Baltimore

Baltimore
Baltimore
Independent city
	The Inner Harbor skyline Fell's Point Oriole Park at Camden Yards Emerson Tower Washington and Lafayette Monuments National Aquarium
	Flag Seal
	Nicknames: Charm City; B'more; Mobtown
	Motto(s): "The Greatest City in America", "Get in on it.", "Believe"
	Interactive map of Baltimore
	Baltimore Location of Baltimore in Maryland Baltimore Location in the United States
	Coordinates: 39°17′22″N 76°36′55″W / 39.28944°N 76.61528°W
Country	United States
State	Maryland
City	Baltimore
Historic colony	Province of Maryland
County	None (Independent city)
Founded	August 8, 1729; 295 years ago
Incorporated	1796–1797
Independent city	1851
Named for	Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore
Government
• Type	Mayor–council
• Body	Baltimore City Council
• Mayor	Brandon Scott (D)
• City Council	Council members Nick Mosby (President); Zeke Cohen (1); Danielle McCray (2); Ryan Dorsey (3); Mark Conway (4); Isaac "Yitzy" Schleifer (5); Sharon Green Middleton (6); James Torrence (7); Kristerfer Burnett (8); John T. Bullock (9); Phylicia Porter (10); Eric Costello (11); Robert Stokes Sr. (12); Antonio Glover (13); Odette Ramos (14);
• Houses of Delegates	Delegates Marlon Amprey (40) (D); Frank M. Conaway Jr. (40) (D); Melissa Wells (40) (D); Dalya Attar (41) (D); Samuel I. Rosenberg (41) (D); Malcolm Ruff (41) (D); Regina T. Boyce (43A) (D); Elizabeth Embry (43A) (D); Jackie Addison (45) (D); Stephanie M. Smith (45) (D); Caylin Young (45) (D); Luke Clippinger (46) (D); Mark Edelson (46) (D); Robbyn Lewis (46) (D);
• State Senate	State senators Antonio Hayes (40) (D); Jill P. Carter (41) (D); Mary Washington (43) (D); Cory V. McCray (45) (D); Bill Ferguson (46) (D);
Area
• Independent city	92.05 sq mi (238.41 km2)
• Land	80.95 sq mi (209.65 km2)
• Water	11.10 sq mi (28.76 km2) 12.1%
Elevation	0–480 ft (0–150 m)
Population (2020)
• Independent city	585,708
• Estimate (2021)	576,498
• Rank	83rd in North America; 30th in the United States; 1st in Maryland
• Density	7,235.43/sq mi (2,793.74/km2)
• Urban	2,212,038 (US: 20th)
• Urban density	3,377.5/sq mi (1,304.1/km2)
• Metro	2,844,510 (US: 20th)
Demonym	Baltimorean
GDP
• Independent city	$59.380 billion (2022)
• Metro	$241.399 billion (2022)
Time zone	UTC−5 (EST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP Codes	ZIP Codes
Area codes	410, 443, and 667
Congressional districts	2nd, 7th
GNIS feature ID	597040
Website	baltimorecity.gov

Baltimore^[a] is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland. With a population of 585,708 at the 2020 census, it is the 30th-most populous US city.^[15] Baltimore was designated an independent city by the Constitution of Maryland^[b] in 1851, and is the most populous independent city in the nation. As of 2020^[update], the population of the Baltimore metropolitan area was 2,838,327, the 20th-largest metropolitan area in the country.^[16] When combined the Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area (CSA) had a 2020 population of 9,973,383, the third-largest in the country.^[16] Though the city is not located within or under the administrative jurisdiction of any county in the state, it is part of the Central Maryland region, together with the surrounding county that shares its name.

The land that is present-day Baltimore was used as hunting ground by Paleo-Indians. In the early 1600s, the Susquehannock began to hunt there.^[17] People from the Province of Maryland established the Port of Baltimore in 1706 to support the tobacco trade with Europe, and established the Town of Baltimore in 1729. During the American Revolutionary War, the Second Continental Congress, fleeing Philadelphia prior to its fall to British troops, moved their deliberations to Henry Fite House on West Baltimore Street from December 1776, to February 1777, permitting Baltimore to serve briefly as the nation's capital, before it returned to Philadelphia in March 1777. The Battle of Baltimore was pivotal during the War of 1812, culminating in the failed British bombardment of Fort McHenry, during which Francis Scott Key wrote a poem that would become "The Star-Spangled Banner", designated as the national anthem in 1931.^[18] During the Pratt Street Riot of 1861, the city was the site of some of the earliest violence associated with the American Civil War.

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the nation's oldest, was built in 1830 and cemented Baltimore's status as a transportation hub, giving producers in the Midwest and Appalachia access to the city's port. Baltimore's Inner Harbor was the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the US and a major manufacturing center.^[19] After a decline in major manufacturing, heavy industry, and restructuring of the rail industry, Baltimore has shifted to a service-oriented economy. Johns Hopkins Hospital and University are the top employers.^[20] Baltimore is home to the Baltimore Orioles of Major League Baseball, and the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League.

Many Baltimore neighborhoods have rich histories. The city is home to some of the earliest National Register Historic Districts in the nation, including Fell's Point, Federal Hill, and Mount Vernon. Baltimore has more public statues and monuments per capita than any other city in the country.^[21] Nearly one third of the buildings (over 65,000) are designated as historic in the National Register, more than any other US city.^[22]^[23] Baltimore has 66 National Register Historic Districts and 33 local historic districts.^[22] The historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives.

History

Pre-settlement

The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, when Paleo-Indians first settled in the region.^[24] One Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period.^[24] In December 2021, several Woodland period Native American artifacts were found in Herring Run Park in northeast Baltimore, dating 5,000 to 9,000 years ago. The finding followed a period of dormancy in Baltimore City archaeological findings which had persisted since the 1980s.^[25] During the Late Woodland period, the archaeological culture known as the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore south to the Rappahannock River in present-day Virginia.^[26]

Etymology

The city is named after Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore,^[27] an English peer, member of the Irish House of Lords and founding proprietor of the Province of Maryland.^[28]^[29] The Calverts took the title Barons Baltimore from Baltimore Manor, an English Plantation estate they were granted in County Longford, Ireland.^[29]^[30] Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, meaning "town of the big house".^[29]

17th century

In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was sparsely populated, if at all, by Native Americans. The Baltimore County area northward was used as hunting grounds by the Susquehannock living in the lower Susquehanna River valley. This Iroquoian-speaking people "controlled all of the upper tributaries of the Chesapeake" but "refrained from much contact with Powhatan in the Potomac region" and south into Virginia.^[31] Pressured by the Susquehannock, the Piscataway tribe, an Algonquian-speaking people, stayed well south of the Baltimore area and inhabited primarily the north bank of the Potomac River in what are now Charles and southern Prince George's counties in the coastal areas south of the Fall Line.^[32]^[33]^[34]

European colonization of Maryland began in earnest with the arrival of the merchant ship The Ark carrying 140 colonists at St. Clement's Island in the Potomac River on March 25, 1634.^[35] Europeans then began to settle the area further north, in what is now Baltimore County.^[36] Since Maryland was a colony, Baltimore's streets were named to show loyalty to the mother country, e.g. King, Queen, King George and Caroline streets.^[37] The original county seat, known today as Old Baltimore, was located on Bush River within the present-day Aberdeen Proving Ground.^[38]^[39]^[40] The colonists engaged in sporadic warfare with the Susquehannock, whose numbers dwindled primarily from new infectious diseases, such as smallpox, endemic among the Europeans.^[36] In 1661 David Jones claimed the area known today as Jonestown on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream.^[41]

18th century

The colonial General Assembly of Maryland created the Port of Baltimore at old Whetstone Point, now Locust Point, in 1706 for the tobacco trade. The Town of Baltimore, on the west side of the Jones Falls, was founded on August 8, 1729, when the Governor of Maryland signed an act allowing "the building of a Town on the North side of the Patapsco River." Surveyors began laying out the town on January 12, 1730. By 1752 the town had just 27 homes, including a church and two taverns.^[37] Jonestown and Fells Point had been settled to the east. The three settlements, covering 60 acres (24 ha), became a commercial hub, and in 1768 were designated as the county seat.^[42]

The first printing press was introduced to the city in 1765 by Nicholas Hasselbach, whose equipment was later used in the printing of Baltimore's first newspapers, The Maryland Journal and The Baltimore Advertiser, first published by William Goddard in 1773.^[43]^[44]^[45]

Baltimore grew swiftly in the 18th century, its plantations producing grain and tobacco for sugar-producing colonies in the Caribbean. The profit from sugar encouraged the cultivation of cane in the Caribbean and the importation of food by planters there.^[46] Since Baltimore was the county seat, a courthouse was built in 1768 to serve both the city and county. Its square was a center of community meetings and discussions.

Baltimore established its public market system in 1763.^[47] Lexington Market, founded in 1782, is one of the oldest continuously operating public markets in the United States today.^[48] Lexington Market was also a center of slave trading. Enslaved Black people were sold at numerous sites through the downtown area, with sales advertised in The Baltimore Sun.^[49] Both tobacco and sugar cane were labor-intensive crops.

In 1774, Baltimore established the first post office system in what became the United States,^[50] and the first water company chartered in the newly independent nation, Baltimore Water Company, 1792.^[51]^[52]

Baltimore played a part in the American Revolution. City leaders such as Jonathan Plowman Jr. led many residents to resist British taxes, and merchants signed agreements refusing to trade with Britain.^[53] The Second Continental Congress met in the Henry Fite House from December 1776 to February 1777, effectively making the city the capital of the United States during this period.^[54]

Baltimore, Jonestown, and Fells Point were incorporated as the City of Baltimore in 1796–1797.

19th century

The city remained a part of surrounding Baltimore County and continued to serve as its county seat from 1768 to 1851, after which it became an independent city.^[57]

The Battle of Baltimore against the British in 1814 inspired the U.S. national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner", and the construction of the Battle Monument, which became the city's official emblem. A distinctive local culture started to take shape, and a unique skyline peppered with churches and monuments developed. Baltimore acquired its moniker "The Monumental City" after an 1827 visit to Baltimore by President John Quincy Adams. At an evening function, Adams gave the following toast: "Baltimore: the Monumental City—May the days of her safety be as prosperous and happy, as the days of her dangers have been trying and triumphant."^[58]^[59]

Baltimore pioneered the use of gas lighting in 1816, and its population grew rapidly in the following decades, with concomitant development of culture and infrastructure. The construction of the federally funded National Road, which later became part of U.S. Route 40, and the private Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B. & O.) made Baltimore a major shipping and manufacturing center by linking the city with major markets in the Midwest. By 1820 its population had reached 60,000, and its economy had shifted from its base in tobacco plantations to sawmilling, shipbuilding, and textile production. These industries benefited from war but successfully shifted into infrastructure development during peacetime.^[60]

Baltimore had one of the worst riots of the antebellum South in 1835, when bad investments led to the Baltimore bank riot.^[61] It was these riots that led to the city being nicknamed "Mobtown".^[62] Soon after the city created the world's first dental college, the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, in 1840, and shared in the world's first telegraph line, between Baltimore and Washington, D.C., in 1844.

Maryland, a slave state with limited popular support for secession, especially in the three counties of Southern Maryland, remained part of the Union during the American Civil War, following the 55–12 vote by the Maryland General Assembly against secession. Later, the Union's strategic occupation of the city in 1861 ensured Maryland would not further consider secession.^[63]^[64] The Union's capital of Washington, D.C. was well-situated to impede Baltimore and Maryland's communication or commerce with the Confederacy. Baltimore experienced some of the first casualties of Civil War on April 19, 1861, when Union Army soldiers en route from President Street Station to Camden Yards clashed with a secessionist mob in the Pratt Street riot.

In the midst of the Long Depression that followed the Panic of 1873, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad company attempted to lower its workers' wages, leading to strikes and riots in the city and beyond. Strikers clashed with the National Guard, leaving 10 dead and 25 wounded.^[65] The beginnings of settlement movement work in Baltimore were made early in 1893, when Rev. Edward A. Lawrence took up lodgings with his friend Frank Thompson, in one of the Winans tenements, the Lawrence House being established shortly thereafter at 814-816 West Lombard Street.^[66]^[67]

20th century

On February 7, 1904, the Great Baltimore Fire destroyed over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours, leaving more than 70 blocks of the downtown area burned to the ground. Damages were estimated at $150 million in 1904 dollars.^[68] As the city rebuilt during the next two years, lessons learned from the fire led to improvements in firefighting equipment standards.^[69]

Baltimore lawyer Milton Dashiell advocated for an ordinance to bar African-Americans from moving into the Eutaw Place neighborhood in northwest Baltimore. He proposed to recognize majority white residential blocks and majority black residential blocks and to prevent people from moving into housing on such blocks where they would be a minority. The Baltimore Council passed the ordinance, and it became law on December 20, 1910, with Democratic Mayor J. Barry Mahool's signature.^[70] The Baltimore segregation ordinance was the first of its kind in the United States. Many other southern cities followed with their own segregation ordinances, though the US Supreme Court ruled against them in Buchanan v. Warley (1917).^[71]

The city grew in area by annexing new suburbs from the surrounding counties through 1918, when the city acquired portions of Baltimore County and Anne Arundel County.^[72] A state constitutional amendment, approved in 1948, required a special vote of the citizens in any proposed annexation area, effectively preventing any future expansion of the city's boundaries.^[73] Streetcars enabled the development of distant neighborhoods areas such as Edmonson Village whose residents could easily commute to work downtown.^[74]

Driven by migration from the deep South and by white suburbanization, the relative size of the city's black population grew from 23.8% in 1950 to 46.4% in 1970.^[75] Encouraged by real estate blockbusting techniques, recently settled white areas rapidly became all-black neighborhoods, in a rapid process which was nearly total by 1970.^[76]

The Baltimore riot of 1968, coinciding with uprisings in other cities, followed the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968. Public order was not restored until April 12, 1968. The Baltimore uprising cost the city an estimated $10 million (US$ 88 million in 2024). A total of 12,000 Maryland National Guard and federal troops were ordered into the city.^[77] The city experienced challenges again in 1974 when teachers, municipal workers, and police officers conducted strikes.^[78]

By the beginning of the 1970s, Baltimore's downtown area, known as the Inner Harbor, had been neglected and was occupied by a collection of abandoned warehouses. The nickname "Charm City" came from a 1975 meeting of advertisers seeking to improve the city's reputation.^[79]^[80] Efforts to redevelop the area started with the construction of the Maryland Science Center, which opened in 1976, the Baltimore World Trade Center (1977), and the Baltimore Convention Center (1979). Harborplace, an urban retail and restaurant complex, opened on the waterfront in 1980, followed by the National Aquarium, Maryland's largest tourist destination, and the Baltimore Museum of Industry in 1981.

In 1995, the city opened the American Visionary Art Museum on Federal Hill. During the epidemic of HIV/AIDS in the United States, Baltimore City Health Department official Robert Mehl persuaded the city's mayor to form a committee to address food problems. The Baltimore-based charity Moveable Feast grew out of this initiative in 1990.^[81]^[82]^[83]

In 1992, the Baltimore Orioles baseball team moved from Memorial Stadium to Oriole Park at Camden Yards, located downtown near the harbor. Pope John Paul II held an open-air mass at Camden Yards during his papal visit to the United States in October 1995. Three years later the Baltimore Ravens football team moved into M&T Bank Stadium next to Camden Yards.^[84]

Baltimore has had a high homicide rate for several decades, peaking in 1993, and again in 2015.^[85]^[86] These deaths have taken an especially severe toll within the black community.^[87] Following the death of Freddie Gray in April 2015, the city experienced major protests and international media attention, as well as a clash between local youth and police that resulted in a state of emergency declaration and a curfew.^[88]

21st century

Baltimore has seen the reopening of the Hippodrome Theatre in 2004,^[89] the opening of the Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture in 2005, and the establishment of the National Slavic Museum in 2012. On April 12, 2012, Johns Hopkins held a dedication ceremony to mark the completion of one of the United States' largest medical complexes – the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore – which features the Sheikh Zayed Cardiovascular and Critical Care Tower and The Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center. The event, held at the entrance to the $1.1 billion 1.6 million-square-foot-facility, honored the many donors including Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, first president of the United Arab Emirates, and Michael Bloomberg.^[90]^[91]

In September 2016, the Baltimore City Council approved a $660 million bond deal for the $5.5 billion Port Covington redevelopment project championed by Under Armour founder Kevin Plank and his real estate company Sagamore Development. Port Covington surpassed the Harbor Point development as the largest tax-increment financing deal in Baltimore's history and among the largest urban redevelopment projects in the country.^[92] The waterfront development that includes the new headquarters for Under Armour, as well as shops, housing, offices, and manufacturing spaces is projected to create 26,500 permanent jobs with a $4.3 billion annual economic impact.^[93] Goldman Sachs invested $233 million into the redevelopment project.^[94]

In the early hours of March 26, 2024, the city's 1.6-mile-long (2.6 km) Francis Scott Key Bridge, which constituted a southeast portion of the Baltimore Beltway, was struck by a container ship and completely collapsed. A major rescue operation was launched with US authorities attempting to rescue people in the water.^[95] Eight construction workers, who were working on the bridge at the time, fell into the Patapsco River.^[96] Two people were rescued from the water,^[97] and the bodies of the remaining six were all found by May 7.^[98] Replacement of the bridge was estimated in May 2024 at a cost approaching $2 billion for a fall 2028 completion.^[99]

Geography

Baltimore is in north-central Maryland on the Patapsco River, close to where it empties into the Chesapeake Bay. Baltimore is located on the fall line between the Piedmont Plateau and the Atlantic coastal plain, which divides Baltimore into "lower city" and "upper city". Baltimore's elevation ranges from sea level at the harbor to 480 feet (150 m) in the northwest corner near Pimlico.^[6]

In the 2010 census, Baltimore has a total area of 92.1 square miles (239 km²), of which 80.9 sq mi (210 km²) is land and 11.1 sq mi (29 km²) is water.^[100] The total area is 12.1 percent water.

Baltimore is almost surrounded by Baltimore County, but is politically independent of it. It is bordered by Anne Arundel County to the south.

Cityscape

A panoramic view of Baltimore in September 2016, including the Inner and Outer Harbors at dusk, seen from HarborView Condominium

Architecture

Baltimore exhibits examples from each period of architecture over more than two centuries, and work from architects such as Benjamin Latrobe, George A. Frederick, John Russell Pope, Mies van der Rohe, and I. M. Pei.

Baltimore is rich in architecturally significant buildings in a variety of styles. The Baltimore Basilica (1806–1821) is a neoclassical design by Benjamin Latrobe, and one of the oldest Catholic cathedrals in the United States. In 1813, Robert Cary Long Sr. built for Rembrandt Peale the first substantial structure in the United States designed expressly as a museum. Restored, it is now the Municipal Museum of Baltimore, or popularly the Peale Museum.

The McKim Free School was founded and endowed by John McKim. The building was erected by his son Isaac in 1822 after a design by William Howard and William Small. It reflects the popular interest in Greece when the nation was securing its independence and a scholarly interest in recently published drawings of Athenian antiquities.

The Phoenix Shot Tower (1828), at 234.25 feet (71.40 m) tall, was the tallest building in the United States until the time of the Civil War, and is one of few remaining structures of its kind.^[101] It was constructed without the use of exterior scaffolding. The Sun Iron Building, designed by R.C. Hatfield in 1851, was the city's first iron-front building and was a model for a whole generation of downtown buildings. Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church, built in 1870 in memory of financier George Brown, has stained glass windows by Louis Comfort Tiffany and has been called "one of the most significant buildings in this city, a treasure of art and architecture" by Baltimore magazine.^[102]^[103]

The 1845 Greek Revival-style Lloyd Street Synagogue is one of the oldest synagogues in the United States. The Johns Hopkins Hospital, designed by Lt. Col. John S. Billings in 1876, was a considerable achievement for its day in functional arrangement and fireproofing.

I.M. Pei's World Trade Center (1977) is the tallest equilateral pentagonal building in the world at 405 feet (123 m) tall.^[104]

The Harbor East area has seen the addition of two new towers which have completed construction: a 24-floor tower that is the new world headquarters of Legg Mason, and a 21-floor Four Seasons Hotel complex.

The streets of Baltimore are organized in a grid and spoke pattern, lined with tens of thousands of rowhouses. The mix of materials on the face of these rowhouses also give Baltimore its distinct look. The rowhouses are a mix of brick and formstone facings, the latter a technology patented in 1937 by Albert Knight. John Waters characterized formstone as "the polyester of brick" in a 30-minute documentary film, Little Castles: A Formstone Phenomenon.^[105] In The Baltimore Rowhouse, Mary Ellen Hayward and Charles Belfoure considered the rowhouse as the architectural form defining Baltimore as "perhaps no other American city".^[106] In the mid-1790s, developers began building entire neighborhoods of the British-style rowhouses, which became the dominant house type of the city early in the 19th century.^[107]

Oriole Park at Camden Yards is a Major League Baseball park, which opened in 1992 and was built as a retro style baseball park. Along with the National Aquarium, Camden Yards have helped revive the Inner Harbor area from what once was an exclusively industrial district full of dilapidated warehouses into a bustling commercial district full of bars, restaurants, and retail establishments.

After an international competition, the University of Baltimore School of Law awarded the German firm Behnisch Architekten 1st prize for its design, which was selected for the school's new home. After the building's opening in 2013, the design won additional honors including an ENR National "Best of the Best" Award.^[108]

Baltimore's newly rehabilitated Everyman Theatre was honored by the Baltimore Heritage at the 2013 Preservation Awards Celebration in 2013. Everyman Theatre will receive an Adaptive Reuse and Compatible Design Award as part of Baltimore Heritage's 2013 historic preservation awards ceremony. Baltimore Heritage is Baltimore's nonprofit historic and architectural preservation organization, which works to preserve and promote Baltimore's historic buildings and neighborhoods.^[109]

Tallest buildings

Rank	Building	Height	Floors	Built
1	Transamerica Tower (formerly the Legg Mason Building, originally built as the U.S. Fidelity and Guarantee Co. Building)^[110]	529 feet (161 m)	40	1973	^[111]
2	Bank of America Building (originally built as Baltimore Trust Building, later Sullivan, Mathieson, Md. Nat. Bank, NationsBank Bldgs.)	509 feet (155 m)	37	1929	^[112]
3	414 Light Street	500 feet (152 m)	44	2018	^[113]
4	William Donald Schaefer Tower (originally built as the Merritt S. & L. Tower)	493 feet (150 m)	37	1992	^[114]
5	Commerce Place (Alex. Brown & Sons/Deutsche Bank Tower)	454 feet (138 m)	31	1992	^[115]
6	Baltimore Marriott Waterfront Hotel	430 feet (131 m)	32	2001	^[116]
7	100 East Pratt Street (originally built as the I.B.M. Building)	418 feet (127 m)	28	1975/1992	^[117]
8	Baltimore World Trade Center	405 feet (123 m)	28	1977	^[118]
9	Tremont Plaza Hotel	395 feet (120 m)	37	1967	^[119]
10	Charles Towers South	385 feet (117 m)	30	1969	^[120]

Neighborhoods

Baltimore is officially divided into nine geographical regions: North, Northeast, East, Southeast, South, Southwest, West, Northwest, and Central, with each district patrolled by a respective Baltimore Police Department. Interstate 83 and Charles Street down to Hanover Street and Ritchie Highway serve as the east–west dividing line and Eastern Avenue to Route 40 as the north–south dividing line; however, Baltimore Street is north–south dividing line for the U.S. Postal Service.^[121]

Central Baltimore

Central Baltimore, originally called the Middle District,^[122] stretches north of the Inner Harbor up to the edge of Druid Hill Park. Downtown Baltimore has mainly served as a commercial district with limited residential opportunities; however, between 2000 and 2010, the downtown population grew 130 percent as old commercial properties have been replaced by residential property.^[123] Still the city's main commercial area and business district, it includes Baltimore's sports complexes: Oriole Park at Camden Yards, M&T Bank Stadium, and the Royal Farms Arena; and the shops and attractions in the Inner Harbor: Harborplace, the Baltimore Convention Center, the National Aquarium, Maryland Science Center, Pier Six Pavilion, and Power Plant Live.^[121]

The University of Maryland, Baltimore, the University of Maryland Medical Center, and Lexington Market are also in the central district, as well as the Hippodrome and many nightclubs, bars, restaurants, shopping centers and various other attractions.^[121]^[122] The northern portion of Central Baltimore, between downtown and the Druid Hill Park, is home to many of the city's cultural opportunities. Maryland Institute College of Art, the Peabody Institute (music conservatory), George Peabody Library, Enoch Pratt Free Library – Central Library, the Lyric Opera House, the Joseph Meyerhoff Symphony Hall, the Walters Art Museum, the Maryland Center for History and Culture and its Enoch Pratt Mansion, and several galleries are located in this region.^[124]

North Baltimore

Park and flowers at Sherwood Gardens, Guilford, Baltimore. — Baltimore's Sherwood Gardens neighborhood

Several historic and notable neighborhoods are in this district: Govans (1755), Roland Park (1891), Guilford (1913), Homeland (1924), Hampden, Woodberry, Old Goucher (the original campus of Goucher College), and Jones Falls. Along the York Road corridor going north are the large neighborhoods of Charles Village, Waverly, and Mount Washington. The Station North Arts and Entertainment District is also located in North Baltimore.^[125]

South Baltimore

South Baltimore, a mixed industrial and residential area, consists of the "Old South Baltimore" peninsula below the Inner Harbor and east of the old B&O Railroad's Camden line tracks and Russell Street downtown. It is a culturally, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse waterfront area with neighborhoods such as Locust Point and Riverside around a large park of the same name.^[126] Just south of the Inner Harbor, the historic Federal Hill neighborhood, is home to many working professionals, pubs and restaurants. At the end of the peninsula is historic Fort McHenry, a National Park since the end of World War I, when the old U.S. Army Hospital surrounding the 1798 star-shaped battlements was torn down.^[127]

Across the Hanover Street Bridge are residential areas such as Cherry Hill.^[128]

Northeast Baltimore

Northeast is primarily a residential neighborhood, home to Morgan State University, bounded by the city line of 1919 on its northern and eastern boundaries, Sinclair Lane, Erdman Avenue, and Pulaski Highway to the south and The Alameda on to the west. Also in this wedge of the city on 33rd Street is Baltimore City College high school, third oldest active public secondary school in the United States, founded downtown in 1839.^[129] Across Loch Raven Boulevard is the former site of the old Memorial Stadium home of the Baltimore Colts, Baltimore Orioles, and Baltimore Ravens, now replaced by a YMCA athletic and housing complex.^[130]^[131] Lake Montebello is in Northeast Baltimore.^[122]

East Baltimore

Located below Sinclair Lane and Erdman Avenue, above Orleans Street, East Baltimore is mainly made up of residential neighborhoods. This section of East Baltimore is home to Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Johns Hopkins Children's Center on Broadway. Notable neighborhoods include: Armistead Gardens, Broadway East, Barclay, Ellwood Park, Greenmount, and McElderry Park.^[122]

This area was the on-site film location for Homicide: Life on the Street, The Corner and The Wire.^[132]

Southeast Baltimore

Southeast Baltimore, located below Fayette Street, bordering the Inner Harbor and the Northwest Branch of the Patapsco River to the west, the city line of 1919 on its eastern boundaries and the Patapsco River to the south, is a mixed industrial and residential area. Patterson Park, the "Best Backyard in Baltimore",^[133] as well as the Highlandtown Arts District, and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center are located in Southeast Baltimore. The Shops at Canton Crossing opened in 2013.^[134] The Canton neighborhood, is located along Baltimore's prime waterfront. Other historic neighborhoods include: Fells Point, Patterson Park, Butchers Hill, Highlandtown, Greektown, Harbor East, Little Italy, and Upper Fell's Point.^[122]

Northwest Baltimore

Northwestern is bounded by the county line to the north and west, Gwynns Falls Parkway on the south and Pimlico Road on the east, is home to Pimlico Race Course, Sinai Hospital, and the headquarters of the NAACP. Its neighborhoods are mostly residential and are dissected by Northern Parkway. The area has been the center of Baltimore's Jewish community since after World War II. Notable neighborhoods include: Pimlico, Mount Washington, and Cheswolde, and Park Heights.^[135]

West Baltimore

West Baltimore is west of downtown and the Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard and is bounded by Gwynns Falls Parkway, Fremont Avenue, and West Baltimore Street. The Old West Baltimore Historic District includes the neighborhoods of Harlem Park, Sandtown-Winchester, Druid Heights, Madison Park, and Upton.^[136]^[137] Originally a predominantly German neighborhood, by the last half of the 19th century, Old West Baltimore was home to a substantial section of the city's Black population.^[136]

It became the largest neighborhood for the city's Black community and its cultural, political, and economic center.^[136] Coppin State University, Mondawmin Mall, and Edmondson Village are located in this district. The area's crime problems have provided subject material for television series, such as The Wire.^[138] Local organizations, such as the Sandtown Habitat for Humanity and the Upton Planning Committee, have been steadily transforming parts of formerly blighted areas of West Baltimore into clean, safe communities.^[139]^[140]

Southwest Baltimore

Southwest Baltimore is bound by the Baltimore County line to the west, West Baltimore Street to the north, and Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard and Russell Street/Baltimore-Washington Parkway (Maryland Route 295) to the east. Notable neighborhoods in Southwest Baltimore include: Pigtown, Carrollton Ridge, Ridgely's Delight, Leakin Park, Violetville, Lakeland, and Morrell Park.^[122]

St. Agnes Hospital on Wilkens and Caton^[122] avenues is located in this district with the neighboring Cardinal Gibbons High School, which is the former site of Babe Ruth's alma mater, St. Mary's Industrial School. Through this segment of Baltimore ran the beginnings of the historic National Road, which was constructed beginning in 1806 along Old Frederick Road and continuing into the county on Frederick Road into Ellicott City, Maryland. Other sides in this district are: Carroll Park, one of the city's largest parks, the colonial Mount Clare Mansion, and Washington Boulevard, which dates to pre-Revolutionary War days as the prime route out of the city to Alexandria, Virginia, and Georgetown on the Potomac River.^{[citation needed]}

Adjacent communities

Baltimore is bordered by the following communities, all unincorporated census-designated places.

Climate

Baltimore has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) in the Köppen climate classification, with hot summers, cool winters, and a summer peak to annual precipitation.^[141]^[142] Baltimore is part of USDA plant hardiness zones 7b and 8a.^[143] Summers are normally warm, with occasional late day thunderstorms. July, the warmest month, has a mean temperature of 80.3 °F (26.8 °C). Winters range from chilly to mild but vary, with sporadic snowfall: January has a daily average of 35.8 °F (2.1 °C),^[144] though temperatures reach 50 °F (10 °C) quite often, and can occasionally drop below 20 °F (−7 °C) when Arctic air masses affect the area.^[144] According to Vox, winters are warming faster than summers.^[142]

Spring and autumn are mild, with spring being the wettest season in terms of the number of precipitation days. Summers are hot and humid with a daily average in July of 80.7 °F (27.1 °C).^[144] The combination of heat and humidity leads to occasional thunderstorms. A southeasterly bay breeze off the Chesapeake often occurs on summer afternoons when hot air rises over inland areas. Prevailing winds from the southwest interacting with this breeze as well as the city proper's UHI can seriously exacerbate air quality.^[145]^[146] In late summer and early autumn the track of hurricanes or their remnants may cause flooding in downtown Baltimore, despite the city being far removed from the typical coastal storm surge areas.^[147]

The average seasonal snowfall is 19 inches (48 cm).^[148] It varies greatly by year, with some seasons seeing only trace accumulations of snow, while others see several major Nor'easters.^[c] Owing to lessened urban heat island (UHI) as compared to the city proper and distance from the moderating Chesapeake Bay, the outlying and inland parts of the Baltimore metro area are usually cooler, especially at night, than the city proper and the coastal towns. Thus, in the northern and western suburbs, winter snowfall is more significant, and some areas average more than 30 in (76 cm) of snow per winter.^[150]

It is by not uncommon for the rain-snow line to set up in the metro area.^[151] Freezing rain and sleet occur a few times some winters in the area, as warm air overrides cold air at the low to mid-levels of the atmosphere. When the wind blows from the east, the cold air gets dammed against the mountains to the west and the result is freezing rain or sleet.

Like all of Maryland, Baltimore is at risk for increased impacts of climate change. Historically, flooding has ruined houses and almost killed people, especially in lower income majority Black neighborhoods, and caused sewage backups, given the existing disrepair of Baltimore's water system.^[152]

Extreme temperatures range from −7 °F (−22 °C) on February 9, 1934, and February 10, 1899,^[d] up to 108 °F (42 °C) on July 22, 2011.^[153]^[154] On average, temperatures of 100 °F (38 °C) or more occur on three days annually, 90 °F (32 °C) or more on 43 days, and there are nine days where the high fails to reach the freezing mark.^[144]

Climate data for Baltimore (Baltimore/Washington International Airport) 1991−2020 normals,^[e] extremes 1872–present^[f])
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	79 (26)	83 (28)	90 (32)	94 (34)	98 (37)	105 (41)	107 (42)	105 (41)	101 (38)	98 (37)	86 (30)	77 (25)	107 (42)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	64.6 (18.1)	66.4 (19.1)	75.9 (24.4)	85.8 (29.9)	91.0 (32.8)	95.9 (35.5)	98.0 (36.7)	95.9 (35.5)	91.1 (32.8)	83.8 (28.8)	74.3 (23.5)	66.0 (18.9)	98.9 (37.2)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	43.2 (6.2)	46.4 (8.0)	54.8 (12.7)	66.5 (19.2)	75.5 (24.2)	84.4 (29.1)	88.8 (31.6)	86.5 (30.3)	79.7 (26.5)	68.3 (20.2)	57.3 (14.1)	47.5 (8.6)	66.6 (19.2)
Daily mean °F (°C)	34.3 (1.3)	36.6 (2.6)	44.3 (6.8)	55.0 (12.8)	64.4 (18.0)	73.5 (23.1)	78.3 (25.7)	76.2 (24.6)	69.2 (20.7)	57.4 (14.1)	46.9 (8.3)	38.6 (3.7)	56.2 (13.4)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	25.4 (−3.7)	26.9 (−2.8)	33.9 (1.1)	43.6 (6.4)	53.3 (11.8)	62.6 (17.0)	67.7 (19.8)	65.8 (18.8)	58.8 (14.9)	46.5 (8.1)	36.5 (2.5)	29.6 (−1.3)	45.9 (7.7)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	9.1 (−12.7)	12.2 (−11.0)	18.9 (−7.3)	29.7 (−1.3)	38.8 (3.8)	49.3 (9.6)	57.9 (14.4)	55.8 (13.2)	45.1 (7.3)	32.8 (0.4)	22.9 (−5.1)	15.6 (−9.1)	6.9 (−13.9)
Record low °F (°C)	−7 (−22)	−7 (−22)	4 (−16)	15 (−9)	32 (0)	40 (4)	50 (10)	45 (7)	35 (2)	25 (−4)	12 (−11)	−3 (−19)	−7 (−22)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	3.08 (78)	2.90 (74)	4.01 (102)	3.39 (86)	3.85 (98)	3.98 (101)	4.48 (114)	4.09 (104)	4.44 (113)	3.94 (100)	3.13 (80)	3.71 (94)	45.00 (1,143)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	6.4 (16)	7.5 (19)	2.8 (7.1)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.1 (0.25)	2.5 (6.4)	19.3 (49)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	10.1	9.3	11.0	11.2	11.9	11.3	10.4	9.6	9.1	8.6	8.5	10.3	121.3
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	2.8	2.9	1.5	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	1.5	9.0
Average relative humidity (%)	63.2	61.3	59.2	58.9	66.1	68.4	69.1	71.1	71.3	69.5	66.5	65.5	65.8
Average dew point °F (°C)	19.9 (−6.7)	21.6 (−5.8)	28.9 (−1.7)	37.6 (3.1)	50.4 (10.2)	60.1 (15.6)	64.6 (18.1)	64.0 (17.8)	57.6 (14.2)	45.5 (7.5)	35.2 (1.8)	25.3 (−3.7)	42.6 (5.9)
Mean monthly sunshine hours	155.4	164.0	215.0	230.7	254.5	277.3	290.1	264.4	221.8	205.5	158.5	144.5	2,581.7
Percent possible sunshine	51	54	58	58	57	62	64	62	59	59	52	49	58
Source: NOAA (relative humidity , dew points and sun 1961–1990)^[148]^[155]^[156]

Climate data for Baltimore (Maryland Science Center) 1991−2020 normals, extremes 1950–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	77 (25)	84 (29)	97 (36)	98 (37)	100 (38)	106 (41)	108 (42)	106 (41)	102 (39)	95 (35)	87 (31)	85 (29)	108 (42)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	65.0 (18.3)	66.5 (19.2)	77.0 (25.0)	87.7 (30.9)	92.5 (33.6)	97.3 (36.3)	99.7 (37.6)	97.8 (36.6)	92.9 (33.8)	85.4 (29.7)	75.4 (24.1)	67.1 (19.5)	100.9 (38.3)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	43.7 (6.5)	46.8 (8.2)	55.2 (12.9)	66.8 (19.3)	75.9 (24.4)	85.4 (29.7)	90.1 (32.3)	87.3 (30.7)	80.4 (26.9)	68.8 (20.4)	57.6 (14.2)	48.0 (8.9)	67.2 (19.6)
Daily mean °F (°C)	36.9 (2.7)	39.4 (4.1)	46.9 (8.3)	57.5 (14.2)	67.0 (19.4)	76.6 (24.8)	81.5 (27.5)	79.1 (26.2)	72.5 (22.5)	60.7 (15.9)	50.1 (10.1)	41.3 (5.2)	59.1 (15.1)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	30.0 (−1.1)	31.9 (−0.1)	38.7 (3.7)	48.2 (9.0)	58.0 (14.4)	67.7 (19.8)	72.9 (22.7)	71.0 (21.7)	64.5 (18.1)	52.6 (11.4)	42.6 (5.9)	34.6 (1.4)	51.1 (10.6)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	14.7 (−9.6)	17.3 (−8.2)	23.9 (−4.5)	36.2 (2.3)	46.9 (8.3)	57.5 (14.2)	65.6 (18.7)	63.2 (17.3)	53.4 (11.9)	40.3 (4.6)	29.9 (−1.2)	22.2 (−5.4)	12.5 (−10.8)
Record low °F (°C)	−4 (−20)	−3 (−19)	12 (−11)	21 (−6)	36 (2)	48 (9)	58 (14)	52 (11)	40 (4)	30 (−1)	16 (−9)	6 (−14)	−4 (−20)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	3.07 (78)	2.75 (70)	3.93 (100)	3.55 (90)	3.39 (86)	3.36 (85)	4.71 (120)	4.35 (110)	4.49 (114)	3.49 (89)	2.98 (76)	3.66 (93)	43.73 (1,111)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	9.9	9.7	10.7	11.0	11.3	10.7	10.6	9.5	8.5	8.5	8.1	10.2	118.7
Source: NOAA^[144]^[148]

Climate data for Baltimore
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average sea temperature °F (°C)	46.0 (7.8)	44.4 (6.9)	45.1 (7.3)	50.4 (10.2)	55.9 (13.3)	68.2 (20.1)	75.6 (24.2)	77.4 (25.2)	73.4 (23.0)	66.0 (18.9)	57.2 (14.0)	50.7 (10.4)	59.2 (15.1)
Mean daily daylight hours	10.0	11.0	12.0	13.0	14.0	15.0	15.0	14.0	12.0	11.0	10.0	9.0	12.2
Source: Weather Atlas^[157]

See or edit raw graph data.

Demographics

Population

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1752	200	—
1775	5,934	+2867.0%
1790	13,503	+127.6%
1800	26,514	+96.4%
1810	46,555	+75.6%
1820	62,738	+34.8%
1830	80,620	+28.5%
1840	102,313	+26.9%
1850	169,054	+65.2%
1860	212,418	+25.7%
1870	267,354	+25.9%
1880	332,313	+24.3%
1890	434,439	+30.7%
1900	508,957	+17.2%
1910	558,485	+9.7%
1920	733,826	+31.4%
1930	804,874	+9.7%
1940	859,100	+6.7%
1950	949,708	+10.5%
1960	939,024	−1.1%
1970	905,787	−3.5%
1980	786,741	−13.1%
1990	736,016	−6.4%
2000	651,154	−11.5%
2010	620,961	−4.6%
2020	585,708	−5.7%
U.S. Decennial Census^[158] 1790–1960^[159] 1900–1990^[160] 1990–2000^[161] 2010–2020^[15] 1752 estimate & 1775 census^[162]

Baltimore reached a peak population of 949,708 at the 1950 U.S. census count. In every ten-year census count since then, the city has lost population, with its 2020 census population at 585,708. In 2011, then-Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake said one of her goals was to increase the city's population, by improving city services to reduce the number of people leaving the city, and by passing legislation protecting immigrants' rights to stimulate growth.^[164] Baltimore is identified as a sanctuary city.^[165] In 2019, then-Mayor Jack Young said that Baltimore will not assist ICE agents with immigration raids.^[166]

Baltimore City's population declined from 620,961 in 2010 to 585,708 in 2020, representing a 5.7% drop. In 2020, Baltimore lost more population than any other major city in the United States.^[167]^[7]^[168]

Gentrification has increased since the 2000 census, primarily in East Baltimore, downtown, and Central Baltimore, with 14.8% of census tracts having had income growth and home values appreciation at a rate higher than the city overall. Many, but not all, gentrifying neighborhoods are predominantly white areas which have seen a turnover from lower income to higher income households. These areas represent either expansion of existing gentrified areas, or activity around the Inner Harbor, downtown, or the Johns Hopkins Homewood campus.^[169] In some neighborhoods in East Baltimore, the Hispanic population has increased, while both the non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black populations have declined.^[170]

After New York City, Baltimore was the second city in the United States to reach a population of 100,000.^[171]^[172] From the 1820 to 1850 U.S. censuses, Baltimore was the second most-populous city,^[172]^[173] before being surpassed by Philadelphia and the then-independent Brooklyn in 1860, and then being surpassed by St. Louis and Chicago in 1870.^[174] Baltimore was among the top 10 cities in population in the United States in every census up to the 1980 census.^[175] After World War II, Baltimore had a population approaching 1 million, until the population began to fall after the 1950 census.

Characteristics

Historical racial and ethnic profile	2020^[176]	2010^[177]	1990^[178]	1970^[178]	1940^[178]
White	31.9%	29.6%	39.1%	53.0%	80.6%
—Non-Hispanic whites	27.6%	28.0%	38.6%	52.3%^[g]	80.6%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)	62.4%	63.7%	59.2%	46.4%	19.3%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	6.0%	4.2%	1.0%	0.9%^[g]	0.1%
Asian	2.8%	2.3%	1.1%	0.3%	0.1%

**Baltimore city, Maryland – Racial and ethnic composition**
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)	Pop 2000^[179]	Pop 2010^[180]	Pop 2020^[181]	% 2000	% 2010	% 2020
Black or African American alone (NH)	417,009	392,938	335,615	64.04%	63.28%	57.30%
White alone (NH)	201,566	174,120	157,296	30.96%	28.04%	26.86%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)	11,061	25,960	45,927	1.70%	4.18%	7.84%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH)	8,412	10,528	21,088	1.29%	1.70%	3.60%
Asian alone (NH)	9,824	14,397	21,020	1.51%	2.32%	3.59%
Other race alone (NH)	1,143	942	3,332	0.18%	0.15%	0.57%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)	1,946	1,884	1,278	0.30%	0.30%	0.22%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)	193	192	152	0.03%	0.03%	0.03%
Total	651,154	620,961	585,708	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%

In the 2010 census^[update], Baltimore's population was 63.7% Black, 29.6% White (6.9% German, 5.8% Italian, 4% Irish, 2% American, 2% Polish, 0.5% Greek) 2.3% Asian (0.54% Korean, 0.46% Indian, 0.37% Chinese, 0.36% Filipino, 0.21% Nepali, 0.16% Pakistani), and 0.4% Native American and Alaska Native. Across races, 4.2% of the population are of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (1.63% Salvadoran, 1.21% Mexican, 0.63% Puerto Rican, 0.6% Honduran).^[15]

As per the 2020 census, 8.1% of residents between 2016 and 2020 were foreign born persons.^[176] Females made up 53.4% of the population. The median age was 35 years old, with 22.4% under 18 years old, 65.8% from 18 to 64 years old, and 11.8% 65 or older.^[15]

Baltimore has a large Caribbean American population, with the largest groups being Jamaicans and Trinidadians. Baltimore's Jamaican community is largely centered in the Park Heights neighborhood, but generations of immigrants have also lived in Southeast Baltimore.^[182]

In 2005, approximately 30,778 people (6.5%) identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.^[183] In 2012, same-sex marriage in Maryland was legalized, going into effect January 1, 2013.^[184]

Income and housing

Between 2016 and 2020, the median household income was $52,164 and the median income per capita was $32,699, compared to the national averages of $64,994 and $35,384, respectively.^[176] In 2009, the median household income was $42,241 and the median income per capita was $25,707, compared to the national median income of $53,889 per household and $28,930 per capita.^[15]

In 2009, 23.7% of the population lived below the poverty line, compared to 13.5% nationwide.^[15] In the 2020 census, 20% of Baltimore residents were living in poverty, compared to 11.6% nationwide.^[176]

Housing in Baltimore is relatively inexpensive for large, near-coastal cities of its size. The median sale price for homes in Baltimore as of December 2022 was $209,000, up from $95,000 in 2012.^[185]^[186] Despite the late 2000s housing price collapse, and along with the national trends, Baltimore residents still faced slowly increasing rent, up 3% in the summer of 2010.^[187] The median value of owner-occupied housing units between 2016 and 2020 was $242,499.^[176]

The homeless population in Baltimore is steadily increasing. It exceeded 4,000 people in 2011. The increase in the number of young homeless people was particularly severe.^[188]

Life expectancy

In 2015, the life expectancy in Baltimore was 74 to 75 years, compared to the U.S. average of 78 to 80. Fourteen neighborhoods had lower life expectancies than North Korea.^[189] Those fourteen suburbs were Washington Village, Brooklyn/Curtis Bay, Southern Park Heights, Pimlico/Arlington/Hilltop, Cherry Hill, Sandton-Winchester, Midway/Coldstream, Southwest Baltimore, Greenmount East, Madison/East End, Upton/Druid Heights, Poppleton, Clifton-Berea, and Downtown/Seton Hill.^[190] The life expectancy in Downtown/Seton Hill was comparable to that of Yemen.^[191]

Religion

In 2015, 25% of adults in Baltimore reported affiliation with no religion. 50% of the adult population of Baltimore are Protestants.^[h] Catholicism is the second-largest religious affiliation, constituting 15% percent of the population, followed by Judaism (3%) and Islam (2%). Around 1% identify with other Christian denominations.^[192]^[193]^[194]

Languages

In 2010, 91% (526,705) of Baltimore residents five years old and older spoke only English at home. Close to 4% (21,661) spoke Spanish. Other languages, such as African languages, French, and Chinese are spoken by less than 1% of the population.^[195]

Economy

Once a predominantly industrial town, with an economic base focused on steel processing, shipping, auto manufacturing (General Motors Baltimore Assembly), and transportation, Baltimore experienced deindustrialization, which cost residents tens of thousands of low-skill, high-wage jobs.^[196] Baltimore now relies on a low-wage service economy, which accounts for 31% of jobs in the city.^[197]^[198] Around the turn of the 20th century, Baltimore was the leading U.S. manufacturer of rye whiskey and straw hats. It led in the refining of crude oil, brought to the city by pipeline from Pennsylvania.^[199]^[200]^[201]

In March 2018, Baltimore's unemployment rate was 5.8%.^[202] In 2012, one quarter of Baltimore residents, and 37% of Baltimore children, lived in poverty.^[203] The 2012 closure of a major steel plant at Sparrows Point is expected to have a further impact on employment and the local economy.^[204] In 2013, 207,000 workers commuted into Baltimore city each day.^[205] Downtown Baltimore is the primary economic asset within Baltimore City and the region, with 29.1 million square feet of office space. The tech sector is rapidly growing as the Baltimore metro ranks 8th in the CBRE Tech Talent Report among 50 U.S. metro areas for high growth rate and number of tech professionals.^[206] In 2013, Forbes ranked Baltimore fourth among America's "new tech hot spots".^[207]

The city is home to the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Other large companies in Baltimore include Under Armour,^[208] BRT Laboratories, Cordish Company,^[209] Legg Mason, McCormick & Company, T. Rowe Price, and Royal Farms.^[210] A sugar refinery owned by American Sugar Refining is one of Baltimore's cultural icons. Nonprofits based in Baltimore include Lutheran Services in America and Catholic Relief Services.

Almost a quarter of the jobs in the Baltimore region were in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics as of mid-2013, a fact attributed in part to the city's extensive undergraduate and graduate schools; maintenance and repair experts were included in this count.^[211]

Port

The center of international commerce for the region is the World Trade Center Baltimore. It houses the Maryland Port Administration and U.S. headquarters for major shipping lines. Baltimore is ranked 9th for total dollar value of cargo and 13th for cargo tonnage for all U.S. ports. In 2014, total cargo moving through the port totaled 29.5 million tons, down from 30.3 million tons in 2013. The value of cargo traveling through the port in 2014 came to $52.5 billion, down from $52.6 billion in 2013. The Port of Baltimore generates $3 billion in annual wages and salary, as well as supporting 14,630 direct jobs and 108,000 jobs connected to port work. In 2014, the port generated more than $300 million in taxes.^[212]

The port serves over 50 ocean carriers, making nearly 1,800 annual visits. Among all U.S. ports, Baltimore is first in handling automobiles, light trucks, farm and construction machinery; and imported forest products, aluminum, and sugar. The port is second in coal exports. The Port of Baltimore's cruise industry, which offers year-round trips on several lines, supports over 500 jobs and brings in over $90 million to Maryland's economy annually. Growth at the port continues with the Maryland Port Administration plans to turn the southern tip of the former steel mill into a marine terminal, primarily for car and truck shipments, and for anticipated new business coming to Baltimore after the completion of the Panama Canal expansion project.^[212]

Tourism

Baltimore's history and attractions have made it a popular tourist destination. In 2014, the city hosted 24.5 million visitors, who spent $5.2 billion.^[213] The Baltimore Visitor Center, which is operated by Visit Baltimore, is located on Light Street in the Inner Harbor. Much of the city's tourism centers around the Inner Harbor, with the National Aquarium being Maryland's top tourist destination. Baltimore Harbor's restoration has made it "a city of boats", with several historic ships and other attractions on display and open to the public. The USS Constellation, the last Civil War-era vessel afloat, is docked at the head of the Inner Harbor; the USS Torsk, a submarine that holds the Navy's record for dives (more than 10,000); and the Coast Guard cutter WHEC-37, the last surviving U.S. warship that was in Pearl Harbor during the Japanese attack on December 7, 1941, and which engaged Japanese Zero aircraft during the battle.^[214]

Also docked is the lightship Chesapeake, which for decades marked the entrance to Chesapeake Bay; and the Seven Foot Knoll Lighthouse, the oldest surviving screw-pile lighthouse on Chesapeake Bay, which once marked the mouth of the Patapsco River and the entrance to Baltimore. All of these attractions are owned and maintained by the Historic Ships in Baltimore organization. The Inner Harbor is also the home port of Pride of Baltimore II, the state of Maryland's "goodwill ambassador" ship, a reconstruction of a famous Baltimore Clipper ship.^[214]

Other tourist destinations include sporting venues such as Oriole Park at Camden Yards, M&T Bank Stadium, and Pimlico Race Course, Fort McHenry, the Mount Vernon, Federal Hill, and Fells Point neighborhoods, Lexington Market, Horseshoe Casino, and museums such as the Walters Art Museum, the Baltimore Museum of Industry, the Babe Ruth Birthplace and Museum, the Maryland Science Center, and the B&O Railroad Museum.

The Baltimore Visitor Center at the Inner Harbor
Fountain near visitor center in Inner Harbor
Sunset views from Inner Harbor
Baltimore is the home of the National Aquarium, one of the world's largest aquariums.

Culture

Emerson Bromo-Seltzer Tower, built in 1911, includes 15 stories that have been transformed into studio spaces for visual and literary artists.

Baltimore has historically been a working-class port town, sometimes dubbed a "city of neighborhoods". It comprises 72 designated historic districts^[215] traditionally occupied by distinct ethnic groups. Most notable today are three downtown areas along the port: the Inner Harbor, frequented by tourists because of its hotels, shops, and museums; Fells Point, once a favorite entertainment spot for sailors but now refurbished and gentrified (and featured in the movie Sleepless in Seattle); and Little Italy, located between the other two, where Baltimore's Italian-American community is based – and where U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi grew up.

Further inland, Mount Vernon is the traditional center of cultural and artistic life of the city. It is home to a distinctive Washington Monument, set atop a hill in a 19th-century urban square, that predates the monument in Washington, D.C. by several decades. Baltimore has a significant German American population,^[216] and was the second-largest port of immigration to the United States behind Ellis Island in New York and New Jersey.

Between 1820 and 1989, almost 2 million German, Polish, English, Irish, Russian, Lithuanian, French, Ukrainian, Czech, Greek and Italian migrants came to Baltimore, mostly between 1861 and 1930. By 1913, when Baltimore was averaging forty thousand immigrants per year, World War I closed off the flow of immigrants. By 1970, Baltimore's heyday as an immigration center was a distant memory. There was a Chinatown dating back to at least the 1880s, which consisted of 400 Chinese residents. A local Chinese-American association remains based there, with one Chinese restaurant as of 2009.

Beer making thrived in Baltimore from the 1800s to the 1950s, with over 100 old breweries in the city's past.^[217] The best remaining example of that history is the old American Brewery Building on North Gay Street and the National Brewing Company building in the Brewer's Hill neighborhood. In the 1940s the National Brewing Company introduced the nation's first six-pack. National's two most prominent brands, were National Bohemian Beer colloquially "Natty Boh" and Colt 45. Listed on the Pabst website as a "Fun Fact", Colt 45 was named after running back #45 Jerry Hill of the 1963 Baltimore Colts and not the .45 caliber handgun ammunition round. Both brands are still made today, albeit outside of Maryland, and served all around the Baltimore area at bars, as well as Orioles and Ravens games.^[218] The Natty Boh logo appears on all cans, bottles, and packaging. Merchandise featuring him can be found in shops in Maryland, including several in Fells Point.

Each year the Artscape takes place in the city in the Bolton Hill neighborhood, close to the Maryland Institute College of Art. Artscape styles itself as the "largest free arts festival in America".^[219] Each May, the Maryland Film Festival takes place in Baltimore, using all five screens of the historic Charles Theatre as its anchor venue. Many movies and television shows have been filmed in Baltimore. Homicide: Life on the Street was set and filmed in Baltimore, as well as The Wire. House of Cards and Veep are set in Washington, D.C. but filmed in Baltimore.^[220]

Baltimore has cultural museums in many areas of study. The Baltimore Museum of Art and the Walters Art Museum are internationally renowned for their collections of art. The Baltimore Museum of Art has the largest holding of works by Henri Matisse in the world.^[221] The American Visionary Art Museum has been designated by Congress as America's national museum for visionary art.^[222] The National Great Blacks In Wax Museum is the first African American wax museum in the country, featuring more than 150 life-size and lifelike wax figures.^[51]

Cuisine

Baltimore is known for its Maryland blue crabs, crab cake, Old Bay Seasoning, pit beef, and the "chicken box". The city has many restaurants in or around the Inner Harbor. The most known and acclaimed are the Charleston, Woodberry Kitchen, and the Charm City Cakes bakery featured on the Food Network's Ace of Cakes. The Little Italy neighborhood's biggest draw is the food. Fells Point also is a foodie neighborhood for tourists and locals and is where the oldest continuously running tavern in the country, "The Horse You Came in on Saloon", is located.^[223]

Many of Baltimore's upscale restaurants are found in Harbor East. Five public markets are located across Baltimore. The Baltimore Public Market System is the oldest continuously operating public market system in the United States.^[224] Lexington Market is one of the longest-running markets in the world and the longest running in the country, having been around since 1782. The market continues to stand at its original site. Baltimore is the last place in America where one can still find arabbers, vendors who sell fresh fruits and vegetables from a horse-drawn cart that goes up and down neighborhood streets.^[225] Food- and drink-rating site Zagat ranked Baltimore second in a list of the 17 best food cities in the US in 2015.^[226]

Local dialect

Baltimore city, along with its surrounding regions, is home to a unique local dialect known as the Baltimore dialect. It is part of the larger Mid-Atlantic American English group and is noted to be very similar to the Philadelphia dialect.^[227]^[228]

The so-called "Bawlmerese" accent is known for its characteristic pronunciation of its long "o" vowel, in which an "eh" sound is added before the long "o" sound (/oʊ/ shifts to [ɘʊ], or even [eʊ]).^[229] It adopts Philadelphia's pattern of the short "a" sound, such that the tensed vowel in words like "bath" or "ask" does not match the more relaxed one in "sad" or "act".^[227]

Baltimore native John Waters parodies the city and its dialect extensively in his films. Most are filmed in Baltimore, including the 1972 cult classic Pink Flamingos, as well as Hairspray and its Broadway musical remake.

Performing arts

Baltimore has four state-designated arts and entertainment districts: The Pennsylvania Avenue Black Arts and Entertainment District, Station North Arts and Entertainment District, Highlandtown Arts District, and the Bromo Arts & Entertainment District.^[230]^[231]^[232]

The Baltimore Office of Promotion and The Arts, a non-profit organization, produces events and arts programs as well as managing several facilities. It is the official Baltimore City Arts Council. BOPA coordinates Baltimore's major events, including New Year's Eve and July 4 celebrations at the Inner Harbor, Artscape, which is America's largest free arts festival, Baltimore Book Festival, Baltimore Farmers' Market & Bazaar, School 33 Art Center's Open Studio Tour, and the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Parade.^[233]

The Baltimore Symphony Orchestra is an internationally renowned orchestra, founded in 1916 as a publicly funded municipal organization. Its most recent music director was Marin Alsop, a protégé of Leonard Bernstein's. Centerstage is the premier theater company in the city and a regionally well-respected group. The Lyric Opera House is the home of Lyric Opera Baltimore, which operates there as part of the Patricia and Arthur Modell Performing Arts Center. Shriver Hall Concert Series, founded in 1966, presents classical chamber music and recitals featuring nationally and internationally recognized artists.^[234]

The Baltimore Consort has been a leading early music ensemble for over twenty-five years. The France-Merrick Performing Arts Center, home of the restored Thomas W. Lamb-designed Hippodrome Theatre, has afforded Baltimore the opportunity to become a major regional player in the area of touring Broadway and other performing arts presentations. Renovating Baltimore's historic theatres has become widespread throughout the city. Renovated theatres include the Everyman, Centre, Senator, and most recently Parkway Theatre. Other buildings have been reused. These include the former Mercantile Deposit and Trust Company bank building, which is now The Chesapeake Shakespeare Company Theater.

Baltimore has a wide array of professional (non-touring) and community theater groups. Aside from Center Stage, resident troupes in the city include The Vagabond Players, the oldest continuously operating community theater group in the country, Everyman Theatre, Single Carrot Theatre, and Baltimore Theatre Festival. Community theaters in the city include Fells Point Community Theatre and the Arena Players Inc., which is the nation's oldest continuously operating African American community theater.^[235] In 2009, the Baltimore Rock Opera Society, an all-volunteer theatrical company, launched its first production.^[236]

Baltimore is home to the Pride of Baltimore Chorus, a three-time international silver medalist women's chorus, affiliated with Sweet Adelines International. The Maryland State Boychoir is located in the northeastern Baltimore neighborhood of Mayfield.

Baltimore is the home of non-profit chamber music organization Vivre Musicale. VM won a 2011–2012 award for Adventurous Programming from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers and Chamber Music America.^[237]

The Peabody Institute, located in the Mount Vernon neighborhood, is the oldest conservatory of music in the United States.^[238] Established in 1857, it is one of the most prestigious in the world,^[238] along with Juilliard, Eastman, and the Curtis Institute. The Morgan State University Choir is also one of the nation's most prestigious university choral ensembles.^[239] The city is home to the Baltimore School for the Arts, a public high school in the Mount Vernon neighborhood of Baltimore. The institution is nationally recognized for its success in preparation for students entering music (vocal/instrumental), theatre (acting/theater production), dance, and visual arts.

In 1981, Baltimore hosted the first International Theater Festival, the first such festival in the country. Executive producer Al Kraizer staged 66 performances of nine shows by international theatre companies, including from Ireland, the United Kingdom, South Africa and Israel.^[240] The festival proved to be expensive to mount, and in 1982 the festival was hosted in Denver, called the World Theatre Festival,^[241] at the Denver Center for Performing Arts, after the city had asked Kraizer to organize it.^[242]

In June 1986, the 20th Theatre of Nations, sponsored by the International Theatre Institute, was held in Baltimore, the first time it had been held in the U.S.^[243]

Sports

Baseball

Baltimore has a long and storied baseball history, including its distinction as the birthplace of Babe Ruth in 1895. The original 19th century Baltimore Orioles were one of the most successful early franchises, featuring numerous hall of famers during its years from 1882 to 1899. As one of the eight inaugural American League franchises, the Baltimore Orioles played in the AL during the 1901 and 1902 seasons. The team moved to New York City before the 1903 season and was renamed the New York Highlanders, which later became the New York Yankees. Ruth played for the minor league Baltimore Orioles team, which was active from 1903 to 1914. After playing one season in 1915 as the Richmond Climbers, the team returned the following year to Baltimore, where it played as the Orioles until 1953.^{[citation needed]}

The team currently known as the Baltimore Orioles has represented Major League Baseball locally since 1954 when the St. Louis Browns moved to Baltimore. The Orioles advanced to the World Series in 1966, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1979 and 1983, winning three times (1966, 1970 and 1983), while making the playoffs all but one year (1972) from 1969 through 1974.^[244]

In 1995, local player (and later Hall of Famer) Cal Ripken Jr. broke Lou Gehrig's streak of 2,130 consecutive games played, for which Ripken was named Sportsman of the Year by Sports Illustrated magazine.^{[citation needed]} Six former Orioles players, including Ripken (2007), and two of the team's managers have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.

Since 1992, the Orioles' home ballpark has been Oriole Park at Camden Yards, which has been hailed as one of the league's best since it opened.^[245]

Football

Prior to a National Football League team moving to Baltimore, there had been several attempts at a professional football team prior to the 1950s, which were blocked by the Washington team and its NFL friends. Most were minor league or semi-professional teams. The first major league to base a team in Baltimore was the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), which had a team named the Baltimore Colts. The AAFC Colts played for three seasons in the AAFC (1947, 1948, and 1949), and when the AAFC folded following the 1949 season, moved to the NFL for a single year (1950) before going bankrupt.

In 1953, the NFL's Dallas Texans folded. Its assets and player contracts were purchased by an ownership team headed by Baltimore businessman Carroll Rosenbloom, who moved the team to Baltimore, establishing a new team also named the Baltimore Colts. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Colts were one of the NFLs more successful franchises, led by Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Johnny Unitas who set a then-record of 47 consecutive games with a touchdown pass. The Colts advanced to the NFL Championship twice (1958 & 1959) and Super Bowl twice (1969 & 1971), winning all except Super Bowl III in 1969. After the 1983 season, the team left Baltimore for Indianapolis in 1984, where they became the Indianapolis Colts.

The NFL returned to Baltimore when the former Cleveland Browns moved to Baltimore to become the Baltimore Ravens in 1996. Since then, the Ravens won a Super Bowl championship in 2000 and 2012, seven AFC North division championships (2003, 2006, 2011, 2012, 2018, 2019 and 2023), and appeared in five AFC Championship Games (2000, 2008, 2011, 2012 and 2023).^[246]

Baltimore also hosted a Canadian Football League franchise, the Baltimore Stallions for the 1994 and 1995 seasons. Following the 1995 season, and ultimate end to the Canadian Football League in the United States experiment, the team was sold and relocated to Montreal.

Other teams and events

The first professional sports organization in the United States, The Maryland Jockey Club, was formed in Baltimore in 1743. Preakness Stakes, the second race in the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing, has been held every May at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore since 1873.

College lacrosse is a common sport in the spring, as the Johns Hopkins Blue Jays men's lacrosse team has won 44 national championships, the most of any program in history. In addition, Loyola University won its first men's NCAA lacrosse championship in 2012.

The Baltimore Blast are a professional arena soccer team that play in the Major Arena Soccer League at the SECU Arena on the campus of Towson University. The Blast have won nine championships in various leagues, including the MASL. A previous entity of the Blast played in the Major Indoor Soccer League from 1980 to 1992, winning one championship. The Baltimore Kings, a Baltimore Blast affiliate,^[247] joined MASL 3 in 2021 to begin play in 2022.^[248]

FC Baltimore 1729 was a semi-professional soccer club in the NPSL league, with the goal of bringing a community-oriented competitive soccer experience to Baltimore. Their inaugural season started on May 11, 2018, and they played their home games at CCBC Essex Field. Baltimore City F.C. is an Eastern Premier Soccer League club that plays since 2023 at Middle Branch Fitness Center in Cherry Hill.

The Baltimore Blues were a semi-professional rugby league club which began competition in the USA Rugby League in 2012.^[249] The Baltimore Bohemians were an American soccer club which competed in the USL Premier Development League, the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid. Their inaugural season started in the spring of 2012.

The Baltimore Grand Prix debuted along the streets of the Inner Harbor section of the city's downtown on September 2–4, 2011. The event played host to the American Le Mans Series on Saturday and the IndyCar Series on Sunday. Support races from smaller series were also held, including Indy Lights. After three consecutive years, on September 13, 2013, it was announced that the event would not be held in 2014 or 2015 due to scheduling conflicts.^[250]

The athletic equipment company Under Armour is also based in Baltimore. Founded in 1996 by Kevin Plank, a University of Maryland alumnus, the company's headquarters are located in Tide Point, adjacent to Fort McHenry and the Domino Sugar factory. The Baltimore Marathon is the flagship race of several races. The marathon begins at Camden Yards and travels through many diverse neighborhoods of Baltimore, including the scenic Inner Harbor waterfront area, historic Federal Hill, Fells Point, and Canton, Baltimore. The race then proceeds to other important focal points of the city such as Patterson Park, Clifton Park, Lake Montebello, the Charles Village neighborhood, and the western edge of downtown. After winding through 42.195 kilometres (26.219 mi) of Baltimore, the race ends at virtually the same point at which it starts.

The Baltimore Brigade were an Arena Football League team based in Baltimore that, from 2017 to 2019, played at Royal Farms Arena. In 2019, the team ceased operations along with the rest of the league.

Parks and recreation

Baltimore has over 4,900 acres (1,983 ha) of parkland.^[251] The Baltimore City Department of Recreation and Parks manages the majority of parks and recreational facilities in the city, including Patterson Park, Federal Hill Park, and Druid Hill Park.^[252] The city is home to Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine, a coastal star-shaped fort best known for its role in the War of 1812. As of 2015^[update], The Trust for Public Land, a national land conservation organization, ranks Baltimore 40th among the 75-largest U.S. cities.^[251]

Law, government, and politics

Baltimore is an independent city, and not part of any county. For most governmental purposes under Maryland law, Baltimore City is treated as a county-level entity. The United States Census Bureau uses counties as the basic unit for presentation of statistical information in the United States, and treats Baltimore as a county equivalent for those purposes.

Baltimore has been a Democratic stronghold for over 150 years, with Democrats dominating every level of government. In virtually all elections, the Democratic primary is the real contest.^[253] As of the 2020 elections, registered Democrats outnumbered registered Republicans by almost 10-to-1.^[254] No Republican has been elected to the City Council since 1939. The city's last Republican mayor, Theodore McKeldin, left office in 1967. No Republican candidate since then has received 30 percent or more of the vote. In the 2016 and 2020 mayoral elections, the Republicans were pushed into third place by write-in and independent candidates, respectively. The last Republican candidate for president to win the city was Dwight Eisenhower in his successful reelection bid in 1956.

The city hosted the first six Democratic National Conventions, from 1832 through 1852, and hosted the DNC again in 1860, 1872, and 1912.^[255]

Voter registration

Voter registration and party enrollment as of March 2024^[256]
	Democratic	296,108	75.12%
	Unaffiliated	62,566	15.87%
	Republican	28,400	7.2%
	Libertarian	1,192	0.3%
	Other parties	5,931	1.5%
Total		394,197	100%

City government

Mayor

Brandon Scott is the current mayor of Baltimore. He was elected in 2020 and took office on December 8, 2020.

Scott succeeded Jack Young, who took office on May 2, 2019. Young had been the president of the Baltimore City Council when Mayor Catherine Pugh was accused of a self-dealing book-sales arrangement. He became acting mayor on April 2 when she took a leave of absence, then mayor upon her resignation.^[257]^[258]

Pugh, a Democrat, won the 2016 mayoral election with 57.1% of the vote and took office on December 6, 2016.^[259]

Stephanie Rawlings-Blake assumed the office of Mayor on February 4, 2010, when predecessor Dixon's resignation became effective.^[260] Rawlings-Blake had been serving as City Council President at the time. She was elected to a full term in 2011, defeating Pugh in the primary election and receiving 84% of the vote.^[261]

Sheila Dixon became the first female mayor of Baltimore on January 17, 2007. As the former City Council President, she assumed the office of Mayor when former Mayor Martin O'Malley took office as Governor of Maryland.^[262] On November 6, 2007, Dixon won the Baltimore mayoral election. Mayor Dixon's administration ended less than three years after her election, the result of a criminal investigation that began in 2006 while she was still City Council President. She was convicted on a single misdemeanor charge of embezzlement on December 1, 2009. A month later, Dixon made an Alford plea to a perjury charge and agreed to resign from office; Maryland, like most states, does not allow convicted felons to hold office.^[263]^[264]

Baltimore City Council

The Baltimore City Council is made up of 14 members elected from single-member districts and a council president elected at-large.^[265]^[266] The council president is ex officio mayor pro tempore; if the mayor's office falls vacant, the council president ascends as mayor for the balance of the term.

Grassroots pressure for reform, voiced as Question P, restructured the city council in November 2002, against the will of the mayor, the council president, and the majority of the council. A coalition of union and community groups, organized by the Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN), backed the effort.^[267]

Law enforcement

The Baltimore City Police Department is the current primary law enforcement agency serving Baltimore citizens. It was founded 1784 as a "Night City Watch" and day Constables system and later reorganized as a City Department in 1853, with a later reorganization under State of Maryland supervision in 1859, with appointments made by the Governor of Maryland after a period of civic and elections violence with riots in the later part of the decade. Campus and building security for the city's public schools is provided by the Baltimore City Public Schools Police, established in the 1970s.

In the four-year span of 2011 to 2015, 120 lawsuits were brought against Baltimore police for alleged brutality and misconduct. The Freddie Gray settlement of $6.4 million exceeds the combined total settlements of the 120 lawsuits, as state law caps such payments.^[268]

Maryland Transportation Authority Police under the Maryland Department of Transportation, originally established as the "Baltimore Harbor Tunnel Police" when opened in 1957, is the primary law enforcement agency on the Fort McHenry Tunnel Thruway on I-95 and the Baltimore Harbor Tunnel Thruway, which goes underneath the northwestern branch of Patapsco River, and Interstate 395, which has three ramp bridges crossing the middle branch of the Patapsco River that are under MdTA jurisdiction, and have limited concurrent jurisdiction with the Baltimore Police Department under a memorandum of understanding.

Law enforcement on the fleet of transit buses and transit rail systems serving Baltimore is the responsibility of the Maryland Transit Administration Police, which is part of the Maryland Transit Administration of the state Department of Transportation. The MTA Police also share jurisdiction authority with the Baltimore City Police, governed by a memorandum of understanding.^[269]

As the enforcement arm of the Baltimore circuit and district court system, the Baltimore City Sheriff's Office, created by state constitutional amendment in 1844, is responsible for the security of city courthouses and property, service of court-ordered writs, protective and peace orders, warrants, tax levies, prisoner transportation and traffic enforcement. Deputy Sheriffs are sworn law enforcement officials, with full arrest authority granted by the constitution of Maryland, the Maryland Police and Correctional Training Commission and the Sheriff of Baltimore.^[270]

The United States Coast Guard, operating out of their shipyard and facility (since 1899) at Arundel Cove on Curtis Creek, (off Pennington Avenue extending to Hawkins Point Road/Fort Smallwood Road) in the Curtis Bay section of southern Baltimore City and adjacent northern Anne Arundel County. The U.S.C.G. also operates and maintains a presence on Baltimore and Maryland waterways in the Patapsco River and Chesapeake Bay. "Sector Baltimore" is responsible for commanding law enforcement and search & rescue units as well as aids to navigation.

Crime

Baltimore is considered one of the most dangerous cities in the U.S.^[271] Experts say an emerging gang presence and heavy recruitment of adolescent boys into these gangs, who are statistically more likely to get serious charges reduced or dropped, are major reasons for the sustained crime crises in the city.^[272]^[273] Overall reported crime dropped by 60% from the mid-1990s to the mid-2010s, but homicides and gun violence remain high and far exceed the national average.^[274]

The worst years for crime in Baltimore overall were from 1993 to 1996, with 96,243 crimes reported in 1995. Baltimore's 344 homicides in 2015 represented the highest homicide rate in the city's recorded history—52.5 per 100,000 people, surpassing the record ratio set in 1993—and the second-highest for U.S. cities behind St. Louis and ahead of Detroit. Of Baltimore's 344 homicides in 2015, 321 (93.3%) of the victims were African-American.^[274]

Drug use and deaths by drug use, particularly drugs used intravenously, such as heroin, are a related problem which has impaired Baltimore for decades. Among cities greater than 400,000, Baltimore ranked 2nd in its opiate drug death rate in the United States. The DEA reported that 10% of Baltimore's population – about 64,000 people – are addicted to heroin, most of which is trafficked into the city from New York.^[275]^[276]^[277]^[278]^[279]

In 2011, Baltimore police reported 196 homicides, the lowest number in the city since 197 homicides in 1978, and far lower than the peak homicide count of 353 slayings in 1993. City leaders at the time credited a sustained focus on repeat violent offenders and increased community engagement for the continued drop, reflecting a nationwide decline in crime.^[280]^[281]

In August 2014, Baltimore's new youth curfew law went into effect. It prohibits unaccompanied children under age 14 from being on the streets after 9 p.m. and those aged 14–16 from being out after 10 p.m. during the week and 11 p.m. on weekends and during the summer. The goal is to keep children out of dangerous places and reduce crime.^[282]

Crime in Baltimore reached another peak in 2015 when the year's tally of 344 homicides was second only to the record 353 in 1993, when Baltimore had about 100,000 more residents. The killings in 2015 were on pace with recent years in the early months of 2015, but skyrocketed after the unrest and rioting of late April following the killing of Freddie Gray by police. In five of the next eight months, killings topped 30–40 per month. Nearly 90 percent of 2015's homicides resulted from shootings, renewing calls for new gun laws. In 2016, there were 318 murders in the city.^[283] This total marked a 7.56 percent decline in homicides from 2015.

In an interview with The Guardian on November 2, 2017,^[284] David Simon, himself a former police reporter for The Baltimore Sun, ascribed the most recent surge in murders to the high-profile decision by Baltimore state's attorney, Marilyn Mosby, to charge six city police officers following the death of Freddie Gray after he was paralyzed during a "rough-ride" in a police van while in police custody in April 2015, dying from the injury a week later. "What Mosby basically did was send a message to the Baltimore police department: 'I'm going to put you in jail for making a bad arrest.' So officers figured it out: 'I can go to jail for making the wrong arrest, so I'm not getting out of my car to clear a corner,' and that's exactly what happened post-Freddie Gray."^[284]

In Baltimore, "arrest numbers have plummeted from more than 40,000 in 2014, the year before Gray's death and the charges against the officers, to about 18,000 [as of November 2017]. This happened as homicides soared from 211 in 2014 to 344 in 2015 – an increase of 63%."^[284] Simon's HBO miniseries We Own This City aired in April 2022 and covered many of the events surrounding the death of Freddie Gray and the work slowdown by the Baltimore Police Department during that time period.

In the six years between 2016 and 2022, Baltimore tallied 318, 342, 309, 348, 335, 338, and 335 homicides, respectively.^[285] In 2023, Baltimore saw a 20% drop in homicides to 263.^[286]

Baltimore City Fire Department

Baltimore is protected by the over 1,800 professional firefighters of the Baltimore City Fire Department (BCFD). It was founded in December 1858 and began operating the following year. Replacing several warring independent volunteer companies since the 1770s and the confusion resulting from a riot involving the "Know-Nothing" political party two years before, the establishment of a unified professional fire fighting force was a major advance in urban governance. The BCFD operates out of 37 fire stations located throughout the city and has a long history and sets of traditions in its various houses and divisions.

State government

Since the legislative redistricting in 2002, Baltimore has had six legislative districts located entirely within its boundaries, giving the city six seats in the 47-member Maryland Senate and 14 in the 141-member Maryland House of Delegates.^[287]^[288] During the previous 10-year period, Baltimore had four legislative districts within the city limits, but four others overlapped the Baltimore County line.^[289] As of October 2024^[update], all of Baltimore's state senators and delegates were Democrats.^[287]

State agencies

Federal government

Baltimore is split between two of the state's eight congressional districts. Most of the city is included in the7th district, represented by Kweisi Mfume. A sliver of northern Baltimore is located in the 2nd district, represented by Dutch Ruppersberger. Both are Democrats. A Republican has not represented a significant portion of Baltimore in Congress since John Boynton Philip Clayton Hill represented the 3rd District in 1927, and has not represented any of Baltimore since the Eastern Shore-based 1st District lost its share of Baltimore after the 2000 census. It was represented by Republican Wayne Gilchrest at the time.

Maryland's senior United States senator, Ben Cardin, is from Baltimore. He is one of three people in the last four decades to have represented the 3rd District, which for decades included much of inner Baltimore, before being elected to the United States Senate. Paul Sarbanes represented the 3rd from 1971 until 1977, when he was elected to the first of five terms in the Senate. Sarbanes was succeeded by Barbara Mikulski, who represented the 3rd from 1977 to 1987. Mikulski was succeeded by Cardin, who held the seat until handing it to John Sarbanes upon his election to the Senate in 2007.^[290]

United States presidential election results for Baltimore, Maryland^[291]
Year	Republican		Democratic		Third party(ies)
Year	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
2020	25,374	10.69%	207,260	87.28%	4,827	2.03%
2016	25,205	10.53%	202,673	84.66%	11,524	4.81%
2012	28,171	11.09%	221,478	87.19%	4,356	1.71%
2008	28,681	11.66%	214,385	87.16%	2,902	1.18%
2004	36,230	16.96%	175,022	81.95%	2,311	1.08%
2000	27,150	14.11%	158,765	82.52%	6,489	3.37%
1996	28,467	15.53%	145,441	79.34%	9,415	5.14%
1992	40,725	16.62%	185,753	75.79%	18,613	7.59%
1988	59,089	25.43%	170,813	73.51%	2,465	1.06%
1984	80,120	28.20%	202,277	71.18%	1,766	0.62%
1980	57,902	21.87%	191,911	72.48%	14,962	5.65%
1976	81,762	31.40%	178,593	68.60%	0	0.00%
1972	119,486	45.15%	141,323	53.40%	3,843	1.45%
1968	80,146	27.65%	178,450	61.56%	31,288	10.79%
1964	76,089	24.02%	240,716	75.98%	0	0.00%
1960	114,705	36.13%	202,752	63.87%	0	0.00%
1956	178,244	55.90%	140,603	44.10%	0	0.00%
1952	166,605	47.62%	178,469	51.01%	4,784	1.37%
1948	110,879	43.67%	134,615	53.02%	8,396	3.31%
1944	112,817	40.83%	163,493	59.17%	0	0.00%
1940	112,364	35.56%	199,715	63.20%	3,917	1.24%
1936	97,667	31.48%	210,668	67.89%	1,959	0.63%
1932	78,954	31.94%	160,309	64.84%	7,969	3.22%
1928	135,182	51.39%	126,106	47.94%	1,770	0.67%
1924	69,588	42.63%	60,222	36.89%	33,442	20.48%
1920	125,526	57.02%	86,748	39.40%	7,872	3.58%
1916	49,805	44.31%	60,226	53.58%	2,382	2.12%
1912	15,597	15.70%	48,030	48.36%	35,695	35.94%
1908	51,528	49.82%	49,139	47.51%	2,756	2.66%
1904	47,444	48.64%	47,901	49.11%	2,192	2.25%
1900	58,880	52.10%	51,979	46.00%	2,149	1.90%
1896	61,965	58.13%	40,859	38.33%	3,777	3.54%
1892	36,492	40.79%	51,098	57.12%	1,867	2.09%

The Postal Service's Baltimore Main Post Office is located at 900 East Fayette Street in the Jonestown area.^[292]

The national headquarters for the United States Social Security Administration is located in Woodlawn, just outside of Baltimore.

Education

Colleges and universities

Baltimore is the home of numerous places of higher learning, both public and private. 100,000 college students from around the country attend Baltimore City's 10 accredited two-year or four-year colleges and universities.^[293]^[294] Among them are:

Private

Keyser Quadrangle at Johns Hopkins University, the nation's first research university

The interior of George Peabody Library at the Peabody Institute at Johns Hopkins University is renowned for its beauty.^[295]

Johns Hopkins University
Loyola University Maryland
Maryland Institute College of Art
St. Mary's Seminary and University
Notre Dame of Maryland University
The Peabody Institute of Johns Hopkins University

Public

Primary and secondary schools

The city's public schools are managed by Baltimore City Public Schools,^[296] and include: Carver Vocational-Technical High School, the first African American vocational high school and center that was established in the state of Maryland; Digital Harbor High School, one of the secondary schools that emphasizes information technology, Lake Clifton Eastern High School, which is the largest school campus in Baltimore in physical size, the historic Frederick Douglass High School, which is the second oldest African American high school in the United States;^[297] Baltimore City College, the third-oldest public high school in the nation,^[298] and Western High School, the oldest public all-girls school in the nation.^[299]

Baltimore City College and Baltimore Polytechnic Institute share the nation's second-oldest high school football rivalry.^[300]

Transportation

A Baltimore Light RailLink train stops at Convention Center station, just west of Baltimore Convention Center on Pratt Street

Baltimore has a higher-than-average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 30.7 percent of Baltimore households lacked a car, which decreased slightly to 28.9 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Baltimore averaged 1.65 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.^[301]

Roads and highways

Baltimore's highway growth has done much to influence the development of the city and its suburbs. The first limited-access highway serving Baltimore was the Baltimore–Washington Parkway, which opened in stages between 1950 and 1954. Maintenance of it is split: the half closest to Baltimore is maintained by the state of Maryland, and the half closest to Washington by the National Park Service. Trucks are only permitted to use the northern part of the parkway. Trucks (tractor-trailers) continued to use U.S. Route 1 (US 1) until Interstate 95 (I-95) between Baltimore and Washington opened in 1971.

The Interstate highways serving Baltimore are I-70, I-83 (the Jones Falls Expressway), I-95, I-395, I-695 (the Baltimore Beltway), I-795 (the Northwest Expressway), I-895 (the Harbor Tunnel Thruway), and I-97. The city's mainline Interstate highways—I-95, I-83, and I-70—do not directly connect to each other, and in the case of I-70 end at a park and ride lot just inside the city limits, because of freeway revolts in Baltimore. These revolts were led primarily by Barbara Mikulski, a former United States senator for Maryland, which resulted in the abandonment of the original plan.

There are two tunnels traversing Baltimore Harbor within the city limits: the four-bore Fort McHenry Tunnel (opened in 1985 and serving I-95) and the two-bore Harbor Tunnel (opened in 1957 and serving I-895). Until its collapse in March 2024, the Baltimore Beltway crossed south of Baltimore Harbor over the Francis Scott Key Bridge.

The first interstate highway built in Baltimore was I-83, called the Jones Falls Expressway (first portion built in the early 1960s). Running from the downtown toward the northwest (NNW), it was built through a natural corridor over the Jones Falls River, which meant that no residents or housing were directly displaced. A planned section from what is now its southern terminus to I-95 was abandoned. Its route through parkland received criticism.

Planning for the Baltimore Beltway antedates the creation of the Interstate Highway System. The first portion completed was a small strip connecting the two sections of I-83, the Baltimore-Harrisburg Expressway and the Jones Falls Expressway.

The only U.S. Highways in the city are US 1, which bypasses downtown, and US 40, which crosses downtown from east to west. Both run along major surface streets, US 40 utilizes a small section of a freeway cancelled in the 1970s in the west side of the city, originally intended for Interstate 170. State routes in the city travel along surface streets, with the exception of Maryland Route 295, which carries the Baltimore–Washington Parkway.

The Baltimore City Department of Transportation (BCDOT) is responsible for several functions of the road transportation system in Baltimore, including repairing roads, sidewalks, and alleys; road signs; street lights; and managing the flow of transportation systems.^[302] In addition, the agency is in charge of vehicle towing and traffic cameras.^[303]^[304]

BCDOT maintains all streets within the Baltimore. These include all streets that are marked as state and U.S. highways and portions of I-83 and I-70 within Baltimore's city limits. The only highways in the city that are not maintained by BCDOT are I-95, I-395, I-695, and I-895, which are maintained by the Maryland Transportation Authority.^[305]

Transit systems

Public transit

Public transit in Baltimore is mostly provided by the Maryland Transit Administration (abbreviated "MTA Maryland") and Charm City Circulator. MTA Maryland operates a comprehensive bus network, including many local, express, and commuter buses, a light rail network connecting Hunt Valley in the north to BWI Airport and Glen Burnie in the south, and a subway line between Owings Mills and Johns Hopkins Hospital.^[306] A proposed rail line, known as the Red Line, which would link the Social Security Administration's headquarters in Woodlawn to Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center in East Baltimore, was cancelled in June 2015 by former Governor Larry Hogan. In June 2023, Governor Wes Moore announced the relaunch of the Red Line project.^[307]

The Charm City Circulator (CCC), a shuttle bus service operated by First Transit for the Baltimore City Department of Transportation, began operating in the downtown area in January 2010. Funded partly by a 16 percent increase in the city's parking fees, the Circulator provides free bus service seven days a week, picking up passengers every 15–25 minutes at designated stops during service hours.^[308]^[309] The Charm City Circulator consists of four routes, the Green Route runs from City Hall to Johns Hopkins Hospital via Fells Point, the Purple Route runs from 33rd Street to Federal Hill, the Orange Route runs between Hollins Market and Harbor East, and the Banner Route runs from the Inner Harbor to Fort McHenry.^[310]

Baltimore has a water taxi service, operated by Baltimore Water Taxi. The water taxi's six routes provide service throughout the city's harbor, and was purchased by Under Armour CEO Kevin Plank's Sagamore Ventures in 2016.^[311]

In June 2017, the BaltimoreLink bus network redesign was launched. The BaltimoreLink redesign consisted of a dozen high frequency, color-coded routes branded CityLink, running every 10 to 15 minutes through downtown Baltimore, along with changes to local and express bus service, rebranded LocalLink and ExpressLink.^[312]

Intercity rail

Baltimore is a top destination for Amtrak along the Northeast Corridor. Baltimore's Penn Station is one of the busiest in the country. As of 2014, Penn Station was ranked the seventh-busiest rail station in the United States by number of passengers served each year.^[313] The building sits on a raised "island" of sorts between two open trenches, one for the Jones Falls Expressway and the other for the tracks of the Northeast Corridor (NEC). The NEC approaches from the south through the two-track, 7,660 feet (2,330 m) Baltimore and Potomac Tunnel, which opened in 1873 and whose 30 mph (50 km/h) limit, sharp curves, and steep grades make it one of the NEC's worst bottlenecks. The NEC's northern approach is the 1873 Union Tunnel, which has one single-track bore and one double-track bore.

Just outside the city, Baltimore/Washington International (BWI) Thurgood Marshall Airport Rail Station is another stop. Amtrak's Acela Express, Palmetto, Carolinian, Silver Star, Silver Meteor, Vermonter, Crescent, and Northeast Regional trains are the scheduled passenger train services that stop in the city. MARC commuter rail service connects the city's two main intercity rail stations, Camden Station and Penn Station, with Washington, D.C.'s Union Station as well as stops in between. The MARC consists of 3 lines; the Brunswick, Camden and Penn. On December 7, 2013, the Penn Line began weekend service.^[314]

Airports

The interior of Baltimore–Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport, Baltimore's international commercial airport

Baltimore is served by two airports, both operated by the Maryland Aviation Administration, which is part of the Maryland Department of Transportation.^[315] Baltimore–Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport, generally known as "BWI", lies about 10 miles (16 km) to the south of Baltimore in neighboring Anne Arundel County. The airport is named after Thurgood Marshall, a Baltimore native who was the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. In terms of passenger traffic, BWI is the 22nd busiest airport in the United States.^[316] As of 2014, BWI is the largest, by passenger count, of three major airports serving the Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan Area. It is accessible by I-95 and the Baltimore–Washington Parkway via Interstate 195, the Baltimore Light Rail, and Amtrak and MARC Train at BWI Rail Station.

Baltimore is also served by Martin State Airport, a general aviation facility, to the northeast in Baltimore County. Martin State Airport is linked to downtown Baltimore by Maryland Route 150 (Eastern Avenue) and by MARC Train at its own station.

Pedestrians and bicycles

Baltimore has a comprehensive system of bicycle routes in the city. These routes are not numbered, but are typically denoted with green signs displaying a silhouette of a bicycle upon an outline of the city's border, and denote the distance to destinations, much like bicycle routes in the rest of the state. The roads carrying bicycle routes are also labelled with either bike lanes, sharrows, or Share the Road signs. Many of these routes pass through the downtown area. The network of bicycle lanes in the city continues to expand, with over 140 miles (230 km) added between 2006 and 2014.^[317] Alongside bike lanes, Baltimore has also built bike boulevards, starting with Guilford Avenue in 2012.

Baltimore has three major trail systems within the city. The Gwynns Falls Trail runs from the Inner Harbor to the I-70 Park and Ride, passing through Gwynns Falls Park and possessing numerous branches. There are also many pedestrian hiking trails traversing the park. The Jones Falls Trail runs from the Inner Harbor to the Cylburn Arboretum. It is undergoing expansion. Long-term plans call for it to extend to the Mount Washington Light Rail Stop, and possibly as far north as the Falls Road stop to connect to the Robert E. Lee boardwalk north of the city. It will incorporate a spur alongside Western Run. The two aforementioned trails carry sections of the East Coast Greenway through the city.

The Herring Run Trail runs from Harford Road east, to its end beyond Sinclair Lane, utilizing Herring Run Park. Long-term plans call for its extension to Morgan State University and north to points beyond. Other major bicycle projects include a protected cycle track installed on both Maryland Avenue and Mount Royal Avenue, expected to become the backbone of a downtown bicycle network. Installation for the cycletracks is expected in 2014 and 2016, respectively.

In addition to the bicycle trails and cycletracks, Baltimore has the Stony Run Trail, a walking path that will eventually connect from the Jones Falls north to Northern Parkway, utilizing much of the old Ma and Pa Railroad corridor inside the city. In 2011, the city undertook a campaign to reconstruct many sidewalk ramps in the city, coinciding with mass resurfacing of the city's streets. A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Baltimore the 14th-most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities.^[318]

Port of Baltimore

The port was founded in 1706, preceding the founding of Baltimore. The Maryland colonial legislature made the area near Locust Point as the port of entry for the tobacco trade with England. Fells Point, the deepest point in the natural harbor, soon became the colony's main ship building center, later on becoming leader in the construction of clipper ships.^[319]

After Baltimore's founding, mills were built behind the wharves. The California Gold Rush led to many orders for fast vessels. Many overland pioneers also relied upon canned goods from Baltimore. After the Civil War, a coffee ship was designed here for trade with Brazil. At the end of the nineteenth century, European ship lines had terminals for immigrants. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad made the port a major transshipment point.^[320]^: 17, 75 The port has major roll-on/roll-off facilities, as well as bulk facilities, especially steel handling.^[321]

Water taxis operate in the Inner Harbor. Governor Ehrlich participated in naming the port after Helen Delich Bentley during the 300th anniversary of the port.^[322]

In 2007, Duke Realty Corporation began a new development near the Port of Baltimore, named the Chesapeake Commerce Center. This new industrial park is located on the site of a former General Motors plant. The total project comprises 184 acres (0.74 km²) in eastern Baltimore City, and the site will yield 2,800,000 square feet (260,000 m²) of warehouse/distribution and office space. Chesapeake Commerce Center has direct access to two major Interstate highways (I-95 and I-895) and is located adjacent to two of the major Port of Baltimore terminals. The Port of Baltimore is one of two seaports on the U.S. East Coast with a 50-foot (15 m) dredge to accommodate the largest shipping vessels.^[323]

Along with cargo terminals, the port also has a passenger cruise terminal, which offers year-round trips on several lines, including Royal Caribbean's Grandeur of the Seas and Carnival's Pride. Overall five cruise lines have operated out of the port to the Bahamas and the Caribbean, while some ships traveled to New England and Canada. The terminal has become an embarkation point where passengers have the opportunity to park and board next to the ship visible from Interstate 95.^[324]

Passengers from Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey make up a third of the volume, with travelers from Maryland, Virginia, Washington, D.C. and other regions accounting for the rest.^[325]

Environment

Baltimore's Inner Harbor, known for its skyline waterscape and its tourist-friendly areas, was horribly polluted. The waterway was often filled with garbage after heavy rainstorms, failing its 2014 water quality report card. The Waterfront Partnership of Baltimore took steps to remediate the waterways, in hopes that the harbor would be fishable and swimmable once again.

Trash interceptors

Baltimore has four water wheel trash interceptors for removing garbage in area waterways. One is at the mouth of Jones Falls in Baltimore's Inner Harbor, dubbed "Mr. Trash Wheel".^[326] Another, "Professor Trash Wheel" was added at Harris Creek in the Canton neighborhood in 2016,^[327]^[328] with "Captain Trash Wheel" following at Mason Creek in 2018^[329] and "Gwynnda, the Good Wheel of the West" at the mouth of the Gwynns Falls in 2021.^[330] A February 2015 agreement with a local waste-to-energy plant is believed to make Baltimore the first city to use reclaimed waterway debris to generate electricity.^[331]

Other water pollution control

In August 2010, the National Aquarium assembled, planted, and launched a floating wetland island designed by Biohabitats in Baltimore's Inner Harbor.^[332] Hundreds of years ago, Baltimore's harbor shoreline would have been lined with tidal wetlands. Floating wetlands provide many environmental benefits to water quality and habitat enhancement, which is why the Waterfront Partnership of Baltimore has included them in their Healthy Harbor Initiative pilot projects.^[333] Biohabitats also developed a concept to transform a dilapidated wharf into a living pier that cleans Harbor water, provides habitat and is an aesthetic attraction. Currently under design, the top of the pier will become a constructed tidal wetland.^[334]

Other projects to improve water quality include the Blue Alleys project, expanded street sweeping, and stream restoration.^[326]

Air quality and pollution

Since 1985 the Wheelabrator incinerator, formerly known as the Baltimore Refuse Energy Systems Co., has operated as a waste-to-energy incinerator. The incinerator is a significant source of air pollution to nearby neighborhoods. Several environmental groups, such as the Environmental Integrity Project, and the Chesapeake Climate Action Network, have been successful in advocating for reinforced pollution monitoring. According to Shashawnda Campbell, the incinerator is "the city's single largest standing source of air pollution".^[335]

Media

Baltimore's main media outlet since 2010 is The Baltimore Sun which was sold by its Baltimore owners in 1986 to the Times Mirror Company,^[336] and then bought by the Tribune Company in 2000.^[337] Since the sale, The Baltimore Sun prints some local news along with regional and national articles. The Baltimore News-American, another long-running paper that competed with the Sun, ceased publication in 1986.^[338]

The city is home to the Baltimore Afro-American, an influential African American newspaper founded in 1892.^[339]^[340]

In 2006, The Baltimore Examiner was launched to compete with The Sun. It was part of a national chain that includes The San Francisco Examiner and The Washington Examiner. In contrast to the paid subscription Sun, The Examiner was a free newspaper funded solely by advertisements. Unable to turn a profit and facing a deep recession, The Baltimore Examiner ceased publication on February 15, 2009.^[341]

Despite being located 40 miles northeast of Washington, D.C., Baltimore is a major media market in its own right, with all major English language television networks represented in the city. WJZ-TV 13 is a CBS owned and operated station, and WBFF 45 (Fox) is the flagship of Sinclair Broadcast Group, the largest station owner in the country. Other major television stations in Baltimore include WMAR-TV 2 (ABC), WBAL-TV 11 (NBC), WUTB 24 (TBD), WBFF-DT2 45.2 (MyNetworkTV), WNUV 54 (CW), and WMPB 67 (PBS). Baltimore is also served by low-power station WMJF-CD 39 (Ion), which transmits from the campus of Towson University.

Nielsen ranked Baltimore as the 27th-largest television market in 2009.^[342] Arbitron's Fall 2010 rankings identified Baltimore as the 22nd-largest radio market.^[343]

In popular culture

Baltimore has been the setting of books, films and television series. Often this is the case because the creators are Baltimore residents who enjoy celebrating their hometowns.

Literature

There are several authors who have chosen the city as the setting for their books.

Edgar Allan Poe lived in several different cities including Baltimore, which is where he died and was buried. Several of his works were inspired and written during his time in the city including “MS. Found in a Bottle” and “Berenice.”

In 1922, F. Scott Fitzgerald published the short story, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, which is about a man born in Baltimore who ages backwards. Though primarily from Minnesota, F. Scott Fitzgerald had deep ties to Baltimore. He was a descendant of numerous pre-colonial Maryland families and the namesake of his distant cousin, Francis Scott Key. His first editor was the "Sage of Baltimore," H.L. Menken. Fitzgerald lived in Baltimore for five years in the 1930s. Though the Fitzgeralds settled in Baltimore so that Zelda could seek psychiatric care at Henry Phipps Clinic at Johns Hopkins and the Sheppard-Pratt Hospital, their time in Baltimore was the most stable the family enjoyed.^[344]

James Michener's 1978 book, Chesapeake, largely takes place on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, but contains numerous references to Baltimore.

Anne Tyler has lived in Baltimore since the late 1960s and is known for her literary realism fiction that emphasizes family life. She has written a number of books set locally including The Accidental Tourist (1985), Breathing Lessons (1988), Digging To America (2006) and A Spool of Blue Thread (2015).

Laura Lippman has lived in Baltimore most of her life. A former journalist, as an author, she primarily writes mystery novels, which are often explore and celebrate life in Baltimore. She is best known for her Tess Monaghan series, which focus on a journalist who becomes a private detective.

Nonfiction

Baltimore also is the backdrop of famous works of nonfiction.

In 1845, Frederick Douglass published his memoir: Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Born on the Eastern Shore, Douglass arrived in Baltimore as a child. It is where he learned to read and write.

In 2008, journalist, novelist and activist, Ta-Nehisi Coates published his memoir of growing up in West Baltimore: The Beautiful Struggle. Coates writes of his challenging relationship with his father, troubled experiences in local schools and the street crime and drug epidemic of the 1990s.

In 2010, Rebecca Skloot published The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. The book documents the life of a Black woman from nearby Turner Station, who died from cervical cancer. Before her death, she was treated by physicians at Johns Hopkins. Without Mrs. Lacks' consent or even knowledge, they took her cancer cells for research purposes. The cells were then reproduced and used worldwide, though Mrs. Lacks and her descendants were never consulted nor compensated.

Film

Barry Levinson is a film maker and a native Baltimorean. Several of his films pay homage to his upbringing in an immigrant family in the city: Diner (1982), Tin Men (1987), Avalon (1990), and Liberty Heights (1999).

Another Baltimore filmmaker, John Waters, began his career making experimental art films in the city including Roman Candies and Mondo Trasho. As his audience and film budgets expanded, Waters continued to set his films in Baltimore and to premier them at the Senator Theater. His most famous films include Hairspray (1988), Cry Baby (1990), and Serial Mom (1994). Waters has continued to live in Baltimore and remains active in the local arts community.

Several films set in Baltimore use the city as a backdrop for young professionals looking for romance: He Said, She Said (1991), Sleepless in Seattle (1993), and He's Just Not That Into You. (2009)

Other films set in Baltimore have more ominous themes. In the 1964 Hitchcock film, Marnie, the title character is originally from Baltimore; her childhood trauma underpins much of the plot. The villain of the 1991 film The Silence of the Lambs, Dr. Hannibal Lector, had had a psychiatric practice in Baltimore and in the film is confined to the Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane. In The Sum of All Fears (2002), Baltimore is the scene of a nuclear warhead explosion.

Baltimore also figured prominently in the 2011 documentary film: Being Elmo: A Puppeteer's Journey. It focused on the life of Kevin Clash, who grew up in Baltimore and became a prominent puppeteer on Sesame Street.

Television

The television representations of Baltimore often involve crime and/or law enforcement. From 1993-1998, Homicide: Life on the Street was a police procedural drama that received favorable reviews but low ratings. Several episodes of the X-Files (1993-2002) took place in Baltimore. The most famous series set in Baltimore is The Wire (2002-2008), which was well-received and depicts the city as a war zone between drug trade and the police.

A different view of Baltimore was seen in the show Roc, which aired from 1991-1994. The show was a sit-com starring Charles S. Dutton, who played the titular character. The show focused on the protagonist's balance of his work as a city sanitation worker and his family life. Other main characters are Roc's wife (Eleanor, a nurse), his father (Andrew, a retired Pullman porter) and his brother (Joey).^[345]

In Season 9, Episode 10 ("Omega") of The Walking Dead, Lydia's backstory is revealed. When the zombie apocalypse begins, Lydia's parents take shelter with others in a crowded basement in Baltimore. They are relatively safe at the onset, listening to radio news updates until they cease, as well as the chaos on the streets outside as the authorities try unsuccessfully to re-establish order.

Other Baltimore television references were less direct:

In 1967, in Season 1, Episode 22 ("Paper Hats and Everything") of the sit-com, That Girl, the protagonist's mother goes to visit her aunt in Baltimore.
From 1989-1998, the Seinfeld character, Elaine Benes, was from Baltimore.
In 1994, in Season 6, Episode 5 ("The Robe") of Northern Exposure, Dr. Fleishman does a clinical trial with Johns Hopkins and has phone calls with people in Baltimore.

Notable people

Spiro Agnew, 39th U.S. vice president under Richard Nixon
Eubie Blake, jazz pianist and composer
Muggsy Bogues, former professional basketball player
Julie Bowen, actress
Christine Michel Carter, author and marketing strategist
Tom Clancy, author of the Ryanverse book series
Elijah Cummings, former U.S. Congressman and civil rights activist
Gervonta Davis, professional boxer and four-time world champion in two weight classes
Temi Fagbenle, WNBA player
Cass Elliot, born Ellen Naomi Cohen, singer and member of the Mamas & the Papas
Daniel Coit Gilman, founding president of Johns Hopkins University
Stavros Halkias, stand-up comedian
Kyle Harrison, professional lacrosse player and first black Tewaaraton Award recipient
David Hasselhoff, actor, producer, and businessman
Billie Holiday, singer of jazz, swing and pop music
Johns Hopkins, entrepreneur, investor, philanthropist, and namesake of Johns Hopkins University
Francis Scott Key, lawyer, poet, and anti-abolitionist
Laura Lippman, journalist and novelist
Thurgood Marshall, U.S. Supreme Court justice
H. L. Mencken, journalist, essayist, satirist, cultural critic, and scholar of American English
Joe Metheny, serial killer and cannibal
Ric Ocasek, rock musician and lead singer of the Cars
Bob Parsons, Entrepreneur, billionaire, and philanthropist; founded the GoDaddy group of companies
Nancy Pelosi, former Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives
Michael Phelps, swimmer and all-time leader in Olympic medals
Edgar Allan Poe, poet
Emily Post, author of etiquette books
Lance Reddick, actor and musician
Babe Ruth, professional baseball player and Baseball Hall of Fame inductee
Tupac Shakur, musician, actor, poet and activist
Wallis Simpson, Duchess of Windsor
Jada Pinkett Smith, actress, singer, and businesswoman
M. Carey Thomas, educator, suffragist, and linguist
Anne Tyler, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist
John Waters, filmmaker
D. Watkins, screenwriter, author, public intellectual
Biddy Wood, journalist and jazz promoter
Frank Zappa, rock musician

International relations

Baltimore has eleven sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International.^[346]^[347] Baltimore's own Sister City Committees recognize nine of these sister cities, which are shaded yellow and marked with a dagger (†):^[348]

Sister cities of Baltimore per Sister Cities International
City	Country	Year designated
Alexandria†	Egypt	1995
Ashkelon	Israel	1974
Bendigo^{[citation needed]}	Australia	2023
Changwon†	South Korea	2018
Gbarnga†	Liberia	1973
Kawasaki†	Japan	1979
Luxor†	Egypt	1995
Odesa†	Ukraine	1974
Piraeus†	Greece	1982
Rotterdam†	Netherlands	1985
Xiamen†	China	1985

Three additional sister cities have "emeritus status":^[346]

Sister cities emeritius of Baltimore per Sister Cities International
City	Country	Year designated
Genoa^[349]	Italy	1985
Ely O'Carroll	Ireland
Bremerhaven	Germany	2007

Explanatory notes

^ /ˈbɔːltɪmɔːr/ BAWL-tim-or, locally: /ˌbɔːldɪˈmɔːr/ BAWL-dim-OR or /ˈbɔːlmər/ BAWL-mər^[14]
^ The form and type of government of the city is described by Article XI of the State Constitution.
^ Officially, seasonal snowfall accumulation has ranged from 0.7 in (1.8 cm) in 1949–50 to 77.0 in (196 cm) in 2009–10. See North American blizzard of 2009#Snowfall (December 19–20, 2009), February 5–6, 2010 North American blizzard#Snowfall, and February 9–10, 2010 North American blizzard#Impact. The February storms contributed to a monthly accumulation of 50.0 in (127 cm), the most for any month.^[148] If no snow fell outside of February that winter, 2009–10 would still rank as 5th snowiest.^[149]
^ Since 1950, when the National Weather Service switched to using the suburban and generally cooler BWI Airport as the official Baltimore climatology station, this extreme has repeated three times: January 29, 1963, January 17, 1982, and January 22, 1984.
^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^ For more information, see ThreadEx
^ ^a ^b From 15% sample
^ Including Evangelical Protestants (19%), Mainline Protestants (16%) and Historically Black Protestants (15%).^[192]

References

Citations

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^ Adam Youssi (2006). "The Susquehannocks' Prosperity & Early European Contact". Historical Society of Baltimore County. Retrieved April 28, 2015.
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General bibliography

Brooks, Neal A. & Eric G. Rockel (1979). A History of Baltimore County. Towson, Maryland: Friends of the Towson Library.
Crenson, Matthew A. (2017). Baltimore: A Political History. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Dorsey, John, & James D. Dilts (1997). A Guide to Baltimore Architecture. Third Edition. Centreville, Maryland: Tidewater Publishers. (First edition published in 1973.) ISBN 0-87033-477-8.
Hall, Clayton Coleman (1912). Baltimore: Its History and Its People. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. Vol. 1.
Orser, Edward W. (1994). Blockbusting in Baltimore: the Edmonston Village Story. University Press of Kentucky.
Scharf, J. Thomas (1879). History of Maryland from the Earliest Period to the Present Day. Baltimore: John B. Piet. Vol. 1; Vol. 2; Vol. 3.
Thomas, Isaiah (1874). The history of printing in America, with a biography of printers. Vol. I. New York, B. Franklin.
Townsend, Camilla (2000). Tales of Two Cities: Race and Economic Culture in Early Republican North and South America: Guyaquil, Ecuador, and Baltimore, Maryland. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-78167-9.
Wroth, Lawrence C. (1922). A History of Printing in Colonial Maryland, 1686–1776. Baltimore : Typothetae of Baltimore.
Wroth, Lawrence C. (1938). The Colonial Printer. Portland, Me., The Southworth-Anthoensen press.

External links

Official website
Baltimore City Council
Visit Baltimore – official Destination Marketing Organization
Baltimore City Public Schools
Baltimore Development Corporation
Baltimore City Maps, historic maps at the Sheridan Libraries.
Papenfuse: Atlases and Maps of Baltimore City and County, 1876–1915 & Block Maps, April 2005
The Wall Street Journal: Baltimore Demographics, 2015.

Preceded by Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	Capitol of the United States of America 1776–1777	Succeeded by Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

[15] /ˈbɔːltɪmɔːr/ BAWL-tim-or, locally: /ˌbɔːldɪˈmɔːr/ BAWL-dim-OR or /ˈbɔːlmər/ BAWL-mər^[14]

[17] The form and type of government of the city is described by Article XI of the State Constitution.

[152] Officially, seasonal snowfall accumulation has ranged from 0.7 in (1.8 cm) in 1949–50 to 77.0 in (196 cm) in 2009–10. See North American blizzard of 2009#Snowfall (December 19–20, 2009), February 5–6, 2010 North American blizzard#Snowfall, and February 9–10, 2010 North American blizzard#Impact. The February storms contributed to a monthly accumulation of 50.0 in (127 cm), the most for any month.^[148] If no snow fell outside of February that winter, 2009–10 would still rank as 5th snowiest.^[149]

[156] Since 1950, when the National Weather Service switched to using the suburban and generally cooler BWI Airport as the official Baltimore climatology station, this extreme has repeated three times: January 29, 1963, January 17, 1982, and January 22, 1984.

[159] Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.

[160] For more information, see ThreadEx

[fifteen-185] From 15% sample

[200] Including Evangelical Protestants (19%), Mainline Protestants (16%) and Historically Black Protestants (15%).^[192]

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v t e City of Baltimore
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