Wikipedia:Contents/Philosophy and thinking
Wikipedia's contents: Philosophy and thinking
Thought or thinking is a mental process which allows beings to model the world, and so to deal with it effectively according to their goals, plans, ends and desires. Words referring to similar concepts and processes in the English language include cognition, sentience, consciousness, idea, and imagination. Thinking involves the cerebral manipulation of information, as when we form concepts, engage in problem solving, reason and make decisions. Thinking is a higher cognitive function and the analysis of thinking processes is part of cognitive psychology.
- Philosophy and thinking
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- By region – Eastern philosophy • Western philosophy
- Branches of philosophy – Aesthetics • Ethics • Epistemology • Logic • Metaphysics
- Subdisciplines of philosophy – Culture • Education • Geography • History • Human nature • Language • Law • Literature • Mathematics • Mind • Philosophy • Physics • Politics • Psychology • Religion • Science • Social science • Technology • War
- Schools of philosophy
- Western – Analytic philosophy • Aristotelianism • Continental Philosophy • Critical theory • Deconstructivism • Determinism • Dialectical materialism • Empiricism • Existentialism • Hegelianism • Hermeneutics • Humanism • Idealism • Kantianism • Logical Positivism • Materialism • Neoplatonism • Nihilism • Objectivism • Ordinary Language • Phenomenology • Platonism • Positivism • Postmodernism • Poststructuralism • Pragmatism • Presocratic • Rationalism • Reformational • Relativism • Scholasticism • Skepticism • Stoicism • Structuralism • Thomism • Transhumanism • Utilitarianism
Thinking – Awareness • Creative processes • Decision making • Heuristic • Learning • Memory • Problem solving • Reason • Teaching
- Qualities of thought – Accuracy • Effectiveness • Efficacy • Efficiency • Frugality • Prudence • Right • Soundness • Validity • Value theory
- Thinking errors – Cognitive bias • Cognitive distortion • Error • Fallacy • Fallacies of definition • Logical fallacy • Target fixation
- Related – Genius • High IQ society • Mensa • Nootropics • Philomath • Polymath
- Branches of philosophy
- Aesthetics – The study of the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and with the creation and appreciation of beauty.
- Epistemology – The study of knowledge and belief.
- Ethics – The study of the right, the good, and the valuable. Includes study of applied ethics.
- Sexual ethics – The study of sexual relations rooted in particular behaviors and standards.
- Logic – The study of good reasoning, by examining the validity of arguments and documenting their fallacies.
- Metaphysics – traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it, although the term is not easily defined.
- Philosophies
- Atheism – the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities.
- Critical theory – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities.
- Humanism – approach in study, philosophy, worldview or practice that focuses on human values and concerns.
- Transhumanism – international intellectual and cultural movement that affirms the possibility and desirability of fundamentally transforming the human condition by developing and making widely available technologies to eliminate aging and to greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities. It is often abbreviated as H+ or h+.
- Political philosophies:
- Anarchism – political philosophy which considers the state undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful, and instead promotes a stateless society, or anarchy.
- Libertarianism – political philosophy that advocates minimization of the government and maximization of individual liberty and political freedom.
- Marxism – method of socioeconomic analysis that applies historical materialism to understand class relations and social conflict, and a dialectical perspective to view social transformation.
- Socialism – range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production and workers' self-management as well as the political theories and movements associated with them.
- Philosophical debates:
Thought – mental or intellectual activity involving an individual's subjective consciousness. It can refer either to the act of thinking or the resulting ideas or arrangements of ideas.
- Neuroscience – scientific study of the nervous system.
- Psychology – science of behavior and mental processes.
- Philosophy:
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- Epistemology
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- Main categories: Philosophy and Thought
- By region
- Eastern philosophy
- Western philosophy
- By period
- Branches of philosophy – Aesthetics • Ethics • Epistemology • Logic • Metaphysics
- Subdisciplines of philosophy – Philosophy of language • Philosophy of law • Philosophy of mind • Philosophy of politics • Philosophy of religion • Philosophy of science
- Schools of philosophy – Analytic philosophy • Continental philosophy • Humanism