism
    980. Wilbur Mills
    981. Marilyn Monroe
    982. St. Priapus Church
    983. Chinga Chavin
    984. Magnus Hirschfeld
    985. Internet homicide
    986. Wikipedia:Systemic bias
    987. Bacha Bazi
    988. Boca Raton, Florida ?, 8/17/2015
    989. Anusim
    990. Screw (disambiguation)
    991. List of gay men's choruses
    992. Taxi zum Klo
    993. Fly (disambiguation)
    994. Saint James Matamoros
    995. Recreational drug use
    996. Harry Belafonte
    997. Victor Borge (reverted)
    998. Adultery
    999. Vivid Entertainment
    1000. Barber surgeon
    1001. Continental Baths , 20220224
    1002. Sex show
    1003. Feminist stripper
    1004. Boys in the Sand
    1005. Casey Donovan (actor)
    1006. Richard Amory
    1007. Winston Leyland
    1008. List of television programs broadcast by Logo
    1009. My Secret Life (erotic memoir)
    1010. Olympia Press
    1011. Expanded orgasm
    1012. 529 Preziosa
    1013. Bacha posh
    1014. Hashish
    1015. Savage Love
    1016. Gang bang pornography
    1017. False allegations of childhood sexual abuse
    1018. Woodstock, Vermont
    1019. Creampie (sexual act)
    1020. Incest between twins
    1021. Chloroethane
    1022. Epimedium
    1023. Times Square
    1024. Semen quality
    1025. Some Institutes for Advanced Study
    1026. Nonconcatenative morphology
    1027. Boogie Nights
    1028. Sex columnist
    1029. Arabic language
    1030. The Great Mirror of Male Love
    1031. Jukebox
    1032. Alice's Restaurant
    1033. The Jerry Springer Show
    1034. Twelve-step program
    1035. CONELRAD
    1036. Template:LGBT in New York
    1037. List of museums in Fort Lauderdale, Florida
    1038. Fort Lauderdale, Florida
    1039. Miami Dade College
    1040. Dade Massacre
    1041. Vacuum tube
    1042. Prohibition of drugs
    1043. Transvestism (reverted by user:flyer22)
    1044. Cross-dressing
    1045. CBS (reverted)
    1046. Anal eroticism
    1047. The Straight Story
    1048. Oscar Wilde
    1049. Catullus
    1050. Condom
    1051. Women's erotica (reverted by user:flyer22)
    1052. Catulli Carmina
    1053. Slut (reverted by user:flyer22)
    1054. Syphilis
    1055. History of syphilis
    1056. Song of Songs
    1057. Slut-shaming
    1058. Michael Jackson (reverted)
    1059. Herman Melville
    1060. Tattoo
    1061. Peter Arnett
    1062. Chica da Silva
    1063. List of prostitutes and courtesans
    1064. Sexual surrogate (reverted by user:flyer22)
    1065. West Side Elevated Highway
    1066. La Terra Trema
    1067. Sicilian language
    1068. Satyricon (1969 film)
    1069. Master of Arts in Liberal Studies
    1070. Keypunch ?, 20160226
    1071. Rolfe Humphries
    1072. Template:Masturbation
    1073. Albert Ellis
    1074. Dirty talk
    1075. The 120 Days of Sodom
    1076. Friden, Inc.
    1077. History of Islam
    1078. Queer migration
    1079. Interstate highway system
    1080. Template:Sex and the law (most reverted by user:flyer22)
    1081. Julian Assange
    1082. Interstate 87
    1083. Major Deegan Expressway
    1084. Dan Savage
    1085. Interstate 787
    1086. Outliner
    1087. Colin Powell
    1088. WHHO
    1089. Greenwood, New York
    1090. Birth control
    1091. Richard von Krafft-Ebing
    1092. 571 Dulcinea
    1093. Newton Arvin
    1094. Student loans in the United States
    1095. Textual criticism
    1096. Template:Spanish language
    1097. Golden Age
    1098. Dutch disease
    1099. Hispanism
    1100. Augusten Burroughs
    1101. Same-sex marriage
    1102. Polygyny
    1103. Fernando Vallejo
    1104. Cruelty to animals
    1105. Category:Spanish Orthodox rabbis (proposed for deletion)
    1106. Homosexuality and Judaism
    1107. Abraham ibn Ezra
    1108. Moses ibn Ezra
    1109. Solomon ibn Gabirol
    1110. Samuel ibn Naghrillah
    1111. Talk:History of lesbianism
    1112. Sephardi Judaism
    1113. Egyptair Flight 990
    1114. Sexting
    1115. Hijra (South Asia)
    1116. Polygyny
    1117. Graham Spanier
    1118. Sexual Freedom League
    1119. Template:Lists of aviation accidents and incidents
    1120. Germanwings Flight 9525
    1121. Sadism and masochism in fiction
    1122. BDSM ?, 7/22/2015
    1123. Larry Townsend
    1124. Allen Organ Company
    1125. Chord organ
    1126. Saudi Arabia
    1127. Alessandro Moreschi
    1128. Testicle
    1129. Feces
    1130. Group sex
    1131. Template:Homicide
    1132. Airship
    1133. Gipuzkoa
    1134. Vizcaya
    1135. International brigades
    1136. Spanish Civil War ?, 20170802
    1137. Delta of Venus (film)
    1138. Carrboro, North Carolina
    1139. State University Railroad
    1140. Scholarship
    1141. Pell Grant
    1142. Roy Cohn
    1143. Cuernavaca
    1144. White Stains
    1145. FAFSA ?, 20170601
    Old list of articles where I'm particularly unhappy at reverts made to my edits

    Userboxes

    [edit]
    This user is a
    Wikipedian in the United States of America


    Wikipedians in the United States
    Wikipedians in the United States



    es-3Este usuario puede contribuir con un nivel avanzado de español.
    pt-2Este usuário/utilizador pode contribuir com um nível médio de português.
    ca-1Aquest usuari pot contribuir amb un nivell bàsic de català.
    fr-2Cet utilisateur peut contribuer avec un niveau intermédiaire en français.
    T & FThis user has access to Taylor & Francis through The Wikipedia Library.
    NEWSThis user has access to Newspapers.com through The Wikipedia Library.
    NAThis user accesses Newspaper Archive via The Wikipedia Library.
    QThis user used to have access to Questia through The Wikipedia Library.
    MUSEThis user has access to Project MUSE through The Wikipedia Library.
    GaleThis user has access to Gale through The Wikipedia Library.
    OUPThis user has access to Oxford University Press through The Wikipedia Library.
    EBSCOThis user has access to EBSCO resources through The Wikipedia Library.
    This user has access to JSTOR through The Wikipedia Library.



    EBSCOThis user has access to EBSCO resources through The Wikipedia Library.
    This user plays the saxophone.
    This user plays the piano.
    This user plays the organ.
    This user is of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry but is an Atheist.
    Confusing, huh?
    This user is an atheist
    who defends the
    rights of people of faith.
    JHUThis user attends or attended
    Johns Hopkins University
    BThis user attends or attended
    Brown University.
    PhDThis user has a Doctor of Philosophy degree.
    This user has published peer-reviewed articles in academic journals.
    This user teaches at a university or other institution of higher education.
    This user may read books
    and drink tea whenever she
    wishes – she's retired!
    This user is a professional editor.
    This user is a linguist.
    This user is ranked 3905 on the list of Wikipedians by articles created.




    {{User Copy Edit}}

    1. ^ Cite error: The named reference FLQ was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ "Guest appearance of Donald Trump". Late Show with David Letterman. January 8, 2015. CBS.
    3. ^ "The Nut Museum". Roadside America. 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2018.