Wikipedia:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/DNB Epitome 45

This listing page belongs to Wikipedia:WikiProject Dictionary of National Biography, spun out of the “missing article” project, and is concerned with checking whether Wikipedia has articles for all those listed in the Dictionary of National Biography (DNB), a 63-volume British biographical dictionary published 1885-1900 and now in the public domain. This page relates to volume 45 running from name Pereira to name Pockrich.

Scope of the subproject:

It is envisaged that the following work will be done:

Checks made that links on this page point to a wikipedia article about the same person;
Addition of new articles for all red-links based on DNB text;
Checking whether blue-linked articles would benefit from additional text from DNB.

Listings are posted as bulleted lists, with footnotes taken from the DNB summaries published in 1904. The listings and notes are taken from scanned text that is often corrupt and in need of correction. Not all the entries on the list correspond to actual DNB articles; some are “redirects” and there are a few articles devoted to families rather than individuals.

If you are engaged in this work you will probably find quite a number of unreferenced articles among the blue links. You are also encouraged to mention the DNB as a reference on such articles whenever they correspond to the summary, as part of the broader campaign for good sourcing. A suggested template is {{DNB}}.

Locating the full text:

DNB text is now available on Wikisource for all first edition articles, on the page s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vol 45 Pereira - Pockrich. Names here are not inverted, as they are in the original: Joe Bloggs would be found at Wikisource s:Bloggs, Joe (DNB00). The text for the first supplement is available too: NB that this Epitome listing includes those supplement articles also.

List maintenance and protocols:

List maintenance tasks are to check and manipulate links in the list with piping or descriptive parenthetical disambiguators, and to mark list entries with templates to denote their status; whilst as far as possible retaining the original DNB names:

piping: [[Charles Abbot]] -> [[Charles Abbot, 1st Baron Colchester|Charles Abbot]]
descriptive parenthetical disambiguators [[Charles Abbot]] -> [[Charles Abbot (botanist)]]
both combined [[Charles Abbot]] -> [[Charles Abbot (botanist)|Charles Abbot]]

The work involves:

Checking that bluelinks link to the correct person; if so, {{tick}} them. If not, try to find the correct article and pipe or disambiguate the link.
Check whether redlinks can be linked to an article by piping or disambiguation.
Create articles based on the DNB text for redlinks for which no wikipedia article can be found
Check whether existing blue-linked articles could benefit from an input of DNB text (e.g. the article is a stub), and if so, update the article from DNB

A number of templates are provided to mark-up entries:

{{mnl}} the link runs to a wrong person; - produces the text: ^{[link currently leads to a wrong person]}. It is preferable to amend the link by adding a disambiguator to make it red, if an article for the correct person cannot be found
{{dn}} the link runs to a dab page - produces the text ^{[disambiguation needed]}. It is preferable to amend the link by adding a disambiguator to make it red, if an article for the correct person cannot be found
{{tick}} the link has been checked and runs to the correct person - Y
{{tick}} {{tick}} the text of the linked article has been checked against DNB text and would not benefit from additional DNB text - Y Y
{{tick}} {{cross}} the text of the linked article looks short enough to suggest it would benefit from additional DNB text - Y N

Note that before creating new articles based on DNB text you should undertake searches to check that the article's subject does not already have an article. It is easily possible that the disambiguation used in this page is not the disambiguation used in an existing wikipedia article. Equally, feel free to improve upon the disambiguation used in redlinks on this page by amending them.

Supplement articles:

Because of the provenance of the listing, a number of the original articles will not in fact be in the announced volume, but in one of the three supplement volumes published in 1901. Since the DNB did not include articles about living people, this will be the case whenever the date of death is after the publication date of the attributed volume. In due course there will be a separate listing.

General thoughts:

This project is intended as a new generation in “merging encyclopedias”, as well as being one of the most ambitious attempted. For general ideas of where we are, and some justification of the approach being taken, see the essay Wikipedia:Merging encyclopedias.

Helpful access templates:

helpful templates

There are two templates to help link to the correct page: {{Cite DNBIE}} and {{DNBIE}}. The page number automatically link to the correct url for the page at the Internet Archive site.

{{Cite DNBIE|title=Dove, John|page=358}}

Lee, Sidney, ed. (1903). "Dove, John". Index and Epitome. Dictionary of National Biography. Cambridge University Press. p. 358.

and

{{DNBIE|title=Dove, John|page=358}}

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1903). "Dove, John". Index and Epitome. Dictionary of National Biography. Cambridge University Press. p. 358.

if a wstitle= parameter is used in place of title= then the templates also link the DNB article on Wikisource:

{{cite DNBIE|wstitle=Dove, John (d.1665?)|page=358}}

Lee, Sidney, ed. (1903). "Dove, John (d.1665?)". Index and Epitome. Dictionary of National Biography. Cambridge University Press. p. 358.

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49 Notes

^ Jonathan Pereira (1804–1863), pharmacologist ; L.8.A. and apothecary to the dispensary of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 1823; F.R.S., 1838; author of 'The Elements of Materia Medica 1839-40; became assistant-physician at London Hospital, 1840;.M.D. Erlangeu, c. 1840, and full physician, 1861.
^ Andreas Perforatus (1490?–1549). See Andrew Boorde.
^ Arthur Perigal , the elder (1784?–1847), historical painter; began to exhibit in the Royal Academy and British Institution, 1810, and in the Royal Scottish Academy, 1833.
^ Arthur Perigal , the younger (1816–1884), landscape-painter; son of Arthur Perigal the elder; painted foreign scenery, but particularly studied the Scottish highlands; Scottish academician, 1841.
^ Aeneas Perkins (1834-1901), general.
^ Angier March Perkins (1799?–1881), engineer and inventor; born in Massachusetts; made improvements in warming buildings (1831-51), in the manufacture of iron (1843), and in railway axles and boxes (1851).
^ Sir Christopher Perkins or Parkins (1547?-1622), diplomatist; B.A. Oxford, 1566; joined Jesuits, 1566; denounced by Edward Kelley as a conspirator, imprisoned, and shortly released, 1589-90; employed from 1590, when he became a protestant, as a diplomatic agent; dean of Carlisle, 1595; knighted, 1604; master of requests, 1617.
^ Henry Perkins (1778–1855), book collector; formed a library at Springfield, Surrey, which realised 26,000l. in 1873.
^ John Perkins or Parkins (d. 1645), jurist; educated at Oxford; barrister, Inner Temple; author of Perutilis Tractatus a popular text-book for law students (1st edit., Norman- French, 1530, English translation, 1642; 5th edit. 1827).
^ Joseph Perkins (fl. 1675–1711), poet ; B.A. Oriel College, Oxford, 1679; wrote many Latin elegies, and published (1707) The Poet's Fancy and Poematum Miscellaneorum Liber primus.
^ Loftus Perkins (1834–1891), engineer and inventor; son of Angler March Perkins; M.I.C.E., 1881; especially directed his attention to the use of very high pressure steam as a motive power, and to the production of cold, inventing the arktos cold chamber.
^ William Perkins (1558–1602), theological writer; fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, 1584-92; M.A., 1684; distinguished for his strong Calvinism; had great reputation as a teacher, and as a writer was esteemed hi the seventeenth century little inferior to Hooker or Calvin; his works rendered into Dutch, Spanish, Welsh, and Irish. The most famous, Aruiilla Aurea (1590), reached fifteen editions in twenty years.
^ Moses Henry Perley (1804–1862), Canadian commercial pioneer and man of science; made many journeys of exploration on behalf of his native state, New Brunswick.
^ Andrew Perne (1519?–1689), dean of Ely; M.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, 1540; fellow, 1540; fellow of QueensCollege, Cambridge; vice-president from 1551; D.D., 1652 (incorporated at Oxford, 1553); vice-chancellor of Cambridge, 1551, 1566, 1559, 1574, and 1580; distinguished himself by his eagerness to adjust his tlu-ological opinions to his sovereign's pleasure; made canon of Windsor by Edward VI, 1552; rewarded by Queen Mary with the mastership of Peterhouse, 1554, and the deanery of Ely, 1557; known as old Andrew Turncoat, Andrew Ambo, Old Father Palinode and Judas, and a cloak that had been turned was in common parlance said to have been Perned.
^ Andrew Perne (1596–1654), puritan; fellow of Catharine Hall, Cambridge, 1622-7; rector of Wilby in Northamptonshire, 1627-54; twice preached to the Long parliament.
^ Alice Perrers or de Windsor (d. 1400, mistress of Edward III; probably a member of the Hertfordshire family of Perrers, though said by her enemies to be of low birth; entered the service of Phllippa of Hainault before October 1366, and became mistresof Edward III in the queen's lifetime; accused of influencing the judges in their determination of suits, and under an ordinance of the Good parliament was sentenced to banishment and forfeiture, 1376; returned to court on the death of Edward, prince of Wales, on win. -h her sentence was reversed by the Bad parliament; tier sentence confirmed by the first parliament of Ilk-hard II, but revoked (1379) at the instance of her husband, William de Windsor.
^ Jean Baptiste Perrin ( ft. 1786), teacher of French; born in Paris: migrated to Dublin and published a number of text-books.
^ Louis Perrin (1782–1864), Irish judge; son of Jean Baptiste Pen-in: B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1801; justice of the king's bench iu Ireland, 1835; privy councillor, 1835.
^ Richard Perrinchief (1623?–1678), royalist divine; M.A. Magdalene College, Cambridge, 1645: fellow; author of several controversial works; completed the edition of Bασιλικά (1662) by William Fulman.
^ John Shae Perring (1813–1869), civil engineer and explorer; went to Egypt, 1836, and afterwards became member of the board of public works there; assisted Richard William Howard Vyse in exploring the pyramids.
^ Edward Perronet (1721–1792), hymn-writer : son of Vincent Perronet; joined John and Charles Wesley and afterwards (1771) the Countess of Huntingdon: finally an independent minuter at Canterbury; author of All hail the power of Jesu's Name 1780.
^ Vincent Perronet (1693–1785), methodist: B.A. Queen's College, Oxford, 1718: vicar of Shorebam, 1728-85; intimate with John and Charles Wesley from 1746, and consulted by them iu matters of organisation; styled the archbishop of methodism He persuaded John Wesley to marry in 1751, and in 1771 supported him against the Countess of Huntingdon; see HASTINGS, SELINA and her party at the Bristol conference,
^ George Perrot (1710–1780), baron of the exchequer; educated at Westminster School: barrister, Inner Temple, 1732; bencher, 1767; K.C., 1769: judge, 1763.
^ Henry Perrot (fl. 1600–1626). See Parrot.
^ Sir James Perrot (1571–1637), politician : son of Sir John Perrot; of Jesus College, Oxford, and the Middle Temple: knighted, 1603; M.P., Haverfordwest, 1597-8, 1604, 1614, and 1628, Pembrokeshire, 1624; author of various treatises.
^ Sir John Perrot (1627?–1592), lord-deputy of Ireland: commonly reputed to be a son of Henry VIII by Mary Berkley (afterwards wife of Thomas Perrot); K.B. at the coronation of Edward VI; appointed president of Minister (1570), where, until 1572, he was enraged with the rebel, James Fitzmnuriee Fitzgerald (rf. 1579); forced Fitemaurice to submit, and returned to England without leave, 1573; after holding several naval commands, was appointed lord-deputy of Ireland, 15K4: defeated (1584) a large body of Hebridean Sects in Ulster, and attempted to expel the MacDonnells from settlements on the Antrim coast: his government efficient but indiscreet, his blundering hostility to Archbishop Adam Loftus being a chief cause of his downfall; returned in disgrace, 1588, and was committed to the Tower of London; found guilty of high treason, 1592; died in the Tower of London.
^ John Perrot (d. 1671?), quaker sectary : possibly an illegitimate descendant of Sir John Perrot; imprisoned at Rome for preaching against the Romish church, 1658-61; emigrated to the West Indies, 1662; published tracts.
^ Robert Perrot (d. 1550), organist; appointed organist of Magdalen College, Oxford, c. 1616.
'^ 'Sir Richard Perrott, second baronet (d. 1796), soldier and diplomatist; served under Frederick the Great; succeeded as baronet, 1769. Tbe scandalous Life, Adventures, and Amours of Sir R P was probably due to the malice of an enemy,
^ Charles Perry ( 1698–1780), traveller and medical writer; published medical works, besides a valuable View of the Levant 1743.
^ Charles Perry (1807–1891), first bishop of Melbourne; senior wrangler. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1828: M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1881: fellow and D.D., 1837; tutor, 1837-41: consecrated bishop, 1847; procured the passage through the parliament of Victoria of the Church Assembly Act (1864), which provided for lay representation: retired, 1876.
^ Francis Perry (d. 1766), engraver; best known for his engravings of medals and coins.
^ George Perry (1793–1862), musician; composed several oratorios, operas, and cantatas.
^ George Gresley Perry (1820–1897), church historian; B.A. Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 1840; fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford; M.A., 1843; tutor at Lincoln College, Oxford, 1847-62; held college living of Waddington, 1862-97; non-residentiary canon and rural dean of Longoboby, 1861; proctor in convocation, 1867-1893; archdeacon of Stow, 1894. His writings include History of Church of England, 1860-4, Life of Bishop Grosseteste 1872, and Life of St. Hugh of Avalon, Bishop of Lincoln 1879, and contributions to Dictionary of National Biography.
^ Henry Perry or Parry (1560?–1617?), Welsh scholar; M.A. Balliol College, Oxford, 1583; B.D. Jesus College, Oxford, 1597; canon of Bangor, 1613; published a Welsh treatise on rhetoric (1595), compiled from the notes of William Salisbury (1520?-1600?).
^ James Perry (1766–1821), journalist; of Marischal College, Aberdeen; originally a provincial actor; founded the European Magazine 1782; edited the Morning Chronicle; several times prosecuted for his radical opinions.
^ John Perry (1670–1732), civil engineer and traveller; engaged in constructing waterways in Russia, 1698-1712.
^ Sampson Perry (1747–1823), publicist; editor of the Argus 1789-93; repeatedly convicted for political libels; finally fled to France, 1793; confined in Newgate (1794-1801) on his return; died an insolvent debtor.
^ Stephen Joseph Perry (1833–1889), astronomer and Jesuit; observed several transits and solar eclipses, and (1880) set on foot the regular delineation by projection of the solar surface.
^ Sir Thomas Erskine Perry (1806–1882), Indian judge; son of James Perry: B.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1829; barrister. Inner Temple, 1834: judge of the supreme court of Bombay, 1840: knighted, 1841; chief-justice, 1847; retired, 1862; MJ., Devonport, 1864-9: member of the council of India, 1869-82; published legal works and books on Indian subjects.
^ Sir Richard Perryn (1723–1803), baron of the exchequer: of Queen's College, Oxford; barrister. Inner Temple, 1747: was knighted and appointed judge, 1776: retired, 1799.
^ John Persall, alias John Harcourt (1633–1702), Jesuit; professor of theology at Liege, 1672-9: preacher in ordinary to James II; rector of the college at Liege, 1694: missioner in the London district, 1701-8.
^ Stephen Perse (1548–1615), founder of the Perse grammar school at Cambridge; B.A. Cains College, Cambridge, 1569; M.D., 1582; fellow, 1571-1615. In 1888 the Perse grammar school, which he founded by will, was removed from Free School Lane, Cambridge, to Hills Road, Cambridge.
^ Robert Persons (1546–1610). See Parsons.
^ Earls of Perth, and titular Dukes. See DRUMMons, JAMES fourth KARL and first titular DI-KK, 1481716- DRUMMOXD, JAMES, fifth EARL and second titular Dmnt. 17*-1720: DRUMMOND. JAMKS, sixth EARL and third titular DPKK, 1713-1747: DRTJMMOND, JOHN, seventh KARL and fourth titular DUKK, d. 1747.
^ Peter Pertrich (d. 1451). See Partridge.
^ Petrus Perusinus (1530?–1586?). See Pietro Bizari.
^ Edmond Sexton Pery, Viscount Pery (1719–1806V, called to the Irish bar, 1745: member of the Irish House of Commons for Wicklow (1751-60) and Limerick fl760-ft5), filling the office of speaker, 1771-85: created Viscount on retiring, 1785.
^ Edmund Henry Pery, first Earl of Limerick and second Baron Glentworth (1758-1845), nephew of Edmond Sexton Pery, viscount Pery; of Trinity College, Dublin: politician, attached to the protestant ascendency party; succeeded his father as Baron Glentworth, 1794; created Earl of Limerick, 1803, Baron Foxford (United Kingdom), 1815.
^ Sir William Peryam (1534–1604), judge; fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, 1551: M.P., Plymouth, 1662-7; barrister. Middle Temple, 1565; serjeant-at-law, 1579; appointed judge of the common pleas, 1581; sat on various commissions, including that for the trial of Mary Qneen of Scots.
^ William Peryn (d. 1558), Dominican; author of three devotional treatises.
^ Sir John Peshall or Pechell, baronet (1718-1778), historical writer; rector of Stoke Bliss; published The History of the University of Oxford to the Death of William the Conqueror 177*.
^ Thomas Pestell (1584?-1659?), divine; M.A. Queens' College, Cambridge, 1609; chaplain to the Earl of Essex; wrote several poems and sermons.
^ Thomas Pestell (1613-1701), divine; son of Thomas Pestell (1584?-1659?); M.A. Queens' College, Cambridge, 1636; contributed verses to Lachrymae Musarum (1650) in memory of Henry, lord Hastings.
^ Peter (d. 1085), bishop of Lichfield; chaplain to William I; consecrated, 1072; removed the see to Chester, 1076.
^ Peter of Blois (fl. 1160–1204), archdeacon of Bath and author; born at Blois; studied at Bologna, 1160: went to Sicily, 1167, and became tutor to William II of Sicily; returned to Prance (1170) and taught at Paris; became secretary to Rotrou, archbishop of Rouen, c. 1171; became cancellarius to the archbishop of Canterbury, c. 1173: archdeacon of Bath. c. 1175 (deprived, c. 1191); secretary to Queen Eleanor, 1190; archdeacon of London, c. 1192. His Epistolae are historically the most important of his works. A definite edition has yet to appear. He was also the author of over twenty extant Opuscula chiefly theological in character, of sixty-five sermons, and of several poems. His Opera Omnia were edited by Pierre de Goussainville (1667) and his complete works by John Allen Giles (1848).
^ Peter Hibernicus, de Hibernia, or de Isernia (fl.–1224), jurisconsult; probably of Irish birth; became a subject of the Emperor Frederic II, who sent him (1224) to teach law In the newly established university of Naples.
^ Peter des Roches (d. 1238), bishop of Winchester; a native of Poitou; served under Richard I as knight and clerk, and became one of his chamberlains; continued in King John's service as a clerk; consecrated bishop of Winchester, 1205; stood by King John in his struggle with Innocent III, and also in his differences with the barons; justiciar, 1211; excommunicated the dauphin Louis, then invading England, May 1216, and fled from Winchester with Henry III, to whom he was appointed guardian after the coronation, in October 1216; involved in controversy from 1223 with Hubert de Burgh, and in 1227, when Henry III renounced his guardianship, joined the crusade under the Emperor Frederic II, employing him as mediator between pope and emperor; after his return obtained Hubert's dismissal from the justiciarship, 1232, filled all offices with his adherents and countrymen and became involved in a struggle with the national party under Richard Marshal, third earl of Pembroke; lost his Influence on the appointment of Edmund Rich to the see of Canterbury; assisted Gregory IX to defeat the Romans (1235) at Viterbo; died at Farnham.
^ Peter of Aigueblanche (d. 1268), bishop of Hereford; a Savoyard of high rank: accompanied Eleanor of Provence to England, 1236; became bishop of Hereford, c. 1240; assisted in Henry III's foreign transactions and in wringing money from English ecclesiastics; imprisoned and spoiled by the barons, 1263; retired to Savoy, c. 1264, where he died.
^ Peter of Savoy, Earl of Richmond (d. 1268), seventh son of Thomas I of Savoy; received (1234) some possessions in Bugei, which he afterwards enlarged by warfare; came to England, 1240, and was created Earl of Richmond; held various offices in England and Guienne; supported Simon de Montfort and the baronial party, 1258; passed over to Henry III on the breach between Richard de Clare and Simon; became ninth Count of Savoy and marquis in Italy, 1263; died in Bugei. The Savoy Palace in London derived its name from him.
^ Peter of Ickham (fl. 1290?). See Ickham.
^ Peter Martyr (1500–1562). See Pietro Martire Vermigli.
^ Peter the Wild Boy (1712–1785), a protégé of George I; found in the woods near Hamelin, near Hanover, in 1725, climbing trees like a squirrel; was maintained in England from 1726 till death. His story became a theme of satire for Swift and Arbuthnot, and of philosophic speculation for Monboddo.
^ David Peter (1765–1837), independent minister; president of the college at Carmarthen, 1795-1837.
^ William Peter (1788–1853), politician and poet ; M.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1809; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1813: an advocate of parliamentary reform; was M.P. for Bodmin (1832-4) and a voluminous author.
^ Earls of Peterborough . See MORDAI-NT, Johx first EARL, d. 1642; MORDAUNT, HENRY, second Earl 1624?–1697; MORDAUNT, CHARLES, third EARL, 1658-1735.
^ Countess of Peterborough (d. 1755). See Anastasia Robinson.
^ Benedict of Peterborough (d. 1193). See Benedict.
^ John of Peterborough (fl. 1380). See John.
^ William of Peterborough (fl, 1188). See William.
^ Alexander Peterkin (1780–1846), miscellaneous writer; studied law at Edinburgh University; a writer to the signet and journalist; included among his friends Scott, Jeffrey, and Wilson.
^ Alexander Peterkin (1814–1889), journalist; son of Alexander Peterkin
^ Charles Peters (1695–1746), physician: M.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1724: M.D. Oxford, 1732: physician extraordinary to George II, 1733; physician-general to the army, 1739; censor, Royal College of Physicians, 1744; published an edition of the Syphilis sive Morbus Gallicus of Frascatorius, 1720.
^ Charles Peters (1690–1774), Hebrew scholar; M.A. Exeter College, Oxford, 1713: engaged in controversy with Warburton concerning the book of Job.
^ Hugh Peters or Peter (1598–1660), independent divine: son of Thomas Dyckwoode, alias Peters: M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge. 1622: lecturer at St. Sepulchre's, London, but (c. 1629) proceeded to Holland and (1636) became minister at Salem, Massachusetts; took a leading part in ecclesiastical matters: rebuked the governor, Henry Vane, for intervening in church matters; took a warm interest in the foundation of the colony of Connecticut, and Intervened between the English settlers and the Dutch: returned to England (1641) and became prominent in controversy, war, and politics; his sermons were valuable in winning recruit* to the parliamentary army, and bis relations of battles and sieges are a semiofficial supplement to the generalsreports; influential among the independents; regarded with aversion by the presbyterians; acted with the nrmy during its quarrel with parliament; accompanied Cromwell to Ireland, 1649: present at the battle of Worcester, 1660; made a chaplain to the council of state, 1650, and during the protectorate acted a* a regular preacher at Whitehall: endeavoured, 1652-3, to put an end to the war with the Dutch, Imt after the death of the Protector took little part in public affairs; executed at Charing Cross. 16 Oct. 1660, as an abettor of the execution of Charles I.
^ Mary Peters (1813–1856), hymn-writer; nee Bowley; married John McWilliam Peters, afterwards vicar of Langford, Oxfordshire.
^ Matthew William Peters (1742–1814), portrait and historical painter; a clever artist and pleasant colourist: exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1769-86; B.O.L. Exeter College, Oxford, 1788; held various rectories; became chaplain to George, the prince regent.
^ Thomas Peters or Peter (d. 1654), puritan divine; brother of Hugh Peters; M.A. Brasenose College, Oxford, 1625; vicar of Mylor In Cornwall; emigrated to Connecticut, 1644; returned to Mylor, 1647.
^ Charles Erdman Petersdorff (1800–1886), legal writer; barrister, Inner Temple, 1833; serjeant-atlaw, 1858; nominated a judge of the county courts, 1868.
^ Peter Peterson (1847–1899), Sanskrit scholar; graduated at Edinburgh, 1867; studied Sanskrit at Lincoln College, Oxford; Boden Sanskrit scholar, 1870: graduated at Balliol College, Oxford, 187S; professor at Elphinstone College, Bombay, 1873; engaged (1882) in search for Sanskrit manuscripts, and discovered many of high literary value in Bombay presidency; published editions of Sanskrit texts.
^ Robert Peterson (fl. 1576–1606), translator of two treatises from the Italian, one being Giovanni della Casa's Galateo 1576; a member of Lincoln's Inn.
^ Lord Petgormo (1480?-1539). See Thomas Scott.
^ Abraham Pether (1756–1812), landscapepainter; made a reputation by his moonlight subjects; known among dealers as Old Pether.
^ Sebastian Pether (1790–1844), landscapepainter; son of Abraham Pether; known to dealers as Young Pether; painted chiefly moonlight views and nocturnal conflagrations.
^ Thomas Pether (fl. 1781), wax-modeller; lived at one time with Abraham Pether
^ William Pether (1738? –1821), mezzotint engraver and miniaturist; fellow of the Incorporated Society of Artists; occasionally exhibited at the Royal Academy.
^ John Petheram (d. 1858), antiquary and publisher; edited the Mar-Prelate tracts, 1843-7; published 'Historical Sketch of Anglo-Saxon Literature 1840.
^ John Lewis Petit (1736–1780 physician; M.A. QueensCollege, Cambridge, 1759; M.D., 1766; elected physician to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 1774.
^ John Louis Petit (1801–1868), divine and artist ; descended from Lewis Petit des Etans; M.A.
^ Lewis Petit des Etans (1665?–1720), brigadiergeneral and military engineer; came to England on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, 1685; distinguished himself in the war of the Spanish succession,
^ Thomas Petit, Petyt or Petyte (fl. 1536-1554), printer and publisher; issued books bearing his name, 1536-64.
^ William Petit, Petyt or Parvus (1136-1198?). See William of Newburgh.
^ William Petit (d. 1213), lord justice of Ireland; a follower of Hugh de Lacy, first lord of Heath; served as lord justice, 1191.
^ James Petiver (1641–1718), botanist and entomologist; practised as an apothecary: made large collections which were and published man
^ Sir Samuel Morton Peto, baronet (18O9-1889), contractor ami politician: partner in the firm of Grissell & Peto (1830-1847) which constructed many important works, including Nelson Column, 1841: engaged from 1840 in constructing railways in England and abroad; liberal M.P. for Norwich, 1847-64, for Finsbnry, 1869-68, for Bristol, 1866-8; created baronet, 1866; with Brassey constructed the Balaclava rail way daring the Crimean war without commission: retired from public life after thefailure of bis firm, Peto it Bet*, 1866.
^ William Peto (d. 1568), cardinal; provincial of the Grey Friars in England, and a strenuous opponent of Henry VIII's divorce: went abroad, 1533, remaining in the Low Countries till Queen Mary's accession: created cardinal, 1557, and was offered, but refused, the office of legate in England.
^ Henry Petowe (fl. 1598–1612), poetaster; was marshal of the artillery guard in London from 1612; author of several unimportant pieces.
^ Benjamin Petre (1672–1758), Roman catholic prelate; nephew of William Petre (1602-1677); consecrated bishop of Prusa in parl&ut, 1721.
^ Edward Petre (1631–1699), confessor of James II; joined Jesuits, 1652; sent on the English mission, 1671; committed to Newgate, 1679; summoned to court by James II, 1683, where he allied himself with Richard Talbot and Henry Jerinyn; privy councillor, 1687: fled to France at the revolution; rector of St. Omer, 16931697.
^ Sir William Petre (1505?–1572), secretary of state; of Exeter College, Oxford; fellow of All.souls College, Oxford, 1523; D.C.L., 1633: clerk of chancery; knighted and appointed secretary, 1543, retaining office until 1566.
^ William Petre (1602–1677), translator; of Exeter and Wadham Colleges, Oxford, and the Inner Temple: great-grandson of Sir William Petre; published at St. Omer an English translation of Ribadeneira's Flos Sanctorum 1669 (2nd edit. 1730).
^ William Petre fourth Baron Petre (1622–1684), descendant of Sir William Petre: accused by Titus dates (1678) of complicity in the Popish plot, and died in the Tower of London after five yearsimprisonment,
^ Alexander Petrie (1594?–1662), Scottish divine; M.A. St. Andrews, 1615: first minister of the Rotterdam church, 1643-62: author of A Compendious History of the Catholic Church, 600-1600 1662.
^ George Petrie (1789-1866), Irish antiquary; painted Irish landscapes, made sketches of Irish antiquarian remains, and wrote valuable articles on Irish antiquities.
^ Henry Petrie (1768–1842), antiquary; appointed keeper of the records in the Tower of London, 1819; projected a corpus historicum for early English history, one volume of which, edited by Sir Thomas Duffus Hardy, appeared in 1848.
^ Martin Petrie (1823–1892), colonel; sixth in descent from Alexander Petrie; ensign, 1846, colonel, 1876; published military works.
^ Petrocus or Petrock, Saint (fl. 560?). See Pedrog.
^ Petronius (d. 654), fifth abbot of St. Augustine's, Canterbury (hallowed, 640); said to have been a Roman.
^ Ludovico Petrucci (fl. 1603–1619), poet and soldier of fortune; born at Siena; entered the Venetian service, and afterwards the imperial: came to England. 1610, and became commoner at St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, and afterwards of Balliol College, Oxford; wrote in Latin and Italian.
^ Petrus (d. 606?), first abbot of St. Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury: accompanied St. Augustine to England, 596-7; drowned at Ambleteuse.
^ Peter Pett (d. 1589), master-shipwright; master-shipwright at Deptford from some time in the reign of Edward VI till his death.
^ Peter Pett (1610–1670?), commissioner of the navy; son of Phineas Pett; commissioner at Chatham, 1648-67; was largely responsible for the efficiency of the ships during the Dutch wars; his supersession due to the disaster at Chatham, 1667.
^ Sir Peter Pett (1630-1699), lawyer and author; great-grandson of Peter Pett (d. 1589); of St. Paul's School, London, and Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge: B-A.: migrated to Pembroke College, Oxford; fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, 1648: B.c.L., 1680; student of Gray's Inn; M.P., Askeaton (Irish parliament), 1661-6; barrister, Middle Temple, 1664; original F.R.S., 1663-75; knighted and appointed advocate-general for Ireland; published several treatises, generally polemic in character.
^ Phineas Pett (1570–1647), master-builder of the navy and naval commissioner; elder son of Peter Pett (rf. 1689); of Emmanuel College, Cambridge; master-shipwright at Deptford, 1605; was removed to Woolwich, 1607; appointed commissioner of the navy, 1630.
^ George Pettie (1548–1589), writer of romances; B.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1569; author of A Petite Pallace of Pettie his Pleasure 1676, on the model of The Palace of Pleasure by William Painter; translated Guazzo's Civile Conversation 1681.
^ John Pettie (1839–1893), painter ; pupil of Robert Scott Lander; first exhibited at the Royal Academy withThe Armourers 1860; R.., 1873.
^ Thomas Joseph Pettigrew (1791–1865), surgeon and antiquary; made secretary of the Medical Society of London, 1811, of the Royal Humane Society, 1813; acted as surgeon to the Duke and Duchess of Kent; F.R.S., 1827; surgeon of the Charing Cross Hospital, London, from its foundation till 1835; made researches into medical history and biography, publishing several volumes on the subject; contributed to archaeological journals.
^ John Pettingall or Pettingal (1708–1781), antiquary; B. A. Jesus College, Oxford, 1728; M.A. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 1740; D.D.; F.S.A., 1752; prebendary of Lincoln, 1758; published antiquarian works.
^ Thomas Pettingall (1745–1826), Whitehall preacher; son of John Pettingall; tutor and censor of Christ Church, Oxford, 1774- 9.
^ Henry Pettitt (1848–1893), dramatist: in earlier life a schoolmaster in Camden Town; wrote between 1872 and 1893 a great number of melodramas, musical farces, and other plays.
^ Samuel Petto (1624?–1711), puritan divine; M.A. St. Catharine Hall, Cambridge: appointed, 1648, rector of Sandcroft, which cure he relinquished before the enforcement of the Act of Uniformity; published religious works.
^ Sir John Pett (1613–1690), deputy-governor of the royal mines; knighted, 1641; fought for Charles I, but was appointed deputy-governor of tlie royal mines by Cromwell, 1656: M.P., Dunwich, 1670; published miscellaneous works.
^ Sir William Petty (1623–1687), political economist: studied on the continent and became the friend of Hobbes; Oxford professor of anatomy, 1661; executed for the Commonwealth the Down Survey in Ireland, the first attempt on a large scale at carrying out a survey scientifically, and superintended the redistribution of lands in Ireland: acquiesced in the Restoration: knighted and made an original member of the Royal Society, l662; published economic treatises, 1662-90, in which he rejected I* old prohibitory system, and showed the error of the supporters of the mercantile system in regarding tin abundance of the precious metals as the standard of prosperity; analysed the sources of wealth as being labour and land.
^ Sir William Petty, first Marquis of Lansdowne and second Earl of Shelburne ownk and second Earl of Shelburne( 1737–1805), eldest son of John Petty, first earl of Shelburne; of Christ Church, Oxford; entered the army, 1757, and served in Germany under Lord Granby: took his seat in the House of Lords, 1761, and refused office under Bute; became president of the board of trade under Grenville, 1763, but resigned in September 1763, and soon afterwards attached himself to Pitt: dismissed from the post of aide-de-camp to George III for opposing the government in regard to Wilkes, 1763; attacked the policy of the Stamp Act, 1764; assisted Rockingham in repealing the Stamp Act, 1766, and was appointed secretary of state for the southern department upon Pitt's return to power, 1766; began a policy of conciliation towards the American colonies, but was denounced by his colleagues and hated by George III: found himself perpetually thwarted, and resigned his post, 1768; spent the next fourteen years in strong opposition, especially to the American policy of government; became, on Chatham's death (1778) the leader of that statesman's followers in opposition to Lord North, though he opposed the recognition of American independence; became home secretary under Rockingham, 1782; on Rockiugham's death became first lord of the treasury; conceded independence to the United States and made peace with France and Spain; his administration was overthrown by Fox and North, 1783, after which he did not hold office again; created a marquis, 1784; one of the most unpopular statesmen of his time, possibly on account of his contempt for political parties; was generally credited with insincerity, and commonly known asMalagrida which occasioned Goldsmith's unfortunate remark to him, Do you know that I never could conceive the reason why they call you Malagrida, for Malagrida was a very good sort of man He was a munificent patron of the flue arts, and his collection of manuscripts was purchased for the British Museum in 1807.
^ Sir Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, third Marquis of Lansdowne (1780–1863), son of Sir William Petty, first marquis of Lansdowne; of Westminster School, Edinburgh University, and Trinity College, Cambridge: M.A. Cambridge, 1801; created LL.D., 1811: M.P., Calne, 1803, Cambridge, 1805; became chancellor of the exchequer under Grenville, 1806, raising the property tax from six and a-half to ten per cent.; on the resignation of the ministry (.1807), became an active leader of opposition; succeeded his half-brother as third marquis, 1809; for the next twenty years supported the abolition of the slave trade and other liberal measures: brought about a coalition between a section of the whigs and the followers of Canning, and entered the cabinet without office, 1827; resigned, 1828; became president of the council (1830) under Lord Grey, retaining office intermittently until 1841; again president of the council (1846-52) under Lord John Russell; remained in the cabinet without office, 1852-63; throughout life he was a very moderate whig
^ Sir Henry Thomas Petty-Fitzmaurice, fourth Marquis of Lansdowne (1816-1866), son of Sir Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, third marquis of Lansdowne; of Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge; M.P., Calne, 1847-56; junior lord of the treasury under Russell, 1847-9: under-secretary of state for foreign affairs under Palmerston, 1856-: K.G., 1864.
^ Thomas Pettyt (1510?–1568?), military engineer; distinguished himself in 1548 by his successful defence of Haddington against the Scots and French.
^ William Petyt (1636–1707), archivist and antiquary; barrister, Middle Temple, 1670, autumn reader, 1694, treasurer, 1701: for many years keeper of the records in the Tower of London; drew up a list of the records, made a collection of parliamentary tracts, in above eighty volumes, and published three historical and legal treatises; his manuscripts in the Inner Temple library.
^ Thomas Peverell (d. 1419), successively bishop of Ossory, Llandaff, and Worcester; educated at Oxford; became a Carmelite: consecrated bishop of Ossory, 1397; translated to Llandaff, 1398, to Worcester, 1407, where he was active against the lollards.
^ William Peverell (fl. 1131–1155), a Nottinghamshire baron; leader In the battle of the Standard, 1138: supported Stephen: on Henry II's advance northwards (1155) took refuge in a monastery.
^ William Peyto (d. 1658). See Peto.
^ Sir Edward Peyton, second baronet (1588?-1657), parliamentarian; educated at Cambridge: knighted, 1611; succeeded as baronet, 1616; M.P., Cambridgeshire, 1621-6; took an active part in the war of pamphlets in 1641-2 and fought for parliament. lathe Divine Catastrophe(1652) he showed sympathies with the Fifth monarchy men.
^ Edward Peyton (d. 1749), commodore; entered the navy, 1707; being left by the death of Curtis Barnett in command of the East India squadron, avoided engaging La Bourdonnaia, thinking his force inferior; put under arrest by his successor, Thomas Griffin (d. 1771) , and sent to England, where be died.
^ Sir Henry Peyton (d. 1628?), adventurer; knighted, 1606; commanded a Venetian fleet, 1618.
^ Sir John Peyton (1544–1630), governor of Jersey; knighted, 1586; lieutenant of the Tower of London, 1597-1603; governor of Jersey, 1603-30.
^ Sir John Peyton (1679–1635), governor of Jersey; only son of Sir John Peyton (1544-1630); of Queens' College, Cambridge: knighted, 1603; lieutenant-governor of Jersey, 1628-30, and afterwards governor, 1630-5.
^ Sir John Strutt Peyton (1786–1838), captain in the navy; great-grandson of Edward Peyton; entered the navy in 1797, and saw much service; K.C.H., 1836.
^ Thomas Peyton (1895–1626), poet; probably brother of Sir Edward Peyton; of Cambridge University and Lincoln's Inn; published The Glasseof Time 1620-3, a scriptural poem.
^ Emily Jane Pfeiffer (1827–1890), poetess; nee Davis; married J. E. Pfeiffer, a German merchant, 1853; published several volumes of poetry in the style of Mrs. Browning.
^ Thomas Phaer or Phayer (1510?-1560), lawyer, physician, and translator; M.D. Oxford, 1559; wrote two legal handbooks and several popular medical treatises, and translated nine books of Virgil's Aeneid as well as part of the tenth, into English verse between 1655 and 1560. Thomas Twyne completed the translation in 1584.
^ Gullielmus Phalerius, (pseudonym). See William White, 1604–1678.
^ Sir Arthur Purves Phayre (1812–1886), first commissioner of British Burma; educated at Shrewsbury School; entered the Bengal army, 1828; became commissioner of Arakan, 1849, of Pegu, 1852; chief commissioner of British Burma, 1862-7; G.C.M.G., 1878; published a History of Burma 1883.
^ Robert Phayre or Phaire (1619?–1682), regicide; one of the three to whom the warrant for the execution of Charles I was addressed; escaped severe punishment at the Restoration through having married the daughter of Sir Thomas Herbert (1606-1682); became a Muggletoniau, 1662.
^ Sir Robert Phayre (1820–1897), general; brother of Sir Arthur Purves Phayre; educated at Shrewsbury School: ensign in East India Company's service, 1839: captain, 1848; in Persian expedition, 185B-7; quartermaster-general to Bombay army, 1867-68; major, Bombay staff corps, 1861; colonel, 1868; in Abyssinian campaign, 1868; O.B.and aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria, 1868; commandant of Siud frontier force, 1868-72; resident (1873-4) of Baroda, where his life was attempted at the instigation of the gaekwar, Malhar Rao, who was in consequence deposed, 1875; major-general, 1880; commanded reserve division in second Afghan war, 1880; K.C.B. and lieutenant-general, 1881; commanded division of Bombay army, 1881-6; general, 1889: G.C.B., 1894.
^ Sir Edward Phelips (1560?–1614), speaker of the the house of Commons and master of the rolls; autumn reader, Middle Temple, 1596: entered parliament (1601) as knight of the shire for Somerset; king's sen-. kniihu-,1, 1GU3; speaker, 1604; became ma1611.
^ ^a ^b Sir Robert Phelips (1686?-16S8X parliamentarian; H.lwt son of Sir Edward Phelips; knighted, 1603; M.I, East Looe, 1604-11; took a prominent part In opposition, 1621, attacking the Spanish marriage, for whir!, h, was imprisoned; assumed an attitude of hostility to Buckingham, 1625.
^ John Phelps (fl. 1636–1668), regicide; of Corpus Christi College, Oxford; one of the clerks of the court which sat to try Charles I; was attainted on the Restoration, hut escaped to the continent.
^ Samuel Phelps (1804–1878), actor; first appeared on the stage in 1826; after some years spent in the provinces, appeared at the Haymarket, London, as Shylock, 1837, and afterwards at Coveut Garden, London, under Macready; joined in opening Sadler's Wells, Islington, 1844, where he succeeded in " making Shakespeare pay for nearly twenty years: became sole manager in the season, 1860-1, but gave up the enterprise (1862), after he had produced thirty-four of Shakespeaie's plays; afterwards acted chiefly at Drury Lane, London; excelled in characters of rugged strength.
^ Thomas Phelps (fl. 1718–1776), astronomer; the first in England to detect the great comet of 1743.
^ William Phelps (1776–1866), topographer; of Baliiol College, Oxford; B.A. St. Albau Hall, 1797; issued seven parts of an elaborate History and Antiquities of Somersetshire 1835-9.
^ John Pherd (d. 1228), erroneous name of John of Fountains.
^ Peter Phesant (1580?–1649), judge; barrister, Gray's Inn, 1608, ancient, 1622, bencher, 1623, reader, 1624; serjeant-at-law, 1640; voted a judge of common pleas by the House of Commons, 1645.
^ Alazonomastix Philalethes (pseudonym). See Henry More.
^ Eirenaeus Philalethes (pseudonym). See Eirenaeus.
^ Eugenius Philalethes (pseudonym). See Thomas Vaughan.
^ François André Danican Philidor (1726-1795), chess-player and composer; born at Dreux; son of a French musician; learned chess while in attendance as a musician at Versailles; his fame European from early youth; spent much of his time in Knlnml; published (1748) hisAnalyse du jeu des Echecs; his skill commemorated among chess-players by Philidor's defence and Philidor's legacy He was also celebrated as a composer, introducing several new modes.
^ Philip II of Spain (1627–1598), king of Spain and husband of Queen Mary of England: son of the emperor Charles V; married Queen Mary, who chose him against the wishes of parliament and tlie country, in Winchester Cathedral, 1554: K.G., 1554: became unpopular; advised Mary to pardon the Princess Elizabeth; resolved to leave England, in disappointment that an expected heir was not born to him, 1555; still continued to watch English politics, but was at variance with Queen Mary, urging her against her will to select a less bigoted man than Bishop Thirlby as chancellor; returned to England, 1587, desiring to draw England into his schemes upon the Low Countries; left for the Low Countries, and never saw Queen Mary again; made overtures to the Princess Elizabeth, but finally married (1569) the French king's daughter, Isabella; sent the Spanish Armada against England, 1688; died in Spain.
^ Philip of Montgomery, called Grammaticus (d. 1099), crusader; son of Roger de Montgomery, earl of Shrewsbury and Arundel: rebelled with Robert de Mowbray, 1096: died at Jerusalem, while accompanying Robert of Normandy in the first crusade.
^ Philip de Thaun] (fl. 1120), Anglo-Norman writer ; wrote two poems of great value for the history of Anglo-Norman literature; perhaps the earliest poet in the langue d'oil whose work has survived.
^ Philip de Braose (fl. 1172). See Braose.
^ Philip of Poitiers (d. 1208?), bishop of Durham; accompanied Richard I on his crusade; returned to Bugtend before Richard I. and (1195) was elected bishop; mentioned as one of King John's evil counsellors in the controversy with Pope Innocent III.
^ Philip de Valognes (d. 1215). See Valognes.
^ Philip de Ulecot (d. 1220). See Ulecot.
^ Philip, Philippe de Rim or de Remi (1246?-1296), supposed Anglo-Norman poet; now generally identified with Philippe de Beaumanoir (12467-1296), the French jurist and poet.
^ Alexander Philip Wilson Philip (1770?-1851?), physician and physiologist; M.D. Edinburgh, 17W; elected physician to the Worcester infirmary, 1802; removed to London, 1817; F.R.C.P., 1834: went to Boulogne (c. 1842) in consequence of financial difficulties; published medical works, several of which were translated into various languages.
^ John Philip (fl. 1566), author; produced (1566) three tracts, chiefly in verse, describing the trial of three witches at Chelmsford.
^ John Philip (1775–1851), South African missionary; went to South Africa (1819) with a deputation to visit the stations of the London Missionary Society; remained in Cape Town, and for the rest of his life constantly endeavoured to defend the natives against the treatment of the colonists; his views endorsed by a parliamentary committee, 1837, on which Governor D'Urban was dismissed; his policy of erecting independent native states wrecked by the Kaffir war of 1846.
^ John Birnie Philip (1824–1875), sculptor; executed portrait busts and statues; employed for eight years on the Albert Memorial in Hyde Park, London.
^ Robert Philip (1791–1858), divine; independent minister at Maberley Chapel, London, 1826-55; published numerous works.
^ Lord Philiphaugh (1666–1708). See James Murray.
^ John Philipot, Phelipot, or Philpot (d. 1384), mayor of London; a member of the Grocers Company; M.P., London, 1371 and 1381; headed the opposition to John of Gaunt: appointed joint-treasurer for the French war (1377) at the request of the Commons: mayor, 1378; assisted Richard II during the peasants revolt, 1381.
^ John Philipot (1589?–1645), Somerset herald; Rouge Dragon, 1618; Somerset herald, 1624; accompanied Charles I to Oxford after the outbreak of the civil war; made many county visitations.
^ Thomas Philipot (d. 1682), poet and miscellaneous writer; son of John Philipot; M.A. Clare Hall, Cambridge, regiit literis, 1636 (incorporated at Oxford, 1640); published miscellaneous works.
^ Philippa of Hainault (1314?-1369), queen of Edward III; daughter of William the Good, count of Hainault; married to her second cousin, Edward III, 1328, a papal dispensation being procured ; X? by JL rol- ! rt * havc haran faed the English troops (1M6) before the battle of Neville's Cross; before Chris, m * 8_!2 46 jolned Ed**"* HI before Calais, where she interceded for the six principal burgesses on the surrender of the town in August 1847; received Frolssart on his arrival in England, 1361, and made him her clerk or ecretary: died, and was buried at Windsor.
^ Philippa of Lancaster (1359-1415), queen of John I of Portugal; daughter of John of Gaunt, duke rf Lancaster; married, 1387; became the mother celebrated sons, Edward I, Don Pedro the great Ferdinand the Mint,
^ John Philippart (1784?–1874), military writer ; clerk in the war office, and for forty-three years chancellor of the order of St. John of Jerusalem; industriously compiled many books of reference relating to the army.
^ Baker Philipps (1718?–1745), lieutenant in the navy; entered the navy, 1733: shot for neglect of duty in surrendering (after the death of the captain) the Anglesea to a French warship of superior force an 1111 just sentence, since he only assumed command when the vessel was virtually lost.
^ Sir Erasmus Philipps, fifth baronet (d. 1743), economic writer; of Pembroke College, Oxford, and Lincoln's Inn; M.P., Haverfordwest, 1726-43; succeeded to the baronetcy, 1736; wrote four economic treatises.
^ Fabian Philipps (1601–1690), author; spent much money during the civil war in publishing books in support of the royal cause; became at the Restoration remembrancer of the court of the council and marches of Wales.
^ Jenkin Thomas Philipps (d. 1755), translator ; became tutor to the children of Prince George (George II) before 1726; published Latin dissertations and translations from the German.
^ Morgan Philipps or Philippes (d. 1570), Roman catholic divine; fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, 1538; M.A., 1542; principal of St. Mary Hall, Oxford, 1546-50; publicly disputed with Peter Martyr, 1549; retired to Louvain on the accession of Queen Elizabeth, dying at Donay. The Treatise concerning Mary Queen of Scots' right to the English throne, by John Leslie (1527-1596) was republished in 1571 under his name.
^ Thomas Philipps (1774–1841), vocalist and composer; first appeared at Covent Garden, London, 1796; made a tour in America; retired early from the stage; taught singing and composed ballads.
^ Ambrose Philips (1675?–1749), poet; fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, 1699-1708; M.A., 1700; joined the Addison circle, and had his Distressed Mother (1712, an adaptation of Racine's Andromaque) lauded in the Spectator; M.P., Armagh borough (Irish parliament), 1727; judge of the prerogative court, 1733. His pastorals excited Pope's jealousy, and gave rise to bitter attacks in Pope's satires. He brought out the Freethinker (1718-19), an imitation of theSpectator
^ Charles Philips (1708–1747), portrait-painter; noted for his small whole-lengths and conversation pieces; patronised by Frederick, prince of Wales.
^ George Philips or Phillips (1599?-1596), Irish writer and governor of Londonderry; warned the inhabitants of Londonderry in 1688 to be on their guard against Antrim's bighlauders; became governor, December 1688, but resigned shortly in favour of Robert Ltindy ; published several political pamphlets on Irish matters.
^ Humphrey Philips (1633–1707), nonconformist minister; B.A. Wadham College, Oxford, 1654; M.A. Magdalen College, Oxford, 1666; elected fellow of Magdalen, 1666, but ejected, 1660, and imprisoned, 1662; went to Holland on his release, returning afterwards to England, where he was much persecuted.
^ John Philips (1676–1709), poet; of Christ Church, Oxford; author of theSplendid Shilling a mock heroic poem in Miltonic blank verse, first published in 1701; employed by Harley and St. John to write verses on Blenheim as a tory counterpart to Addison's Campaign; wrote his most important work, Cyder (1708), in imitation of Virgil's Georgics
^ Katherine Philips (1631–1664), verse-writer; daughter of John Fowler, a London merchant; married (1647) James Philips of Cardigan; adopted the pseudonym 'Orinda' to which her contemporaries prefixed the epithet Matchless; her earliest verses prefixed (1651) to the Poems of Henry Vaughan (1822-1695); her translation of Corneille's Pompee acted in Dublin with great success. Her collected verses appeared, 1667.
^ Miles Philips (fl. 1568–1582), mariner;' 'jaUwl with Captain John Hawkyns (1568) u the Indies, and became a prisoner in Mexico; eventually escaped and lauded in England in 1682. Hi- hiin-lf n-hited hU story to Hakluyt.
^ Nathaniel George Philips (1795–1831), artist; exhibited landscapes in Liverpool H: cheater; executed engravings of old hulls in Lancashire and Cheshire.
^ Peregrine Philips (1623–1691), nonconformist preacher; studied at Oxford; puritan incumbent of several livings in Pembroke, but ejected, 166V; much persecution. L xlv. 179
^ Peter Philips or Philippi, Pietro (fl. 1580-1621), musical composer; born in England: organist to the Archduke Albert and Archduchess Isabella in the Netherlands, 1696-1621; published many works at Antwerp.
^ Richard Philips or Phillips (1661–1751), governor of Nova Scotia; was governor from 1720 to 1749, but after 1730 resided in England, neglecting his duties.
^ Robert Philips (fl. 1643–1559?), musician ; said by Fox to have been a gentleman of the king's chapel at Windsor and a notable singing man
^ Robert Philips (d. 1660?), confessor to Queen Henrietta Maria: of Scottish origin; attached to Queen Henrietta Maria after the expulsion of her French attendants, 1626: commissioned by Queen Henrietta Maria to request aid from Pope Urban VIII against the Long parliament, for which he was summoned before parliament, the matter being eventually allowed to drop; accompanied Queen Henrietta Maria to the Hague, 1642.
^ Rowland Philips (d, 1638?), warden of Merton College, Oxford; educated at Oriel College, Oxford; elected warden of Merton College, 1521: resigning, 1525; D.D., 1522.
^ William Philips (d. 1734), dramatist; son of George Philips; wrote several tragedies, produced in London and Dublin.
^ Greville Phillimore (1821–1884), divine and author; son of Joseph Phillimore; of Westminster School, the Charterhouse, and Christ Church, Oxford; M.A., 1844; vicar of Down-Ampney, 1861-67; rector of Henley, 1867-83; rector of Ewelme, 1883-4; joint-editor of the Parish Hymn Book(1863), to which he contributed eleven original hymns.
^ Sir John Phillimore (1781–1840), captain in the navy; brother of Joseph Phillimore; entered the navy, 1795; advanced to post rank, 1807; fought a stubborn action with the French frigate Clorinde, 1814, and (c. 1819) thrashed William James (d. 1827) for his description of the action in his naval history; C.B., 1815; retired, 1826.
^ John George Phillimore (1808–1865), jurist; eldest son of Joseph Phillimore; of Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford; MA., 1831; a clerk of the board of control of India, 1827-32; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1832; bencher, 1851; Q.C., 1861; published several works on Roman and canon law.
^ Joseph Phillimore (1775–1855), civilian; of Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford; D.C.L., 1804; regius professor of civil law, Oxford, 1809-55; M.P., St. Mawes, 1817-26, Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, 18261830; advocating catholic emancipation; filled several important judicial posts, and edited two series of cases heard in the ecclesiastical courts.
^ Sir Robert Joseph Phillimore , first baronet (1810-1885), civilian and judge: son of Joseph Phillimore ; of Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford: D.O.L., 1838; barrister, Middle Temple, 1841; judge of the Cinque ports, 1865; admiralty advocate, 1865; liberalconservative M.P., Tavistock, 1852 -7; Q.O., 1858; became judge of the high court of admiralty, 1867; created baronet, 1883; a scholar both in the classical and modern languages, and a jurist of wide reading: his most imporumt work, Commentaries on int. rn..tional Law
^ Arthur Phillip (1738–1814), vice-admiral and first governor of New Sooth Wal; entered the navy, 1765; reached post rmnk, 1781; founded, January a convict settlement on the harbour of Port Jackson, ul.i.l, l, named Sydney after Thomas Townshend, viscount Sydney; carried the settlement through many privations from lack of food and of free settlers; ri-tunml to Kngland (1792) iu bad health: rear-admiral, 1801; vice-admiral, 1810.
^ John Phillip (1817–1867), subject and portrait painter; began to execute likenesses while apprenticed to an Aberdeen glazier, and (1836) attracted the attention of Lord Panmure, who paid for his education in London; exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1838, painting chiefly portraits and Scottish subject*: the style of his painting changed by a visit to Seville, 1861; hi* later work influenced by Velasquez; La Bomba 1863, La Gloria 1864, and II Cigarrillo 1864, among bis masterpieces; A.R.A., 1867, and R.A., 1869.
^ William Phillip (. 1596–1619), translator; made several translations from the Dutch, chiefly of books of travel.
^ James Orchard Halliwell Phillipps (1820-1889). See Halliwell.
^ Samuel March Phillipps, formerly Samuel March (1780–1862), legal writer; of the Charterhouse and Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge; M.A., 1805; assumed the surname Phillipps in 1796; barrister, Inner Temple, 1806; permanent under-secretary for home affairs, 1827-48. His Treatise on the Law of Evidence (1814) was in its day a standard text-book.
^ Sir Thomas Phillipps, first baronet (1792–1872), antiquary and bibliophile; of Rugby and University College, Oxford; M.A., 1820; showed from his earliest years a passion for collecting books and manuscripts; his collection rich in old Welsh poetry; possessed four hundred or five hundred volumes of oriental manuscripts; created baronet, 1821: established (c. 1822) a private printing press at his residence. Middle Hill, Broadway, Worcestershire; printed visitations, extracts from registers, genealogies, cartularies, and brief catalogues of collections of manuscripts in private and public libraries; removed in later life to Thirlestane House, Cheltenham,
^ Arthur Phillips (1605–1695), musician; of New College, Oxford; organist at Bristol, 1638, and at Magdalen College, Oxford, 1639; choragus and professor of music at Oxford, 1639-56; afterwards served Queen Henrietta Maria as organist in France.
^ Catherine Phillips (1727–1794), Quakeress; daughter of Henry Payton; entered the ministry, 1748, and thenceforth went on annual preaching tours amongst the Friends: married William Phillips, 1772; a volume of Memoirs appeared, 1797.
^ Charles Phillips (fl. 1766–1783), engraver; worked chiefly in mezzotint after the old masters.
^ Charles Phillips (1787?–1869), barrister and miscellaneous writer; B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1806: entered the Middle Temple, 1807; called to the Irish bar, 1812; joined the Oonnaught bar and speedily made a reputation by his florid oratory; called to the English bar, 1821, becoming shortly leader at the Old Bailey; appointed commissioner of the insolvent debtors court of London, 1846; published miscellaneous works, including Napoleon III (3rd edit. 1854).
^ Edward Phillips (1630–1696?), author; son of Edward Phillips and his wife Ann, only sister of the poet Milton, by whom he was educated and with whom be maintained affectionate relations until the poet's death; of Magdalen Hall, Oxford; became (1663) tutor to the son of John Evelyn the diarist,:m.l lfi5) to Philip Herbert (afterwards seventh Earl of Pembroke): subsequently resumed his former occupation of hack-writer in London; chiefly remembered for his A New World of Words 1W8, a philological dictionary of doubtful originality, little merit, and great popularity, and by his Mysteries of Love and Eloquence 1658.
^ Edward Phillips (fl. 1780–1759), dramatist; author of comic musical pieces produced in London theatres, 1790-9.
^ George Phillips (fl. 1579–1597), divine; M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1587; published sermons.
^ George Phillips (1593–1644), nonconformist divine and colonist; B.A. Caius College, Cambridge, 1617: wiled for Massachusetts, 1630; pastor at Watertown till his death.
^ George Phillips (1804–1892), oriental scholar; of Magdalen College, Oxford, and Queens' College, Cambridge; fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, 1830; M.A., 1832; D.D., 1869; held the living of Sandon from 18461887; president of Queens' College, Cambridge, 1867-92; vice-chancellor of Cambridge University, 1861-2; pub1 1 * hrd, with other works, a Syriac grammar, 1 837, and an elaborateCommentary on the Psalms 1846.
^ George Searle Phillips (1815–1889), miscellaneous writer; said to have graduated B.A. Trinity College, Cambridge; edited several newspapers in England and the United States; became insane (1873) and was confined in the Trenton asylum; published mostly under the pseudonym of January Searle
^ Giles Firman Phillips (1780–1867), landscape painter; published two treatises on his art.
^ Henry Phillips (fl. 1798–1831), horticultural writer; was a schoolmaster, residing in London and Brighton; fellow of the Horticultural Society; F.L.S., 1826: publishedHistory of Cultivated Vegetables (last edit. 1831), and other works.
^ Henry Phillips (1801–1876), musician; appeared as a singing boy at the Haymarket and Drury Lane, London; successfully sang the music of Caspar at the production of Der FreischUtz 1834, and thenceforth rose rapidly in public estimation as a bass singer; retired, 1863.
^ Henry Wyndham Phillips (1820–1868), portrait-painter: son of Thomas Phillips (1770-1845); first exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1838.
^ John Phillips, Philips, or Phillyps (fl. 1670-1691), author; educated at QueensCollege, Cambridge; became a puritan preacher; possibly never beneflced. Five ediflcatory treatises by him are extant, as well as four epitaphs and three longer poems commemorative of the Countess of Lennox (1678), Sir Philip Sidney (1687), and Sir Christopher Hatton (1691).
^ John Phillips (1555?–1633), bishop of Sodor and Man; M.A. St. Mary Hall, Oxford, 1684; appointed archdeacon of Cleveland, 1601; consecrated bishop of Sodor and Man, 1606; introduced many reforms, and made a Manx translation of the Book of Common Prayer, 1610.
^ John Phillips (d. 1640), divine ; M.A. and B.D. Cambridge: ricar of Faversham, 1606-40; published the Way to Heaven 1825.
^ John Phillips (1631–1706), author; brother of Edward Phillips (1630-1696 ?); was brought up by his uncle, the poet Milton; made a scathing attack upon puritanism, 1666, in bis Satyr against Hypocrites; gained a living by his labours as a hack-writer and translator and a scurrilous controversialist; employed by Dates to write on behalf of the reality of the Popish plot; commenced (1690) the periodicalPresent State of Europe which be continued till his death. <
^ John Phillips (fl. 1786–1792), writer on inland navigation; brought up as a builder and surveyor; published works containing schemes for the construction of canals.
^ John Phillips (1800–1874), geologist; intimately fsociatod in his studies with hU uncle, William Smith (17C9-1839); keeper of the York Museum, 1826-40; assistant secretary of the British Association, 1832-69; F.R.S., 1834; professor of geology at Trinity College, Dublin, 1844-53; Wollastou medallist, Geological Society, 1845, president, 1859 and 1860; keeper of the Ashmolean .Museum, 1854-70; hou. LL.D. Dublin, 1857, Cambridge, 1866; hou. M.A. Oxford, 1853, D.O.L., 1866; contributed over a hundred papers to scientific literature, ami published works on geology.
^ John Arthur Phillips (1822–1887), geologist; professor of metallurgy at the college for civil engineers, Putney, 1848-50; practised in London as a mining engineer and consulting expert; F.R.S., 1881; vico-prcsidi nt of the Geological Society: one of the first to devote himself to the study of the microscopic structure of minerals and rocks; author of numerous scientific papers.
^ John Roland Phillips (1844–1887), lawyer and antiquary: won the prize offered at Cardigan eisteddfod for the best essay on the History of Cilgerran 1866; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1870; published (1874) Memoirs of the Civil War in Wales and the Marches
^ Molesworth Phillips (1755–1832), lieutenant-colonel; second lieutenant, royal marines, 1776; accompanied James Cook (1728-1779) on his last voyage, 1776-9; captain, 1780; married (1782) Susanna Elizabeth, daughter of Charles Burney (1726-1814); brevet-major, 1794 rjbrevet lieutenant-colonel, 1798; resided at Boulogne (1784) till after French revolution, and on returning to France (1802) was seized by Napoleon and detained in France till 1814; became acquainted with Charles Lamb and his friends.
^ Sir Richard Phillips (1767–1840), author, bookseller, and publisher; in turn a schoolmaster, a hosier, and a stationer, bookseller, and patent-medicine vendor in the town of Leicester; founded the Leicester Herald 1792, in which he expressed his republican, opinions; came to London, 1795, and (1796) established the Monthly Magazine; sheriff, 1807; knighted, 1808; friend of Priestley and Orator Hunt, and a patron of Bamford and other radicals; issued elementary class-books and cheap manuals under a variety of pseudonyms.
^ Richard Phillips (1778–1851), chemist; brother of William Phillips (1775-1828); F.R.S., 1822; president of the Chemical Society, 1849-50; chemist and curator of the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyu Street, London, 1839-51; discovered (1823) the true nature of uranite; did useful work in mineralogical and pharmaceutical chemistry; author of four works and some seventy papers on chemical subjects.
^ Samuel Phillips (1814–1854), journalist; appeared on the stage in his youth; forced on his father's death to write for a living; author of Caleb Stukely 1844; placed on the staff of The Times 1845, as a writer i of literary reviews; created LL.D. Göttingen, 1852; appointed literary director on the establishment of the Crystal Palaoe in 1853.
^ Teresia Constantia Phillips (1709–1765), courtesan; commenced a life of intrigue at a very early age; according to her own account had an intrigue with Thomas Grimes (afterwards fourth Earl of Chesterfield), 1721; married a Dutch merchant named Muilman (1723), who obtained decree of nullity: continued to assume the name of Muilman; mentioned by Horace Walpole under the name Con Phillips as being equally notorious with , the czarina and in a similar manner in the first chapter of Fielding'sAmelia; determined, after many experiences in France, England, and the West Indies, to blackmail her friends by publishing An Apology which appeared in parts in 1748; removed to Jamaica (1754), where she died.
^ Thomas Phillips (1635?–1693), military engineer; appointed master-gunner of the Portsmouth, 1661; a gunner of the Tower of London, 1672, and master-gunner at Sheerness, 1673; became James II's second engineer, 1685; dismissed (1689) for refusing to join Schomberg in Ireland, but reinstated, 1691; present at the bombardment of St. Malo (1693), where he exploded a vessel filled with powder and carcases at the foot of the sea-wall.
^ Thomas Phillips (1708–1774), biographer of Cardinal Pole; great-nephew of William Joyner; brought up as a Roman catholic; joined Jesuits, 1728, bat l.-lt them, 1733; after studying at Liege and Rome; returned to England, acting as chaplain to several noljle families: principal work,The History of the Life of Cardinal Pole (1764), a valuable piece of biography; died
^ Thomas Phillips (d. 1815), historian of Shrewsbury; had a place in the Customs; published History and Antiquities of Shrewsbury 1779, a second ulr which formed the first volume of the History of Salop (1837) by Charles Hulbert
^ Thomas Phillips (1770–1845), portrait-painter; began to exhibit at the Royal Academy, 1792: R.A., 1808: painted many notable persons, including George, prince of Wales, Lord Byron, Orabbe, Scott, Southey.and Coleridge; professor of painting in the Itoyal Academy, 1826-82.
^ Thomas Phillips (1760–1861), surgeon and benefactor of Welsh education; entered the service of the East India Company, 1782, and became finally a member of the Calcutta medical board, returning to England with a competent fortune in 1817; presented laiye quantities of books to Welsh town and college libraries, and established six scholarships and a Phillips professorship of natural science at St. David's, Lampeter.
^ Sir Thomas Phillips (1801–1867), mayor of Newport and lawyer; elected mayor, 1838, and knighted for his courage in repelling an attack by seven thousand chartists under John Frost (d. 1877); acquired coal mines in Monmouthshire, and became a large landed proprietor in Wales; bestowed large sums in charities, particularly in assisting Brecon College.
^ Watts Phillips (1826–1874), dramatist and designer: became, according to the story, George Cruikshank's only pupil: resided for some years in Paris, where he acquired a knowledge of the French stage; settled in London, 1853-4; brought out Joseph Chaviguy at the Adelphi, London, 1857, and the Dead Heart, 1 1859, the latter being a great success: gradually abandoned caricature and illustration for the novel and the drama; his plays were numerous and Mir--sful; his novels chiefly appeared in the Family Herald
^ William Phillips (1731?–1781) major-general of the royal artillery; commanded a company of miners raised for the defence of Minorca, 1756; served in Germany under Ferdinand of Brunswick, commanding the artillery at Minden (1759) with great ability, and at Warburg (1760), and other engagements; in Canada under Carleton and Burgoyne, 1776; took part (.1777) in the campaign which ended in the capitulation ot Saratoga; was exchanged, 1781, on which be joined Clinton at New York, proceeding thence to Virginia, where he died in the midst of the campaign.
^ William Phillips (1775–1828), mineralogist and geologist; grandson of Catherine Phillips; a London printer and bookseller, devoting his leisure to geology; F.G.S., 1807; F.ILS., 1827; F.L.S.; wrote with William Daniel Oonybeare Outlines of the Geology of England and Wales 1822, and, among other works exclusively his own, published the well-knownElementary Introduction to the Knowledge of Mineralogy 1816.
^ Henry Phillpotts (1778–1869), bishop of Exeter; B.A. Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 1795; fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, 1795-1804; M.A., 1798; became chaplain to Shute Barrington, bishop of Durham, 1806, and prebendary of Durham, 1809; began (e. 1819) to appear a a writer upon public questions by penning a defence of the existing poor-law and of the conduct of the government in regard to the Peterloo massacre; vehemently opposed catholic emancipation in his controversy with Charles Butler (1750-1832), 1825; shared the conversion of the tory ministry, 1829; bishop of Exeter, 1830-69: opposed the Reform Bill in the House of Lords and came into collision with Earl Grey in regard to the Tithes Bill, 1831; a strict disciplinarian in his diocese, having lawsuits with several of his clergy, including George Cornelius Gorham. Although a high churchman be had no sympathy with the Oxford movement, and vehemently attacked Tract XC.
^ Robert Kemp Philp (1819–1882), compiler: joined the chartist movement and lectured for it; ousted ommittee by the more violent section (1842) for the moderation of bis opinion*; credited with having drawn up the monster petition, 1842; settled New Street, Fetter Lane, London, as a publisl rabHiUtor of thePeople Journal 1846-8: published The Family Friend (editor. 1841-62) and other cheap popular literature. Including Enquire within upon Everything(18M) of which over a million copies had been -..Id by 1888.
^ John Philpot (1616–1666), protestant martyr: 1. and BjC.L,: arcb fellow of New College, Oxford, 16S4-41 deacon of Winchester; constantly engaged in oontroveny. and after Mary's aoocsatoii wa* imprisoned as a heretic MMrtSitSMtJt,r,l,,H-,v,,rk.-.,rv,,,. -: of them in Foxe's Aotes and Monument*
^ Henry Philpott (1807-18M bishop of Worcester; elected fellow of St. Catharine Hall, Cambridge. 1829; M.A., 1832; muter of St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge, 1846-60; vice-chancellor, 1846, 1866, and 1867; D.D., 1847; bishop of Worcester, 1860-90. His episcopal career was uneventful.
^ Sir Charles Beaumont Phipps (1801–1866), court official: son of Sir Henry Phippn, first earl of Mulgrave; entered the army, 1820; steward of the viceregal household in Ireland, 1836-9; lieutenanti-ol...... 1, 1837; equerry to Queen Victoria, 1846; private secretary to Prince Albert, 1847: appointed keeper of the queen's purse and treasurer to the then Prince of Wales, 1849: K.O.B., 1858; receiver-general of the dnchy of Cornwall, 1862.
^ Charles John Phipps (1836–1897). architect: articled at Bath, where he began to practise, 1868; reconstructed Bath Theatre, 1862-3; removed to London, and became recognised authority on theatre construction, and was engaged on construction or alteration of more than twenty theatres in London, besides others in many provincial towns: F.R.I.B.A., 1868; F.S.A. His principal work was Her Majesty's Theatre, Haymarket, London, (completed, 1897).
^ Sir Constantine Phipps (1656–1723), lord chancellor of Ireland; barrister, Gray's Inn, 1684, bencher, 1706: bis rise hindered by his Jacobite sympathies, though his practice among friends of the house of Stuart was considerable; defended Henry Sacheverell, 1710, and gained such distinction that he was knighted and made lord chancellor of Ireland in the same year; extremely unpopular with the whig faction in Ireland, and on Queen Anne's death was removed from office: defended Francis Atterbury, 1723.
^ Sir Constantine Henry Phipps, first Marquis of Normanby and second Earl of Mulgrave (1797-1863), eldest son of Sir Henry Phipps, first earl of Mulgrave: of Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge: M.A., 1818; entered parliament, 1818 (M.P., Scarborough), and supported parliamentary reform: M.P.. Higham Ferrers, 1822, Malton, 1826: governor of Jamaica, 1832-4; G.C.H., 1832; became lord privy seal, with a seat in the cabinet, under Lord Melbourne, 1834: sent to Ireland as lord-lieutenant, 1835; his friendly relations with O'Oonnell bitterly attacked at protestant meetings, but his administration (1835-9) beneficial to Ireland; created Marquis of Normanby, 1838: secretary of war and the colonies, 1839; transferred to the home office, 1839, where he remained till the fall of the ministry, 1841; ambassador at Paris, 1846-52, and minister at Florence, 1854-8, in which posts be mingled too much In the politics of foreign states. In early life he wrote a number of novels and tales.
^ Constantine John Phipps, second Baron Mulgrave (1744–1792), entered the navy, 1760; M.P., Lincoln, 1768, when he identified himself with the king s friends; commanded the Kacehorae in a polar expedition, 1773, of which he published an account, and in which Nelson took part as midshipman; succeeded his father as an Irish peer, 1775; M.P., Huntingdon, and appointed a lord of the admiralty, 1777: distinguished himself in the action off Ushant in 1778, while in command of the Courageux. Cxlv. 231
^ Edmund Phipps (1808–1867), author ; son of Sir Henry Phipps, first earl of Mulgrave; M.A., Trinity College. Oxford, 1831: barrister, Inner Temple, SM- DobuHS MTeral financial pamphlets, as well as SiSfS Robert Plumer Ward 1850.
^ Sir George Augustus Constantine Phipps, second Marquis of Normanby (1819–1890), son of Sir Connstantine Henry Phipps, first marquis of Normanby; entered the army, 1838, but retired, 1847, when bo wa returned (M.P., Scarborough) to parliament In the liberal interest: privy councillor, 1851; M.P., Scarborough 1852 and 1857: liberal whip; treasurer of the Household. 1853-8: lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotin, IttS-tt: governor of Queensland, 1871-4; governor of Sew Zealand. 1874-9, where he was in constant collision with Sir George Grey; G.O.M.G., 1877: appointed governor of Victoria, 79, retiring, 1884; G.C.B., 1885; joined the liberal unionist secession, 1886.
^ Sir Henry Phipps, first Earl of Mulgrave, first Viscount Normanby, and third Baron Mulgrave (1755-1831), brother of Constantine John Phipps, second baron Mulgrave; educated at Eton; entered the army 1775? and attained the rank of general, 1809; M.P., Totnes, 1784, Scarborough, 1790; a supporter of Pitt and one of his chief military adviser*; made by Pitt chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, with a seat in the cabinet. 1804. and (1806) secretary for foreign affaire, a post generally thought beyond his powers; resigned, with the bulk of Pitt's friends, after the death of Pitt (January 1806); became first lord of the admiralty in the Portland ministry, 1807, his tenure of office being marked by the seizure of the Danish fleet, the Walcheren expedition, and the operations of Collingwood in the Mediterranean; resigned, 1810, and became master of the ordnance, keeping his seat in the cabinet; created Earl rf Mnlgrave, 1812; master of the ordnance till 1818, when, at hl own suggestion, he was replaced by Wellington: retired from the cabinet, 1820. He was a generous patron of art, befriending Jackson, the portrait- painter, Wilkie, and Haydon.
^ Joseph Phipps (1708–1787), quaker; undertook a street-preaching tour through the metropolis, 1753; published controversial works in defence of the Quakers against Samuel Newton of Norwich, and others.
^ sir William Phipps (1651–1695), governor of Massachusetts: cousin of Sir Sonstantlne Phipps; began life as a ship-carpenter, and in time became a merchant-captain of Boston; raised ( 1667) a Spanish treasureship, sunk near the Bahamas, and gained 16,000l.; knighted, and appointed provost-marshal of New Eng- I land, 1687; commanded a colonial expedition, which cap- i tared Port Royal from the French, 1690, but failed in an attempt on Montreal and Quebec, 1690; nominated governor of Massachusetts, 1691; did little against the French and their Indian allies, and was summoned to England to answer for bis undignified conduct, 1694, but, died before proceedings were taken.
^ William Phiston or Fiston (fl. 1571–1609), translator and author; describes himself as a student of London; made translations from the French, Latin, Italian, and Spanish.
^ Phiz (pseudonym). See Hablot Knight Browne, lSlt-1882.
^ John Phreas or Free (d. 1465), scholar; fellow of Balliol College, Oxford; M.A., 1464; went abroad after leaving Oxford: taught medicine at Ferrara, Florence, and Parma, and died at Rome. As a scholar he WM distinguished for his knowledge of philosophy, medicine, and the civil law. Several of his manuscripts are preserved among the Balliol and Bodleian MSS.
^ Sion Phylip (1543–1620), Welsh poet; was drowned near Pwllheli while on a bardic tour; many of his poems preserved in the Cymrodorion MSS. (British Museum).
^ William Phylip (1590?–1670), Welsh poet; wrote a Welsh elegy in 1649 on the death of Charles I; forced to go into hiding during the Commonwealth.
^ Andrew Picken (1788–1835), Scottish author; son of a Paisley clothier: bookseller in Liverpool, and proceeded to London, where he speedily became popular as a man of letters: published miscellaneous works, including Tales and Sketches of the West Coast of Scotland 1824, and other stories of Scottish and Irish life and manners.
^ Andrew Picken (1815–1845), draughtsman and lithographer; sou of Andrew Picken (1788-1-833); executed on stone a large number of landscapes, chiefly illustrations of books of travel, and private commissions.
^ Andrew Belfrage Picken (1802–1849), author; son of Ebenezer Picken; published The Bedouins and other Poems 1828.
^ Ebenezer Picken (1769–1816), minor poet; son of a Paisley weaver; studied at Glasgow University; opened a school at Falklrk, 1791: settled (1796) in Edinburgh, where he lived in straitened circumstances; published several volumes of poetry.
^ Joanna Belfrage Picken (1798–1859), poetess ; daughter of Ebenezer Picken; wrote satirical verses for various journals; went to Canada, 1842, and taught music at Montreal till her death.
^ Basil Montagu Pickering (1836–1878), publisher and dealer in rare books: son of William Pickering; began business (1858) in Piccadilly, London; continued his father's traditions as publisher,
^ Danby Pickering (. 1737–1769), legal writer ; barrister, Gray's Inn, 1741; edited the original four volumes ofModern Reportswith supplements (1757), and Sir Henry Finch'sLaw, or a Discourse thereof (1759); published The Statutes at Large to the end of the Eleventh Parliament of Great Britain 24 vols. 17621769.
^ Ellen Pickering (d. 1843), novelist ; published her first novel, 1826.
^ George Pickering (d. 1867), artist; exhibited water-colours at the Liverpool Academy (non-resident member, 1827): succeeded George Cuitt (1779-1854) as a drawing-master at Chester; drew landscapes to illustrate Ormerod'sHistory of Cheshireand other works.
^ Sir Gilbert Pickering, first baronet (1613–1668), parliamentarian; of Gray's Inn, 1629; M.P., Northamptonshire, in the Short and Long parliaments and in those of the Commonwealth; active at the beginning of the civil war in raising troops and money in Ids county: sided with the army, 1648, and was appointed one of Charles I's judges, but attended only at first, and did not sign the death-warrant; member of the councils of state under the Commonwealth; escaped punishment after the Restoration, but was declared incapable of holding office; was a baronet of Nova Scotia.
^ Sir James Pickering (fl. 1368–1397), speaker of the House of Commons; head of a Westmoreland family: knight of the shire for Westmoreland, 1362, 1365, 1377, 1378, 1379, and 1382, for Yorkshire, 1383, 1384. 1388, 1390, and 1397; elected speaker, 1378.
^ John Pickering (d. 1537), leader in the Pilgrimage of Grace; B.D. Cambridge, 1525; prior of the Dominican house at Cambridge, 1525; took part in organising the Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536: executed at Tyburn.
^ John Pickering (d. 1645), parliamentarian: brother of Sir Gilbert Pickering; of Gray's Inn, 1634; commanded a regiment in the Earl of Manchester's army and in the new model army.
^ Thomas Pickering (d. 1475), genealogist : abbot of St. Hilda's monastery at Whitby, 1462; compiled genealogies of a few Yorkshire families.
^ Sir William Pickering (1516–1575), courtier and diplomatist; educated at Cambridge; appointed ambassador in France, 1551, but after Queen Mary's accession recalled; joined the opponents of the Spanish marriage: involved in Wyatt's conspiracy, but eventually pardoned; one of the lieutenants of London, 1569.
^ William Pickering (1796–1854), publisher; commenced business (1820) in Lincoln's Inn Fields; published theDiamond Classics 1821-31; removed to 21 Chancery Lane, IM2I, ami 1H30) adopted t mark of tinAldine press; increased bis reputation l his Aldine edition of tin* English poets in fifty-three rotmMi; hi.- last ilay- troubled I y pecuniary em barrassments, doe to the failure ot a friend for whom be lind stood security.
^ Frederick Richard Pickersgill (1810–1900), historical punter: nephew,,f..,,rv William 1 Vk,, --ill: taught by bis uncle, William Frederick Withi-rington; studied at Royal Academy schools, and exhibiteil h.-tv.vn 1M9 and 1876; 1LA., 1847; keeper ami tru,f,,,t Koval A.-adrmy. l*7.Vs7. Hi- work* include The Burial of Harold at Waltbam Abbey, 1 which gained prize at Westminster Hall, 1847, and wan purchased for the houses of parliament.
^ Henry Hall Pickersgill (rf. 1861), painter : -..u..f H.-nry William IMckersgill; exhibited at I the Royal Academy from 1834.
^ Henry William Pickersgill (1782–1875), painter; first exhibited at the Hoyal Academy, 1806; subsequently devoted himself to portrait-painting; R.A., 1826; obtained after the death of Thomas Phillips (17701845) almost a monopoly of painting the portraits of men and women of eminence.
^ Edward Pickford (d. 1657). See Edward Daniel.
^ Pickle the Spy (pseudonym). See Alastair Ruadh Macdonell, 1726?–1761.
^ Henry Pickworth (1673?–1738?), writer against the quakers; joined the quakers in Lincolnshire, but soon after holding an unsuccessful disputation with Francis Bugg, 1701, renounced his beliefs, and began writing against his former opinions,
^ Sir James Allanson Picton (1805–1889), antiquary and architect; executed some important buildings about Liverpool, and became an authority on land arbitrations; entered the Liverpool town council, 1849; originated the Liverpool public library and museum, and did much other useful work; his principal literary work, 4 Memorials of Liverpool 1873; knighted, 1881.
^ Sir Thomas Picton (1768–1815), lieutenant-general; younger son of Thomas Picton of Poyston, Pembrokeshire; entered the 12th foot, 1771; lieutenant, 1777; captain, 75th foot, 1778; checked an Incipient mutiny by his promptitude on the disbandment of his regiment, 1783; major, 68th foot, 1795; took a distinguished part in the capture of St. Lucia, 1796, and was nominated lieutenant-colonel; appointed by Sir Ralph Abercromby commander and military governor after the capture of Trinidad, 1797; appointed (1801) to the civil government of the island; his rule popular with the influential inhabitants, but serious charges of cruelty made against him in consequence of his permitting the use of tortures sanctioned by the Spani.-h law; on the appointment (1802) by Addison of three commissioners, of whom be was one, to govern the island, indignantly tendered his resignation; tried on one of the charges in the court of king's bench, but no judgment delivered against him; became brigadier-general, 1801; major-general, 1808; took part (1809) in the siege and capture of Flushing, and was appointed governor of the town, but shortly afterwards was invalided home; joined the army in Portugal, 1810, and was placed in command of the third division; successfully checked Massena's advance In the pass of San Antonio, 27 Sept. 1810: took a chief part in the pursuit. March 1811, when Massena retreated from the lines of Torres Vedras; prominent in the battle of Fueutes d'Onoro on 6 May 1811; saved his division from an overwhelming force by a brilliant retreat across six miles of level country, while harassed by artillery and cavalry, September 1811: conducted the siege of Badajo., March 1812, led the successful assault in person, and was severely wounded; nominated K.B.; promoted lieutenantgeneral, 1813; at Vittoria forced the passage of the Douro and carried the heights la the centre, his division bearing the brunt of the battle; thanked by the House of Commons seven times for his services in the Peninsula, but on the conclusion of pence was excluded by the ministry trom the list of those honoured: O.C.B., 1815; engaged at Qtiutre Bras in command of the fifth division (1815), M wp.md.-d; shot while leading nil second brigade t the charge at Waterloo. A monument was erected to him in st. Paul's Cathedral, London.
^ Henry James Pidding (1797–1864), humorous artist; attained some note as a painter of humorous subjects from domestic life; frequently exhibited at the Society of British Artiste (men.,1 at the Royal Academy
^ Henry Piddinoton (1797–1858), meteorologist; a commander in the mercantile marine: retired from the sea, c. 1830, and was appointed curator of the Museum of Economic Geology in Calcutta: accumulated important data for determining the course of storms at sea; originated the term cyclone in his Sailor's Horn-Book for the Law of Storms 1848.
^ Henry Clark Pidgeon (1807–1880), painter in water-colours and antiquary; practised in London, and afterwards in Liverpool, as a teacher of drawing: exhibited at the Liverpool Academy; returned to London in 1H61; president of the Sketching Club; member of the Institute of Painters in Water-colour-, iKrtl: contributed drawings and papers to various arclm-ologicul journals.
^ Edward Pierce or Pearce (d. 1698), sculptor and mason: practised in London. Among other works lie rebuilt St. Clement Danes in 1680, and executed a marble bust of Oliver Cromwell.
^ Robert Pierce (1622–1710), physician; of Winchester and Lincoln College, Oxford: M.A., 1650; M.D.. 1661; practised in Bath, many famous physicians sending their patients to him; F.R.C.P., 1689; published Bath Memoirs 1697.
^ Samuel Eyles Pierce (1746–1829), Calvinist divine: began his ministry as a preacher in Lndy Huntingdon's connexion, 1776; became independent pastor at Truro, 1783, and subsequently a popular London preacher; published theological works.
^ Thomas Pierce or Peirse (1622–1691), controversialist; fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, 1643 (expelled by the parliamentary visitors, 1648); M.A., 1644: became tutor to Robert Spencer (afterwards second earl of Sunderland); carried on a bitter attack on the Calvinists, whose tenets he had abandoned in 1644; regained his fellowship at the Restoration, and became chaplain in ordinary to Charles II; president of Magdalen College, Oxford, by Charles II's wish, 1661: his tenure of office stormy; resigned the presidency, 1672; became dean of Salisbury, 1675; quarrelled vehemently with the bishop, Seth Ward His learning and controversial ability are undoubted, but his fierce temper provoked his opponents and his works did more harm than good.
^ Sir Evelyn Pierrepont, first Duke of Kingston, first Marquis of Dorchester of the second creation, and fifth Earl of Kingston (1665?-1726), grandson of William Pierrepont; M.P., East Betford, 1689 (Convention parliajncnt) and 1690; succeeded bis brother William as fifth earl, 1890; created Marquis of Dorchester, 1706; privy councillor, 1714: created Duke of Kingston, 1715; as a whig obtained the favour of George I: lord-president of the council, 1719-20: K.G., 1719; one of the most prominent leaders of the fashionable world.
^ Sir Evelyn Pierrepont , second Duke of Kingston (1711–1773), graudsou of Sir Kvelyn Pierrepout, first duke of Kingston; educated at Eton; took his seat in the House of Lords, 17:13: K.J., 1741: raised a regiment of hone to oppose the Jacobites, 1746, ami was nominated lieutenant-general, 1759.
^ Henry Pierrepont , first Marquis of Donchester, second Earl of Kingston, and first Baron Pierrepont (1606–1680), eldest son of Robert Pierrepont, flr-t earl of Kingston: educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge: M.P., Nottinghamshire, as Viscount Newark, 1628-9; summoned to the House of Lords as Baron Pierrepont, 1611; succeeded hU father, 1648; created marquis of Dorchester, 1645; followed Charles I to Oxford: winded for his estate, 1647, and studied ana Uwi F.R.C.P., 1658; K.K.S., 1663; privy OTMJH-I 1660-78; according to his biographer hMMWd hit end by taking his own medicines.
^ Robert Pierrepont, first Baron Kingston and first Viscount Newark (1584-1641), of Oriel College, Oxford; created Viscount Newark, 1627, and Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull, 1628; endeavoured to remain neutral at the outbreak of the civil war, and iefueal to lend money to Charles I: joined Charles I, 1643, but was taken prisoner in July and killed by a chance shot from a royalist battery.
^ William Pierrepont(1607?-1678), politician; son of Robert Pierrepont, first earl of Kingston; sat in the Long parliament as M.P., Great Wenlock, and was a leader of the peace party during the early stages of the war: became one of the committee of both kingdoms, 1644, and threw himself with vigour into the conduct of botftilitiea; associated himself with the moderate indepeudenta until Pride's Purge, when he withdrew from politics; remained friendly with Cromwell and his family, and (February 1660) was elected to the new council of state; sat in the Convention parliament for Nottinghamshire; retired into private life, 1661. Lxlv. 267
^ Henry Piers (d. 1623), author; son of William Piers (rf. 1608); visited Rome, became a Roman catholic, and wrote observations on Rome and other continental towns, which were published, 1896.
^ Sir Henry Piers, first baronet (1628–1691), chorographer; son of Henry Piers; created baronet, 1660; wrote a description of West Mcath (printed, 1774).
^ James Piers (Jl. 1631–1635), writer; probably a son of Henry Piers; professor of philosophy at Bordeaux; published two Latin treatises.
^ John Peers or Peirse (1523?–1594), successively bishop of Rochester and Salisbury and archbishop of York; fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, 1545 and 1&49; senior student of Christ Church, Oxford, 1647; M.A., 1549; D.D., 1566: master of Balliol College, Oxford, 1570; bishop of Rochester, 1576; translated to Salisbury, 1577, to York, 1589.
^ William Piers (d. 1603), constable of Oarrickferguit: came from Yorkshire to Ireland, c. 1530, and ( 1656), with Richard Bethell, obtained a grant of the couftablohip of Carrickfergus Castle, an outpost which involved him in frequent hostilities with the Hebridean Soots and the O'Neills; defeated the Scots with great loss near Casttereagb, 1669; suspected (1573) of intriguing with Sir Brian MacPbelim, deprived of the constableship, and imprisoned for more than a year; subsequently occupied himself with unsuccessful projects for settling the northern part., of Ireland with the assistance of the native gentry.
^ William Piers, Pierse, or Pierce (1580-1670), successively bishop of Peterborough and of Bath and Wells; M.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1603; D.D., 1614; chaplain to John King (16697-1621), bishop of London; became (1622) dean of Peterborough; consecrated bitOiopof Peterborough. 1630: translated to Bath and Wells. 1832; a zealous adherent of Laud: carried out various ceremonial changes in his diocese with a high hand, anl discountenanced Sabbatarianism; impeached, 1640, committed to the Tower of Ixmdon, 1641, and deprived of his bishopric; restored, 1660.
^ Abraham Pierson (d. 1678), New England divine: B.A. Trinity College, Cambridge; went out to boaton between 1030 and 1640, and (1640) joined in forming a new settlement on Long Inland called Southampton; removed to Branford, 1664, to Newark, 1666; published a pamphlet in the Indian tongue, with an English rendering.
^ Henry Hugo Pierson, originally Pearson (1815-1873), musician; son of Hugh Nicholas Pearson t(. jr.: U.A. Trinity ColUv.-. iiinl.ridire, 1830: elected JteW tvofeuor of mivic at Edinburgh University, 1844, but soon afterwards retired to Germany: his greatest work, Jerusalem performed at the Norwich festival of 1862; dial at Leipzig. The Jerusalem gave rise to great controversy, its composer beiug denounced as a follower of Wagner, though in reality his music more resembled that of Schumann. His unfinished oratorio, Hezekiah occasioned the same difference of opinion.
^ William Henry Pierson (1839–1881), major (late Bengal) engineers; went to India, 1860, and did important engineering work in Sikhim (1861) and in Persia (1863-73) in connection with the Indo-European telegraph; appointed military secretary to Lord Ripoii, 1880: nominated (March 1881) commanding royal engineer of the field force proceediiiy: against the Mahsnd Waziris; died of dysentery while 011 active service.
^ Oliver Pigg (fl. 1565–1591), puritan divine; B.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, 1569; imprisoned at Bury St. Edmunds (1578), for dispraising the Book of Common Prayer; published two devotional treatises and a sermon.
^ David Richard Pigot (1797–1873), chief baron of the exchequer in Ireland; B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1819; called to the Irish bar, 1826; became solicitorgeneral for Ireland, 1839; M.P., Clonmel, 1839, 1840, and 1841; attorney-general, 1840-1; chief baron of the exchequer in Ireland, 1846-73.
^ Elizabeth Bridget Pigot (1783–1866), friend and correspondent of Lord Byron; lived at Southwell on Burgage Green, where in 1804 Byron and his mother settled, occupying Burgage Manor; corresponded regularly with Byron till 1811, and during the rest of her long life amused herself and her friends with narrating the minute incidents of her intimacy with the poet.
^ Sir George Pigot, Baron Pigot and first baronet (1719-1777), governor of Madras; arrived at Madras, 1737; became governor, 1755; conducted the defence of the city against Lally with skill and spirit, 1768-9; resigned office, 1763; created baronet, 1764, and an Irish baron, 1766; created LL.D. Cambridge, 1769; again nominated governor of Madras, 1775, but soon found himself at variance with his council in regard to the restoration of the raja of Tanjore, which he had been ordered by the directors to carry out; found that the majority were determined to overrule him in regard to the details of the restoration, and refused to sign the instructions drawn up by the council in regard to the matter; eventually regained a majority by preferring charges against two of the members, and thus debarring them from voting, to which step the council replied by a coup de main, and he was arrested by their order; died in confinement. In England opinion was nearly equally divided among the proprietors of the East India Company, but before the news of his death was known he was declared restored to his office and ordered to give up the government to his successor within a week.
^ Sir Henry Pigot (1750–1840), general ; son of Hugh Pigot (1721 ?-1792); entered the army, 1769; commanded at the blockade of Malta, 1800; general, 1812; G.C.M.G., 1837.
^ Hugh Pigot (1721?-1792), admiral ; brother of Sir George Pigot, baron Pigot; entered the navy as anable seaman lieutenant, 1742; commander, 1746; rear-admiral, 1776; lord of the admiralty, 17b2; admiral of the blue, 1782; commander-in-chief in the West Indies (1782), superseding Rodney.
^ Hugh Pigot (1769–1797), captain in the navy ; son of Hugh Pigot (1721V-1792); entered the navy, 1782; nominated to command the Hermioue, 1797, when his cruelty caused the crew to mutiny, kill nearly ah 1 the officers, and hand the ship over to the Spaniards.
^ Sir Robert Pigot , second baronet (1720–1796), lieutenant-general; colonel, 1772; fought at Lexington and Bunker's Hill, 1775; succeeded his hrother,Sir George Pigot, baron Pigot, in his baronetcy, 1778; lieutenant-general, 1789.
^ Sir Arthur Leary Pigott (1752–1819), attorney-general; barrister, Middle Temple, 1777; bencher, 1 799; matriculated at University College, Oxford, 1778; commenced practice at Grenada, where he became attorney-general; K.O., 1783; became attorneygeneral (1806) under the administration of All the Talents retiring with the ministry in 1807; knighted, 1806; M.P., Steyning, 180(5, Arundel, 1806-19.
^ Charles Pigott (d. 1794), author; brother of Robert Pigott; was, like Robert, an ardent champion of the French revolution, and published a reply to Burke ( 1 79 1 ) and other works.
^ Edward Pigott (fl. 1768–1807), astronomer; son of Nathaniel Pigott q. v.); aided hU father 1 * geodetic operations in Flanders, 1772; introduced John Goodricke to astronomy; made several important observations and discoveries.
^ Sir Francis Pigott (1608–1537). See Bigod.
^ Sir Gillery Pigott (1818–1875), baron of the exchequer; barrister, Middle Temple, 1839; serjeant-atlaw, l56; M.P., Reading, 1860-3; baron of the exchequer, 1863; knighted, 1863.
^ Harriet Pigott (1766–1839), authoress; niece of Robert Pigott; published Records of Real Life 1839, and other works.
^ Nathaniel Pigott (d. 1804), astronomer; chiefly remembered for his geodetic work for the Austrian government in 1772 with a view to determining the geographical position of the chief towns in the Low Countries.
^ Richard Pigott (1828?–1889), Irish journalist and forger; errand-boy in the Nation office, and afterwards manager of theIrishman(proprietor, 1866); sold bis journalistic property to the laud league, 1879, and began to blackmail his political associates in order to support himself; began to traffic with * The Times newspaper in information connecting the leading Irish home rulers with murders and outrages, 1886; caused by the serious nature of the charges made in the articles entitled 'Parnelltem and Crimethe appointment of a special judicial commission (1888) to investigate their truth; appeared as a witness, but broke down under crossexamination, February 1889; tied to Madrid, where he committed suicide.
^ Robert Pigott (1736–1794), food and dress reformer; a gentleman of Shropshire; sold his estate, 1776, and retired to the continent, where he made the acquaintance of Voltaire, Franklin, and Brissot; condemned the use of bread, advocated putting prisoners on a vegetable diet to reclaim them, and maintained the superiority of caps over hats; died at Toulouse.
^ John Pike, Pik or Pyke (fl. 1322?), chronicler; master of the schools at St. Martiu-te-Graud. London; several of his compilations in the Harleiau and Arundel MSB.
^ John Baxter Pike (1746–1811), writer on horticulture; doctor in London; contributed letters to the 'Monthly Magazineon horticulture, poultry farming, and kindred subjects.
^ John Deodatus Gregory Pike (1784–1864), baptist; pastor of the Baptist Church, Brook Street, Derby, 1810-64; editor of The General Baptist Repository 1822-64; his religious tracts widely circulated in England and America.
^ Richard Pike or Peake (fl. 1620–1626), adventurer; took part in the attack on Algiers ( 1620) made by Sir Robert Mansell; taken prisoner (W25) in the attack on Cadiz; published (1626) an account of his adventures on his return to England.
^ Richard Pike (1834–1893), master-mariner ; was in command of the Proteus when she was nipped in the pack-ice off Cape Subine; after extreme hardship reached Upernavik with his companions, where they were rescued.
^ Samuel Pike (1717?–1773), Sandemanian; became an independent minister, and (1757) adopted the k- of Robert Sainlriium: published thwli-:il ami devotional works.
^ Fuller Pilch (1803-1*70), cricketer; a nativr of Norfolk: first appeared at Lord's at the age of seventeen, and continued to play till 1854; first bat of bis day until the appearance of George Parr.
^ George Pilcher (1801–1856), aural surgeon: for many years *n"lng surgeon to the Surrey DUMMH. u:.:.. m tsOow, Uajti Osfcfi.; -.r,,.n-, 1843; published three treatises on aural surgery.
^ John Pilfold (1776?–1884), captain to the navy ; entered the navyw 1788; commanded the Ajax at the battle of Trafalgar, when a first lieutenant, and was In consequence advanced to post rank, 1806.
^ Sir Andrew Pilkington (1767?–1853), lieutenant-general;. vice in all parts of the world; K.C.B. 1888; lieutenant-general, 1841.
^ Francis Pilkington (1560?–1625?), lutenist and musical composer; Mus. Bac. Lincoln College, Oxford, 1696; minor canon and chaunter of Chester Cathedral, 1623-4. His compositions were not marked by much originality.
^ Gilbert Pilkington (fl. 1850), reputed author of The Tournament of Tottenham, a burlesque In vene onthe parade and fopperies of chivalry The eariiwt manuscript of the piece (hi the Cambridge University library) bears his signature, but it is doubtful if he was more than copyist.
^ James Pilkington (1520?–1676), first protestant bishop of Durham; of Pembroke Hall and St. John's College, Cambridge; elected fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, 1539; M.A., 1542; B.D., 1551; president, 1550; fled to the continent ( 1554), being a protestaut, but returned on Queen Elizabeth's accession; was master of St. John's College (1559-61), and regius professor of divinity, 1569; bishop of Durham, 1561-76. He assisted In the revision of the Book of Common Prayer (1568-9), and in settling the Thirty-nine Articles promulgated in 1562. Several of his writings survive.
^ Laetitia Pilkington (1712–1750), adventuress; daughter of Van Lewen, a man-midwife; married Matthew Pilkington (fl. 1729-1733), 1729; became acquainted with Swift, and rapidly gained his favour, her remlir.-i-.:!..- being one of the chief authorities for Swift's later years; was subsequently separated from her husband, after which she set up a small bookshop in St. James's Street, London. HerMemoirs written by herself, appeared in 1748.
^ Leonard Pilkington (1527?–1599), master of St. John's College, Cambridge; brother of James Pilkington q. v.; B.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, 1544; admitted fellow. 1546, but ejected as a protestaut on Mary's accession; fled to Frankfort, but on Queen Elizabeth's accession returned to Cambridge; was re-elected a senior fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, subsequently being master, 1561-4.
^ Lionel Scott Pilkington, alias Jack Hawley (1828-1875), sportsman and eccentric; educated at Rugby; only sou of Redmond William Pilkiugton; o!evelopcd a strong love for stable life, and although a man of property served Sir Joseph Henry Hawley as a groom, and afterwards adopted the surname of Hawley and settled at Doucaster.
^ Mary Pilkington (1766–1839), writer; n6e Hopkins; married (1786) a surgeon named Pilkwgtou; published over fifty volumes of fiction, poetry, and biography,
^ Matthew Pilkington (Jl. 1729–1733), poet; t poor Irish parson; married Laetitia Pilkington, 1729; attracted the attention of Swift by his servility, but afterwards forfeited it by his baseness: obtained by Swift's influence the post of chaplain to the lord mayor of London, 1732.
^ Matthew Pilkington (d. 1765), author ; LL.B. Jesus College, Cambridge, 1728; prebendary of Lichfieki, 1748-65; published A Rational Concordance, or an Index to the Bible 1749.
^ Matthew Pilkington (1705–1766), divine and author of the Dictionary of 1aimers; B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1722; vicar of Douabate and 1'ortrahau; author of The Gentleman's and Connoisseur's Dictionary of I'aintfn-,* publislr-il, 1770. ") X _
^ Redmond William Pilkington (1789–1844), architect: BOO of William Pilkinirtou; carried out the additions at the London Charterhouse commenced by his father.
^ Richard Pilkington (1568?–1631), protestant controversialist: probably a nephew of.lames Pilkington q. T.j: M.A. Kniniauiiel College, Cambridge, 1593 (ineorPOnitad M.A. ixfonl.l5'J.: IM t -.i.vnV (oll.-L'inxfopl. 1607; rector of Hatnbledon, Buckinghamshire, 1596-1631: wrote Parallela 1618, in reply to Anthony Champney q..)
^ Robert Pilkington (1765–1834), major-general and Inspector-general of fortifications: entered the royal artillery, 1787: transferred to the royal engineers, 1789; ore pending royal engineer at Gibraltar, 1818-30; inspector-general, 1833.
^ Sik Thomas Pilkington (rf. 1691), lord mayor of London: a staunch whig; distinguished himself in the city of London by his opposition to the Duke of York: imprisoned for nearly four years (1682-6) for tcandalum magtuUum in consequence of rash speeches against the duke: thrice lord mayor, 1689, 1690, and 1691; M.P. for the city of London, 1689; knighted by William III, 1689.
^ William Pilkington (1758–1848), architect; had a large practice in London, and was employed at Salisbury as surveyor and architect by the Earl of Radnor.
^ James Pillans (1778–1864), Scottish educational reformer; M.A. Edinburgh, 1801; rector of the Edinburgh High School, 1810-20; professor of humanity and UWB * at Edinburgh University, 1820-63; improved the system of education both at the high school and the university; highly successful as a disciplinarian and teacher of Latin literature.
^ Jean Pillement (1727–1808), painter; born at Lyons; came to England before 1757: painted landscapes, marine pieces, and genre subjects in a theatrical and artificial style; returned in later life to Lyons, where he died.
^ Frederick Pilon (1750–1788), actor and dramatist; first appeared on the stage at Edinburgh and afterwards drifted to London, where from 1778 he wrote clever ephemeral plays for Covent Garden and Drury Lane.
^ Bedford Clapperton Trevelyan Pim (1816-1886), admiral; entered the navy, 1842; served under Sir Edward Belcher in Franklin search expedition, 1852, and rescued Sir Robert John Le Mesurier MrClurc; retired from active service, 1861, and (1873) commenced to practise at the bar in admiralty cases, being (1873) a barrister of Gray's Inn; published nn'scollaiRiiu- works.
^ Christopher Pinchbeck (1670?-1732), clockmaker: invented the copper and zinc alloy called after huii. No contemporary mention of the metal called after him has been discovered.
^ Christopher Pinchbeck (1710?–1783), inventor; son of Christopher Pinchbeck (16"0?-1732). Among his patents was one for snuffers, which long held the market.
^ Edward Pinchbeck (fl. 1732–1738), clock-maker: eldest son of Christopher Pinchbeck (1670 ?-1732) ; succeeded to his father's business in Fleet Street, a; v ?, r
^ Robert Pinck (1573-1647), warden of New College, Oxford; of Winchester College and New B2! t 2 X S 0r ? S,!L A " 1802: D D " 1619: fellow of New College, Oxford, 1596; became warden, 1617; a close ally of Laud in his measures for the reorganisation of the univerfctUig to draw up the new statutes; took measures for the defence of Oxford, 1642, and was arrested and sent x London, but contrived to get back to Oxford, where he
^ George Pinckard (1768–1835), physician.
^ Sir Paul Pindar (1565?-1650), sent as ambassador to Turkey, 1611; knighted in Kn;_'laud. 1620; finally returned to England, 1623; brought home some remarkable jewels, several of which came into possession of the crown.
^ Peter Pindar (pseudonym). See John Wolcot, 1738-1819.
^ Sir Benjamin Chilley Campbell Pine (1809-1891), colonial governor; M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1840; barrister, Gray's Inn, 1841; acteil as temporary governor of Sierra Leone, 1848, displaying much military capacity, and was governor of Natal, 18491866; knighted, 1856; governor of the Gold Coast, 1856-9: lieutenant-governor of St. Christopher, 1859-69; govemoriu-chief of the Leeward islands, 1869-73; K.C.M.G., 1871; governor of Natal, 1873-5.
^ John Pine (1690–1756), engraver; practised in London; probably pupil of Bernard Picart, whom he resembled in style.
^ Robert Edge Pine (1730–1788), painter; son of John Pine; devoted himself to history and portrait-painting, and obtained much success; painted numerous portraits of actors and actresses; also (1771) of Brass Crosby, Wilkes, and Richard Oliver, while they were in the Tower of London; settled in Philadelphia, 1783.
^ Benjamin Pingo (1749–1794), herald; son of Thomas Pingo; rougedragon pursuivant, 1780; York herald, 1786.
^ John Pingo (ft. 1768–1786), medallist; son of Thomas Pingo; appointed assistant-engraver to the mint, c. 1786.
^ Lewis Pingo (1743–1830), medallist ; son of Thomas Pingo; succeeded his father as assistant-engraver at the mint, 1776; chief engraver, 1779-1815.
^ Thomas Pingo (1692–1776), medallist; born in Italy; came to England, c. 1742-5; assistant-engraver at the mint, 1771-6.
^ Charles Richard Pink (1853–1889), architect : designed a number of houses and schoolsand a few churches, especially in Hampshire; F.R.I.B.A., 1886.
^ Robert Pink (1573–1647). See Pinck.
^ William Pinke (1599?–1629), author : probably related to Robert Piiick; M.A. Magdalen Hall, Oxford, 1622; elected fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, 1628; published a translation and a popular devotional work.
^ John Pinkerton (1758–1826), Scottish antiquary and historian; published (1783) Select Scottish Ballads several of which he forged, and (1784) an Essay on Medals a valuable work, which introduced him to Horace Walpole and Gibbon; published, 1786, his important volumes of 'Ancient Scottish Poems in the preface of which he detailed his former forgeries; published, 1797, his History of Scotland from the Accession of the House of Stuart to that of Mary His powers of research were greater than his literary talent.
^ William Pinkethman (rf. 1725), actor; held originally a low rank at the Theatre Royal, London, but was established in the favour of the Groundlings by a tendency to overact and to introduce vulgar and impertinent business and rose in time to be a competent performer; subsequently acted at Drury Lane, London, where he bad many original parts, and though after the union with the Hay market company in 1708 he obtained fewer original characters, was assigned important parts in standard plays; a clown rather than a comedian, imitating Anthony Leigh E (1768-1835), physician; M.D. . 17 W: appointed a physician to 1795, visiting the West Indies with Sir Ralph ***!** 1111011: POWM1Notes on the We*t , 1806; physician of the Bloomabury Dispensary for thirty years. 8 " 1 PAUL OW57-1650). diplomatist; a .c. 1683-1602; consul at Aleppo, 1609-11;
^ Miles Pinkney (1599–1674). See Thomas Carre.
^ Charles Pinney (1793–1867), mayor of Bristol : held the office of mayor in 1831 during the riots caused by the rejection of the Reform Bill: thrice read the riot act, and ran the risk of losing his life, the mob being finally dispersed only by the military, who fired on the people; tried in the king's bench for neglect of duty, 1832, but acquitted by the jury.
^ William Pinnock (1782-1843. publisher and educational rit.-r; IH.VIUI lift- as a Hampshire school in.i-u-r: went to London, 1*17, and inonmnrlion with SumuH Maunder cumuli-need -lu.nl. u.-rries i.i manual- l popular in.-tru.-tion, which met with extraordinary success, aiul were collect, u. the .iiiv.-ni;.- OyckMMMlft.-till more enocexstui In abridgement* of Goldsmith's histories of Knvland. (ireeoa, :inl Koine, and his -fries of iiini histories; lost much more by a mania for speculation,
^ William Henry Pinnock (1811–1885). divine and author;.-on ot Villiniu I'innovk q. v.J: U..I. Corpu, i-hri-ti College. Cambridge. 1W5 ( incorporated at Monl, 1869); vicar o! I'inn.-r, lx7l-M5: in l.iyears compiled, like his father, elementary text-books, and was also the author of several works upon ecclesiastical laws and usages,
^ Oh Ahlotte Pinto (d. 1802). See Brent.
^ George Frederic Pinto (1787–1806), violinist and musical composer; grandson of Thomas Pinto: tnivt-llwl with Johann Peter Salomon Fq. v. afu-r IN HI, playing with great success at Oxford, Oambridirf, Hath, and onftMUBD. He wrote aouatas for pianoforte solos and with violin, as well as a large number of songs.
^ Thomas Pinto (1710?-1773), violinist: of Neapolitan origiu; was at an early age a remarkable player, but became careless and neglected to practise; roused to greater efforts by the arrival in England (1760) and success of Giardiui: recovered his position in part, but was unsuccessful in a theatrical venture.
^ George John Pinwell (1842–1875), watercolour painter; began his professional career (1863) by designing and drawing on wood, chiefly for the brothers Dalziel; member of the Water-colour Society, 1870.
^ Hester Lynch Piozzi (1741–1821), friend of Dr. Johnson: only child of John Salusbury of Bachycraig, Flintshire; was, after her father's death (1762), married against her inclinations to Henry Thrale, the son of a wealthy brewer, 1763; began an intimacy with Dr. Johnson, which became famous (1764), Johnson being (1765) almost domesticated at Thrate's house at Streatham Park, and accompanying the Thralesto Wales in 1774 and to France in 1775; lost her husband, 1781, and, though the mother of several daughters, married (1784) Gabriel Piozai, an Italian Roman catholic musician; went with her husband to Italy, this marriage being naturally disapproval by the society of that time; wrote in Italy her l Anecdotes of the late Samuel Johnson (1786), a book which gives a very lively picture of Dr. Johnson, though frequently coloured by personal feelings; returned to England, 1787, and was well received: settled attrentham Park; left Streatham (1795) for Bachycraig, where she passed the remainder of her days; after her husband's death (1809), adopted his nephew, John Piozzi, who took her maiden name, Salisbury; published (1788) her correspondence with Dr. Johnson, and other works.
^ Francis le Pipre or Piper (de. 1698). See Lepipre.
^ Piran or Piranus (fl. 550), saint ; usually identical with Saint Ciaran (ft. 500-560) The names are identical p in Britain being identical with the Irish t. The history of the two saints is in its main features the same, though the Irish lives of St Oiaran do not record his migration to Cornwall. He holds a foremost place in Cornish liagiology, being the patron saint of Cornwall, or, at least, of all miners. The ruins of his oratory at Perrauzabuloe were laid bare in 1835 by the shifting of the sands.
^ Alexander Pirie (1737–1804), Scottish divine; appointed teacher in philosophy In the anti-burgher divinity school at Abernethy: joined the burghers, 1763, but (1769) being suspended for heresy, joined the independents; held exceptionally liberal religious views for his time; published theological works.
^ William Robinson Pirie (1804–1885), protenor of divinity and principal of the university of Aberdeen: studied at University and King's College, Aberdeen; minister of Dyce, l3U-43: professor of divinity at ual College, Aberdeen, 1843-60; hon. D.D. Marischal and King's College*, Aberdeen, 1844; professor of divinity and. lam h history at MarUchal and King College*, -.; moderator of the church of Scotland, 1864; pal of Aberdeen University. 1876-W: published theological works.
^ William Pirrie (1807-1881), surgeon: M.A. Aberdeen, 1825; M.I). Minl.urtfh. 1*29: became firnt . -llexe, Aberdeen, 1839; and on tin-,m...i, of MariHchal ami King's College, Aberdeen, i860, continued to teach professor; an intrepid awl successful operator, and recognised in later life a* the foremost surgeon in the north Of Scotland.
^ Benedetto Pistrucci 1784-1855), gem-engraver and medallist; born in Rome; noil of a judge of the high criminal court in Home; commenced work in Rome, proceeding to Paris in 1814, and to London in 1815: modelled the portrait of Sir Joseph Banks, who sent him to the master of the mint, for whom he modelled the St. George and the Dragon on the reverse of the gold coinage; performed the duties of chief engraver from 1817. ami (1828) was nominated chief medallist. As a gem-engraver his reputation stands high, and be imparted to the English coinage a distinction of style that had long been absent.
^ David Pitcairn (1749–1809), physician; brother of Robert Pitcairn (17477-1770?); M.D. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 1784; began to practise in London, 1779; succeeded bis uncle, William Pitcairn as physician to St Bartholomew's Hospital. 1780; F.R.I, 1785.
^ Robert Pitcairn (1520?–1584), commcudator of Dunfermline and Scottish secretary of state; became commendator of Dunfermline, 1561; chosen a lord of the articles, 1567, and an extraordinary lord of session, 1568; accompanied Moray to the conference at York (1568) in reference to the charges against Queen Mary; succeeded William Maitland (1528?-1573) as secretary of state, 1570; a party to the conspiracy against Morton, 1578, and, after the regent's fall, was one of the new council of twelve chosen to govern in the name of James VI; had a chief share in contriving the raid of Ruthven, 1582, and did his utmost to hinder the counter-revolution of 1583, which deprived him of most of his influence.
^ Robert Pitcairn (1747?–1770?), midshipman : is remembered as the first to sight Pitcairn's island I (named after him), on 2 July, 1767, which was afterwards the home of the mutineers of the Bounty; lost at sea.
^ Robert Pitcairn (1793–1856), antiquary and miscellaneous writer; published Trials before the High Court in Scotland (3 vols. 1833), which attracted the attention of Sir Walter Scott.
^ William Pitcairn (1711–1791), physician; M.D. Rheims; M.D. Oxford, 1749; was physician to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 1750-80, where a ward is named after him; president of the Royal College of Physicians, 1775-86.
^ Archibald Pitcairne (1652–1713), physician and poet; studied law at Edinburgh and Paris; M.A. Edinburgh, 1671; turned his attention to medicine, and commenced to practise in Edinburgh, c. 1681; professor of physic at Leydeu, 1692, resigning his chair, however (1693) and returning to Edinburgh; suspected of being at heart an atheist, chiefly on account of his mockery of the puritanical strictness of the presbyterian church; reputed author of two satirical work*,The Assembly, or Scotch Reformation: a Comedy 1692, and Habel, a i Satirical Poem 1692; wrote also a number of Latin 1 verses, some of which appear in Svlei-ta I'wmata A. Pitcaruii et aliormn(1727). He was one of the most celebrated physicians of his time.
^ Alexander Pitcarne (1622?–1696), Scottish presbyterian divine; M.A. St. Salvator's College, St. Andrews, 1643; regent of St Salvator's College, St. Andrews, 1648-56; minister of Dron. 1656-62: deprived, 1662. but iMTinitted by the bishop to discharge his duties; again deprived, 1681, and troops quartered on his parish; restored, 1690; appointed principal of St. Mary's College, St Andrews, 169S: published controversial works, the best known being The Spiritual Sacrifice 16C4.
^ Sir Isaac Pitman (1813–1897), inventor of phouography: master of school at Barton-on-Humber, Lincolnshire, 183S, and at Wootton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, 1836-7; dismissed (1837) for joining the New Church founded by Emmanuel Swedenborg; established and conducted (1839-43) school at Bath; learned shorthand system of Samuel Taylor. and, with object of popularism: the art, published at fourpcnce Stenographic Sound Iland 1837, substituting phonographic for the mainly orthographic methods adopted by former shorthand authors, a penny plate entitle 1 Phonography appearing, in 1840, and fuller explanations of the system being published in 1840 and subsequent years; issued numerous instruction books and standard works printed in shorthand characters; with assistance of Alexander John Kills advocated spelling reform; knighted, 1894. His system, which has been adapted to several foreign I'iMirtiagtt*, has to a very large extent superseded all others.
^ John Rogers Pitman (1782–1861), divine and author: M.A. Pembroke College, Cambridge, 1815; well known in London as a preacher, prolific writer, compiler, and editor. xlv. 338}
^ Lord Pitmedden (1639?–1719). See Alexander Seton.
^ Arthur Pits (1557–1634?), Roman catholic priest ; studied at Oxford and Douay, and returned to England (1581) as one of a company of forty-seven priests sent from Douay during the year; arrested, 1682, and banished, 1586: imprisoned for a time on a charge of disaffection to the French king, due to his patriotism: made canon when Pope Urban VIII re-established the English hierarchy, 1623.
^ John Pits or Pitseus (1560–1616), Roman catholic divine and biographer; studied at Winchester College, New College, Oxford (probationer-fellow, 1578), and Rome, and passed most of his life in Germany and Lorraine; principal work, Relationum Historioarum de Rebus Anglicis Tom. I (1619), the most valuable part being that dealing with the biographies of catholic writers after the Reformation.
^ Robert of Pitscottie (1500?–1565?). See Lindsay.
^ Pitsligo, fourth and last Baron Forbes of (1678-1762). See Alexander Forbes.
^ Ann Pitt (1720?–1799), actress; appeared as Miss Pitt at Drury Lane, London, under Garrick in 1748, after some practice in the country; first advertised as Mrs. Pitt, 3 Oct. 1755; among her most notable characters the nurse in Romeo and Juliet which she played to many famous Juliets, and Mrs. Croaker in the Goodnatured Man continued on the stage until the age of Seventy-two.
^ Christopher Pitt (1699–1748), poet and translator: of Winchester College and Wadham and New (Alleges, Oxford; fellow of New College, 1721; M.A., 124; presented in 1722 to the rectory of Pimpernel wh.iv ht- resided till his death; had some acquaintance nth Pope, and published a translation of Virgil's Eneid in 1 1 40, which has been included in many collected editn.li* of English poets.
^ George Pitt, first Baron Rivers (1722?-1803), M.A. Magdalen College, Oxford, 1739; D.C.L., 1746; whig M.P. for _ Shaftesbury, 1742, Dorset, 1747-74; created baron, 1,76; filial several diplomatic posts; published Letters to a Young Nobleman 1784, and other works.
^ Harriet Pitt (d. 1814) dancer; appeared chiefly at Covent Garden; the name of Mrs Davenet, to distinguish her from 5TnH&i5: r mother of Thomas John Dibdin irles Dibdin.
^ Sir John Pitt, second Earl of Chatham (1756-1835), eldest son of William Pitt, first Earl of Chatham Sri'tV ?? the army, 1778: firsfc lorA of th Srtnriri ?*i 7 o P A Vy uncillor "89; K.G., 1790; W priry seal, 1794-6; president of the council, 1796 1801; master of the ordnance, 1801-C; was keenly disappointed by the appointment of Wellesley to command I in the Peninsula, 1808, and a? a consolation was placed in j command of the Walcheren expedition, 1809; proved himself quite unequal to the task assigned him, and on failure of the expedition blamed the naval commander, Sir Richard John Strachan, for the result; his reputation ruined by the ensuing inquiry; general, 1812; governor of Gibraltar, 1820-35.
^ Moses Pitt (ft. 1654–1696), publisher and author: chiefly known for his publication of The English Atlas ;i work formerly held in great estimation (maps based on Janssen's atlas). Of this work four volumes and part of a fifth appeared between 1680 and 1682, but it was not a pecuniary success, and in 1689-91 he was imprisoned for debt.
^ Robert Pitt (1653–1713), physician; fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, 1674; M.A., 1675: M.D., 1682; F.M.S., 1682; censor, Royal College of Physicians, 1687 and 1702; physician to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 1698-1707; published several pamphlets against the excessive use of drugs and against frauds common in medical practice.
^ Thomas Pitt (1653–1726), East India merchant and governor of Madras; often called Diamond Pitt; engaged in the East India trade as an interloper, and settling at Balasore (1674) began a long struggle with the East India Company; engaged (1683-7) in litigation in England on the question of his trading without authorisation from the East India Company, but (1693) he started on his last interloping voyage, and made terms with the company, 1694; president of Port St. George, 1697-1709, building up a great reputation; kept a constant look-out for large diamonds during his stay at Madras, obtaining (1701) the great Pitt diamond from an Indian merchant, which he sold (1717) to the French regent for 135,0007. (It was in 1791 valued at 480.000., and is still among the state jewels of Prance).
^ Thomas Pitt , first Earl of Londonderry (1688?-1729), son of Thomas Pitt (1653-1726); M.P., Wilton, 1713-27, Old Sarum, 1727-8; created Baron Londonderry, 1719, and Earl of Londonderry, 1726; governor of the Leeward islands, 1728-9.
^ Thomas Pitt , first Baron Camelford (1737-1793), nephew of William Pitt, first earl of Chatham ; M.A. Clare College, Cambridge, per litteras regias, 1769; whig M.P. for Old Sarum, 1761-8, Okehampton, 1768-74, and again for Old Sarum, 1774-84; one of the strongest opponents of Lord North's ministry and a warm antagonist of the coalition; declined the leadership of the House of Commons, 1783; raised to the peerage, 1784. From March 1762 he lived at Twickenham, where his skill in Gothic architecture was recoemised by his neighbour, Horace Walpole. He was a friend of Mrs. Delany
^ Thomas Pitt , second Baron Camelford (1776-1804), only son of Thomas Pitt, first baron Oamelford : educated at the Charterhouse; entered the navy, 1789; being put ashore for insubordination at Hawaii (1794) had to work his passage home, afterwards ineffectually challenging his commander, George Vancouver , to a duel; shot Charles Peterson, first lieutenant of the Perdrix, during a dispute concerning seniority (1798), for which he was acquitted by court-martial on the ground that Peterson had refused to obey his orders, and was therefore a mutineer, although, according to naval law, Peterson was the senior officer; his name struck off the list of commanders at his own request, in consequence of an altercation with the admiralty, 1798: subsequently lived in London, where he achieved extraordinary notoriety by disorderly conduct; killed in a duel near Holland House, London.
^ William Pitt, first Earl of Chatham (1708-1778), statesman; born in Westminster: younger son of Robert Pitt of Boconnoc in Cornwall, by his wife, Harriet, daughter of Edward Villiers of Dromana, co. Waterford, and grandson of Thomas Pitt (1G53-1726); educated at Eton and Trinity College, Oxford; from early life suffered severely from gout; obtained a cornetcy in Lord Cobham's horse, 1731, and four years later entered parliament for Old Sarum; dismissed from the army for his flrst speech on the marriage of Frederick, prince of u'ain M.P. for nld -arum, 1741; distinguished himself by his opposition to the system of foreign subsidies, and by his attacks on UK- Hanoverian policy of the ministers; was passed over on Granville's tllimlttal (November 17W). while several of his political associates obtained seats in tin- Broad-bottom administration; admitted (1746) to office as joint vice-treasurer of Ireland, in t OIIMI juencc of Pclham's bringing pressure to bear upon George II, tendering his resignation during the Jacobite rebellion; promoted paymaster-general of the forces (May 1746), in which post he created a precedent by declining any of the emoluments of the office beyond the legal salary; gained public confidence by bis disinterested conduct, iu spite of the fact that be supported a continental policy in the interest of Hanover, such as he had formerly denounced; failed to conciliate George II by bis change of sentiment; being disappoint.-. I in his hop.- on IMham's death (March 1754) of succeeding to the leadership of the House of Commons, joined Henry Fox (afterwards first Baron Holland) in ridiculing the actual leader, Sir Thomas Robinson (afterwards first Baron Grantham) , and even proceeded to assail Newcastle, the prime minister, himself; dismissed from office, November 1766: bis accession to power made a necessity by the disasters of the French war, which completed the unpopularity of Newcastle's ministry; refused to act with Newcastle or Fox, who had deserted him in the previous year and accepted a seat iu the cabinet; became actual premier and secretary of state for the southern department (4 Dec. 1766), as well as leader of the House of Commons, with the Duke of Devonshire as first lord of the treasury; found that Newcastle's corrupt iudueuce still dominated the House of Commons, and that he could not carry on the government with the aid of public opinion alone; dismissed with Temple from office by George II, April 1757, but in consequence of the public discontent and the necessities of the time was recalled with him within a few weeks; formed a coalition with Newcastle; planned the expeditions and selected the commanders in the succession of victories all over the world which early in 1768 took the place of England's former reverses, and raised loans for war expenses with a profusion which appalled more timid financiers; made England as much an object of jealousy and dread to Europe as Spain or France in earlier times; became aware of the family compact, September 1761, and proposed to commence hostilities against Spain; failed to convince the cabinet, and on 5 Oct. resigned office with Temple; denounced the preliminary treaty with France and Spain in December 1762, maintaining that the peace was insecure and the terms inadequate; refused (17tt3) to resume office unless the great whig lamilies were restored, (17CG) supported the repeal of the Stamp Act; on * "*"yl7t;G,forinrtn heterogeneous aoTmfiiistralion, composed of patriots und courtiers, king's friends and republicans; accepted an earldom, 1766, and took the sinecure officejpf lord privy seal;luuilu" hie administration become gradOaUy mart distinctly tory in character as time went on; mentally incapacitated by suppressed gout from all attention to business, 1767; resigned office.! 768, but (January 177U) was sufficiently recovereJTronrfaia mental disease to reappear in the House -ef-feonkjinu 1 atUok the American policy of the government; allied himself from this time forward definitely with Ro.-kiiiirluim and the whip?; largely disabled by the infirmity of his health from attending the House of Lords, 1771-4; strenuously opposed the harsh measures taken in regard to the American colonies, 1774-5, and (May 1777) unsuccessfully moved an address to the crown lor the stoppage of hostilities, though he was not willing to recognise the independence of the colonies; some unavailing efforts made to induce him to join North's administration in 1778, when the hostility of France and Spain was manifest; fell backwards iu a tit while opposing the Duke of Richmond's motion for the withdrawal of the English forces from America, 7 April; died at Hayes on 1 1 May, and was buried in Westminster Abbey on 9 June. As an orator he must be ranked with the greatest of ancient or modern times; as a statesman, and especially as a war minister, he possessed ability of a high order. II faut avouer said Frederick the Great,que 1'Angleterre a ete longtems en travail, et qu'elle a beaucoup soufferte pour produire M. Pitt; rnais eufiu elle est accouchee d'un homme
^ William Pitt (1759–1806), statesman; second son of William Pitt, first earl of Chatham; born at Hayes; educated at Pembroke Hall. Cambridge; M.A., 1776; called to the bar at I. in.. -In 1 - Inn. 17o; M.I, y, 1781; joined Lorn that had followed !....utham; resolved uot to accept a minor office, and (1782) declined Bockingham's offers, though giving the government independent support; became chancellor of the exchequer under 8hdburue on Kockingham's death, JulylTtt; refused the treasury on Sbdburne being overthrown by the coalition..i North and Pox ( February 1783), in spite of George Ill's im th,- OtanWl..! ths nin -m MM mod,- prm. uUMsj n. his twenty-fifth year (December 1783), the announcement being received with laughter in the House of Commons, the late ministers had a Urge majority: had great difficulty iu forming an administration, and was the only member of the Commons in his own cabinet; although repeatedly defeated in parliament, refused to dissolve until certain that public feeling was strongly on his side. Fox unwittingly assisting him by his mirtalren tactics in endeavouring to prevent a dissolution; obtained an overwhelming majority at the general election of 1784, to the satisfaction of the House of Lords, which had oonwsteutly supported him, and of George 111, who regarded bun as his only hope of salvation from men whom he hated; at once turned his attention to the finances, took measures for funding and reducing the national debt, and made great abatements iu the customs duties; instituted (1786) the sinking fund for paying oil the national debt, which, although iu continuance atu-r the outbreak of war in 1793 was economically in sound, undoubtedly contributed to maintain public credit: his position imperilled (November 1788) by the king's insanity, since, had George, prince of Wales, become regent, he would have been Hmamd in favour of Fox and his followers; maintained that the regent ought to be appointed by parliament, and was engaged iu passing a bill limiting his authority, when the necessity was removed by George Ill's recovery; formed (1788) an alliance with Holland and Prussia, and (1791) attempted to abate racial feeling in Canada by dividing the country into the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada; his attention roused by the outbreak of the French revolution, which involved him in a conflict which occupied all his later life: he viewed the outbreak of 1789 as a domestic quarrel, which did uot concern him, but was disturbed by the spread of republican principles in England, and by his attitude towards the French demand for the opening of the Scheldt caused war to be dec-hired in February 1793; his government strengthened by the accession of many leading whigs, 1794, only Fox and his small party maintaining a stedfast opposition; issued large loans, and suspended the Habeas Corpus Act (May 1793), abandoning at the same time his former partiality for parliamentary reform; formed between March and October a great coalition with Russia, Sardinia, Spain, Naples, Prussia, Austria, Portugal, and some German princes, and granted subsidies of 832,000*. for the hire of foreign troops; England successful at sea under the coalition formed by him, which, however, on the continent met with reverses, so that in a short time Austria and Sardinia were the only active allies left to England; made a triple alliance with Russia and Austria, which was equally fruitless, Russia remaining inactive, while Austria effected nothing of moment; his dismissal demanded by the mob, October 1796, which met George I II going to open parliament with cries of Bread Peace and No Pitt a consequence of bad har vents and financial distress; unsuccessfully laid proposals of peace before the French directory, March 1796, in the year after which (October 1797) the war on the continent came to an end, and England, loaded with taxation and threatened with financial panic, seemed likely to bear the whole brunt of the French attack; insulted by the mob, December 1797, and guarded with cavalry; anxiously sought for peace, but on the outbreak of the Irish rebellion of 17u8 renewed the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act and passed other coercive measures; aided by the victory of the Nile on I Aug. 1798 in forming his second great coalition against France, which included Portugal, Naples, Russia, The Porte, and Austria; by this the French were driven back to the Rhine, and Massena was penned up in Genoa, though Napoleon, returning from Egypt, broke the power of Austria at Marengo, and Moreau re-esUiblished the French in southern Germany; made the hind tax perpetual, April 1798, and (December 1 798) introduced an income tax, levying ten per cent, on income* of 2u7. and upwards, lesser rate on incomes exceeding 60l.: had the Irish parliament united to that of (treat Britain, isoo. the passage of the hill in Ireland being procure.! by n. t!nI which -how a lo standard "f political morality: though largely resoniblc for the corruption, wa- ii'it the inrentor of the sy.-teui which had become an evil t radii ion in Ireland long before the Inion: desired to complete hiIrish policy by introdueinira mea.-iuv of catholic cnmnci .it foiind himself unable to ovcn-ome George Ill's opposition: found Ccorge III obdurate, and resigned office, 14 Match 1801, but in view of the foreign perils threatening the country agreed to support Addiugton's administration; relaxed his attendance in parliament in 1802, but maintained constant communication with the prime minister, and advised him both on the budget in April and on tin- royal speech in June: approved the treaty of Amiens, but diMiked many of the govemmcnt's proceedings, particularly its system of finance: after tlie outbreak of war iu May 1803. when the feebleness of government became apparent, at first maintained an attitude of neutrality, but gradually enuie into opposition; re-entered office on the resignation of Addington, May 1804, though without the support of most of his former allies among tlie whig*, who seceded with (ireuville; desired to include Fox in his cabinet: opposed in the ( ominous by the parties of Addington, Windham.and Fox: inaugurated a more vigorous jxlicy, and (April 1805) formed H third coalition with Russia, Austria, and Sweden, but incurred the hostility of Spain, which declared war again-* Knu'land, IXnvmber 18tU: personally reconciled to Addington, December 1804: increased the property tax bv twenty-five per cent., February 1805, raising a loan of 20,000,000.; his health, which had been declining for sometime, seriouslv affected by the censure on his old friend Melville for conduct of the public funds while first lord of tlie admiralty, and the renewed disaffection of Addington, now lord Sidmouth: he was almost broken down by the news of the capitulation of Ulm, October 1806 his death caused by the battle of Austerlitz, which shattered the coalition he had built up: he died in January 1806, his last words being Oh, my country ! how I leave my country ! %; buried (22 Feb.) in Westminster Abbey. Kager by nature, Pitt trained himself to singular calmness and self-possession. His judgment on party matters was admirable, and by the destruction of the whig oligarchy lie prepared for later parliamentary reform. He made some serious political mistakes, and was not his father's equal a a war minister. His policy of opposing France by means of European coalitions, while vigorous and daring, imposed on England a heavy financial burden, and, ix-rhaps owing to the petty views and selfish character of his continental allies, it could never have attained much success. His administration covered a time of great difficulty and peril, which forced him to abandon most of his early schemes of internal reform, but tie preserved England from serious disaster, established the reputation of her arms, and greatly increased her colonial possessions.
^ William Pitt (1749–1823), writer on agriculture ; prepared reports on several English counties for the board of agriculture, besides publishing economic and agricultural treatises.
^ Sir William Augustus Pitt (1728–1809), general; brother of George Pitt, first baron Rivers; entered the army, 1744: distinguished himself in several actions: K.B., 1792: general, 1793; governor of Portsmouth, 1794-1809.
^ Augustus Henry Lane Fox Pitt-Rivers (1827-1900), lieutenant-general, anthropologist, and archaeologist: ran of William Augustus Lane Fox; assumed name of Pitt-Rivers ( 1880) on eventually inheriting estates of his great-uncle, George Pitt, second baron Rivers (1761-1828): educated at Sandhurst: received commission in grenadier guards, 1846; captain, 1850; lieutenantgeneral, 1882: employed in investigations as to use and improvement of rifle, 1851-7: nerved in Crimea; collected weapons, and subsequently other articles illustrating the coarse of human invention; the collection was housed by government at Bethual Green, London, and South Kennington, London, till 1883, when it was presented to Oxford University and placed in the Pitt-Rivers Museum: !. from 1880, at Hushmore. Wiltshire, and explored antiquities, accurately recording excavations, and ng models of sites to be placed in the museum of Faniham, Dorset, which he built; F.R.S., 1876; vice prcsident of Society of Antiquaries; first inspector of ancient tuoniinieiits 1*8:2; lion. D.C.L. Oxford, 1HHG; publishi-d scientific writings and accounts of excavations.
^ Lord Pittarrow (d. 1576). See John Wishart.
^ Lord Pittendreich Lmtn (.. 16H3). See James Balfour.
^ Thomas Pittis (1636-1687), divine; of Trinity and Lincoln Colleges, Oxford; M.A. Lincoln College. 1658: D.D., 1670; was expelled from the university, 1658: became a royal chaplain,. 1G70; rector of St. Botolph Bishopsgate, London, 1078-87.
^ William Pittis (1674–1724), pamphleteer; son of Thomas Pittis: of Winchester and New College, Oxford; fellow, 1692-5; B.A., 1694: member of the Inner Temple: ordered, in 1706, to stand in the pillory three hours and to pay a fine for writing A Memorial of the Church, of England not now extant, and was taken into custody (1714) for his Reasons for a War with France
^ Josiah Pittman (1816–1886), musician and Author: organist at Lincoln's Inn, 1852-64: accompanist at Her Majesty's Opera, London. 1865-8, and at Covent Garden, 1868-86: edited many works for Messrs. Boosey.
^ Joseph Pitts (1663–1731?), traveller: captured by an Algerine pirate (1678), and enslaved at Algiers; performed the pilgrimage to Mecca; escaped, 1693; published at Exeter (1704) the first authentic account by an Englishman of the pilgrimage to Mecca.
^ William Pitts (1790–1840), silver-chaser and sculptor; gained a great reputation for models and reliefs in pure classical taste; was ambidextrous, drawing and modelling equally well with either hand.
^ Mary Pix (1666–1720?), dramatist: nte Griffith: married George Pix, a merchant tailor of London, 1684; produced (1696) the blank-verse tragedy,Ibrahim at Dorset Garden, London, and published a novel and farce; devoted herself from this time to dramatic authorship, her plays appearing at several London theatres; devoid of learning and notorious for her fatness and love of good wine: left passable comedies and intolerable tragedies; travestied in The Female Wits a dramatic satire,
^ Francis Place (1647–1728), amateur artist: modelled his style on his friend Wenceslaus Hollar; had considerable merit as a painter of animals and stilllife, and also drew portraits in crayon; one of the first Englishmen to practise the newly discovered art of mezzotint engraving.
^ Francis Place (1771–1854), radical reformer: apprenticed to a leather-breeches maker, and (1791) became a journeyman, but owing to the decay of the trade could hardly obtain work; studied when he had opportunity, and became secretary to the clubs of several trades, including his own; tailor in London, 1799: supported Sir Francis Burdett (1807 and 1810) in his political campaigns, and made the acquaintance of many leading politicians and political thinkers; carried on a campaign (1816-23) against the sinking fund, and (1824) succeeded in getting the laws against combinations of workmen repealed: eventually regarded as the source of radical inspiration; his power lessened after the passing of the Reform Bill. Seventy-one volumes of his manuscripts and materials, largely autobioeraphical, are in the British Museum.
^ Robert Plampin (1762–1834), vice-admiral: entered the navy, 1776: possessed a good knowledge of French and Dutch, which greatly assisted him in his profession; saw much service during the French war, especially in European waters; commander-in-chief in Ireland, 1826-8; promoted vice-admiral, 1826.
^ James Robinson Planché (1796–1880), somerset herald and dramatist: wrote l Amoroso a burlesque, which was produced at Drury Lane, London, 1818; subsequently wrote numerous pieces for the London theatres: musical manager at Vauxlmll Gardens, London, 1826-7; manager of the Adelphi, London, 1830: connected with the Olympic, London, Covent Garden, London, and the Lyceum, London, under Madame Vestris from 1831 to 1866; continued to write till 1872; antiquary and student of heraldry and costume; his History of British:,*.mm. ( l*:l) the result of ten years.{ndy. In 1866 he Soim-r-H h.-ral.l, ami he went on varion- fT. ru mis-ion.- ti in.-t i-oiitiiifiital iriiuv itli tin- onl'T of the(tarter.
^ Matilda Anne Planché (1826-1881). See Mackarnass.
^ Thomas Livesley Plant (1819-18J), meteorologist; kept systematic meteorological records at Itinniiiifham for forty-six yean (1837-83), Derides uritn on the subject.
^ Joseph Planta (1744–1817), librarian: born in the Orisons; came to London, 1752, with his father, whom he succeeded (1773) as aseistant-librarian at tin- Hriti-h Museum: promoted (1776) keeper of mamwcrlpU, and (1799) principal librarian. During his term of office he granted many facilities to the public.
^ Joseph Planta (1787–1847), diplomatist; son of Joseph Planta (1744-1827): educated at Eton; Ouulngt private secretary, 1807-9, and afterwards M,-nt:iry to Oastlereagh, 1813-1 J, during his minion to the allied sovereigns.
^ Family of Plantagenet . Though the surname has become attached by usage to the house which occupied the English throne from 1164 to 1486, the family did not assmne it until the middle of the fifteenth century. It was originally a personal nickname of Geoffrey, count of Anjou, father of Henry II, and Richard, duke of York, desiring to express the superiority of his descent over the Lancastrian line, adopted Plantagenet as a surname. It first appeared in formal records in 1460. The sovereigns of the Angevin dynasty appear in this index under their Christian names. Other members of the family are noticed under the following headings; ARTHUR, VISCOUNT LISLE (1480?-1642), see PLANTAGENET, SIR ARTHUR; EDMUND, called OROUCHBACK (1246-1296). see LANCASTER; EDMUND, second EARL OF CORNWALL (1260-1300), see EDMUND; EDMUND OP WOODSTOCK, EARL OP KENT (1301-1330), see EDMUND; EDMUND DE LANG LEY, first DUKE OP YORK (1341 -1402), see LANGLKT; EDWARD,THE BLACK PKIXCE(1330-1376), see EDWARD: EDWARD, second DUKK OP YORK (1373 ?-1415), seePLANTAGENET EDWARD; EDWARD, EARL OP
^ Warwick (1476–1499), see EDWARD ; GKOPPRKY, archbishop of York (. 1212), see GEOPPRKY; GKORUE, DUKE OP OLARENCK (1449-1478), see GEORGE; HENRY ov CORNWALL (1235-1271), see HENRY; HENRY, EARL op LANCASTER (1281 ?-1345),see HENRY; HENRY, first DUKE OP LANCASTER (1299 ?-1361), see HENRY: HUMI-HUEY, DUKK OP GLOUCESTER (1391-1447), see HUMPHREY; JOHNOP ELTHAM, EARL OP CORNWALL (1316-1336), see JOHN; JOHN OP GAUNT, DUKE OP LANCASTER (1340-1399), see JOHN; JOHN op LANCASTER, DUKE OP BEDPORD (13891436), see JOHN; LIONEL OP ANTWERP, DUKK OP CLARENCE (1338-1368), see LIONEL; MARGARET, COUNTESS OP SALISBURY (1473-1641), see POLE, MARGARET; RICHARD, EARL OP CORNWALL and KING op THE ROMANS (1209-1272), see RICHARD; RICHARD, EARL OP CAMBRIDGE (d. 1416), see RICHARD; RICHARD, DUKE op YORK (1411-14(50), see RICHAKD; RICHARD, DUKE OP YORK (1472-1483), see RICHARD; THOMAS, EARL op LANCASTER (1277 ?-1322), see THOMAS; THOMAS OP BROTHERTON, EARL OP NORFOLK (1300-1338), see THOMAS; THOMAS op WOODSTOCK, DUKE OP GLOUCESTER (13551397), see THOMAS; THOMAS, DUKE OP CLARENCE (1388 ?1421), see THOMAS.
^ Arthur Plantagenet, Viscount Lisle (1480?-1542), natural son of Edward IV by Elizabeth Lucie; an esquire of Henry VHI's bodyguard; married (1611) Elizabeth, daughter of Edward Grey, viscount Lisle, obtaining a grant of the title, 1623; became deputy of Calais, 1633, and in 1540 was arrested on suspicion of being implicated in a plot; was declared innocent in 1542, but died in the Tower of London of excitement.
^ Edward Plantagenet, more correctly Edward of Norwich, second Duke of York (1373?-1415), eldest son of Edmund de Langley, first duke of York: K.G., 1387; created Earl of Rutland, 1390; became admiral of the northern fleet, 1391, and sole admiral, 1392; created Earl of Cork, 139G: took a leading part in Richard Il's attack upon the lords appellant, 1397, and was rewarded with large grants of land, the duchy of Albemarle, and the office of Kii-hanl II in l.V.c.t mii.-li ti-uoiu'l, although perhaps without Mitii, !,.,,!, a tine; deprived by Henry 1 constaMi-.hip, of the dignity of duke, and of his later grant* of land, bat WM won afterwards littiug in the prlTy council; the story of hU complicity in the conspiracy of Chrwtmas 1S99 not tunportad by tn. evidence: raoceeded M Duke of York, Uo: appointed lieutenant of South Wale*, liOJ: enwed in ihe abortiv* attempt to carry off the Mortimer* from Windsor and WM arrested, 1406. but released by the clou of the year; commanded the right wing at Agincourt, and WM killed in the battle.
^ George Plantagenet , Dr o OLAMWcr (1449-1478).
^ Sir Hugh Plat or Platt (1552-1611?), writer on agriculture and inventor: MO of a London brewer: amply provided for by hia father; RA. St. John College, Cambridge, 1572; developed an active interest in mechanical inventions and In agriculture, which he treated scientifically: published (1W4 The Jewell Hou*of Art and Nature which contained description* of a number of inventions and of experiment* in agriculture; knighted, 1606: author of other ciiriou* works on such topii-s as household recipes for pre*erviug fruits, distilling, cooking, and dyeing the hair: published his chief work on gardening, Floraes Paradise 1608.
^ Sir Thomas Joshua Platt (1790?–1862), baron of the exchequer: of Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge; M.A., 1814: barrister. Inner Temple, lnlO: knighted, 1845; baron of the exchequer, 1845-50.
^ Thomas Pell Platt (1798–1862), orientalist; fellow, Trinity College, Cambridge, 1820; M.A., 18JS; acted for some years as librarian of the British and Foreign Bible Society, and (c. 1825) collated for the society the Ethiopic texts of the New Testament: aim prepared an edition of the Syriac gospels, 1829, aid an Amharic version of the bible, 1844.
^ Gabrial Plattes (fl. 1638–1640), writer on agriculture; published hisTreatise on Agriculture 1638, and subsequently other works: said to have died destitute during the Commonwealth.
^ John Platts (1775–1837), nnitarian divine and compiler; Unitarian minister at Boston, 1805-17, and Doncaster, 1817-37; published, besides other works, A new Universal Biography (1825, 6 vols.), arranged chronologically, and extending to the end of the sixteenth century, and a New Self-interpreting Testament 1827.
^ John Plaw (1745?–1820), architect; architect and master-builder in Westminster; published several professional works.
^ Sir Thomas Player (1608–1672), chamberlain of London; M. A. St. Alban Hall, Oxford, 1633: a member of the HabenlashersCompany; was elected chamberlain, 1661; knighted, 1660; became, as chamberlain, official collector of the hearth-tax, 1664.
^ Sir Thomas Player (d. 1686), chamberlain of London; only son of Sir Thomas Player; knighted, 1660; succeeded his father as chamberlain, 1672, resigning in 1683. He is gibhetud as Kabshakeh by Drydeu in Absalom and Achitophel
^ Sir Hugh Lyon Playfair (1786–1861), Indian officer and provost of St. Andrews; sou of James Playfair ; studied at St. Andrews University: entered the Bengal artillery, 1804, and saw much service in India, retiring, 1834; provost of St. Andrews, 1842-61: revived the Royal and Ancient Golf Club: LL.D. St. Andrews, 1856; knighted, 1856.
^ James Playfair (1738–1819), principal of St Andrews; D.D. St. Andrews, 1779; appointed principal of the United College. St. Andrews, and minister of the church of St. Leonard's, 1800: for many years historiographer to George, prince of Wales.
^ John Playfair (1748–1819), mathematician and geologist: graduated at St. Andrews, 1765; minister of Liff and Benvie, 1773-83, and joint-professor of mathematics at Edinburgh, 1786-1806; became professor of natural philosophy, 1805; F.R.S.. 1807: published, besides other works, Elements of Geometry 1796 (llth edit. 1859). and Illustrations of the Huttoniau Theory of the Earth 1801, which latter helped to create the modern science of geology.
^ Sir Lyon Playfair, first Baron Playfair of St Andrews (1818-l898); brother of Sir Robert Lambert Playfair: educated at St. Andrews; studied chemistry under Thomas Graham at Glasgow; MrisUnt to Graham at University College, Loudon: Ph.D. OieMeti: honorary professor of chemistry to Royal Institution, Manchester, 1843-5; chemist to Geological Survey and professor in new School of Mines, Jermyn Street, London, 184ft; F.R.S., 1848; president of Chemical Society, 1867-9; took part in organising Great Exhibition, 1851; C.B n 1851: secretary for science to Department of Science and Art, 1853, and secretary for science and art, 1855-8: professor of chemistry at Edinburgh, 1858-69; liberal M.P. for universities of Edinburgh and St. Andrews, 1868-85; postmaster-general, 1873; chairman and deputypeaker of House of Commons, 1880-3: K.C.B., 1883: liberal M.P. for South Leeds, 1885-92: vice-president of council, 1886: raised to peerage, 1892: lord-in-waiting to Queen Victoria, 1892; G.C.B., 1895. He made important investigations on tlie nitroprussides, a new class of salts which he discovered.
^ Sir Robert Lambert Playfair (1828–1899), author and administrator; grandson of James Playfair; brother of Sir Lyon Playfair, baron Playfair ; entered Madras artillery, 1846; captain, 1858; transferred to Madras staff corps, 1861; major, 1866; retired from army as lieutenant-colonel, 1867; assistant political resident at Aden, 1854-62; F.R.G.S., 1860; political agent at Zanzibar, 1862, and consul, 1863; consulgeneral for Algeria, 1867, for Algeria and Tunis, 1885, and for Algeria and northern coast of Africa, 1889-96; K.C.M.G., 1886. His publications include bibliographies of Algeria, 1851-87 (1888), of Tripoli and the Oyreuaica (1889), and of Morocco (1892), books of travel, handbooks for travellers, and other writings.
^ William Playfair (1759–1823), publicist; brother of John Playfair; apprenticed to Andrew Meikle; took out several patents, and opened a shop in London for their sale; removed to Paris, not being successful, but(c. 1793), after taking part in the French revolution, returned to London, where (1795) he began writing gainst the French revolution: became editor ofGalignani's Messengerin Paris after the battle of Waterloo, but fled to London (1818) to avoid imprisonment for libel; earned a precarious livelihood in London by pamphlets and translations; wrote over forty works.
^ William Henry Playfair (1789–1867), architect; nephew of John Playfair; practised in Edinburgh, where between 1815 and 1820 he laid out part of the new town: engaged (1817-24) in rebuilding and enlarging the university buildings; executed other important works, including the AdvocatesLibrary and the National Gallery of Scotland. His classical buildings are predominant in any view of Edinburgh, and have gained for it the sobriquet of the Modern Athens
^ Thomas Playfere (1561?-1609), divine ; M.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, 1583: fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, 1684; D.D., 1596 (incorporated at Oxford, 1696); Lady Margaret professor of divinity, 1696-1609. He was chaplain to James I.
^ Henry Playford (1657–1706?), musical publisher; son of John Playford (1623-1686 ?); carried on his father's business, and published a large number of collections of music: established in 1699 a concert of music, lu-ld three times a week in a coffee-house: instituted weekly clubs for the practice of music, c. 1701.
^ John Playford, the elder (1623–1686?), musician and publisher: became known as a musical publisher in London, c. 1648, and from 1662 until hia retirement kept a *bopin th. inner Temple, near the church door; almost monopolised the business of music publishing in Entrland under the Commonwealth, and for some years of Obarks IPs reign; famous for his collected volumes of * and catches. In typographical technique his most original improvement was the invention, in 1668, ofthe W w ty uote fli " original compositions were few and
^ John Playford , the younger (1656–1686), music printer: nephew of John Playford the elder; entered into partnership, in 1679, with Ann Godbid in the printing-house at Little Britain (also the chief printinghouse for setting up mathematical works),
^ Thomas Pleasants (1728–1818), philanthropist; a gentleman of affluence who made many large contributions to philanthropic institutions in Dublin.
^ Saint Plechelm (fl. 700), the apostle of Guelderland; an Irishman of noble birth who received holy orders and made a pilgrimage to Rome; having been consecrated a bishop, went with St. Wiro, an Irish bishop, on a mission to Gaul; settled at Itureimmd, whence many missions were sent to the provinces between the Rhine and the Meuse. He has been doubtfully identified with Pecthelm
^ Plegmund (rf. 914), archbishop of Canterbury ; a Mercian by birth; lived as a hermit on an island (Plemstull) near Chester; called to court by Alfred, where he instructed the king and helped him in his literary work; chosen archbishop, 890; visited Rome, 890 and 908.
^ John de Plessis or Plessetis, Earl of Warwick (d. 1263), of Norman origin; first mentioned in 1227: accompanied Henry III to Poitou, 1242; married Margaret de Neubourg, countess of Warwick, 1242, assuming the title in 1245: one of the royal representatives on the committee of twenty-four at the parliament of Oxford, 1258, one of the royal electors of the council of fifteen, and a member of the latter body; member of the, council selected to act wheu Henry III was out of England, 1259.
^ Joseph Octave Plessis (1762–1825), Roman catholic archbishop of Quebec; became bishop-coadjutor of Quebec, 1801, bishop, 1806, and archbishop, 1818; a powerful leader of the French national party; opposed (1822) the union of Upper and Lower Canada.
^ Sir Robert de Plesyngton (d. 1393), chief baron of the exchequer; was appointed chief baron in 1380, but removed in 1386 on account of his adhesion to the party of Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester
^ Edward Pleydell-Bouverie (1818–1889). See Bouverie.
^ William Pleydell-Bouverie, third Earl Radnor (1779–1869). See Bouverie.
^ Andrew Plimer (1763–1837), miniature-painter; practised in London; exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1786-1810 and 1819. His miniatures are of the finest quality, and much sought after by collectors,
^ Nathaniel Plimer (1751–1822), miniature-painter; brother of Andrew Plimer; exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1787-1815; his work much inferior to tliat of his brother.
^ Samuel Plimsoll (1824–1898), 'the Sailors' Friend'; honorary secretary for Great Exhibition, 1851; established himself as coal merchant in London, 1853: radical M.P. for Derby, 1868-80: did much to expedite passing of Merchant Shipping Act, 1876, and in 1875 created a scene in the House of Commons by a violent protest against the obstruction of the ship-owning members; president of Sailorsand Firemen's Union, 1890; published pamphlets and contributed many articles to periodicals, chiefly on subjects of mercantile shipping.
^ Robert Plot (1640–1696), antiquary; a gentleman of property in Kent; author of The Natural History of Oxfordshire 1677, and The Natural History of Staffordshire 1686, works of some interest, but marked by great credulity; appointed first custos of the Ashmolean Museum and professor of chemistry at Oxford, 1683, historiographer royal, 1688, and Mowbray herald extraordinary, 1695.
^ John Plott (1732–1803), miniature-painter: a pupil of Nathaniel Hone; practised miniaturepainting with success, both at London and Winchester.
^ John Plough (d. 1562), protestaut controversialist; B.C.L. Oxford, 1544; became rector of St. Peter' Nottingham, but on Queen Mary's accession fled to BUe; returned to England, 1559, and became rector: 1 1 am, 1560. HiB works are not extant.
^ Charles Plowden (1743-1821), s, Bruges and Liege returned to r of the novice* at Stonyhurst College: entered the Society of Jesus, 1769, and aftor passing some years at England; appointed master hurst, 1803, and declared rector, 1817; a writer of great power and a good orator.
^ Edmund Plowden (1518–1685), jurist; at Cambridge; barrister, Middle Temple: one of the council of the marches of Wales, 155S; snt in parliament during Queen Mary's reign a* M.P., Walliugfonl, 1553, Reading, 1554, Wootton-Bassett, 1555, but after Queen Elizabeth's accession found public life closed to him on account of his being a Roman catholic: had such great fame as a jurist that his name was embodied in the proverb The case is altered, quoth 1'lowdm; regardnl with great admiration by Sir Edward Coke; published several legal compilations.
^ Francis Peter Plowden (1749-1829), writer; brother of Charles Plowden; entered the Society of Jesus, and was master of the college at Bruges, 1771-3: returned to a secular life on the suppression of the Jesuits by papal bull in 1773, being only a novice: entered the Middle Temple and practised as a conveyancer: called to the bar, 1796, on the removal of catholic disabilities; became eminent as a legal and political writer, publishing several pamphlets against Pitt; fled to France, 1813, to avoid the consequences of a libel suit, and became a professor in the Scots College at Paris, where he died. His greatest work is An Historical Review of the State of Ireland 1808.
^ Walter Chichele Plowden (182O-1880), consul in Abyssinia: joined Mr. J. T. Bell (1843) in an expedition into Abyssinia to explore the sources of the White Nile; appointed consul, 1848, remaining in the Interior till 18(50, when he died of injuries received during a conflict with a rebel chieftain.
^ Alan de Plugenet (d. 1299), baron; fought on Henry III's side in the barons' war, and In 1282 served in the Welsh war; provoked the rising under Rhys ap Meredith in 1287 by his oppressive conduct as king's steward in Wales; summoned to parliament as a baron from 1 292 to 1 297.
^ Alan de Plugenet (1277–1319), baron; served in the Scottish wars, 1309-11, 1313-17, and 1319; summoned to parliament as a baron, 1311.
^ Leonard Plukenet (1642–1706), botanist; perhaps educated at Westminster School; practised as a physician in London, and published many works on botany at his own expense; appointed superintendent of the royal gardens at Hampton Court, with the title of Queen's Botanist after 1689.
^ Thomas Plume (1630–1704), archdeacon of Rochester; M.A. Christ's College, Cambridge, 1649; B.D., per literas regias, 1661; D.D., 1673: vicar of Greenwich, 1658 till death; subscribed declaration under Act of Uniformity, 1662; archdeacon of Rochester, 1679-1704. He left considerable sums of money for charitable objects, including the erection of an observatory and maintenance of a professor of astronomy and experimental philosophy at Cambridge (the Plumian professorship).
^ Sir Thomas Plumer (1753–1824), master of the rolls; was educated at Eton and University College, Oxford; fellow, 1780; Vinerian scholar, 1777; M.A., 1778; B.C.L., 1783: barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1778; appointed a commissioner in bankruptcy, 1781; defended Sir Thomas Rumbold. 1783, and (1787) was one of the three counsel returned to defend Warren Hastings; successfully defended Lord Melville on his impeachment, 1806, and assisted Eldon and Perceval in the defence of Caroline, princess of Wales against the charges brought against her, 1806; solicitor-general in the Duke of Portland's administration, 1807; knighted, 1807; became attorney-general, 1812; created first vice-chancellor of England, under the provisions of 53 George III, 1813; became master of the rolls, 1818.
^ Sir Robert Plumpton (1453–1523 soldier; son of Sir William Piompton, by Joan Winteringham, to whom be had been privately married (1451), according 1467-8; knighted by the Duke of Gloucester. 1481; sup? j,rt., i i.:ter he had secured the crown: though loyal, f.-H,.,to the hands of Henry VITs i Bmpson, who raked up the old clait - William 1'hm.pton (already referred to), and was thus reduced to poverty, being imprisoned in the Counter on limn V!ir accession: soon after r and Ins,tat.- rt-Mornl. Th.- H impf.n Corn-stHiii taeVsj**j*d mmtnm**3i5 w3 m Plumpton down to 1651. was edited for the Oamden fi in 1838-9 by Thomas Stapleton (1806-1849)
^ Sir William Plumpton (1404-l48& lT soU*Br: a gentleman of Plumpton in Yorkshire: fought m t L.French wars; was closely connected with the Percy family, awl was thus drawn to support the boose of Lancaster; fought at Towton, 14til; fell Into Edward IV's hands, submitted, and received a pardon, 1462. In 1471, owing to some fresh move in the Lancastrian interest, be received a general pardon, but lost his offices,
^ Anna Plumptre or Anne (1760–1818), author; daughter of Robert Plumptre; a good linguist; was one of the first to make German plays known in London, translating many of Kotxeboe's dramas in 1798 and 1799; intimate with Helen Maria Williams; published (1810) her Narrative of a Three Years Residence in France and (1817) her Narrative of a Residence in Ireland published novels, and several translations of travels from the French and German,
^ Annabella Plumptre (fl. 1795–1812), author; daughter of Robert Plumptre; wrote several novels and translations of German tales.
^ Charles John Plumptre (1818–1887), barrister and writer on elocution; barrister, Gray's Inn, 1844; gradually withdrew from practice and devoted himself to lecturing on elocution; an official lecturer at Oxford and at King's College, London.
^ Edward Hayes Plumptre (1881–1891), dean of Wells and biographer of Bishop Ken; brother of Charles John Plumptre; was fellow of Brascnose College, Oxford, 1844-7; M.A., 1847: chaplain at King's College, London, 1847-68, professor of pastoral theology, 1853-63, and professor of exegesis, 1864-81; member of the Old Testament revision committee, 1869-74; Grinflcld lecturer at Oxford University, 1872-4: dean of Wells, 18811891; wrote largely on the interpretation of scriptures and on theological topics; published also verse and (1888) his Life of Bishop Ken a work of much literary charm.
^ Henry Plumptre (d. 1746) president of the Royal College of Physicians; M.A. QueensCollege, Cambridge, 1705; M.D. per literal reyiat, 1706: fellow. Queens' College, Cambridge, 1703-7; F.R.O.P., 1708 (president, 1740-5): worked on the fifthPharmacopoeia Londinensis (appeared, 1746).
^ James Plumptre 0770–1832), dramatist and divine; son of Robert Plumptre; of QueensCollege and Clare Hall, Cambridge; M.A. Clare Hall, 1796; B.D., 1808; fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1793; heU the living of Great Gransden, 1812-32. He wrote plays, and advocated the claims of the stage as a moral educator, and endeavoured to improve its tone.
^ John Plumptre (1753–1825), dean of Gloucester ; cousin and brother-in-law of James Plumptre; of Eton and King's College, Cambridge; fellow of King's College, 1775; M.A., 1780; became dean of Gloucester, 1808; published The Elegies of C. Pedo Albinovanus... with an English version 1807, and was probably the author of The Principles of Natural and Revealed Religion 1795.
^ Robert Plumptre (1723–1788), president of Queens' College, Cambridge: grandson of Henry Plumptre ; M.A. Queens' College, Cambridge, 1748; D.D., 1761: fellow of QueensCollege, Cambridge, 1746: prebendary of Norwich, 1756; president of Queens' College, Cambridge, 1760-88; vice-chancellor, 1760-1 and 1777-8; left some manuscript collections on UK? history of the publishing pamphlets and Latin verses.
^ Russell Plumptre (1709–1793), professor of physic; son of Henry I'lnmptre; M.D. Queens OoUege, Cambridge, 1738; K.K.c.l. 1739: appointed iprafenorof physic at Cambridge University, 1741.
^ James Hanway Plumridge (17s7 1st,::). vice-admiral: entered the navy, 1799; was present at Trafalgar, 1806: saw much service during the French war: K.C.B., 1866: vice-admiral, 1867.
^ Christopher Plunket, second Earl of Fingall (d. 1649), took his seat in the Irish parliament, 1689: endeavoured to preserve neutrality on the outbreak of the rebellion, 1641; was proclaimed an outlaw, November 1641; joined the Ulster party, and was subsequently appointed general of the horse for Meath; taken er at the battle of Rathmines, 1649; died in Dublin
^ John Plunket (1664–1738), Jacobite agent; a Roman catholic layman, sometimes known under the aliiu of Rogers; for over twenty years in the employ of leading Jacobites as a spy or diplomatic agent; forged letters from Prince Eugene detailing whig plots against the government, in order to alarm public feeling: arrested (1793) for complicity in Layer's plot (see Layer, Christopher), and was confined in the Tower of London till 17S8; died soon after his release.
^ Nicholas Plunket (fl. 1641 compiler; known only as the author of a contemporary account of affairs in Ireland in 1641, which Carte frequently cites in his Life of Ormonde.
^ Oliver Plunket (1629–1681), Roman catholic archbishop of Armagh and titular primate of Ireland; went to Home in 1645 and entered the Irish College; filled the chair of theology at the Propaganda College from 1667 till his nomination as archbishop of Armagh in 1669; secretly tolerated by government until the passing of the Test Act, when he went into hiding for a time; committed to Dublin Castle, 1678, at the time of the panic concerning the Popish plot; tried in London for treason, 1681, convicted on inadequate evidence, and hanged, drawn, and quartered.
^ Patrick Plunket, ninth Baron of Dunsany (d. 1668), succeeded to the title and estates, 1603; held aloof, though a Roman catholic, from the rebellion of 1641, but was driven into exile by the English parliament, and only restored in 1662.
^ Thomas Plunket, Baron Plunket of the Holy Roman Empire (1716-1779), general in the service of Austria; born in Ireland; entered the Austrian army and fought in Turkey and in the war of the Spanish succession; distinguished himself in Italy, 1746, and (1757) greatly contributed to the victory of Kollin: nominated a baron, 1768; governor of Antwerp, 1770-9.
^ William Conyngham Plunket , first Baron Plunket (1764–1854}), lord-chancellor of Ireland; son of a presbyteriau minister of Enniskillen; called to the Irish bar, 1787; K.C., 1797; entered the Irish parliament as MJ. for Charlemont, 1798, and opposed the project of union; became solicitor-general, 1803, and attorneygeneral, 1805, and sat in the House of Commons in 1807 for two months as M.P. for Midhurst: re-entered parliament(1812) as a follower of Lord Grenville, having by that time a reputation and an income unequalled at the Irish bar; exerted himself in parliament on behalf of the Roman C J th0 liLf 1 f 1M: 8 " 0oeeded Orntfcan O20) as foremost champion of catholic emancipation, and created a great imprewriou by his speeches; appointed Irish attorneygeneral by Lord Liverpool, January 1822; his conduct assailed by the extremists of either party; held the position of master of the rolls for a few days, resigning on account of the feeling of the English bar against the appointment of an Irish barrister to an English iudicial post, 1827; was then appointed chief-justice of the Irish common pleas and created Baron Plunket, 1827; laboured nOQSMgiBj in the House of Lords on behalf of the Catholic i Hill, which was passed in 1829; appointed by Lord ey lord chancellor of Ireland, 1830, resigning (1841) in ! of the desire of government to replace him the rest of his life in rej
^ William Conyngham Plunket, fourth Baron Plunket (1828-1897), archbishop of Dublin; grandson of William Conyngham Plunket, first baron Plunket; of Cheltenham College and Trinity College, Dublin; B.A., 1853; ordained, 1x57; ixvtor of Kilmoylan and Cummer, 1858: active member of Irish Church Missions Society; married (1863) Aiyie, daughter of Sir Benjamin Lee Cuinness; treasurer of St. Patrick's, Dublin, IHtU. and precentor, 1869; succeeded to peerage, 1871; bishop of Meath, 1876-84; recognised as leader of evangelical party in Irish church; energetically resisted attack on Irish church establishment; assisted in reorganising Church of Ireland Training College; archbishop of Dublin, Glendalough, and Kildare, 1884; dean of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, 1884-7; actively assisted cause of protestant reformers in Spain, and conferred consecration on its leader, Senor Cabrera, 1894; president and chairman of Italian Reform Association, 1886.
^ Mrs Elizabeth Plunkett (1769–1823). See Gunning.
^ John Hubert Plunkett (1802–1869), Australian statesman; B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1824; culled to the Irish bar, 1826; accepted the post of solicitor-general of New South Wales, 1831, to which in 1836 was added that of attorney-general; resigned his appointment and entered politics on the establishment of responsible government in 1866; joined the Martin ministry as leader iii the upper chamber, 1863, and in 1865 joined the Cowper ministry as attorney-general.
^ Earls of Plymouth . See FITZCHARLKS, CHARLES, 1657?-1680; WINDSOR. THOMAS WINDSOR, first EARL of the second creation, 1627 V-1687.
^ Pocahontas or Mataoka (1595–1617), American Indian princess; daughter of Powhattan, an Indian chief in Virginia; according to the unreliable tale of Captain John Smith (1580-1631), interposed on his behalf i when her father was about to slay him; became a frequent visitor at Jamestown from 1608, and (1612) was seized as a hostage for the good behaviour of the Indian tribes; became a Christian and was named Rebecca, 1613; married John Rolfe, 1613; came to England, 1616, and died at Gravesend.
^ John Pocklington (d. 1642), divine ; M.A. Sidney Sussex College, Oambridge, 1603; B.D., 1610: fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge, 1612-18: a chaplain of Charles I; enjoyed other preferments, of which he was deprived by the House of Lords (1641), on account of his high-church views; his Altare Christianum and 'Sunday no Sabbathsentenced to be burnt, 1641.
^ Richard Pockrich, Pokeridge, or Puckeridge (1690?–1759), inventor of the musical glasses; dissipated a large fortune in the pursuit of visionary projects; invented musical glasses, from which afterwards was developed the harmonica; gave concerts in later life in various parts of England; suffocated iii a fire in his room at Harnlin's coffee-house, near the Royal Exchange.

[1] Jonathan Pereira (1804–1863), pharmacologist ; L.8.A. and apothecary to the dispensary of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 1823; F.R.S., 1838; author of 'The Elements of Materia Medica 1839-40; became assistant-physician at London Hospital, 1840;.M.D. Erlangeu, c. 1840, and full physician, 1861.

[2] Andreas Perforatus (1490?–1549). See Andrew Boorde.

[3] Arthur Perigal , the elder (1784?–1847), historical painter; began to exhibit in the Royal Academy and British Institution, 1810, and in the Royal Scottish Academy, 1833.

[4] Arthur Perigal , the younger (1816–1884), landscape-painter; son of Arthur Perigal the elder; painted foreign scenery, but particularly studied the Scottish highlands; Scottish academician, 1841.

[5] Aeneas Perkins (1834-1901), general.

[6] Angier March Perkins (1799?–1881), engineer and inventor; born in Massachusetts; made improvements in warming buildings (1831-51), in the manufacture of iron (1843), and in railway axles and boxes (1851).

[7] Sir Christopher Perkins or Parkins (1547?-1622), diplomatist; B.A. Oxford, 1566; joined Jesuits, 1566; denounced by Edward Kelley as a conspirator, imprisoned, and shortly released, 1589-90; employed from 1590, when he became a protestant, as a diplomatic agent; dean of Carlisle, 1595; knighted, 1604; master of requests, 1617.

[8] Henry Perkins (1778–1855), book collector; formed a library at Springfield, Surrey, which realised 26,000l. in 1873.

[9] John Perkins or Parkins (d. 1645), jurist; educated at Oxford; barrister, Inner Temple; author of Perutilis Tractatus a popular text-book for law students (1st edit., Norman- French, 1530, English translation, 1642; 5th edit. 1827).

[10] Joseph Perkins (fl. 1675–1711), poet ; B.A. Oriel College, Oxford, 1679; wrote many Latin elegies, and published (1707) The Poet's Fancy and Poematum Miscellaneorum Liber primus.

[11] Loftus Perkins (1834–1891), engineer and inventor; son of Angler March Perkins; M.I.C.E., 1881; especially directed his attention to the use of very high pressure steam as a motive power, and to the production of cold, inventing the arktos cold chamber.

[12] William Perkins (1558–1602), theological writer; fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, 1584-92; M.A., 1684; distinguished for his strong Calvinism; had great reputation as a teacher, and as a writer was esteemed hi the seventeenth century little inferior to Hooker or Calvin; his works rendered into Dutch, Spanish, Welsh, and Irish. The most famous, Aruiilla Aurea (1590), reached fifteen editions in twenty years.

[13] Moses Henry Perley (1804–1862), Canadian commercial pioneer and man of science; made many journeys of exploration on behalf of his native state, New Brunswick.

[14] Andrew Perne (1519?–1689), dean of Ely; M.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, 1540; fellow, 1540; fellow of QueensCollege, Cambridge; vice-president from 1551; D.D., 1652 (incorporated at Oxford, 1553); vice-chancellor of Cambridge, 1551, 1566, 1559, 1574, and 1580; distinguished himself by his eagerness to adjust his tlu-ological opinions to his sovereign's pleasure; made canon of Windsor by Edward VI, 1552; rewarded by Queen Mary with the mastership of Peterhouse, 1554, and the deanery of Ely, 1557; known as old Andrew Turncoat, Andrew Ambo, Old Father Palinode and Judas, and a cloak that had been turned was in common parlance said to have been Perned.

[15] Andrew Perne (1596–1654), puritan; fellow of Catharine Hall, Cambridge, 1622-7; rector of Wilby in Northamptonshire, 1627-54; twice preached to the Long parliament.

[16] Alice Perrers or de Windsor (d. 1400, mistress of Edward III; probably a member of the Hertfordshire family of Perrers, though said by her enemies to be of low birth; entered the service of Phllippa of Hainault before October 1366, and became mistresof Edward III in the queen's lifetime; accused of influencing the judges in their determination of suits, and under an ordinance of the Good parliament was sentenced to banishment and forfeiture, 1376; returned to court on the death of Edward, prince of Wales, on win. -h her sentence was reversed by the Bad parliament; tier sentence confirmed by the first parliament of Ilk-hard II, but revoked (1379) at the instance of her husband, William de Windsor.

[17] Jean Baptiste Perrin ( ft. 1786), teacher of French; born in Paris: migrated to Dublin and published a number of text-books.

[18] Louis Perrin (1782–1864), Irish judge; son of Jean Baptiste Pen-in: B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1801; justice of the king's bench iu Ireland, 1835; privy councillor, 1835.

[19] Richard Perrinchief (1623?–1678), royalist divine; M.A. Magdalene College, Cambridge, 1645: fellow; author of several controversial works; completed the edition of Bασιλικά (1662) by William Fulman.

[20] John Shae Perring (1813–1869), civil engineer and explorer; went to Egypt, 1836, and afterwards became member of the board of public works there; assisted Richard William Howard Vyse in exploring the pyramids.

[21] Edward Perronet (1721–1792), hymn-writer : son of Vincent Perronet; joined John and Charles Wesley and afterwards (1771) the Countess of Huntingdon: finally an independent minuter at Canterbury; author of All hail the power of Jesu's Name 1780.

[22] Vincent Perronet (1693–1785), methodist: B.A. Queen's College, Oxford, 1718: vicar of Shorebam, 1728-85; intimate with John and Charles Wesley from 1746, and consulted by them iu matters of organisation; styled the archbishop of methodism He persuaded John Wesley to marry in 1751, and in 1771 supported him against the Countess of Huntingdon; see HASTINGS, SELINA and her party at the Bristol conference,

[23] George Perrot (1710–1780), baron of the exchequer; educated at Westminster School: barrister, Inner Temple, 1732; bencher, 1767; K.C., 1769: judge, 1763.

[24] Henry Perrot (fl. 1600–1626). See Parrot.

[25] Sir James Perrot (1571–1637), politician : son of Sir John Perrot; of Jesus College, Oxford, and the Middle Temple: knighted, 1603; M.P., Haverfordwest, 1597-8, 1604, 1614, and 1628, Pembrokeshire, 1624; author of various treatises.

[26] Sir John Perrot (1627?–1592), lord-deputy of Ireland: commonly reputed to be a son of Henry VIII by Mary Berkley (afterwards wife of Thomas Perrot); K.B. at the coronation of Edward VI; appointed president of Minister (1570), where, until 1572, he was enraged with the rebel, James Fitzmnuriee Fitzgerald (rf. 1579); forced Fitemaurice to submit, and returned to England without leave, 1573; after holding several naval commands, was appointed lord-deputy of Ireland, 15K4: defeated (1584) a large body of Hebridean Sects in Ulster, and attempted to expel the MacDonnells from settlements on the Antrim coast: his government efficient but indiscreet, his blundering hostility to Archbishop Adam Loftus being a chief cause of his downfall; returned in disgrace, 1588, and was committed to the Tower of London; found guilty of high treason, 1592; died in the Tower of London.

[27] John Perrot (d. 1671?), quaker sectary : possibly an illegitimate descendant of Sir John Perrot; imprisoned at Rome for preaching against the Romish church, 1658-61; emigrated to the West Indies, 1662; published tracts.

[28] Robert Perrot (d. 1550), organist; appointed organist of Magdalen College, Oxford, c. 1616.

[29] '^ 'Sir Richard Perrott, second baronet (d. 1796), soldier and diplomatist; served under Frederick the Great; succeeded as baronet, 1769. Tbe scandalous Life, Adventures, and Amours of Sir R P was probably due to the malice of an enemy,

[30] Charles Perry ( 1698–1780), traveller and medical writer; published medical works, besides a valuable View of the Levant 1743.

[31] Charles Perry (1807–1891), first bishop of Melbourne; senior wrangler. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1828: M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1881: fellow and D.D., 1837; tutor, 1837-41: consecrated bishop, 1847; procured the passage through the parliament of Victoria of the Church Assembly Act (1864), which provided for lay representation: retired, 1876.

[32] Francis Perry (d. 1766), engraver; best known for his engravings of medals and coins.

[33] George Perry (1793–1862), musician; composed several oratorios, operas, and cantatas.

[34] George Gresley Perry (1820–1897), church historian; B.A. Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 1840; fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford; M.A., 1843; tutor at Lincoln College, Oxford, 1847-62; held college living of Waddington, 1862-97; non-residentiary canon and rural dean of Longoboby, 1861; proctor in convocation, 1867-1893; archdeacon of Stow, 1894. His writings include History of Church of England, 1860-4, Life of Bishop Grosseteste 1872, and Life of St. Hugh of Avalon, Bishop of Lincoln 1879, and contributions to Dictionary of National Biography.

[35] Henry Perry or Parry (1560?–1617?), Welsh scholar; M.A. Balliol College, Oxford, 1583; B.D. Jesus College, Oxford, 1597; canon of Bangor, 1613; published a Welsh treatise on rhetoric (1595), compiled from the notes of William Salisbury (1520?-1600?).

[36] James Perry (1766–1821), journalist; of Marischal College, Aberdeen; originally a provincial actor; founded the European Magazine 1782; edited the Morning Chronicle; several times prosecuted for his radical opinions.

[37] John Perry (1670–1732), civil engineer and traveller; engaged in constructing waterways in Russia, 1698-1712.

[38] Sampson Perry (1747–1823), publicist; editor of the Argus 1789-93; repeatedly convicted for political libels; finally fled to France, 1793; confined in Newgate (1794-1801) on his return; died an insolvent debtor.

[39] Stephen Joseph Perry (1833–1889), astronomer and Jesuit; observed several transits and solar eclipses, and (1880) set on foot the regular delineation by projection of the solar surface.

[40] Sir Thomas Erskine Perry (1806–1882), Indian judge; son of James Perry: B.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1829; barrister. Inner Temple, 1834: judge of the supreme court of Bombay, 1840: knighted, 1841; chief-justice, 1847; retired, 1862; MJ., Devonport, 1864-9: member of the council of India, 1869-82; published legal works and books on Indian subjects.

[41] Sir Richard Perryn (1723–1803), baron of the exchequer: of Queen's College, Oxford; barrister. Inner Temple, 1747: was knighted and appointed judge, 1776: retired, 1799.

[42] John Persall, alias John Harcourt (1633–1702), Jesuit; professor of theology at Liege, 1672-9: preacher in ordinary to James II; rector of the college at Liege, 1694: missioner in the London district, 1701-8.

[43] Stephen Perse (1548–1615), founder of the Perse grammar school at Cambridge; B.A. Cains College, Cambridge, 1569; M.D., 1582; fellow, 1571-1615. In 1888 the Perse grammar school, which he founded by will, was removed from Free School Lane, Cambridge, to Hills Road, Cambridge.

[44] Robert Persons (1546–1610). See Parsons.

[45] Earls of Perth, and titular Dukes. See DRUMMons, JAMES fourth KARL and first titular DI-KK, 1481716- DRUMMOXD, JAMES, fifth EARL and second titular Dmnt. 17*-1720: DRUMMOND. JAMKS, sixth EARL and third titular DPKK, 1713-1747: DRTJMMOND, JOHN, seventh KARL and fourth titular DUKK, d. 1747.

[46] Peter Pertrich (d. 1451). See Partridge.

[47] Petrus Perusinus (1530?–1586?). See Pietro Bizari.

[48] Edmond Sexton Pery, Viscount Pery (1719–1806V, called to the Irish bar, 1745: member of the Irish House of Commons for Wicklow (1751-60) and Limerick fl760-ft5), filling the office of speaker, 1771-85: created Viscount on retiring, 1785.

[49] Edmund Henry Pery, first Earl of Limerick and second Baron Glentworth (1758-1845), nephew of Edmond Sexton Pery, viscount Pery; of Trinity College, Dublin: politician, attached to the protestant ascendency party; succeeded his father as Baron Glentworth, 1794; created Earl of Limerick, 1803, Baron Foxford (United Kingdom), 1815.

[50] Sir William Peryam (1534–1604), judge; fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, 1551: M.P., Plymouth, 1662-7; barrister. Middle Temple, 1565; serjeant-at-law, 1579; appointed judge of the common pleas, 1581; sat on various commissions, including that for the trial of Mary Qneen of Scots.

[51] William Peryn (d. 1558), Dominican; author of three devotional treatises.

[52] Sir John Peshall or Pechell, baronet (1718-1778), historical writer; rector of Stoke Bliss; published The History of the University of Oxford to the Death of William the Conqueror 177*.

[53] Thomas Pestell (1584?-1659?), divine; M.A. Queens' College, Cambridge, 1609; chaplain to the Earl of Essex; wrote several poems and sermons.

[54] Thomas Pestell (1613-1701), divine; son of Thomas Pestell (1584?-1659?); M.A. Queens' College, Cambridge, 1636; contributed verses to Lachrymae Musarum (1650) in memory of Henry, lord Hastings.

[55] Peter (d. 1085), bishop of Lichfield; chaplain to William I; consecrated, 1072; removed the see to Chester, 1076.

[56] Peter of Blois (fl. 1160–1204), archdeacon of Bath and author; born at Blois; studied at Bologna, 1160: went to Sicily, 1167, and became tutor to William II of Sicily; returned to Prance (1170) and taught at Paris; became secretary to Rotrou, archbishop of Rouen, c. 1171; became cancellarius to the archbishop of Canterbury, c. 1173: archdeacon of Bath. c. 1175 (deprived, c. 1191); secretary to Queen Eleanor, 1190; archdeacon of London, c. 1192. His Epistolae are historically the most important of his works. A definite edition has yet to appear. He was also the author of over twenty extant Opuscula chiefly theological in character, of sixty-five sermons, and of several poems. His Opera Omnia were edited by Pierre de Goussainville (1667) and his complete works by John Allen Giles (1848).

[57] Peter Hibernicus, de Hibernia, or de Isernia (fl.–1224), jurisconsult; probably of Irish birth; became a subject of the Emperor Frederic II, who sent him (1224) to teach law In the newly established university of Naples.

[58] Peter des Roches (d. 1238), bishop of Winchester; a native of Poitou; served under Richard I as knight and clerk, and became one of his chamberlains; continued in King John's service as a clerk; consecrated bishop of Winchester, 1205; stood by King John in his struggle with Innocent III, and also in his differences with the barons; justiciar, 1211; excommunicated the dauphin Louis, then invading England, May 1216, and fled from Winchester with Henry III, to whom he was appointed guardian after the coronation, in October 1216; involved in controversy from 1223 with Hubert de Burgh, and in 1227, when Henry III renounced his guardianship, joined the crusade under the Emperor Frederic II, employing him as mediator between pope and emperor; after his return obtained Hubert's dismissal from the justiciarship, 1232, filled all offices with his adherents and countrymen and became involved in a struggle with the national party under Richard Marshal, third earl of Pembroke; lost his Influence on the appointment of Edmund Rich to the see of Canterbury; assisted Gregory IX to defeat the Romans (1235) at Viterbo; died at Farnham.

[59] Peter of Aigueblanche (d. 1268), bishop of Hereford; a Savoyard of high rank: accompanied Eleanor of Provence to England, 1236; became bishop of Hereford, c. 1240; assisted in Henry III's foreign transactions and in wringing money from English ecclesiastics; imprisoned and spoiled by the barons, 1263; retired to Savoy, c. 1264, where he died.

[60] Peter of Savoy, Earl of Richmond (d. 1268), seventh son of Thomas I of Savoy; received (1234) some possessions in Bugei, which he afterwards enlarged by warfare; came to England, 1240, and was created Earl of Richmond; held various offices in England and Guienne; supported Simon de Montfort and the baronial party, 1258; passed over to Henry III on the breach between Richard de Clare and Simon; became ninth Count of Savoy and marquis in Italy, 1263; died in Bugei. The Savoy Palace in London derived its name from him.

[61] Peter of Ickham (fl. 1290?). See Ickham.

[62] Peter Martyr (1500–1562). See Pietro Martire Vermigli.

[63] Peter the Wild Boy (1712–1785), a protégé of George I; found in the woods near Hamelin, near Hanover, in 1725, climbing trees like a squirrel; was maintained in England from 1726 till death. His story became a theme of satire for Swift and Arbuthnot, and of philosophic speculation for Monboddo.

[64] David Peter (1765–1837), independent minister; president of the college at Carmarthen, 1795-1837.

[65] William Peter (1788–1853), politician and poet ; M.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1809; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1813: an advocate of parliamentary reform; was M.P. for Bodmin (1832-4) and a voluminous author.

[66] Earls of Peterborough . See MORDAI-NT, Johx first EARL, d. 1642; MORDAUNT, HENRY, second Earl 1624?–1697; MORDAUNT, CHARLES, third EARL, 1658-1735.

[67] Countess of Peterborough (d. 1755). See Anastasia Robinson.

[68] Benedict of Peterborough (d. 1193). See Benedict.

[69] John of Peterborough (fl. 1380). See John.

[70] William of Peterborough (fl, 1188). See William.

[71] Alexander Peterkin (1780–1846), miscellaneous writer; studied law at Edinburgh University; a writer to the signet and journalist; included among his friends Scott, Jeffrey, and Wilson.

[72] Alexander Peterkin (1814–1889), journalist; son of Alexander Peterkin

[73] Charles Peters (1695–1746), physician: M.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1724: M.D. Oxford, 1732: physician extraordinary to George II, 1733; physician-general to the army, 1739; censor, Royal College of Physicians, 1744; published an edition of the Syphilis sive Morbus Gallicus of Frascatorius, 1720.

[74] Charles Peters (1690–1774), Hebrew scholar; M.A. Exeter College, Oxford, 1713: engaged in controversy with Warburton concerning the book of Job.

[75] Hugh Peters or Peter (1598–1660), independent divine: son of Thomas Dyckwoode, alias Peters: M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge. 1622: lecturer at St. Sepulchre's, London, but (c. 1629) proceeded to Holland and (1636) became minister at Salem, Massachusetts; took a leading part in ecclesiastical matters: rebuked the governor, Henry Vane, for intervening in church matters; took a warm interest in the foundation of the colony of Connecticut, and Intervened between the English settlers and the Dutch: returned to England (1641) and became prominent in controversy, war, and politics; his sermons were valuable in winning recruit* to the parliamentary army, and bis relations of battles and sieges are a semiofficial supplement to the generalsreports; influential among the independents; regarded with aversion by the presbyterians; acted with the nrmy during its quarrel with parliament; accompanied Cromwell to Ireland, 1649: present at the battle of Worcester, 1660; made a chaplain to the council of state, 1650, and during the protectorate acted a* a regular preacher at Whitehall: endeavoured, 1652-3, to put an end to the war with the Dutch, Imt after the death of the Protector took little part in public affairs; executed at Charing Cross. 16 Oct. 1660, as an abettor of the execution of Charles I.

[76] Mary Peters (1813–1856), hymn-writer; nee Bowley; married John McWilliam Peters, afterwards vicar of Langford, Oxfordshire.

[77] Matthew William Peters (1742–1814), portrait and historical painter; a clever artist and pleasant colourist: exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1769-86; B.O.L. Exeter College, Oxford, 1788; held various rectories; became chaplain to George, the prince regent.

[78] Thomas Peters or Peter (d. 1654), puritan divine; brother of Hugh Peters; M.A. Brasenose College, Oxford, 1625; vicar of Mylor In Cornwall; emigrated to Connecticut, 1644; returned to Mylor, 1647.

[79] Charles Erdman Petersdorff (1800–1886), legal writer; barrister, Inner Temple, 1833; serjeant-atlaw, 1858; nominated a judge of the county courts, 1868.

[80] Peter Peterson (1847–1899), Sanskrit scholar; graduated at Edinburgh, 1867; studied Sanskrit at Lincoln College, Oxford; Boden Sanskrit scholar, 1870: graduated at Balliol College, Oxford, 187S; professor at Elphinstone College, Bombay, 1873; engaged (1882) in search for Sanskrit manuscripts, and discovered many of high literary value in Bombay presidency; published editions of Sanskrit texts.

[81] Robert Peterson (fl. 1576–1606), translator of two treatises from the Italian, one being Giovanni della Casa's Galateo 1576; a member of Lincoln's Inn.

[82] Lord Petgormo (1480?-1539). See Thomas Scott.

[83] Abraham Pether (1756–1812), landscapepainter; made a reputation by his moonlight subjects; known among dealers as Old Pether.

[84] Sebastian Pether (1790–1844), landscapepainter; son of Abraham Pether; known to dealers as Young Pether; painted chiefly moonlight views and nocturnal conflagrations.

[85] Thomas Pether (fl. 1781), wax-modeller; lived at one time with Abraham Pether

[86] William Pether (1738? –1821), mezzotint engraver and miniaturist; fellow of the Incorporated Society of Artists; occasionally exhibited at the Royal Academy.

[87] John Petheram (d. 1858), antiquary and publisher; edited the Mar-Prelate tracts, 1843-7; published 'Historical Sketch of Anglo-Saxon Literature 1840.

[88] John Lewis Petit (1736–1780 physician; M.A. QueensCollege, Cambridge, 1759; M.D., 1766; elected physician to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 1774.

[89] John Louis Petit (1801–1868), divine and artist ; descended from Lewis Petit des Etans; M.A.

[90] Lewis Petit des Etans (1665?–1720), brigadiergeneral and military engineer; came to England on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, 1685; distinguished himself in the war of the Spanish succession,

[91] Thomas Petit, Petyt or Petyte (fl. 1536-1554), printer and publisher; issued books bearing his name, 1536-64.

[92] William Petit, Petyt or Parvus (1136-1198?). See William of Newburgh.

[93] William Petit (d. 1213), lord justice of Ireland; a follower of Hugh de Lacy, first lord of Heath; served as lord justice, 1191.

[94] James Petiver (1641–1718), botanist and entomologist; practised as an apothecary: made large collections which were and published man

[95] Sir Samuel Morton Peto, baronet (18O9-1889), contractor ami politician: partner in the firm of Grissell & Peto (1830-1847) which constructed many important works, including Nelson Column, 1841: engaged from 1840 in constructing railways in England and abroad; liberal M.P. for Norwich, 1847-64, for Finsbnry, 1869-68, for Bristol, 1866-8; created baronet, 1866; with Brassey constructed the Balaclava rail way daring the Crimean war without commission: retired from public life after thefailure of bis firm, Peto it Bet*, 1866.

[96] William Peto (d. 1568), cardinal; provincial of the Grey Friars in England, and a strenuous opponent of Henry VIII's divorce: went abroad, 1533, remaining in the Low Countries till Queen Mary's accession: created cardinal, 1557, and was offered, but refused, the office of legate in England.

[97] Henry Petowe (fl. 1598–1612), poetaster; was marshal of the artillery guard in London from 1612; author of several unimportant pieces.

[98] Benjamin Petre (1672–1758), Roman catholic prelate; nephew of William Petre (1602-1677); consecrated bishop of Prusa in parl&ut, 1721.

[99] Edward Petre (1631–1699), confessor of James II; joined Jesuits, 1652; sent on the English mission, 1671; committed to Newgate, 1679; summoned to court by James II, 1683, where he allied himself with Richard Talbot and Henry Jerinyn; privy councillor, 1687: fled to France at the revolution; rector of St. Omer, 16931697.

[100] Sir William Petre (1505?–1572), secretary of state; of Exeter College, Oxford; fellow of All.souls College, Oxford, 1523; D.C.L., 1633: clerk of chancery; knighted and appointed secretary, 1543, retaining office until 1566.

[101] William Petre (1602–1677), translator; of Exeter and Wadham Colleges, Oxford, and the Inner Temple: great-grandson of Sir William Petre; published at St. Omer an English translation of Ribadeneira's Flos Sanctorum 1669 (2nd edit. 1730).

[102] William Petre fourth Baron Petre (1622–1684), descendant of Sir William Petre: accused by Titus dates (1678) of complicity in the Popish plot, and died in the Tower of London after five yearsimprisonment,

[103] Alexander Petrie (1594?–1662), Scottish divine; M.A. St. Andrews, 1615: first minister of the Rotterdam church, 1643-62: author of A Compendious History of the Catholic Church, 600-1600 1662.

[104] George Petrie (1789-1866), Irish antiquary; painted Irish landscapes, made sketches of Irish antiquarian remains, and wrote valuable articles on Irish antiquities.

[105] Henry Petrie (1768–1842), antiquary; appointed keeper of the records in the Tower of London, 1819; projected a corpus historicum for early English history, one volume of which, edited by Sir Thomas Duffus Hardy, appeared in 1848.

[106] Martin Petrie (1823–1892), colonel; sixth in descent from Alexander Petrie; ensign, 1846, colonel, 1876; published military works.

[107] Petrocus or Petrock, Saint (fl. 560?). See Pedrog.

[108] Petronius (d. 654), fifth abbot of St. Augustine's, Canterbury (hallowed, 640); said to have been a Roman.

[109] Ludovico Petrucci (fl. 1603–1619), poet and soldier of fortune; born at Siena; entered the Venetian service, and afterwards the imperial: came to England. 1610, and became commoner at St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, and afterwards of Balliol College, Oxford; wrote in Latin and Italian.

[110] Petrus (d. 606?), first abbot of St. Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury: accompanied St. Augustine to England, 596-7; drowned at Ambleteuse.

[111] Peter Pett (d. 1589), master-shipwright; master-shipwright at Deptford from some time in the reign of Edward VI till his death.

[112] Peter Pett (1610–1670?), commissioner of the navy; son of Phineas Pett; commissioner at Chatham, 1648-67; was largely responsible for the efficiency of the ships during the Dutch wars; his supersession due to the disaster at Chatham, 1667.

[113] Sir Peter Pett (1630-1699), lawyer and author; great-grandson of Peter Pett (d. 1589); of St. Paul's School, London, and Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge: B-A.: migrated to Pembroke College, Oxford; fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, 1648: B.c.L., 1680; student of Gray's Inn; M.P., Askeaton (Irish parliament), 1661-6; barrister, Middle Temple, 1664; original F.R.S., 1663-75; knighted and appointed advocate-general for Ireland; published several treatises, generally polemic in character.

[114] Phineas Pett (1570–1647), master-builder of the navy and naval commissioner; elder son of Peter Pett (rf. 1689); of Emmanuel College, Cambridge; master-shipwright at Deptford, 1605; was removed to Woolwich, 1607; appointed commissioner of the navy, 1630.

[115] George Pettie (1548–1589), writer of romances; B.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1569; author of A Petite Pallace of Pettie his Pleasure 1676, on the model of The Palace of Pleasure by William Painter; translated Guazzo's Civile Conversation 1681.

[116] John Pettie (1839–1893), painter ; pupil of Robert Scott Lander; first exhibited at the Royal Academy withThe Armourers 1860; R.., 1873.

[117] Thomas Joseph Pettigrew (1791–1865), surgeon and antiquary; made secretary of the Medical Society of London, 1811, of the Royal Humane Society, 1813; acted as surgeon to the Duke and Duchess of Kent; F.R.S., 1827; surgeon of the Charing Cross Hospital, London, from its foundation till 1835; made researches into medical history and biography, publishing several volumes on the subject; contributed to archaeological journals.

[118] John Pettingall or Pettingal (1708–1781), antiquary; B. A. Jesus College, Oxford, 1728; M.A. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 1740; D.D.; F.S.A., 1752; prebendary of Lincoln, 1758; published antiquarian works.

[119] Thomas Pettingall (1745–1826), Whitehall preacher; son of John Pettingall; tutor and censor of Christ Church, Oxford, 1774- 9.

[120] Henry Pettitt (1848–1893), dramatist: in earlier life a schoolmaster in Camden Town; wrote between 1872 and 1893 a great number of melodramas, musical farces, and other plays.

[121] Samuel Petto (1624?–1711), puritan divine; M.A. St. Catharine Hall, Cambridge: appointed, 1648, rector of Sandcroft, which cure he relinquished before the enforcement of the Act of Uniformity; published religious works.

[122] Sir John Pett (1613–1690), deputy-governor of the royal mines; knighted, 1641; fought for Charles I, but was appointed deputy-governor of tlie royal mines by Cromwell, 1656: M.P., Dunwich, 1670; published miscellaneous works.

[123] Sir William Petty (1623–1687), political economist: studied on the continent and became the friend of Hobbes; Oxford professor of anatomy, 1661; executed for the Commonwealth the Down Survey in Ireland, the first attempt on a large scale at carrying out a survey scientifically, and superintended the redistribution of lands in Ireland: acquiesced in the Restoration: knighted and made an original member of the Royal Society, l662; published economic treatises, 1662-90, in which he rejected I* old prohibitory system, and showed the error of the supporters of the mercantile system in regarding tin abundance of the precious metals as the standard of prosperity; analysed the sources of wealth as being labour and land.

[124] Sir William Petty, first Marquis of Lansdowne and second Earl of Shelburne ownk and second Earl of Shelburne( 1737–1805), eldest son of John Petty, first earl of Shelburne; of Christ Church, Oxford; entered the army, 1757, and served in Germany under Lord Granby: took his seat in the House of Lords, 1761, and refused office under Bute; became president of the board of trade under Grenville, 1763, but resigned in September 1763, and soon afterwards attached himself to Pitt: dismissed from the post of aide-de-camp to George III for opposing the government in regard to Wilkes, 1763; attacked the policy of the Stamp Act, 1764; assisted Rockingham in repealing the Stamp Act, 1766, and was appointed secretary of state for the southern department upon Pitt's return to power, 1766; began a policy of conciliation towards the American colonies, but was denounced by his colleagues and hated by George III: found himself perpetually thwarted, and resigned his post, 1768; spent the next fourteen years in strong opposition, especially to the American policy of government; became, on Chatham's death (1778) the leader of that statesman's followers in opposition to Lord North, though he opposed the recognition of American independence; became home secretary under Rockingham, 1782; on Rockiugham's death became first lord of the treasury; conceded independence to the United States and made peace with France and Spain; his administration was overthrown by Fox and North, 1783, after which he did not hold office again; created a marquis, 1784; one of the most unpopular statesmen of his time, possibly on account of his contempt for political parties; was generally credited with insincerity, and commonly known asMalagrida which occasioned Goldsmith's unfortunate remark to him, Do you know that I never could conceive the reason why they call you Malagrida, for Malagrida was a very good sort of man He was a munificent patron of the flue arts, and his collection of manuscripts was purchased for the British Museum in 1807.

[125] Sir Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, third Marquis of Lansdowne (1780–1863), son of Sir William Petty, first marquis of Lansdowne; of Westminster School, Edinburgh University, and Trinity College, Cambridge: M.A. Cambridge, 1801; created LL.D., 1811: M.P., Calne, 1803, Cambridge, 1805; became chancellor of the exchequer under Grenville, 1806, raising the property tax from six and a-half to ten per cent.; on the resignation of the ministry (.1807), became an active leader of opposition; succeeded his half-brother as third marquis, 1809; for the next twenty years supported the abolition of the slave trade and other liberal measures: brought about a coalition between a section of the whigs and the followers of Canning, and entered the cabinet without office, 1827; resigned, 1828; became president of the council (1830) under Lord Grey, retaining office intermittently until 1841; again president of the council (1846-52) under Lord John Russell; remained in the cabinet without office, 1852-63; throughout life he was a very moderate whig

[126] Sir Henry Thomas Petty-Fitzmaurice, fourth Marquis of Lansdowne (1816-1866), son of Sir Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, third marquis of Lansdowne; of Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge; M.P., Calne, 1847-56; junior lord of the treasury under Russell, 1847-9: under-secretary of state for foreign affairs under Palmerston, 1856-: K.G., 1864.

[127] Thomas Pettyt (1510?–1568?), military engineer; distinguished himself in 1548 by his successful defence of Haddington against the Scots and French.

[128] William Petyt (1636–1707), archivist and antiquary; barrister, Middle Temple, 1670, autumn reader, 1694, treasurer, 1701: for many years keeper of the records in the Tower of London; drew up a list of the records, made a collection of parliamentary tracts, in above eighty volumes, and published three historical and legal treatises; his manuscripts in the Inner Temple library.

[129] Thomas Peverell (d. 1419), successively bishop of Ossory, Llandaff, and Worcester; educated at Oxford; became a Carmelite: consecrated bishop of Ossory, 1397; translated to Llandaff, 1398, to Worcester, 1407, where he was active against the lollards.

[130] William Peverell (fl. 1131–1155), a Nottinghamshire baron; leader In the battle of the Standard, 1138: supported Stephen: on Henry II's advance northwards (1155) took refuge in a monastery.

[131] William Peyto (d. 1658). See Peto.

[132] Sir Edward Peyton, second baronet (1588?-1657), parliamentarian; educated at Cambridge: knighted, 1611; succeeded as baronet, 1616; M.P., Cambridgeshire, 1621-6; took an active part in the war of pamphlets in 1641-2 and fought for parliament. lathe Divine Catastrophe(1652) he showed sympathies with the Fifth monarchy men.

[133] Edward Peyton (d. 1749), commodore; entered the navy, 1707; being left by the death of Curtis Barnett in command of the East India squadron, avoided engaging La Bourdonnaia, thinking his force inferior; put under arrest by his successor, Thomas Griffin (d. 1771) , and sent to England, where be died.

[134] Sir Henry Peyton (d. 1628?), adventurer; knighted, 1606; commanded a Venetian fleet, 1618.

[135] Sir John Peyton (1544–1630), governor of Jersey; knighted, 1586; lieutenant of the Tower of London, 1597-1603; governor of Jersey, 1603-30.

[136] Sir John Peyton (1679–1635), governor of Jersey; only son of Sir John Peyton (1544-1630); of Queens' College, Cambridge: knighted, 1603; lieutenant-governor of Jersey, 1628-30, and afterwards governor, 1630-5.

[137] Sir John Strutt Peyton (1786–1838), captain in the navy; great-grandson of Edward Peyton; entered the navy in 1797, and saw much service; K.C.H., 1836.

[138] Thomas Peyton (1895–1626), poet; probably brother of Sir Edward Peyton; of Cambridge University and Lincoln's Inn; published The Glasseof Time 1620-3, a scriptural poem.

[139] Emily Jane Pfeiffer (1827–1890), poetess; nee Davis; married J. E. Pfeiffer, a German merchant, 1853; published several volumes of poetry in the style of Mrs. Browning.

[140] Thomas Phaer or Phayer (1510?-1560), lawyer, physician, and translator; M.D. Oxford, 1559; wrote two legal handbooks and several popular medical treatises, and translated nine books of Virgil's Aeneid as well as part of the tenth, into English verse between 1655 and 1560. Thomas Twyne completed the translation in 1584.

[141] Gullielmus Phalerius, (pseudonym). See William White, 1604–1678.

[142] Sir Arthur Purves Phayre (1812–1886), first commissioner of British Burma; educated at Shrewsbury School; entered the Bengal army, 1828; became commissioner of Arakan, 1849, of Pegu, 1852; chief commissioner of British Burma, 1862-7; G.C.M.G., 1878; published a History of Burma 1883.

[143] Robert Phayre or Phaire (1619?–1682), regicide; one of the three to whom the warrant for the execution of Charles I was addressed; escaped severe punishment at the Restoration through having married the daughter of Sir Thomas Herbert (1606-1682); became a Muggletoniau, 1662.

[144] Sir Robert Phayre (1820–1897), general; brother of Sir Arthur Purves Phayre; educated at Shrewsbury School: ensign in East India Company's service, 1839: captain, 1848; in Persian expedition, 185B-7; quartermaster-general to Bombay army, 1867-68; major, Bombay staff corps, 1861; colonel, 1868; in Abyssinian campaign, 1868; O.B.and aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria, 1868; commandant of Siud frontier force, 1868-72; resident (1873-4) of Baroda, where his life was attempted at the instigation of the gaekwar, Malhar Rao, who was in consequence deposed, 1875; major-general, 1880; commanded reserve division in second Afghan war, 1880; K.C.B. and lieutenant-general, 1881; commanded division of Bombay army, 1881-6; general, 1889: G.C.B., 1894.

[145] Sir Edward Phelips (1560?–1614), speaker of the the house of Commons and master of the rolls; autumn reader, Middle Temple, 1596: entered parliament (1601) as knight of the shire for Somerset; king's sen-. kniihu-,1, 1GU3; speaker, 1604; became ma1611.

[Sir_Robert_Phelips-146] Sir Robert Phelips (1686?-16S8X parliamentarian; H.lwt son of Sir Edward Phelips; knighted, 1603; M.I, East Looe, 1604-11; took a prominent part In opposition, 1621, attacking the Spanish marriage, for whir!, h, was imprisoned; assumed an attitude of hostility to Buckingham, 1625.

[147] John Phelps (fl. 1636–1668), regicide; of Corpus Christi College, Oxford; one of the clerks of the court which sat to try Charles I; was attainted on the Restoration, hut escaped to the continent.

[148] Samuel Phelps (1804–1878), actor; first appeared on the stage in 1826; after some years spent in the provinces, appeared at the Haymarket, London, as Shylock, 1837, and afterwards at Coveut Garden, London, under Macready; joined in opening Sadler's Wells, Islington, 1844, where he succeeded in " making Shakespeare pay for nearly twenty years: became sole manager in the season, 1860-1, but gave up the enterprise (1862), after he had produced thirty-four of Shakespeaie's plays; afterwards acted chiefly at Drury Lane, London; excelled in characters of rugged strength.

[149] Thomas Phelps (fl. 1718–1776), astronomer; the first in England to detect the great comet of 1743.

[150] William Phelps (1776–1866), topographer; of Baliiol College, Oxford; B.A. St. Albau Hall, 1797; issued seven parts of an elaborate History and Antiquities of Somersetshire 1835-9.

[151] John Pherd (d. 1228), erroneous name of John of Fountains.

[152] Peter Phesant (1580?–1649), judge; barrister, Gray's Inn, 1608, ancient, 1622, bencher, 1623, reader, 1624; serjeant-at-law, 1640; voted a judge of common pleas by the House of Commons, 1645.

[153] Alazonomastix Philalethes (pseudonym). See Henry More.

[154] Eirenaeus Philalethes (pseudonym). See Eirenaeus.

[155] Eugenius Philalethes (pseudonym). See Thomas Vaughan.

[156] François André Danican Philidor (1726-1795), chess-player and composer; born at Dreux; son of a French musician; learned chess while in attendance as a musician at Versailles; his fame European from early youth; spent much of his time in Knlnml; published (1748) hisAnalyse du jeu des Echecs; his skill commemorated among chess-players by Philidor's defence and Philidor's legacy He was also celebrated as a composer, introducing several new modes.

[157] Philip II of Spain (1627–1598), king of Spain and husband of Queen Mary of England: son of the emperor Charles V; married Queen Mary, who chose him against the wishes of parliament and tlie country, in Winchester Cathedral, 1554: K.G., 1554: became unpopular; advised Mary to pardon the Princess Elizabeth; resolved to leave England, in disappointment that an expected heir was not born to him, 1555; still continued to watch English politics, but was at variance with Queen Mary, urging her against her will to select a less bigoted man than Bishop Thirlby as chancellor; returned to England, 1587, desiring to draw England into his schemes upon the Low Countries; left for the Low Countries, and never saw Queen Mary again; made overtures to the Princess Elizabeth, but finally married (1569) the French king's daughter, Isabella; sent the Spanish Armada against England, 1688; died in Spain.

[158] Philip of Montgomery, called Grammaticus (d. 1099), crusader; son of Roger de Montgomery, earl of Shrewsbury and Arundel: rebelled with Robert de Mowbray, 1096: died at Jerusalem, while accompanying Robert of Normandy in the first crusade.

[159] Philip de Thaun] (fl. 1120), Anglo-Norman writer ; wrote two poems of great value for the history of Anglo-Norman literature; perhaps the earliest poet in the langue d'oil whose work has survived.

[160] Philip de Braose (fl. 1172). See Braose.

[161] Philip of Poitiers (d. 1208?), bishop of Durham; accompanied Richard I on his crusade; returned to Bugtend before Richard I. and (1195) was elected bishop; mentioned as one of King John's evil counsellors in the controversy with Pope Innocent III.

[162] Philip de Valognes (d. 1215). See Valognes.

[163] Philip de Ulecot (d. 1220). See Ulecot.

[164] Philip, Philippe de Rim or de Remi (1246?-1296), supposed Anglo-Norman poet; now generally identified with Philippe de Beaumanoir (12467-1296), the French jurist and poet.

[165] Alexander Philip Wilson Philip (1770?-1851?), physician and physiologist; M.D. Edinburgh, 17W; elected physician to the Worcester infirmary, 1802; removed to London, 1817; F.R.C.P., 1834: went to Boulogne (c. 1842) in consequence of financial difficulties; published medical works, several of which were translated into various languages.

[166] John Philip (fl. 1566), author; produced (1566) three tracts, chiefly in verse, describing the trial of three witches at Chelmsford.

[167] John Philip (1775–1851), South African missionary; went to South Africa (1819) with a deputation to visit the stations of the London Missionary Society; remained in Cape Town, and for the rest of his life constantly endeavoured to defend the natives against the treatment of the colonists; his views endorsed by a parliamentary committee, 1837, on which Governor D'Urban was dismissed; his policy of erecting independent native states wrecked by the Kaffir war of 1846.

[168] John Birnie Philip (1824–1875), sculptor; executed portrait busts and statues; employed for eight years on the Albert Memorial in Hyde Park, London.

[169] Robert Philip (1791–1858), divine; independent minister at Maberley Chapel, London, 1826-55; published numerous works.

[170] Lord Philiphaugh (1666–1708). See James Murray.

[171] John Philipot, Phelipot, or Philpot (d. 1384), mayor of London; a member of the Grocers Company; M.P., London, 1371 and 1381; headed the opposition to John of Gaunt: appointed joint-treasurer for the French war (1377) at the request of the Commons: mayor, 1378; assisted Richard II during the peasants revolt, 1381.

[172] John Philipot (1589?–1645), Somerset herald; Rouge Dragon, 1618; Somerset herald, 1624; accompanied Charles I to Oxford after the outbreak of the civil war; made many county visitations.

[173] Thomas Philipot (d. 1682), poet and miscellaneous writer; son of John Philipot; M.A. Clare Hall, Cambridge, regiit literis, 1636 (incorporated at Oxford, 1640); published miscellaneous works.

[174] Philippa of Hainault (1314?-1369), queen of Edward III; daughter of William the Good, count of Hainault; married to her second cousin, Edward III, 1328, a papal dispensation being procured ; X? by JL rol- ! rt * havc haran faed the English troops (1M6) before the battle of Neville's Cross; before Chris, m * 8_!2 46 jolned Ed**"* HI before Calais, where she interceded for the six principal burgesses on the surrender of the town in August 1847; received Frolssart on his arrival in England, 1361, and made him her clerk or ecretary: died, and was buried at Windsor.

[175] Philippa of Lancaster (1359-1415), queen of John I of Portugal; daughter of John of Gaunt, duke rf Lancaster; married, 1387; became the mother celebrated sons, Edward I, Don Pedro the great Ferdinand the Mint,

[176] John Philippart (1784?–1874), military writer ; clerk in the war office, and for forty-three years chancellor of the order of St. John of Jerusalem; industriously compiled many books of reference relating to the army.

[177] Baker Philipps (1718?–1745), lieutenant in the navy; entered the navy, 1733: shot for neglect of duty in surrendering (after the death of the captain) the Anglesea to a French warship of superior force an 1111 just sentence, since he only assumed command when the vessel was virtually lost.

[178] Sir Erasmus Philipps, fifth baronet (d. 1743), economic writer; of Pembroke College, Oxford, and Lincoln's Inn; M.P., Haverfordwest, 1726-43; succeeded to the baronetcy, 1736; wrote four economic treatises.

[179] Fabian Philipps (1601–1690), author; spent much money during the civil war in publishing books in support of the royal cause; became at the Restoration remembrancer of the court of the council and marches of Wales.

[180] Jenkin Thomas Philipps (d. 1755), translator ; became tutor to the children of Prince George (George II) before 1726; published Latin dissertations and translations from the German.

[181] Morgan Philipps or Philippes (d. 1570), Roman catholic divine; fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, 1538; M.A., 1542; principal of St. Mary Hall, Oxford, 1546-50; publicly disputed with Peter Martyr, 1549; retired to Louvain on the accession of Queen Elizabeth, dying at Donay. The Treatise concerning Mary Queen of Scots' right to the English throne, by John Leslie (1527-1596) was republished in 1571 under his name.

[182] Thomas Philipps (1774–1841), vocalist and composer; first appeared at Covent Garden, London, 1796; made a tour in America; retired early from the stage; taught singing and composed ballads.

[183] Ambrose Philips (1675?–1749), poet; fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, 1699-1708; M.A., 1700; joined the Addison circle, and had his Distressed Mother (1712, an adaptation of Racine's Andromaque) lauded in the Spectator; M.P., Armagh borough (Irish parliament), 1727; judge of the prerogative court, 1733. His pastorals excited Pope's jealousy, and gave rise to bitter attacks in Pope's satires. He brought out the Freethinker (1718-19), an imitation of theSpectator

[184] Charles Philips (1708–1747), portrait-painter; noted for his small whole-lengths and conversation pieces; patronised by Frederick, prince of Wales.

[185] George Philips or Phillips (1599?-1596), Irish writer and governor of Londonderry; warned the inhabitants of Londonderry in 1688 to be on their guard against Antrim's bighlauders; became governor, December 1688, but resigned shortly in favour of Robert Ltindy ; published several political pamphlets on Irish matters.

[186] Humphrey Philips (1633–1707), nonconformist minister; B.A. Wadham College, Oxford, 1654; M.A. Magdalen College, Oxford, 1666; elected fellow of Magdalen, 1666, but ejected, 1660, and imprisoned, 1662; went to Holland on his release, returning afterwards to England, where he was much persecuted.

[187] John Philips (1676–1709), poet; of Christ Church, Oxford; author of theSplendid Shilling a mock heroic poem in Miltonic blank verse, first published in 1701; employed by Harley and St. John to write verses on Blenheim as a tory counterpart to Addison's Campaign; wrote his most important work, Cyder (1708), in imitation of Virgil's Georgics

[188] Katherine Philips (1631–1664), verse-writer; daughter of John Fowler, a London merchant; married (1647) James Philips of Cardigan; adopted the pseudonym 'Orinda' to which her contemporaries prefixed the epithet Matchless; her earliest verses prefixed (1651) to the Poems of Henry Vaughan (1822-1695); her translation of Corneille's Pompee acted in Dublin with great success. Her collected verses appeared, 1667.

[189] Miles Philips (fl. 1568–1582), mariner;' 'jaUwl with Captain John Hawkyns (1568) u the Indies, and became a prisoner in Mexico; eventually escaped and lauded in England in 1682. Hi- hiin-lf n-hited hU story to Hakluyt.

[190] Nathaniel George Philips (1795–1831), artist; exhibited landscapes in Liverpool H: cheater; executed engravings of old hulls in Lancashire and Cheshire.

[191] Peregrine Philips (1623–1691), nonconformist preacher; studied at Oxford; puritan incumbent of several livings in Pembroke, but ejected, 166V; much persecution. L xlv. 179

[192] Peter Philips or Philippi, Pietro (fl. 1580-1621), musical composer; born in England: organist to the Archduke Albert and Archduchess Isabella in the Netherlands, 1696-1621; published many works at Antwerp.

[193] Richard Philips or Phillips (1661–1751), governor of Nova Scotia; was governor from 1720 to 1749, but after 1730 resided in England, neglecting his duties.

[194] Robert Philips (fl. 1643–1559?), musician ; said by Fox to have been a gentleman of the king's chapel at Windsor and a notable singing man

[195] Robert Philips (d. 1660?), confessor to Queen Henrietta Maria: of Scottish origin; attached to Queen Henrietta Maria after the expulsion of her French attendants, 1626: commissioned by Queen Henrietta Maria to request aid from Pope Urban VIII against the Long parliament, for which he was summoned before parliament, the matter being eventually allowed to drop; accompanied Queen Henrietta Maria to the Hague, 1642.

[196] Rowland Philips (d, 1638?), warden of Merton College, Oxford; educated at Oriel College, Oxford; elected warden of Merton College, 1521: resigning, 1525; D.D., 1522.

[197] William Philips (d. 1734), dramatist; son of George Philips; wrote several tragedies, produced in London and Dublin.

[198] Greville Phillimore (1821–1884), divine and author; son of Joseph Phillimore; of Westminster School, the Charterhouse, and Christ Church, Oxford; M.A., 1844; vicar of Down-Ampney, 1861-67; rector of Henley, 1867-83; rector of Ewelme, 1883-4; joint-editor of the Parish Hymn Book(1863), to which he contributed eleven original hymns.

[199] Sir John Phillimore (1781–1840), captain in the navy; brother of Joseph Phillimore; entered the navy, 1795; advanced to post rank, 1807; fought a stubborn action with the French frigate Clorinde, 1814, and (c. 1819) thrashed William James (d. 1827) for his description of the action in his naval history; C.B., 1815; retired, 1826.

[200] John George Phillimore (1808–1865), jurist; eldest son of Joseph Phillimore; of Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford; MA., 1831; a clerk of the board of control of India, 1827-32; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1832; bencher, 1851; Q.C., 1861; published several works on Roman and canon law.

[201] Joseph Phillimore (1775–1855), civilian; of Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford; D.C.L., 1804; regius professor of civil law, Oxford, 1809-55; M.P., St. Mawes, 1817-26, Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, 18261830; advocating catholic emancipation; filled several important judicial posts, and edited two series of cases heard in the ecclesiastical courts.

[202] Sir Robert Joseph Phillimore , first baronet (1810-1885), civilian and judge: son of Joseph Phillimore ; of Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford: D.O.L., 1838; barrister, Middle Temple, 1841; judge of the Cinque ports, 1865; admiralty advocate, 1865; liberalconservative M.P., Tavistock, 1852 -7; Q.O., 1858; became judge of the high court of admiralty, 1867; created baronet, 1883; a scholar both in the classical and modern languages, and a jurist of wide reading: his most imporumt work, Commentaries on int. rn..tional Law

[203] Arthur Phillip (1738–1814), vice-admiral and first governor of New Sooth Wal; entered the navy, 1765; reached post rmnk, 1781; founded, January a convict settlement on the harbour of Port Jackson, ul.i.l, l, named Sydney after Thomas Townshend, viscount Sydney; carried the settlement through many privations from lack of food and of free settlers; ri-tunml to Kngland (1792) iu bad health: rear-admiral, 1801; vice-admiral, 1810.

[204] John Phillip (1817–1867), subject and portrait painter; began to execute likenesses while apprenticed to an Aberdeen glazier, and (1836) attracted the attention of Lord Panmure, who paid for his education in London; exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1838, painting chiefly portraits and Scottish subject*: the style of his painting changed by a visit to Seville, 1861; hi* later work influenced by Velasquez; La Bomba 1863, La Gloria 1864, and II Cigarrillo 1864, among bis masterpieces; A.R.A., 1867, and R.A., 1869.

[205] William Phillip (. 1596–1619), translator; made several translations from the Dutch, chiefly of books of travel.

[206] James Orchard Halliwell Phillipps (1820-1889). See Halliwell.

[207] Samuel March Phillipps, formerly Samuel March (1780–1862), legal writer; of the Charterhouse and Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge; M.A., 1805; assumed the surname Phillipps in 1796; barrister, Inner Temple, 1806; permanent under-secretary for home affairs, 1827-48. His Treatise on the Law of Evidence (1814) was in its day a standard text-book.

[208] Sir Thomas Phillipps, first baronet (1792–1872), antiquary and bibliophile; of Rugby and University College, Oxford; M.A., 1820; showed from his earliest years a passion for collecting books and manuscripts; his collection rich in old Welsh poetry; possessed four hundred or five hundred volumes of oriental manuscripts; created baronet, 1821: established (c. 1822) a private printing press at his residence. Middle Hill, Broadway, Worcestershire; printed visitations, extracts from registers, genealogies, cartularies, and brief catalogues of collections of manuscripts in private and public libraries; removed in later life to Thirlestane House, Cheltenham,

[209] Arthur Phillips (1605–1695), musician; of New College, Oxford; organist at Bristol, 1638, and at Magdalen College, Oxford, 1639; choragus and professor of music at Oxford, 1639-56; afterwards served Queen Henrietta Maria as organist in France.

[210] Catherine Phillips (1727–1794), Quakeress; daughter of Henry Payton; entered the ministry, 1748, and thenceforth went on annual preaching tours amongst the Friends: married William Phillips, 1772; a volume of Memoirs appeared, 1797.

[211] Charles Phillips (fl. 1766–1783), engraver; worked chiefly in mezzotint after the old masters.

[212] Charles Phillips (1787?–1869), barrister and miscellaneous writer; B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1806: entered the Middle Temple, 1807; called to the Irish bar, 1812; joined the Oonnaught bar and speedily made a reputation by his florid oratory; called to the English bar, 1821, becoming shortly leader at the Old Bailey; appointed commissioner of the insolvent debtors court of London, 1846; published miscellaneous works, including Napoleon III (3rd edit. 1854).

[213] Edward Phillips (1630–1696?), author; son of Edward Phillips and his wife Ann, only sister of the poet Milton, by whom he was educated and with whom be maintained affectionate relations until the poet's death; of Magdalen Hall, Oxford; became (1663) tutor to the son of John Evelyn the diarist,:m.l lfi5) to Philip Herbert (afterwards seventh Earl of Pembroke): subsequently resumed his former occupation of hack-writer in London; chiefly remembered for his A New World of Words 1W8, a philological dictionary of doubtful originality, little merit, and great popularity, and by his Mysteries of Love and Eloquence 1658.

[214] Edward Phillips (fl. 1780–1759), dramatist; author of comic musical pieces produced in London theatres, 1790-9.

[215] George Phillips (fl. 1579–1597), divine; M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1587; published sermons.

[216] George Phillips (1593–1644), nonconformist divine and colonist; B.A. Caius College, Cambridge, 1617: wiled for Massachusetts, 1630; pastor at Watertown till his death.

[217] George Phillips (1804–1892), oriental scholar; of Magdalen College, Oxford, and Queens' College, Cambridge; fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, 1830; M.A., 1832; D.D., 1869; held the living of Sandon from 18461887; president of Queens' College, Cambridge, 1867-92; vice-chancellor of Cambridge University, 1861-2; pub1 1 * hrd, with other works, a Syriac grammar, 1 837, and an elaborateCommentary on the Psalms 1846.

[218] George Searle Phillips (1815–1889), miscellaneous writer; said to have graduated B.A. Trinity College, Cambridge; edited several newspapers in England and the United States; became insane (1873) and was confined in the Trenton asylum; published mostly under the pseudonym of January Searle

[219] Giles Firman Phillips (1780–1867), landscape painter; published two treatises on his art.

[220] Henry Phillips (fl. 1798–1831), horticultural writer; was a schoolmaster, residing in London and Brighton; fellow of the Horticultural Society; F.L.S., 1826: publishedHistory of Cultivated Vegetables (last edit. 1831), and other works.

[221] Henry Phillips (1801–1876), musician; appeared as a singing boy at the Haymarket and Drury Lane, London; successfully sang the music of Caspar at the production of Der FreischUtz 1834, and thenceforth rose rapidly in public estimation as a bass singer; retired, 1863.

[222] Henry Wyndham Phillips (1820–1868), portrait-painter: son of Thomas Phillips (1770-1845); first exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1838.

[223] John Phillips, Philips, or Phillyps (fl. 1670-1691), author; educated at QueensCollege, Cambridge; became a puritan preacher; possibly never beneflced. Five ediflcatory treatises by him are extant, as well as four epitaphs and three longer poems commemorative of the Countess of Lennox (1678), Sir Philip Sidney (1687), and Sir Christopher Hatton (1691).

[224] John Phillips (1555?–1633), bishop of Sodor and Man; M.A. St. Mary Hall, Oxford, 1684; appointed archdeacon of Cleveland, 1601; consecrated bishop of Sodor and Man, 1606; introduced many reforms, and made a Manx translation of the Book of Common Prayer, 1610.

[225] John Phillips (d. 1640), divine ; M.A. and B.D. Cambridge: ricar of Faversham, 1606-40; published the Way to Heaven 1825.

[226] John Phillips (1631–1706), author; brother of Edward Phillips (1630-1696 ?); was brought up by his uncle, the poet Milton; made a scathing attack upon puritanism, 1666, in bis Satyr against Hypocrites; gained a living by his labours as a hack-writer and translator and a scurrilous controversialist; employed by Dates to write on behalf of the reality of the Popish plot; commenced (1690) the periodicalPresent State of Europe which be continued till his death. <

[227] John Phillips (fl. 1786–1792), writer on inland navigation; brought up as a builder and surveyor; published works containing schemes for the construction of canals.

[228] John Phillips (1800–1874), geologist; intimately fsociatod in his studies with hU uncle, William Smith (17C9-1839); keeper of the York Museum, 1826-40; assistant secretary of the British Association, 1832-69; F.R.S., 1834; professor of geology at Trinity College, Dublin, 1844-53; Wollastou medallist, Geological Society, 1845, president, 1859 and 1860; keeper of the Ashmolean .Museum, 1854-70; hou. LL.D. Dublin, 1857, Cambridge, 1866; hou. M.A. Oxford, 1853, D.O.L., 1866; contributed over a hundred papers to scientific literature, ami published works on geology.

[229] John Arthur Phillips (1822–1887), geologist; professor of metallurgy at the college for civil engineers, Putney, 1848-50; practised in London as a mining engineer and consulting expert; F.R.S., 1881; vico-prcsidi nt of the Geological Society: one of the first to devote himself to the study of the microscopic structure of minerals and rocks; author of numerous scientific papers.

[230] John Roland Phillips (1844–1887), lawyer and antiquary: won the prize offered at Cardigan eisteddfod for the best essay on the History of Cilgerran 1866; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1870; published (1874) Memoirs of the Civil War in Wales and the Marches

[231] Molesworth Phillips (1755–1832), lieutenant-colonel; second lieutenant, royal marines, 1776; accompanied James Cook (1728-1779) on his last voyage, 1776-9; captain, 1780; married (1782) Susanna Elizabeth, daughter of Charles Burney (1726-1814); brevet-major, 1794 rjbrevet lieutenant-colonel, 1798; resided at Boulogne (1784) till after French revolution, and on returning to France (1802) was seized by Napoleon and detained in France till 1814; became acquainted with Charles Lamb and his friends.

[232] Sir Richard Phillips (1767–1840), author, bookseller, and publisher; in turn a schoolmaster, a hosier, and a stationer, bookseller, and patent-medicine vendor in the town of Leicester; founded the Leicester Herald 1792, in which he expressed his republican, opinions; came to London, 1795, and (1796) established the Monthly Magazine; sheriff, 1807; knighted, 1808; friend of Priestley and Orator Hunt, and a patron of Bamford and other radicals; issued elementary class-books and cheap manuals under a variety of pseudonyms.

[233] Richard Phillips (1778–1851), chemist; brother of William Phillips (1775-1828); F.R.S., 1822; president of the Chemical Society, 1849-50; chemist and curator of the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyu Street, London, 1839-51; discovered (1823) the true nature of uranite; did useful work in mineralogical and pharmaceutical chemistry; author of four works and some seventy papers on chemical subjects.

[234] Samuel Phillips (1814–1854), journalist; appeared on the stage in his youth; forced on his father's death to write for a living; author of Caleb Stukely 1844; placed on the staff of The Times 1845, as a writer i of literary reviews; created LL.D. Göttingen, 1852; appointed literary director on the establishment of the Crystal Palaoe in 1853.

[235] Teresia Constantia Phillips (1709–1765), courtesan; commenced a life of intrigue at a very early age; according to her own account had an intrigue with Thomas Grimes (afterwards fourth Earl of Chesterfield), 1721; married a Dutch merchant named Muilman (1723), who obtained decree of nullity: continued to assume the name of Muilman; mentioned by Horace Walpole under the name Con Phillips as being equally notorious with , the czarina and in a similar manner in the first chapter of Fielding'sAmelia; determined, after many experiences in France, England, and the West Indies, to blackmail her friends by publishing An Apology which appeared in parts in 1748; removed to Jamaica (1754), where she died.

[236] Thomas Phillips (1635?–1693), military engineer; appointed master-gunner of the Portsmouth, 1661; a gunner of the Tower of London, 1672, and master-gunner at Sheerness, 1673; became James II's second engineer, 1685; dismissed (1689) for refusing to join Schomberg in Ireland, but reinstated, 1691; present at the bombardment of St. Malo (1693), where he exploded a vessel filled with powder and carcases at the foot of the sea-wall.

[237] Thomas Phillips (1708–1774), biographer of Cardinal Pole; great-nephew of William Joyner; brought up as a Roman catholic; joined Jesuits, 1728, bat l.-lt them, 1733; after studying at Liege and Rome; returned to England, acting as chaplain to several noljle families: principal work,The History of the Life of Cardinal Pole (1764), a valuable piece of biography; died

[238] Thomas Phillips (d. 1815), historian of Shrewsbury; had a place in the Customs; published History and Antiquities of Shrewsbury 1779, a second ulr which formed the first volume of the History of Salop (1837) by Charles Hulbert

[239] Thomas Phillips (1770–1845), portrait-painter; began to exhibit at the Royal Academy, 1792: R.A., 1808: painted many notable persons, including George, prince of Wales, Lord Byron, Orabbe, Scott, Southey.and Coleridge; professor of painting in the Itoyal Academy, 1826-82.

[240] Thomas Phillips (1760–1861), surgeon and benefactor of Welsh education; entered the service of the East India Company, 1782, and became finally a member of the Calcutta medical board, returning to England with a competent fortune in 1817; presented laiye quantities of books to Welsh town and college libraries, and established six scholarships and a Phillips professorship of natural science at St. David's, Lampeter.

[241] Sir Thomas Phillips (1801–1867), mayor of Newport and lawyer; elected mayor, 1838, and knighted for his courage in repelling an attack by seven thousand chartists under John Frost (d. 1877); acquired coal mines in Monmouthshire, and became a large landed proprietor in Wales; bestowed large sums in charities, particularly in assisting Brecon College.

[242] Watts Phillips (1826–1874), dramatist and designer: became, according to the story, George Cruikshank's only pupil: resided for some years in Paris, where he acquired a knowledge of the French stage; settled in London, 1853-4; brought out Joseph Chaviguy at the Adelphi, London, 1857, and the Dead Heart, 1 1859, the latter being a great success: gradually abandoned caricature and illustration for the novel and the drama; his plays were numerous and Mir--sful; his novels chiefly appeared in the Family Herald

[243] William Phillips (1731?–1781) major-general of the royal artillery; commanded a company of miners raised for the defence of Minorca, 1756; served in Germany under Ferdinand of Brunswick, commanding the artillery at Minden (1759) with great ability, and at Warburg (1760), and other engagements; in Canada under Carleton and Burgoyne, 1776; took part (.1777) in the campaign which ended in the capitulation ot Saratoga; was exchanged, 1781, on which be joined Clinton at New York, proceeding thence to Virginia, where he died in the midst of the campaign.

[244] William Phillips (1775–1828), mineralogist and geologist; grandson of Catherine Phillips; a London printer and bookseller, devoting his leisure to geology; F.G.S., 1807; F.ILS., 1827; F.L.S.; wrote with William Daniel Oonybeare Outlines of the Geology of England and Wales 1822, and, among other works exclusively his own, published the well-knownElementary Introduction to the Knowledge of Mineralogy 1816.

[245] Henry Phillpotts (1778–1869), bishop of Exeter; B.A. Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 1795; fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, 1795-1804; M.A., 1798; became chaplain to Shute Barrington, bishop of Durham, 1806, and prebendary of Durham, 1809; began (e. 1819) to appear a a writer upon public questions by penning a defence of the existing poor-law and of the conduct of the government in regard to the Peterloo massacre; vehemently opposed catholic emancipation in his controversy with Charles Butler (1750-1832), 1825; shared the conversion of the tory ministry, 1829; bishop of Exeter, 1830-69: opposed the Reform Bill in the House of Lords and came into collision with Earl Grey in regard to the Tithes Bill, 1831; a strict disciplinarian in his diocese, having lawsuits with several of his clergy, including George Cornelius Gorham. Although a high churchman be had no sympathy with the Oxford movement, and vehemently attacked Tract XC.

[246] Robert Kemp Philp (1819–1882), compiler: joined the chartist movement and lectured for it; ousted ommittee by the more violent section (1842) for the moderation of bis opinion*; credited with having drawn up the monster petition, 1842; settled New Street, Fetter Lane, London, as a publisl rabHiUtor of thePeople Journal 1846-8: published The Family Friend (editor. 1841-62) and other cheap popular literature. Including Enquire within upon Everything(18M) of which over a million copies had been -..Id by 1888.

[247] John Philpot (1616–1666), protestant martyr: 1. and BjC.L,: arcb fellow of New College, Oxford, 16S4-41 deacon of Winchester; constantly engaged in oontroveny. and after Mary's aoocsatoii wa* imprisoned as a heretic MMrtSitSMtJt,r,l,,H-,v,,rk.-.,rv,,,. -: of them in Foxe's Aotes and Monument*

[248] Henry Philpott (1807-18M bishop of Worcester; elected fellow of St. Catharine Hall, Cambridge. 1829; M.A., 1832; muter of St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge, 1846-60; vice-chancellor, 1846, 1866, and 1867; D.D., 1847; bishop of Worcester, 1860-90. His episcopal career was uneventful.

[249] Sir Charles Beaumont Phipps (1801–1866), court official: son of Sir Henry Phippn, first earl of Mulgrave; entered the army, 1820; steward of the viceregal household in Ireland, 1836-9; lieutenanti-ol...... 1, 1837; equerry to Queen Victoria, 1846; private secretary to Prince Albert, 1847: appointed keeper of the queen's purse and treasurer to the then Prince of Wales, 1849: K.O.B., 1858; receiver-general of the dnchy of Cornwall, 1862.

[250] Charles John Phipps (1836–1897). architect: articled at Bath, where he began to practise, 1868; reconstructed Bath Theatre, 1862-3; removed to London, and became recognised authority on theatre construction, and was engaged on construction or alteration of more than twenty theatres in London, besides others in many provincial towns: F.R.I.B.A., 1868; F.S.A. His principal work was Her Majesty's Theatre, Haymarket, London, (completed, 1897).

[251] Sir Constantine Phipps (1656–1723), lord chancellor of Ireland; barrister, Gray's Inn, 1684, bencher, 1706: bis rise hindered by his Jacobite sympathies, though his practice among friends of the house of Stuart was considerable; defended Henry Sacheverell, 1710, and gained such distinction that he was knighted and made lord chancellor of Ireland in the same year; extremely unpopular with the whig faction in Ireland, and on Queen Anne's death was removed from office: defended Francis Atterbury, 1723.

[252] Sir Constantine Henry Phipps, first Marquis of Normanby and second Earl of Mulgrave (1797-1863), eldest son of Sir Henry Phipps, first earl of Mulgrave: of Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge: M.A., 1818; entered parliament, 1818 (M.P., Scarborough), and supported parliamentary reform: M.P.. Higham Ferrers, 1822, Malton, 1826: governor of Jamaica, 1832-4; G.C.H., 1832; became lord privy seal, with a seat in the cabinet, under Lord Melbourne, 1834: sent to Ireland as lord-lieutenant, 1835; his friendly relations with O'Oonnell bitterly attacked at protestant meetings, but his administration (1835-9) beneficial to Ireland; created Marquis of Normanby, 1838: secretary of war and the colonies, 1839; transferred to the home office, 1839, where he remained till the fall of the ministry, 1841; ambassador at Paris, 1846-52, and minister at Florence, 1854-8, in which posts be mingled too much In the politics of foreign states. In early life he wrote a number of novels and tales.

[253] Constantine John Phipps, second Baron Mulgrave (1744–1792), entered the navy, 1760; M.P., Lincoln, 1768, when he identified himself with the king s friends; commanded the Kacehorae in a polar expedition, 1773, of which he published an account, and in which Nelson took part as midshipman; succeeded his father as an Irish peer, 1775; M.P., Huntingdon, and appointed a lord of the admiralty, 1777: distinguished himself in the action off Ushant in 1778, while in command of the Courageux. Cxlv. 231

[254] Edmund Phipps (1808–1867), author ; son of Sir Henry Phipps, first earl of Mulgrave; M.A., Trinity College. Oxford, 1831: barrister, Inner Temple, SM- DobuHS MTeral financial pamphlets, as well as SiSfS Robert Plumer Ward 1850.

[255] Sir George Augustus Constantine Phipps, second Marquis of Normanby (1819–1890), son of Sir Connstantine Henry Phipps, first marquis of Normanby; entered the army, 1838, but retired, 1847, when bo wa returned (M.P., Scarborough) to parliament In the liberal interest: privy councillor, 1851; M.P., Scarborough 1852 and 1857: liberal whip; treasurer of the Household. 1853-8: lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotin, IttS-tt: governor of Queensland, 1871-4; governor of Sew Zealand. 1874-9, where he was in constant collision with Sir George Grey; G.O.M.G., 1877: appointed governor of Victoria, 79, retiring, 1884; G.C.B., 1885; joined the liberal unionist secession, 1886.

[256] Sir Henry Phipps, first Earl of Mulgrave, first Viscount Normanby, and third Baron Mulgrave (1755-1831), brother of Constantine John Phipps, second baron Mulgrave; educated at Eton; entered the army 1775? and attained the rank of general, 1809; M.P., Totnes, 1784, Scarborough, 1790; a supporter of Pitt and one of his chief military adviser*; made by Pitt chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, with a seat in the cabinet. 1804. and (1806) secretary for foreign affaire, a post generally thought beyond his powers; resigned, with the bulk of Pitt's friends, after the death of Pitt (January 1806); became first lord of the admiralty in the Portland ministry, 1807, his tenure of office being marked by the seizure of the Danish fleet, the Walcheren expedition, and the operations of Collingwood in the Mediterranean; resigned, 1810, and became master of the ordnance, keeping his seat in the cabinet; created Earl rf Mnlgrave, 1812; master of the ordnance till 1818, when, at hl own suggestion, he was replaced by Wellington: retired from the cabinet, 1820. He was a generous patron of art, befriending Jackson, the portrait- painter, Wilkie, and Haydon.

[257] Joseph Phipps (1708–1787), quaker; undertook a street-preaching tour through the metropolis, 1753; published controversial works in defence of the Quakers against Samuel Newton of Norwich, and others.

[258] sir William Phipps (1651–1695), governor of Massachusetts: cousin of Sir Sonstantlne Phipps; began life as a ship-carpenter, and in time became a merchant-captain of Boston; raised ( 1667) a Spanish treasureship, sunk near the Bahamas, and gained 16,000l.; knighted, and appointed provost-marshal of New Eng- I land, 1687; commanded a colonial expedition, which cap- i tared Port Royal from the French, 1690, but failed in an attempt on Montreal and Quebec, 1690; nominated governor of Massachusetts, 1691; did little against the French and their Indian allies, and was summoned to England to answer for bis undignified conduct, 1694, but, died before proceedings were taken.

[259] William Phiston or Fiston (fl. 1571–1609), translator and author; describes himself as a student of London; made translations from the French, Latin, Italian, and Spanish.

[260] Phiz (pseudonym). See Hablot Knight Browne, lSlt-1882.

[261] John Phreas or Free (d. 1465), scholar; fellow of Balliol College, Oxford; M.A., 1464; went abroad after leaving Oxford: taught medicine at Ferrara, Florence, and Parma, and died at Rome. As a scholar he WM distinguished for his knowledge of philosophy, medicine, and the civil law. Several of his manuscripts are preserved among the Balliol and Bodleian MSS.

[262] Sion Phylip (1543–1620), Welsh poet; was drowned near Pwllheli while on a bardic tour; many of his poems preserved in the Cymrodorion MSS. (British Museum).

[263] William Phylip (1590?–1670), Welsh poet; wrote a Welsh elegy in 1649 on the death of Charles I; forced to go into hiding during the Commonwealth.

[264] Andrew Picken (1788–1835), Scottish author; son of a Paisley clothier: bookseller in Liverpool, and proceeded to London, where he speedily became popular as a man of letters: published miscellaneous works, including Tales and Sketches of the West Coast of Scotland 1824, and other stories of Scottish and Irish life and manners.

[265] Andrew Picken (1815–1845), draughtsman and lithographer; sou of Andrew Picken (1788-1-833); executed on stone a large number of landscapes, chiefly illustrations of books of travel, and private commissions.

[266] Andrew Belfrage Picken (1802–1849), author; son of Ebenezer Picken; published The Bedouins and other Poems 1828.

[267] Ebenezer Picken (1769–1816), minor poet; son of a Paisley weaver; studied at Glasgow University; opened a school at Falklrk, 1791: settled (1796) in Edinburgh, where he lived in straitened circumstances; published several volumes of poetry.

[268] Joanna Belfrage Picken (1798–1859), poetess ; daughter of Ebenezer Picken; wrote satirical verses for various journals; went to Canada, 1842, and taught music at Montreal till her death.

[269] Basil Montagu Pickering (1836–1878), publisher and dealer in rare books: son of William Pickering; began business (1858) in Piccadilly, London; continued his father's traditions as publisher,

[270] Danby Pickering (. 1737–1769), legal writer ; barrister, Gray's Inn, 1741; edited the original four volumes ofModern Reportswith supplements (1757), and Sir Henry Finch'sLaw, or a Discourse thereof (1759); published The Statutes at Large to the end of the Eleventh Parliament of Great Britain 24 vols. 17621769.

[271] Ellen Pickering (d. 1843), novelist ; published her first novel, 1826.

[272] George Pickering (d. 1867), artist; exhibited water-colours at the Liverpool Academy (non-resident member, 1827): succeeded George Cuitt (1779-1854) as a drawing-master at Chester; drew landscapes to illustrate Ormerod'sHistory of Cheshireand other works.

[273] Sir Gilbert Pickering, first baronet (1613–1668), parliamentarian; of Gray's Inn, 1629; M.P., Northamptonshire, in the Short and Long parliaments and in those of the Commonwealth; active at the beginning of the civil war in raising troops and money in Ids county: sided with the army, 1648, and was appointed one of Charles I's judges, but attended only at first, and did not sign the death-warrant; member of the councils of state under the Commonwealth; escaped punishment after the Restoration, but was declared incapable of holding office; was a baronet of Nova Scotia.

[274] Sir James Pickering (fl. 1368–1397), speaker of the House of Commons; head of a Westmoreland family: knight of the shire for Westmoreland, 1362, 1365, 1377, 1378, 1379, and 1382, for Yorkshire, 1383, 1384. 1388, 1390, and 1397; elected speaker, 1378.

[275] John Pickering (d. 1537), leader in the Pilgrimage of Grace; B.D. Cambridge, 1525; prior of the Dominican house at Cambridge, 1525; took part in organising the Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536: executed at Tyburn.

[276] John Pickering (d. 1645), parliamentarian: brother of Sir Gilbert Pickering; of Gray's Inn, 1634; commanded a regiment in the Earl of Manchester's army and in the new model army.

[277] Thomas Pickering (d. 1475), genealogist : abbot of St. Hilda's monastery at Whitby, 1462; compiled genealogies of a few Yorkshire families.

[278] Sir William Pickering (1516–1575), courtier and diplomatist; educated at Cambridge; appointed ambassador in France, 1551, but after Queen Mary's accession recalled; joined the opponents of the Spanish marriage: involved in Wyatt's conspiracy, but eventually pardoned; one of the lieutenants of London, 1569.

[279] William Pickering (1796–1854), publisher; commenced business (1820) in Lincoln's Inn Fields; published theDiamond Classics 1821-31; removed to 21 Chancery Lane, IM2I, ami 1H30) adopted t mark of tinAldine press; increased bis reputation l his Aldine edition of tin* English poets in fifty-three rotmMi; hi.- last ilay- troubled I y pecuniary em barrassments, doe to the failure ot a friend for whom be lind stood security.

[280] Frederick Richard Pickersgill (1810–1900), historical punter: nephew,,f..,,rv William 1 Vk,, --ill: taught by bis uncle, William Frederick Withi-rington; studied at Royal Academy schools, and exhibiteil h.-tv.vn 1M9 and 1876; 1LA., 1847; keeper ami tru,f,,,t Koval A.-adrmy. l*7.Vs7. Hi- work* include The Burial of Harold at Waltbam Abbey, 1 which gained prize at Westminster Hall, 1847, and wan purchased for the houses of parliament.

[281] Henry Hall Pickersgill (rf. 1861), painter : -..u..f H.-nry William IMckersgill; exhibited at I the Royal Academy from 1834.

[282] Henry William Pickersgill (1782–1875), painter; first exhibited at the Hoyal Academy, 1806; subsequently devoted himself to portrait-painting; R.A., 1826; obtained after the death of Thomas Phillips (17701845) almost a monopoly of painting the portraits of men and women of eminence.

[283] Edward Pickford (d. 1657). See Edward Daniel.

[284] Pickle the Spy (pseudonym). See Alastair Ruadh Macdonell, 1726?–1761.

[285] Henry Pickworth (1673?–1738?), writer against the quakers; joined the quakers in Lincolnshire, but soon after holding an unsuccessful disputation with Francis Bugg, 1701, renounced his beliefs, and began writing against his former opinions,

[286] Sir James Allanson Picton (1805–1889), antiquary and architect; executed some important buildings about Liverpool, and became an authority on land arbitrations; entered the Liverpool town council, 1849; originated the Liverpool public library and museum, and did much other useful work; his principal literary work, 4 Memorials of Liverpool 1873; knighted, 1881.

[287] Sir Thomas Picton (1768–1815), lieutenant-general; younger son of Thomas Picton of Poyston, Pembrokeshire; entered the 12th foot, 1771; lieutenant, 1777; captain, 75th foot, 1778; checked an Incipient mutiny by his promptitude on the disbandment of his regiment, 1783; major, 68th foot, 1795; took a distinguished part in the capture of St. Lucia, 1796, and was nominated lieutenant-colonel; appointed by Sir Ralph Abercromby commander and military governor after the capture of Trinidad, 1797; appointed (1801) to the civil government of the island; his rule popular with the influential inhabitants, but serious charges of cruelty made against him in consequence of his permitting the use of tortures sanctioned by the Spani.-h law; on the appointment (1802) by Addison of three commissioners, of whom be was one, to govern the island, indignantly tendered his resignation; tried on one of the charges in the court of king's bench, but no judgment delivered against him; became brigadier-general, 1801; major-general, 1808; took part (1809) in the siege and capture of Flushing, and was appointed governor of the town, but shortly afterwards was invalided home; joined the army in Portugal, 1810, and was placed in command of the third division; successfully checked Massena's advance In the pass of San Antonio, 27 Sept. 1810: took a chief part in the pursuit. March 1811, when Massena retreated from the lines of Torres Vedras; prominent in the battle of Fueutes d'Onoro on 6 May 1811; saved his division from an overwhelming force by a brilliant retreat across six miles of level country, while harassed by artillery and cavalry, September 1811: conducted the siege of Badajo., March 1812, led the successful assault in person, and was severely wounded; nominated K.B.; promoted lieutenantgeneral, 1813; at Vittoria forced the passage of the Douro and carried the heights la the centre, his division bearing the brunt of the battle; thanked by the House of Commons seven times for his services in the Peninsula, but on the conclusion of pence was excluded by the ministry trom the list of those honoured: O.C.B., 1815; engaged at Qtiutre Bras in command of the fifth division (1815), M wp.md.-d; shot while leading nil second brigade t the charge at Waterloo. A monument was erected to him in st. Paul's Cathedral, London.

[288] Henry James Pidding (1797–1864), humorous artist; attained some note as a painter of humorous subjects from domestic life; frequently exhibited at the Society of British Artiste (men.,1 at the Royal Academy

[289] Henry Piddinoton (1797–1858), meteorologist; a commander in the mercantile marine: retired from the sea, c. 1830, and was appointed curator of the Museum of Economic Geology in Calcutta: accumulated important data for determining the course of storms at sea; originated the term cyclone in his Sailor's Horn-Book for the Law of Storms 1848.

[290] Henry Clark Pidgeon (1807–1880), painter in water-colours and antiquary; practised in London, and afterwards in Liverpool, as a teacher of drawing: exhibited at the Liverpool Academy; returned to London in 1H61; president of the Sketching Club; member of the Institute of Painters in Water-colour-, iKrtl: contributed drawings and papers to various arclm-ologicul journals.

[291] Edward Pierce or Pearce (d. 1698), sculptor and mason: practised in London. Among other works lie rebuilt St. Clement Danes in 1680, and executed a marble bust of Oliver Cromwell.

[292] Robert Pierce (1622–1710), physician; of Winchester and Lincoln College, Oxford: M.A., 1650; M.D.. 1661; practised in Bath, many famous physicians sending their patients to him; F.R.C.P., 1689; published Bath Memoirs 1697.

[293] Samuel Eyles Pierce (1746–1829), Calvinist divine: began his ministry as a preacher in Lndy Huntingdon's connexion, 1776; became independent pastor at Truro, 1783, and subsequently a popular London preacher; published theological works.

[294] Thomas Pierce or Peirse (1622–1691), controversialist; fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, 1643 (expelled by the parliamentary visitors, 1648); M.A., 1644: became tutor to Robert Spencer (afterwards second earl of Sunderland); carried on a bitter attack on the Calvinists, whose tenets he had abandoned in 1644; regained his fellowship at the Restoration, and became chaplain in ordinary to Charles II; president of Magdalen College, Oxford, by Charles II's wish, 1661: his tenure of office stormy; resigned the presidency, 1672; became dean of Salisbury, 1675; quarrelled vehemently with the bishop, Seth Ward His learning and controversial ability are undoubted, but his fierce temper provoked his opponents and his works did more harm than good.

[295] Sir Evelyn Pierrepont, first Duke of Kingston, first Marquis of Dorchester of the second creation, and fifth Earl of Kingston (1665?-1726), grandson of William Pierrepont; M.P., East Betford, 1689 (Convention parliajncnt) and 1690; succeeded bis brother William as fifth earl, 1890; created Marquis of Dorchester, 1706; privy councillor, 1714: created Duke of Kingston, 1715; as a whig obtained the favour of George I: lord-president of the council, 1719-20: K.G., 1719; one of the most prominent leaders of the fashionable world.

[296] Sir Evelyn Pierrepont , second Duke of Kingston (1711–1773), graudsou of Sir Kvelyn Pierrepout, first duke of Kingston; educated at Eton; took his seat in the House of Lords, 17:13: K.J., 1741: raised a regiment of hone to oppose the Jacobites, 1746, ami was nominated lieutenant-general, 1759.

[297] Henry Pierrepont , first Marquis of Donchester, second Earl of Kingston, and first Baron Pierrepont (1606–1680), eldest son of Robert Pierrepont, flr-t earl of Kingston: educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge: M.P., Nottinghamshire, as Viscount Newark, 1628-9; summoned to the House of Lords as Baron Pierrepont, 1611; succeeded hU father, 1648; created marquis of Dorchester, 1645; followed Charles I to Oxford: winded for his estate, 1647, and studied ana Uwi F.R.C.P., 1658; K.K.S., 1663; privy OTMJH-I 1660-78; according to his biographer hMMWd hit end by taking his own medicines.

[298] Robert Pierrepont, first Baron Kingston and first Viscount Newark (1584-1641), of Oriel College, Oxford; created Viscount Newark, 1627, and Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull, 1628; endeavoured to remain neutral at the outbreak of the civil war, and iefueal to lend money to Charles I: joined Charles I, 1643, but was taken prisoner in July and killed by a chance shot from a royalist battery.

[299] William Pierrepont(1607?-1678), politician; son of Robert Pierrepont, first earl of Kingston; sat in the Long parliament as M.P., Great Wenlock, and was a leader of the peace party during the early stages of the war: became one of the committee of both kingdoms, 1644, and threw himself with vigour into the conduct of botftilitiea; associated himself with the moderate indepeudenta until Pride's Purge, when he withdrew from politics; remained friendly with Cromwell and his family, and (February 1660) was elected to the new council of state; sat in the Convention parliament for Nottinghamshire; retired into private life, 1661. Lxlv. 267

[300] Henry Piers (d. 1623), author; son of William Piers (rf. 1608); visited Rome, became a Roman catholic, and wrote observations on Rome and other continental towns, which were published, 1896.

[301] Sir Henry Piers, first baronet (1628–1691), chorographer; son of Henry Piers; created baronet, 1660; wrote a description of West Mcath (printed, 1774).

[302] James Piers (Jl. 1631–1635), writer; probably a son of Henry Piers; professor of philosophy at Bordeaux; published two Latin treatises.

[303] John Peers or Peirse (1523?–1594), successively bishop of Rochester and Salisbury and archbishop of York; fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, 1545 and 1&49; senior student of Christ Church, Oxford, 1647; M.A., 1549; D.D., 1566: master of Balliol College, Oxford, 1570; bishop of Rochester, 1576; translated to Salisbury, 1577, to York, 1589.

[304] William Piers (d. 1603), constable of Oarrickferguit: came from Yorkshire to Ireland, c. 1530, and ( 1656), with Richard Bethell, obtained a grant of the couftablohip of Carrickfergus Castle, an outpost which involved him in frequent hostilities with the Hebridean Soots and the O'Neills; defeated the Scots with great loss near Casttereagb, 1669; suspected (1573) of intriguing with Sir Brian MacPbelim, deprived of the constableship, and imprisoned for more than a year; subsequently occupied himself with unsuccessful projects for settling the northern part., of Ireland with the assistance of the native gentry.

[305] William Piers, Pierse, or Pierce (1580-1670), successively bishop of Peterborough and of Bath and Wells; M.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1603; D.D., 1614; chaplain to John King (16697-1621), bishop of London; became (1622) dean of Peterborough; consecrated bitOiopof Peterborough. 1630: translated to Bath and Wells. 1832; a zealous adherent of Laud: carried out various ceremonial changes in his diocese with a high hand, anl discountenanced Sabbatarianism; impeached, 1640, committed to the Tower of Ixmdon, 1641, and deprived of his bishopric; restored, 1660.

[306] Abraham Pierson (d. 1678), New England divine: B.A. Trinity College, Cambridge; went out to boaton between 1030 and 1640, and (1640) joined in forming a new settlement on Long Inland called Southampton; removed to Branford, 1664, to Newark, 1666; published a pamphlet in the Indian tongue, with an English rendering.

[307] Henry Hugo Pierson, originally Pearson (1815-1873), musician; son of Hugh Nicholas Pearson t(. jr.: U.A. Trinity ColUv.-. iiinl.ridire, 1830: elected JteW tvofeuor of mivic at Edinburgh University, 1844, but soon afterwards retired to Germany: his greatest work, Jerusalem performed at the Norwich festival of 1862; dial at Leipzig. The Jerusalem gave rise to great controversy, its composer beiug denounced as a follower of Wagner, though in reality his music more resembled that of Schumann. His unfinished oratorio, Hezekiah occasioned the same difference of opinion.

[308] William Henry Pierson (1839–1881), major (late Bengal) engineers; went to India, 1860, and did important engineering work in Sikhim (1861) and in Persia (1863-73) in connection with the Indo-European telegraph; appointed military secretary to Lord Ripoii, 1880: nominated (March 1881) commanding royal engineer of the field force proceediiiy: against the Mahsnd Waziris; died of dysentery while 011 active service.

[309] Oliver Pigg (fl. 1565–1591), puritan divine; B.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, 1569; imprisoned at Bury St. Edmunds (1578), for dispraising the Book of Common Prayer; published two devotional treatises and a sermon.

[310] David Richard Pigot (1797–1873), chief baron of the exchequer in Ireland; B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1819; called to the Irish bar, 1826; became solicitorgeneral for Ireland, 1839; M.P., Clonmel, 1839, 1840, and 1841; attorney-general, 1840-1; chief baron of the exchequer in Ireland, 1846-73.

[311] Elizabeth Bridget Pigot (1783–1866), friend and correspondent of Lord Byron; lived at Southwell on Burgage Green, where in 1804 Byron and his mother settled, occupying Burgage Manor; corresponded regularly with Byron till 1811, and during the rest of her long life amused herself and her friends with narrating the minute incidents of her intimacy with the poet.

[312] Sir George Pigot, Baron Pigot and first baronet (1719-1777), governor of Madras; arrived at Madras, 1737; became governor, 1755; conducted the defence of the city against Lally with skill and spirit, 1768-9; resigned office, 1763; created baronet, 1764, and an Irish baron, 1766; created LL.D. Cambridge, 1769; again nominated governor of Madras, 1775, but soon found himself at variance with his council in regard to the restoration of the raja of Tanjore, which he had been ordered by the directors to carry out; found that the majority were determined to overrule him in regard to the details of the restoration, and refused to sign the instructions drawn up by the council in regard to the matter; eventually regained a majority by preferring charges against two of the members, and thus debarring them from voting, to which step the council replied by a coup de main, and he was arrested by their order; died in confinement. In England opinion was nearly equally divided among the proprietors of the East India Company, but before the news of his death was known he was declared restored to his office and ordered to give up the government to his successor within a week.

[313] Sir Henry Pigot (1750–1840), general ; son of Hugh Pigot (1721 ?-1792); entered the army, 1769; commanded at the blockade of Malta, 1800; general, 1812; G.C.M.G., 1837.

[314] Hugh Pigot (1721?-1792), admiral ; brother of Sir George Pigot, baron Pigot; entered the navy as anable seaman lieutenant, 1742; commander, 1746; rear-admiral, 1776; lord of the admiralty, 17b2; admiral of the blue, 1782; commander-in-chief in the West Indies (1782), superseding Rodney.

[315] Hugh Pigot (1769–1797), captain in the navy ; son of Hugh Pigot (1721V-1792); entered the navy, 1782; nominated to command the Hermioue, 1797, when his cruelty caused the crew to mutiny, kill nearly ah 1 the officers, and hand the ship over to the Spaniards.

[316] Sir Robert Pigot , second baronet (1720–1796), lieutenant-general; colonel, 1772; fought at Lexington and Bunker's Hill, 1775; succeeded his hrother,Sir George Pigot, baron Pigot, in his baronetcy, 1778; lieutenant-general, 1789.

[317] Sir Arthur Leary Pigott (1752–1819), attorney-general; barrister, Middle Temple, 1777; bencher, 1 799; matriculated at University College, Oxford, 1778; commenced practice at Grenada, where he became attorney-general; K.O., 1783; became attorneygeneral (1806) under the administration of All the Talents retiring with the ministry in 1807; knighted, 1806; M.P., Steyning, 180(5, Arundel, 1806-19.

[318] Charles Pigott (d. 1794), author; brother of Robert Pigott; was, like Robert, an ardent champion of the French revolution, and published a reply to Burke ( 1 79 1 ) and other works.

[319] Edward Pigott (fl. 1768–1807), astronomer; son of Nathaniel Pigott q. v.); aided hU father 1 * geodetic operations in Flanders, 1772; introduced John Goodricke to astronomy; made several important observations and discoveries.

[320] Sir Francis Pigott (1608–1537). See Bigod.

[321] Sir Gillery Pigott (1818–1875), baron of the exchequer; barrister, Middle Temple, 1839; serjeant-atlaw, l56; M.P., Reading, 1860-3; baron of the exchequer, 1863; knighted, 1863.

[322] Harriet Pigott (1766–1839), authoress; niece of Robert Pigott; published Records of Real Life 1839, and other works.

[323] Nathaniel Pigott (d. 1804), astronomer; chiefly remembered for his geodetic work for the Austrian government in 1772 with a view to determining the geographical position of the chief towns in the Low Countries.

[324] Richard Pigott (1828?–1889), Irish journalist and forger; errand-boy in the Nation office, and afterwards manager of theIrishman(proprietor, 1866); sold bis journalistic property to the laud league, 1879, and began to blackmail his political associates in order to support himself; began to traffic with * The Times newspaper in information connecting the leading Irish home rulers with murders and outrages, 1886; caused by the serious nature of the charges made in the articles entitled 'Parnelltem and Crimethe appointment of a special judicial commission (1888) to investigate their truth; appeared as a witness, but broke down under crossexamination, February 1889; tied to Madrid, where he committed suicide.

[325] Robert Pigott (1736–1794), food and dress reformer; a gentleman of Shropshire; sold his estate, 1776, and retired to the continent, where he made the acquaintance of Voltaire, Franklin, and Brissot; condemned the use of bread, advocated putting prisoners on a vegetable diet to reclaim them, and maintained the superiority of caps over hats; died at Toulouse.

[326] John Pike, Pik or Pyke (fl. 1322?), chronicler; master of the schools at St. Martiu-te-Graud. London; several of his compilations in the Harleiau and Arundel MSB.

[327] John Baxter Pike (1746–1811), writer on horticulture; doctor in London; contributed letters to the 'Monthly Magazineon horticulture, poultry farming, and kindred subjects.

[328] John Deodatus Gregory Pike (1784–1864), baptist; pastor of the Baptist Church, Brook Street, Derby, 1810-64; editor of The General Baptist Repository 1822-64; his religious tracts widely circulated in England and America.

[329] Richard Pike or Peake (fl. 1620–1626), adventurer; took part in the attack on Algiers ( 1620) made by Sir Robert Mansell; taken prisoner (W25) in the attack on Cadiz; published (1626) an account of his adventures on his return to England.

[330] Richard Pike (1834–1893), master-mariner ; was in command of the Proteus when she was nipped in the pack-ice off Cape Subine; after extreme hardship reached Upernavik with his companions, where they were rescued.

[331] Samuel Pike (1717?–1773), Sandemanian; became an independent minister, and (1757) adopted the k- of Robert Sainlriium: published thwli-:il ami devotional works.

[332] Fuller Pilch (1803-1*70), cricketer; a nativr of Norfolk: first appeared at Lord's at the age of seventeen, and continued to play till 1854; first bat of bis day until the appearance of George Parr.

[333] George Pilcher (1801–1856), aural surgeon: for many years *n"lng surgeon to the Surrey DUMMH. u:.:.. m tsOow, Uajti Osfcfi.; -.r,,.n-, 1843; published three treatises on aural surgery.

[334] John Pilfold (1776?–1884), captain to the navy ; entered the navyw 1788; commanded the Ajax at the battle of Trafalgar, when a first lieutenant, and was In consequence advanced to post rank, 1806.

[335] Sir Andrew Pilkington (1767?–1853), lieutenant-general;. vice in all parts of the world; K.C.B. 1888; lieutenant-general, 1841.

[336] Francis Pilkington (1560?–1625?), lutenist and musical composer; Mus. Bac. Lincoln College, Oxford, 1696; minor canon and chaunter of Chester Cathedral, 1623-4. His compositions were not marked by much originality.

[337] Gilbert Pilkington (fl. 1850), reputed author of The Tournament of Tottenham, a burlesque In vene onthe parade and fopperies of chivalry The eariiwt manuscript of the piece (hi the Cambridge University library) bears his signature, but it is doubtful if he was more than copyist.

[338] James Pilkington (1520?–1676), first protestant bishop of Durham; of Pembroke Hall and St. John's College, Cambridge; elected fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, 1539; M.A., 1542; B.D., 1551; president, 1550; fled to the continent ( 1554), being a protestaut, but returned on Queen Elizabeth's accession; was master of St. John's College (1559-61), and regius professor of divinity, 1569; bishop of Durham, 1561-76. He assisted In the revision of the Book of Common Prayer (1568-9), and in settling the Thirty-nine Articles promulgated in 1562. Several of his writings survive.

[339] Laetitia Pilkington (1712–1750), adventuress; daughter of Van Lewen, a man-midwife; married Matthew Pilkington (fl. 1729-1733), 1729; became acquainted with Swift, and rapidly gained his favour, her remlir.-i-.:!..- being one of the chief authorities for Swift's later years; was subsequently separated from her husband, after which she set up a small bookshop in St. James's Street, London. HerMemoirs written by herself, appeared in 1748.

[340] Leonard Pilkington (1527?–1599), master of St. John's College, Cambridge; brother of James Pilkington q. v.; B.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, 1544; admitted fellow. 1546, but ejected as a protestaut on Mary's accession; fled to Frankfort, but on Queen Elizabeth's accession returned to Cambridge; was re-elected a senior fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, subsequently being master, 1561-4.

[341] Lionel Scott Pilkington, alias Jack Hawley (1828-1875), sportsman and eccentric; educated at Rugby; only sou of Redmond William Pilkiugton; o!evelopcd a strong love for stable life, and although a man of property served Sir Joseph Henry Hawley as a groom, and afterwards adopted the surname of Hawley and settled at Doucaster.

[342] Mary Pilkington (1766–1839), writer; n6e Hopkins; married (1786) a surgeon named Pilkwgtou; published over fifty volumes of fiction, poetry, and biography,

[343] Matthew Pilkington (Jl. 1729–1733), poet; t poor Irish parson; married Laetitia Pilkington, 1729; attracted the attention of Swift by his servility, but afterwards forfeited it by his baseness: obtained by Swift's influence the post of chaplain to the lord mayor of London, 1732.

[344] Matthew Pilkington (d. 1765), author ; LL.B. Jesus College, Cambridge, 1728; prebendary of Lichfieki, 1748-65; published A Rational Concordance, or an Index to the Bible 1749.

[345] Matthew Pilkington (1705–1766), divine and author of the Dictionary of 1aimers; B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1722; vicar of Douabate and 1'ortrahau; author of The Gentleman's and Connoisseur's Dictionary of I'aintfn-,* publislr-il, 1770. ") X _

[346] Redmond William Pilkington (1789–1844), architect: BOO of William Pilkinirtou; carried out the additions at the London Charterhouse commenced by his father.

[347] Richard Pilkington (1568?–1631), protestant controversialist: probably a nephew of.lames Pilkington q. T.j: M.A. Kniniauiiel College, Cambridge, 1593 (ineorPOnitad M.A. ixfonl.l5'J.: IM t -.i.vnV (oll.-L'inxfopl. 1607; rector of Hatnbledon, Buckinghamshire, 1596-1631: wrote Parallela 1618, in reply to Anthony Champney q..)

[348] Robert Pilkington (1765–1834), major-general and Inspector-general of fortifications: entered the royal artillery, 1787: transferred to the royal engineers, 1789; ore pending royal engineer at Gibraltar, 1818-30; inspector-general, 1833.

[349] Sik Thomas Pilkington (rf. 1691), lord mayor of London: a staunch whig; distinguished himself in the city of London by his opposition to the Duke of York: imprisoned for nearly four years (1682-6) for tcandalum magtuUum in consequence of rash speeches against the duke: thrice lord mayor, 1689, 1690, and 1691; M.P. for the city of London, 1689; knighted by William III, 1689.

[350] William Pilkington (1758–1848), architect; had a large practice in London, and was employed at Salisbury as surveyor and architect by the Earl of Radnor.

[351] James Pillans (1778–1864), Scottish educational reformer; M.A. Edinburgh, 1801; rector of the Edinburgh High School, 1810-20; professor of humanity and UWB * at Edinburgh University, 1820-63; improved the system of education both at the high school and the university; highly successful as a disciplinarian and teacher of Latin literature.

[352] Jean Pillement (1727–1808), painter; born at Lyons; came to England before 1757: painted landscapes, marine pieces, and genre subjects in a theatrical and artificial style; returned in later life to Lyons, where he died.

[353] Frederick Pilon (1750–1788), actor and dramatist; first appeared on the stage at Edinburgh and afterwards drifted to London, where from 1778 he wrote clever ephemeral plays for Covent Garden and Drury Lane.

[354] Bedford Clapperton Trevelyan Pim (1816-1886), admiral; entered the navy, 1842; served under Sir Edward Belcher in Franklin search expedition, 1852, and rescued Sir Robert John Le Mesurier MrClurc; retired from active service, 1861, and (1873) commenced to practise at the bar in admiralty cases, being (1873) a barrister of Gray's Inn; published nn'scollaiRiiu- works.

[355] Christopher Pinchbeck (1670?-1732), clockmaker: invented the copper and zinc alloy called after huii. No contemporary mention of the metal called after him has been discovered.

[356] Christopher Pinchbeck (1710?–1783), inventor; son of Christopher Pinchbeck (16"0?-1732). Among his patents was one for snuffers, which long held the market.

[357] Edward Pinchbeck (fl. 1732–1738), clock-maker: eldest son of Christopher Pinchbeck (1670 ?-1732) ; succeeded to his father's business in Fleet Street, a; v ?, r

[358] Robert Pinck (1573-1647), warden of New College, Oxford; of Winchester College and New B2! t 2 X S 0r ? S,!L A " 1802: D D " 1619: fellow of New College, Oxford, 1596; became warden, 1617; a close ally of Laud in his measures for the reorganisation of the univerfctUig to draw up the new statutes; took measures for the defence of Oxford, 1642, and was arrested and sent x London, but contrived to get back to Oxford, where he

[359] George Pinckard (1768–1835), physician.

[360] Sir Paul Pindar (1565?-1650), sent as ambassador to Turkey, 1611; knighted in Kn;_'laud. 1620; finally returned to England, 1623; brought home some remarkable jewels, several of which came into possession of the crown.

[361] Peter Pindar (pseudonym). See John Wolcot, 1738-1819.

[362] Sir Benjamin Chilley Campbell Pine (1809-1891), colonial governor; M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1840; barrister, Gray's Inn, 1841; acteil as temporary governor of Sierra Leone, 1848, displaying much military capacity, and was governor of Natal, 18491866; knighted, 1856; governor of the Gold Coast, 1856-9: lieutenant-governor of St. Christopher, 1859-69; govemoriu-chief of the Leeward islands, 1869-73; K.C.M.G., 1871; governor of Natal, 1873-5.

[363] John Pine (1690–1756), engraver; practised in London; probably pupil of Bernard Picart, whom he resembled in style.

[364] Robert Edge Pine (1730–1788), painter; son of John Pine; devoted himself to history and portrait-painting, and obtained much success; painted numerous portraits of actors and actresses; also (1771) of Brass Crosby, Wilkes, and Richard Oliver, while they were in the Tower of London; settled in Philadelphia, 1783.

[365] Benjamin Pingo (1749–1794), herald; son of Thomas Pingo; rougedragon pursuivant, 1780; York herald, 1786.

[366] John Pingo (ft. 1768–1786), medallist; son of Thomas Pingo; appointed assistant-engraver to the mint, c. 1786.

[367] Lewis Pingo (1743–1830), medallist ; son of Thomas Pingo; succeeded his father as assistant-engraver at the mint, 1776; chief engraver, 1779-1815.

[368] Thomas Pingo (1692–1776), medallist; born in Italy; came to England, c. 1742-5; assistant-engraver at the mint, 1771-6.

[369] Charles Richard Pink (1853–1889), architect : designed a number of houses and schoolsand a few churches, especially in Hampshire; F.R.I.B.A., 1886.

[370] Robert Pink (1573–1647). See Pinck.

[371] William Pinke (1599?–1629), author : probably related to Robert Piiick; M.A. Magdalen Hall, Oxford, 1622; elected fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, 1628; published a translation and a popular devotional work.

[372] John Pinkerton (1758–1826), Scottish antiquary and historian; published (1783) Select Scottish Ballads several of which he forged, and (1784) an Essay on Medals a valuable work, which introduced him to Horace Walpole and Gibbon; published, 1786, his important volumes of 'Ancient Scottish Poems in the preface of which he detailed his former forgeries; published, 1797, his History of Scotland from the Accession of the House of Stuart to that of Mary His powers of research were greater than his literary talent.

[373] William Pinkethman (rf. 1725), actor; held originally a low rank at the Theatre Royal, London, but was established in the favour of the Groundlings by a tendency to overact and to introduce vulgar and impertinent business and rose in time to be a competent performer; subsequently acted at Drury Lane, London, where he bad many original parts, and though after the union with the Hay market company in 1708 he obtained fewer original characters, was assigned important parts in standard plays; a clown rather than a comedian, imitating Anthony Leigh E (1768-1835), physician; M.D. . 17 W: appointed a physician to 1795, visiting the West Indies with Sir Ralph ***!** 1111011: POWM1Notes on the We*t , 1806; physician of the Bloomabury Dispensary for thirty years. 8 " 1 PAUL OW57-1650). diplomatist; a .c. 1683-1602; consul at Aleppo, 1609-11;

[374] Miles Pinkney (1599–1674). See Thomas Carre.

[375] Charles Pinney (1793–1867), mayor of Bristol : held the office of mayor in 1831 during the riots caused by the rejection of the Reform Bill: thrice read the riot act, and ran the risk of losing his life, the mob being finally dispersed only by the military, who fired on the people; tried in the king's bench for neglect of duty, 1832, but acquitted by the jury.

[376] William Pinnock (1782-1843. publisher and educational rit.-r; IH.VIUI lift- as a Hampshire school in.i-u-r: went to London, 1*17, and inonmnrlion with SumuH Maunder cumuli-need -lu.nl. u.-rries i.i manual- l popular in.-tru.-tion, which met with extraordinary success, aiul were collect, u. the .iiiv.-ni;.- OyckMMMlft.-till more enocexstui In abridgement* of Goldsmith's histories of Knvland. (ireeoa, :inl Koine, and his -fries of iiini histories; lost much more by a mania for speculation,

[377] William Henry Pinnock (1811–1885). divine and author;.-on ot Villiniu I'innovk q. v.J: U..I. Corpu, i-hri-ti College. Cambridge. 1W5 ( incorporated at Monl, 1869); vicar o! I'inn.-r, lx7l-M5: in l.iyears compiled, like his father, elementary text-books, and was also the author of several works upon ecclesiastical laws and usages,

[378] Oh Ahlotte Pinto (d. 1802). See Brent.

[379] George Frederic Pinto (1787–1806), violinist and musical composer; grandson of Thomas Pinto: tnivt-llwl with Johann Peter Salomon Fq. v. afu-r IN HI, playing with great success at Oxford, Oambridirf, Hath, and onftMUBD. He wrote aouatas for pianoforte solos and with violin, as well as a large number of songs.

[380] Thomas Pinto (1710?-1773), violinist: of Neapolitan origiu; was at an early age a remarkable player, but became careless and neglected to practise; roused to greater efforts by the arrival in England (1760) and success of Giardiui: recovered his position in part, but was unsuccessful in a theatrical venture.

[381] George John Pinwell (1842–1875), watercolour painter; began his professional career (1863) by designing and drawing on wood, chiefly for the brothers Dalziel; member of the Water-colour Society, 1870.

[382] Hester Lynch Piozzi (1741–1821), friend of Dr. Johnson: only child of John Salusbury of Bachycraig, Flintshire; was, after her father's death (1762), married against her inclinations to Henry Thrale, the son of a wealthy brewer, 1763; began an intimacy with Dr. Johnson, which became famous (1764), Johnson being (1765) almost domesticated at Thrate's house at Streatham Park, and accompanying the Thralesto Wales in 1774 and to France in 1775; lost her husband, 1781, and, though the mother of several daughters, married (1784) Gabriel Piozai, an Italian Roman catholic musician; went with her husband to Italy, this marriage being naturally disapproval by the society of that time; wrote in Italy her l Anecdotes of the late Samuel Johnson (1786), a book which gives a very lively picture of Dr. Johnson, though frequently coloured by personal feelings; returned to England, 1787, and was well received: settled attrentham Park; left Streatham (1795) for Bachycraig, where she passed the remainder of her days; after her husband's death (1809), adopted his nephew, John Piozzi, who took her maiden name, Salisbury; published (1788) her correspondence with Dr. Johnson, and other works.

[383] Francis le Pipre or Piper (de. 1698). See Lepipre.

[384] Piran or Piranus (fl. 550), saint ; usually identical with Saint Ciaran (ft. 500-560) The names are identical p in Britain being identical with the Irish t. The history of the two saints is in its main features the same, though the Irish lives of St Oiaran do not record his migration to Cornwall. He holds a foremost place in Cornish liagiology, being the patron saint of Cornwall, or, at least, of all miners. The ruins of his oratory at Perrauzabuloe were laid bare in 1835 by the shifting of the sands.

[385] Alexander Pirie (1737–1804), Scottish divine; appointed teacher in philosophy In the anti-burgher divinity school at Abernethy: joined the burghers, 1763, but (1769) being suspended for heresy, joined the independents; held exceptionally liberal religious views for his time; published theological works.

[386] William Robinson Pirie (1804–1885), protenor of divinity and principal of the university of Aberdeen: studied at University and King's College, Aberdeen; minister of Dyce, l3U-43: professor of divinity at ual College, Aberdeen, 1843-60; hon. D.D. Marischal and King's College*, Aberdeen, 1844; professor of divinity and. lam h history at MarUchal and King College*, -.; moderator of the church of Scotland, 1864; pal of Aberdeen University. 1876-W: published theological works.

[387] William Pirrie (1807-1881), surgeon: M.A. Aberdeen, 1825; M.I). Minl.urtfh. 1*29: became firnt . -llexe, Aberdeen, 1839; and on tin-,m...i, of MariHchal ami King's College, Aberdeen, i860, continued to teach professor; an intrepid awl successful operator, and recognised in later life a* the foremost surgeon in the north Of Scotland.

[388] Benedetto Pistrucci 1784-1855), gem-engraver and medallist; born in Rome; noil of a judge of the high criminal court in Home; commenced work in Rome, proceeding to Paris in 1814, and to London in 1815: modelled the portrait of Sir Joseph Banks, who sent him to the master of the mint, for whom he modelled the St. George and the Dragon on the reverse of the gold coinage; performed the duties of chief engraver from 1817. ami (1828) was nominated chief medallist. As a gem-engraver his reputation stands high, and be imparted to the English coinage a distinction of style that had long been absent.

[389] David Pitcairn (1749–1809), physician; brother of Robert Pitcairn (17477-1770?); M.D. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 1784; began to practise in London, 1779; succeeded bis uncle, William Pitcairn as physician to St Bartholomew's Hospital. 1780; F.R.I, 1785.

[390] Robert Pitcairn (1520?–1584), commcudator of Dunfermline and Scottish secretary of state; became commendator of Dunfermline, 1561; chosen a lord of the articles, 1567, and an extraordinary lord of session, 1568; accompanied Moray to the conference at York (1568) in reference to the charges against Queen Mary; succeeded William Maitland (1528?-1573) as secretary of state, 1570; a party to the conspiracy against Morton, 1578, and, after the regent's fall, was one of the new council of twelve chosen to govern in the name of James VI; had a chief share in contriving the raid of Ruthven, 1582, and did his utmost to hinder the counter-revolution of 1583, which deprived him of most of his influence.

[391] Robert Pitcairn (1747?–1770?), midshipman : is remembered as the first to sight Pitcairn's island I (named after him), on 2 July, 1767, which was afterwards the home of the mutineers of the Bounty; lost at sea.

[392] Robert Pitcairn (1793–1856), antiquary and miscellaneous writer; published Trials before the High Court in Scotland (3 vols. 1833), which attracted the attention of Sir Walter Scott.

[393] William Pitcairn (1711–1791), physician; M.D. Rheims; M.D. Oxford, 1749; was physician to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 1750-80, where a ward is named after him; president of the Royal College of Physicians, 1775-86.

[394] Archibald Pitcairne (1652–1713), physician and poet; studied law at Edinburgh and Paris; M.A. Edinburgh, 1671; turned his attention to medicine, and commenced to practise in Edinburgh, c. 1681; professor of physic at Leydeu, 1692, resigning his chair, however (1693) and returning to Edinburgh; suspected of being at heart an atheist, chiefly on account of his mockery of the puritanical strictness of the presbyterian church; reputed author of two satirical work*,The Assembly, or Scotch Reformation: a Comedy 1692, and Habel, a i Satirical Poem 1692; wrote also a number of Latin 1 verses, some of which appear in Svlei-ta I'wmata A. Pitcaruii et aliormn(1727). He was one of the most celebrated physicians of his time.

[395] Alexander Pitcarne (1622?–1696), Scottish presbyterian divine; M.A. St. Salvator's College, St. Andrews, 1643; regent of St Salvator's College, St. Andrews, 1648-56; minister of Dron. 1656-62: deprived, 1662. but iMTinitted by the bishop to discharge his duties; again deprived, 1681, and troops quartered on his parish; restored, 1690; appointed principal of St. Mary's College, St Andrews, 169S: published controversial works, the best known being The Spiritual Sacrifice 16C4.

[396] Sir Isaac Pitman (1813–1897), inventor of phouography: master of school at Barton-on-Humber, Lincolnshire, 183S, and at Wootton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, 1836-7; dismissed (1837) for joining the New Church founded by Emmanuel Swedenborg; established and conducted (1839-43) school at Bath; learned shorthand system of Samuel Taylor. and, with object of popularism: the art, published at fourpcnce Stenographic Sound Iland 1837, substituting phonographic for the mainly orthographic methods adopted by former shorthand authors, a penny plate entitle 1 Phonography appearing, in 1840, and fuller explanations of the system being published in 1840 and subsequent years; issued numerous instruction books and standard works printed in shorthand characters; with assistance of Alexander John Kills advocated spelling reform; knighted, 1894. His system, which has been adapted to several foreign I'iMirtiagtt*, has to a very large extent superseded all others.

[397] John Rogers Pitman (1782–1861), divine and author: M.A. Pembroke College, Cambridge, 1815; well known in London as a preacher, prolific writer, compiler, and editor. xlv. 338}

[398] Lord Pitmedden (1639?–1719). See Alexander Seton.

[399] Arthur Pits (1557–1634?), Roman catholic priest ; studied at Oxford and Douay, and returned to England (1581) as one of a company of forty-seven priests sent from Douay during the year; arrested, 1682, and banished, 1586: imprisoned for a time on a charge of disaffection to the French king, due to his patriotism: made canon when Pope Urban VIII re-established the English hierarchy, 1623.

[400] John Pits or Pitseus (1560–1616), Roman catholic divine and biographer; studied at Winchester College, New College, Oxford (probationer-fellow, 1578), and Rome, and passed most of his life in Germany and Lorraine; principal work, Relationum Historioarum de Rebus Anglicis Tom. I (1619), the most valuable part being that dealing with the biographies of catholic writers after the Reformation.

[401] Robert of Pitscottie (1500?–1565?). See Lindsay.

[402] Pitsligo, fourth and last Baron Forbes of (1678-1762). See Alexander Forbes.

[403] Ann Pitt (1720?–1799), actress; appeared as Miss Pitt at Drury Lane, London, under Garrick in 1748, after some practice in the country; first advertised as Mrs. Pitt, 3 Oct. 1755; among her most notable characters the nurse in Romeo and Juliet which she played to many famous Juliets, and Mrs. Croaker in the Goodnatured Man continued on the stage until the age of Seventy-two.

[404] Christopher Pitt (1699–1748), poet and translator: of Winchester College and Wadham and New (Alleges, Oxford; fellow of New College, 1721; M.A., 124; presented in 1722 to the rectory of Pimpernel wh.iv ht- resided till his death; had some acquaintance nth Pope, and published a translation of Virgil's Eneid in 1 1 40, which has been included in many collected editn.li* of English poets.

[405] George Pitt, first Baron Rivers (1722?-1803), M.A. Magdalen College, Oxford, 1739; D.C.L., 1746; whig M.P. for _ Shaftesbury, 1742, Dorset, 1747-74; created baron, 1,76; filial several diplomatic posts; published Letters to a Young Nobleman 1784, and other works.

[406] Harriet Pitt (d. 1814) dancer; appeared chiefly at Covent Garden; the name of Mrs Davenet, to distinguish her from 5TnH&i5: r mother of Thomas John Dibdin irles Dibdin.

[407] Sir John Pitt, second Earl of Chatham (1756-1835), eldest son of William Pitt, first Earl of Chatham Sri'tV ?? the army, 1778: firsfc lorA of th Srtnriri ?*i 7 o P A Vy uncillor "89; K.G., 1790; W priry seal, 1794-6; president of the council, 1796 1801; master of the ordnance, 1801-C; was keenly disappointed by the appointment of Wellesley to command I in the Peninsula, 1808, and a? a consolation was placed in j command of the Walcheren expedition, 1809; proved himself quite unequal to the task assigned him, and on failure of the expedition blamed the naval commander, Sir Richard John Strachan, for the result; his reputation ruined by the ensuing inquiry; general, 1812; governor of Gibraltar, 1820-35.

[408] Moses Pitt (ft. 1654–1696), publisher and author: chiefly known for his publication of The English Atlas ;i work formerly held in great estimation (maps based on Janssen's atlas). Of this work four volumes and part of a fifth appeared between 1680 and 1682, but it was not a pecuniary success, and in 1689-91 he was imprisoned for debt.

[409] Robert Pitt (1653–1713), physician; fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, 1674; M.A., 1675: M.D., 1682; F.M.S., 1682; censor, Royal College of Physicians, 1687 and 1702; physician to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 1698-1707; published several pamphlets against the excessive use of drugs and against frauds common in medical practice.

[410] Thomas Pitt (1653–1726), East India merchant and governor of Madras; often called Diamond Pitt; engaged in the East India trade as an interloper, and settling at Balasore (1674) began a long struggle with the East India Company; engaged (1683-7) in litigation in England on the question of his trading without authorisation from the East India Company, but (1693) he started on his last interloping voyage, and made terms with the company, 1694; president of Port St. George, 1697-1709, building up a great reputation; kept a constant look-out for large diamonds during his stay at Madras, obtaining (1701) the great Pitt diamond from an Indian merchant, which he sold (1717) to the French regent for 135,0007. (It was in 1791 valued at 480.000., and is still among the state jewels of Prance).

[411] Thomas Pitt , first Earl of Londonderry (1688?-1729), son of Thomas Pitt (1653-1726); M.P., Wilton, 1713-27, Old Sarum, 1727-8; created Baron Londonderry, 1719, and Earl of Londonderry, 1726; governor of the Leeward islands, 1728-9.

[412] Thomas Pitt , first Baron Camelford (1737-1793), nephew of William Pitt, first earl of Chatham ; M.A. Clare College, Cambridge, per litteras regias, 1769; whig M.P. for Old Sarum, 1761-8, Okehampton, 1768-74, and again for Old Sarum, 1774-84; one of the strongest opponents of Lord North's ministry and a warm antagonist of the coalition; declined the leadership of the House of Commons, 1783; raised to the peerage, 1784. From March 1762 he lived at Twickenham, where his skill in Gothic architecture was recoemised by his neighbour, Horace Walpole. He was a friend of Mrs. Delany

[413] Thomas Pitt , second Baron Camelford (1776-1804), only son of Thomas Pitt, first baron Oamelford : educated at the Charterhouse; entered the navy, 1789; being put ashore for insubordination at Hawaii (1794) had to work his passage home, afterwards ineffectually challenging his commander, George Vancouver , to a duel; shot Charles Peterson, first lieutenant of the Perdrix, during a dispute concerning seniority (1798), for which he was acquitted by court-martial on the ground that Peterson had refused to obey his orders, and was therefore a mutineer, although, according to naval law, Peterson was the senior officer; his name struck off the list of commanders at his own request, in consequence of an altercation with the admiralty, 1798: subsequently lived in London, where he achieved extraordinary notoriety by disorderly conduct; killed in a duel near Holland House, London.

[414] William Pitt, first Earl of Chatham (1708-1778), statesman; born in Westminster: younger son of Robert Pitt of Boconnoc in Cornwall, by his wife, Harriet, daughter of Edward Villiers of Dromana, co. Waterford, and grandson of Thomas Pitt (1G53-1726); educated at Eton and Trinity College, Oxford; from early life suffered severely from gout; obtained a cornetcy in Lord Cobham's horse, 1731, and four years later entered parliament for Old Sarum; dismissed from the army for his flrst speech on the marriage of Frederick, prince of u'ain M.P. for nld -arum, 1741; distinguished himself by his opposition to the system of foreign subsidies, and by his attacks on UK- Hanoverian policy of the ministers; was passed over on Granville's tllimlttal (November 17W). while several of his political associates obtained seats in tin- Broad-bottom administration; admitted (1746) to office as joint vice-treasurer of Ireland, in t OIIMI juencc of Pclham's bringing pressure to bear upon George II, tendering his resignation during the Jacobite rebellion; promoted paymaster-general of the forces (May 1746), in which post he created a precedent by declining any of the emoluments of the office beyond the legal salary; gained public confidence by bis disinterested conduct, iu spite of the fact that be supported a continental policy in the interest of Hanover, such as he had formerly denounced; failed to conciliate George II by bis change of sentiment; being disappoint.-. I in his hop.- on IMham's death (March 1754) of succeeding to the leadership of the House of Commons, joined Henry Fox (afterwards first Baron Holland) in ridiculing the actual leader, Sir Thomas Robinson (afterwards first Baron Grantham) , and even proceeded to assail Newcastle, the prime minister, himself; dismissed from office, November 1766: bis accession to power made a necessity by the disasters of the French war, which completed the unpopularity of Newcastle's ministry; refused to act with Newcastle or Fox, who had deserted him in the previous year and accepted a seat iu the cabinet; became actual premier and secretary of state for the southern department (4 Dec. 1766), as well as leader of the House of Commons, with the Duke of Devonshire as first lord of the treasury; found that Newcastle's corrupt iudueuce still dominated the House of Commons, and that he could not carry on the government with the aid of public opinion alone; dismissed with Temple from office by George II, April 1757, but in consequence of the public discontent and the necessities of the time was recalled with him within a few weeks; formed a coalition with Newcastle; planned the expeditions and selected the commanders in the succession of victories all over the world which early in 1768 took the place of England's former reverses, and raised loans for war expenses with a profusion which appalled more timid financiers; made England as much an object of jealousy and dread to Europe as Spain or France in earlier times; became aware of the family compact, September 1761, and proposed to commence hostilities against Spain; failed to convince the cabinet, and on 5 Oct. resigned office with Temple; denounced the preliminary treaty with France and Spain in December 1762, maintaining that the peace was insecure and the terms inadequate; refused (17tt3) to resume office unless the great whig lamilies were restored, (17CG) supported the repeal of the Stamp Act; on * "*"yl7t;G,forinrtn heterogeneous aoTmfiiistralion, composed of patriots und courtiers, king's friends and republicans; accepted an earldom, 1766, and took the sinecure officejpf lord privy seal;luuilu" hie administration become gradOaUy mart distinctly tory in character as time went on; mentally incapacitated by suppressed gout from all attention to business, 1767; resigned office.! 768, but (January 177U) was sufficiently recovereJTronrfaia mental disease to reappear in the House -ef-feonkjinu 1 atUok the American policy of the government; allied himself from this time forward definitely with Ro.-kiiiirluim and the whip?; largely disabled by the infirmity of his health from attending the House of Lords, 1771-4; strenuously opposed the harsh measures taken in regard to the American colonies, 1774-5, and (May 1777) unsuccessfully moved an address to the crown lor the stoppage of hostilities, though he was not willing to recognise the independence of the colonies; some unavailing efforts made to induce him to join North's administration in 1778, when the hostility of France and Spain was manifest; fell backwards iu a tit while opposing the Duke of Richmond's motion for the withdrawal of the English forces from America, 7 April; died at Hayes on 1 1 May, and was buried in Westminster Abbey on 9 June. As an orator he must be ranked with the greatest of ancient or modern times; as a statesman, and especially as a war minister, he possessed ability of a high order. II faut avouer said Frederick the Great,que 1'Angleterre a ete longtems en travail, et qu'elle a beaucoup soufferte pour produire M. Pitt; rnais eufiu elle est accouchee d'un homme

[415] William Pitt (1759–1806), statesman; second son of William Pitt, first earl of Chatham; born at Hayes; educated at Pembroke Hall. Cambridge; M.A., 1776; called to the bar at I. in.. -In 1 - Inn. 17o; M.I, y, 1781; joined Lorn that had followed !....utham; resolved uot to accept a minor office, and (1782) declined Bockingham's offers, though giving the government independent support; became chancellor of the exchequer under 8hdburue on Kockingham's death, JulylTtt; refused the treasury on Sbdburne being overthrown by the coalition..i North and Pox ( February 1783), in spite of George Ill's im th,- OtanWl..! ths nin -m MM mod,- prm. uUMsj n. his twenty-fifth year (December 1783), the announcement being received with laughter in the House of Commons, the late ministers had a Urge majority: had great difficulty iu forming an administration, and was the only member of the Commons in his own cabinet; although repeatedly defeated in parliament, refused to dissolve until certain that public feeling was strongly on his side. Fox unwittingly assisting him by his mirtalren tactics in endeavouring to prevent a dissolution; obtained an overwhelming majority at the general election of 1784, to the satisfaction of the House of Lords, which had oonwsteutly supported him, and of George 111, who regarded bun as his only hope of salvation from men whom he hated; at once turned his attention to the finances, took measures for funding and reducing the national debt, and made great abatements iu the customs duties; instituted (1786) the sinking fund for paying oil the national debt, which, although iu continuance atu-r the outbreak of war in 1793 was economically in sound, undoubtedly contributed to maintain public credit: his position imperilled (November 1788) by the king's insanity, since, had George, prince of Wales, become regent, he would have been Hmamd in favour of Fox and his followers; maintained that the regent ought to be appointed by parliament, and was engaged iu passing a bill limiting his authority, when the necessity was removed by George Ill's recovery; formed (1788) an alliance with Holland and Prussia, and (1791) attempted to abate racial feeling in Canada by dividing the country into the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada; his attention roused by the outbreak of the French revolution, which involved him in a conflict which occupied all his later life: he viewed the outbreak of 1789 as a domestic quarrel, which did uot concern him, but was disturbed by the spread of republican principles in England, and by his attitude towards the French demand for the opening of the Scheldt caused war to be dec-hired in February 1793; his government strengthened by the accession of many leading whigs, 1794, only Fox and his small party maintaining a stedfast opposition; issued large loans, and suspended the Habeas Corpus Act (May 1793), abandoning at the same time his former partiality for parliamentary reform; formed between March and October a great coalition with Russia, Sardinia, Spain, Naples, Prussia, Austria, Portugal, and some German princes, and granted subsidies of 832,000*. for the hire of foreign troops; England successful at sea under the coalition formed by him, which, however, on the continent met with reverses, so that in a short time Austria and Sardinia were the only active allies left to England; made a triple alliance with Russia and Austria, which was equally fruitless, Russia remaining inactive, while Austria effected nothing of moment; his dismissal demanded by the mob, October 1796, which met George I II going to open parliament with cries of Bread Peace and No Pitt a consequence of bad har vents and financial distress; unsuccessfully laid proposals of peace before the French directory, March 1796, in the year after which (October 1797) the war on the continent came to an end, and England, loaded with taxation and threatened with financial panic, seemed likely to bear the whole brunt of the French attack; insulted by the mob, December 1797, and guarded with cavalry; anxiously sought for peace, but on the outbreak of the Irish rebellion of 17u8 renewed the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act and passed other coercive measures; aided by the victory of the Nile on I Aug. 1798 in forming his second great coalition against France, which included Portugal, Naples, Russia, The Porte, and Austria; by this the French were driven back to the Rhine, and Massena was penned up in Genoa, though Napoleon, returning from Egypt, broke the power of Austria at Marengo, and Moreau re-esUiblished the French in southern Germany; made the hind tax perpetual, April 1798, and (December 1 798) introduced an income tax, levying ten per cent, on income* of 2u7. and upwards, lesser rate on incomes exceeding 60l.: had the Irish parliament united to that of (treat Britain, isoo. the passage of the hill in Ireland being procure.! by n. t!nI which -how a lo standard "f political morality: though largely resoniblc for the corruption, wa- ii'it the inrentor of the sy.-teui which had become an evil t radii ion in Ireland long before the Inion: desired to complete hiIrish policy by introdueinira mea.-iuv of catholic cnmnci .it foiind himself unable to ovcn-ome George Ill's opposition: found Ccorge III obdurate, and resigned office, 14 Match 1801, but in view of the foreign perils threatening the country agreed to support Addiugton's administration; relaxed his attendance in parliament in 1802, but maintained constant communication with the prime minister, and advised him both on the budget in April and on tin- royal speech in June: approved the treaty of Amiens, but diMiked many of the govemmcnt's proceedings, particularly its system of finance: after tlie outbreak of war iu May 1803. when the feebleness of government became apparent, at first maintained an attitude of neutrality, but gradually enuie into opposition; re-entered office on the resignation of Addington, May 1804, though without the support of most of his former allies among tlie whig*, who seceded with (ireuville; desired to include Fox in his cabinet: opposed in the ( ominous by the parties of Addington, Windham.and Fox: inaugurated a more vigorous jxlicy, and (April 1805) formed H third coalition with Russia, Austria, and Sweden, but incurred the hostility of Spain, which declared war again-* Knu'land, IXnvmber 18tU: personally reconciled to Addington, December 1804: increased the property tax bv twenty-five per cent., February 1805, raising a loan of 20,000,000.; his health, which had been declining for sometime, seriouslv affected by the censure on his old friend Melville for conduct of the public funds while first lord of tlie admiralty, and the renewed disaffection of Addington, now lord Sidmouth: he was almost broken down by the news of the capitulation of Ulm, October 1806 his death caused by the battle of Austerlitz, which shattered the coalition he had built up: he died in January 1806, his last words being Oh, my country ! how I leave my country ! %; buried (22 Feb.) in Westminster Abbey. Kager by nature, Pitt trained himself to singular calmness and self-possession. His judgment on party matters was admirable, and by the destruction of the whig oligarchy lie prepared for later parliamentary reform. He made some serious political mistakes, and was not his father's equal a a war minister. His policy of opposing France by means of European coalitions, while vigorous and daring, imposed on England a heavy financial burden, and, ix-rhaps owing to the petty views and selfish character of his continental allies, it could never have attained much success. His administration covered a time of great difficulty and peril, which forced him to abandon most of his early schemes of internal reform, but tie preserved England from serious disaster, established the reputation of her arms, and greatly increased her colonial possessions.

[416] William Pitt (1749–1823), writer on agriculture ; prepared reports on several English counties for the board of agriculture, besides publishing economic and agricultural treatises.

[417] Sir William Augustus Pitt (1728–1809), general; brother of George Pitt, first baron Rivers; entered the army, 1744: distinguished himself in several actions: K.B., 1792: general, 1793; governor of Portsmouth, 1794-1809.

[418] Augustus Henry Lane Fox Pitt-Rivers (1827-1900), lieutenant-general, anthropologist, and archaeologist: ran of William Augustus Lane Fox; assumed name of Pitt-Rivers ( 1880) on eventually inheriting estates of his great-uncle, George Pitt, second baron Rivers (1761-1828): educated at Sandhurst: received commission in grenadier guards, 1846; captain, 1850; lieutenantgeneral, 1882: employed in investigations as to use and improvement of rifle, 1851-7: nerved in Crimea; collected weapons, and subsequently other articles illustrating the coarse of human invention; the collection was housed by government at Bethual Green, London, and South Kennington, London, till 1883, when it was presented to Oxford University and placed in the Pitt-Rivers Museum: !. from 1880, at Hushmore. Wiltshire, and explored antiquities, accurately recording excavations, and ng models of sites to be placed in the museum of Faniham, Dorset, which he built; F.R.S., 1876; vice prcsident of Society of Antiquaries; first inspector of ancient tuoniinieiits 1*8:2; lion. D.C.L. Oxford, 1HHG; publishi-d scientific writings and accounts of excavations.

[419] Lord Pittarrow (d. 1576). See John Wishart.

[420] Lord Pittendreich Lmtn (.. 16H3). See James Balfour.

[421] Thomas Pittis (1636-1687), divine; of Trinity and Lincoln Colleges, Oxford; M.A. Lincoln College. 1658: D.D., 1670; was expelled from the university, 1658: became a royal chaplain,. 1G70; rector of St. Botolph Bishopsgate, London, 1078-87.

[422] William Pittis (1674–1724), pamphleteer; son of Thomas Pittis: of Winchester and New College, Oxford; fellow, 1692-5; B.A., 1694: member of the Inner Temple: ordered, in 1706, to stand in the pillory three hours and to pay a fine for writing A Memorial of the Church, of England not now extant, and was taken into custody (1714) for his Reasons for a War with France

[423] Josiah Pittman (1816–1886), musician and Author: organist at Lincoln's Inn, 1852-64: accompanist at Her Majesty's Opera, London. 1865-8, and at Covent Garden, 1868-86: edited many works for Messrs. Boosey.

[424] Joseph Pitts (1663–1731?), traveller: captured by an Algerine pirate (1678), and enslaved at Algiers; performed the pilgrimage to Mecca; escaped, 1693; published at Exeter (1704) the first authentic account by an Englishman of the pilgrimage to Mecca.

[425] William Pitts (1790–1840), silver-chaser and sculptor; gained a great reputation for models and reliefs in pure classical taste; was ambidextrous, drawing and modelling equally well with either hand.

[426] Mary Pix (1666–1720?), dramatist: nte Griffith: married George Pix, a merchant tailor of London, 1684; produced (1696) the blank-verse tragedy,Ibrahim at Dorset Garden, London, and published a novel and farce; devoted herself from this time to dramatic authorship, her plays appearing at several London theatres; devoid of learning and notorious for her fatness and love of good wine: left passable comedies and intolerable tragedies; travestied in The Female Wits a dramatic satire,

[427] Francis Place (1647–1728), amateur artist: modelled his style on his friend Wenceslaus Hollar; had considerable merit as a painter of animals and stilllife, and also drew portraits in crayon; one of the first Englishmen to practise the newly discovered art of mezzotint engraving.

[428] Francis Place (1771–1854), radical reformer: apprenticed to a leather-breeches maker, and (1791) became a journeyman, but owing to the decay of the trade could hardly obtain work; studied when he had opportunity, and became secretary to the clubs of several trades, including his own; tailor in London, 1799: supported Sir Francis Burdett (1807 and 1810) in his political campaigns, and made the acquaintance of many leading politicians and political thinkers; carried on a campaign (1816-23) against the sinking fund, and (1824) succeeded in getting the laws against combinations of workmen repealed: eventually regarded as the source of radical inspiration; his power lessened after the passing of the Reform Bill. Seventy-one volumes of his manuscripts and materials, largely autobioeraphical, are in the British Museum.

[429] Robert Plampin (1762–1834), vice-admiral: entered the navy, 1776: possessed a good knowledge of French and Dutch, which greatly assisted him in his profession; saw much service during the French war, especially in European waters; commander-in-chief in Ireland, 1826-8; promoted vice-admiral, 1826.

[430] James Robinson Planché (1796–1880), somerset herald and dramatist: wrote l Amoroso a burlesque, which was produced at Drury Lane, London, 1818; subsequently wrote numerous pieces for the London theatres: musical manager at Vauxlmll Gardens, London, 1826-7; manager of the Adelphi, London, 1830: connected with the Olympic, London, Covent Garden, London, and the Lyceum, London, under Madame Vestris from 1831 to 1866; continued to write till 1872; antiquary and student of heraldry and costume; his History of British:,*.mm. ( l*:l) the result of ten years.{ndy. In 1866 he Soim-r-H h.-ral.l, ami he went on varion- fT. ru mis-ion.- ti in.-t i-oiitiiifiital iriiuv itli tin- onl'T of the(tarter.

[431] Matilda Anne Planché (1826-1881). See Mackarnass.

[432] Thomas Livesley Plant (1819-18J), meteorologist; kept systematic meteorological records at Itinniiiifham for forty-six yean (1837-83), Derides uritn on the subject.

[433] Joseph Planta (1744–1817), librarian: born in the Orisons; came to London, 1752, with his father, whom he succeeded (1773) as aseistant-librarian at tin- Hriti-h Museum: promoted (1776) keeper of mamwcrlpU, and (1799) principal librarian. During his term of office he granted many facilities to the public.

[434] Joseph Planta (1787–1847), diplomatist; son of Joseph Planta (1744-1827): educated at Eton; Ouulngt private secretary, 1807-9, and afterwards M,-nt:iry to Oastlereagh, 1813-1 J, during his minion to the allied sovereigns.

[435] Family of Plantagenet . Though the surname has become attached by usage to the house which occupied the English throne from 1164 to 1486, the family did not assmne it until the middle of the fifteenth century. It was originally a personal nickname of Geoffrey, count of Anjou, father of Henry II, and Richard, duke of York, desiring to express the superiority of his descent over the Lancastrian line, adopted Plantagenet as a surname. It first appeared in formal records in 1460. The sovereigns of the Angevin dynasty appear in this index under their Christian names. Other members of the family are noticed under the following headings; ARTHUR, VISCOUNT LISLE (1480?-1642), see PLANTAGENET, SIR ARTHUR; EDMUND, called OROUCHBACK (1246-1296). see LANCASTER; EDMUND, second EARL OF CORNWALL (1260-1300), see EDMUND; EDMUND OP WOODSTOCK, EARL OP KENT (1301-1330), see EDMUND; EDMUND DE LANG LEY, first DUKE OP YORK (1341 -1402), see LANGLKT; EDWARD,THE BLACK PKIXCE(1330-1376), see EDWARD: EDWARD, second DUKK OP YORK (1373 ?-1415), seePLANTAGENET EDWARD; EDWARD, EARL OP

[436] Warwick (1476–1499), see EDWARD ; GKOPPRKY, archbishop of York (. 1212), see GEOPPRKY; GKORUE, DUKE OP OLARENCK (1449-1478), see GEORGE; HENRY ov CORNWALL (1235-1271), see HENRY; HENRY, EARL op LANCASTER (1281 ?-1345),see HENRY; HENRY, first DUKE OP LANCASTER (1299 ?-1361), see HENRY: HUMI-HUEY, DUKK OP GLOUCESTER (1391-1447), see HUMPHREY; JOHNOP ELTHAM, EARL OP CORNWALL (1316-1336), see JOHN; JOHN OP GAUNT, DUKE OP LANCASTER (1340-1399), see JOHN; JOHN op LANCASTER, DUKE OP BEDPORD (13891436), see JOHN; LIONEL OP ANTWERP, DUKK OP CLARENCE (1338-1368), see LIONEL; MARGARET, COUNTESS OP SALISBURY (1473-1641), see POLE, MARGARET; RICHARD, EARL OP CORNWALL and KING op THE ROMANS (1209-1272), see RICHARD; RICHARD, EARL OP CAMBRIDGE (d. 1416), see RICHARD; RICHARD, DUKE op YORK (1411-14(50), see RICHAKD; RICHARD, DUKE OP YORK (1472-1483), see RICHARD; THOMAS, EARL op LANCASTER (1277 ?-1322), see THOMAS; THOMAS OP BROTHERTON, EARL OP NORFOLK (1300-1338), see THOMAS; THOMAS op WOODSTOCK, DUKE OP GLOUCESTER (13551397), see THOMAS; THOMAS, DUKE OP CLARENCE (1388 ?1421), see THOMAS.

[437] Arthur Plantagenet, Viscount Lisle (1480?-1542), natural son of Edward IV by Elizabeth Lucie; an esquire of Henry VHI's bodyguard; married (1611) Elizabeth, daughter of Edward Grey, viscount Lisle, obtaining a grant of the title, 1623; became deputy of Calais, 1633, and in 1540 was arrested on suspicion of being implicated in a plot; was declared innocent in 1542, but died in the Tower of London of excitement.

[438] Edward Plantagenet, more correctly Edward of Norwich, second Duke of York (1373?-1415), eldest son of Edmund de Langley, first duke of York: K.G., 1387; created Earl of Rutland, 1390; became admiral of the northern fleet, 1391, and sole admiral, 1392; created Earl of Cork, 139G: took a leading part in Richard Il's attack upon the lords appellant, 1397, and was rewarded with large grants of land, the duchy of Albemarle, and the office of Kii-hanl II in l.V.c.t mii.-li ti-uoiu'l, although perhaps without Mitii, !,.,,!, a tine; deprived by Henry 1 constaMi-.hip, of the dignity of duke, and of his later grant* of land, bat WM won afterwards littiug in the prlTy council; the story of hU complicity in the conspiracy of Chrwtmas 1S99 not tunportad by tn. evidence: raoceeded M Duke of York, Uo: appointed lieutenant of South Wale*, liOJ: enwed in ihe abortiv* attempt to carry off the Mortimer* from Windsor and WM arrested, 1406. but released by the clou of the year; commanded the right wing at Agincourt, and WM killed in the battle.

[439] George Plantagenet , Dr o OLAMWcr (1449-1478).

[440] Sir Hugh Plat or Platt (1552-1611?), writer on agriculture and inventor: MO of a London brewer: amply provided for by hia father; RA. St. John College, Cambridge, 1572; developed an active interest in mechanical inventions and In agriculture, which he treated scientifically: published (1W4 The Jewell Hou*of Art and Nature which contained description* of a number of inventions and of experiment* in agriculture; knighted, 1606: author of other ciiriou* works on such topii-s as household recipes for pre*erviug fruits, distilling, cooking, and dyeing the hair: published his chief work on gardening, Floraes Paradise 1608.

[441] Sir Thomas Joshua Platt (1790?–1862), baron of the exchequer: of Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge; M.A., 1814: barrister. Inner Temple, lnlO: knighted, 1845; baron of the exchequer, 1845-50.

[442] Thomas Pell Platt (1798–1862), orientalist; fellow, Trinity College, Cambridge, 1820; M.A., 18JS; acted for some years as librarian of the British and Foreign Bible Society, and (c. 1825) collated for the society the Ethiopic texts of the New Testament: aim prepared an edition of the Syriac gospels, 1829, aid an Amharic version of the bible, 1844.

[443] Gabrial Plattes (fl. 1638–1640), writer on agriculture; published hisTreatise on Agriculture 1638, and subsequently other works: said to have died destitute during the Commonwealth.

[444] John Platts (1775–1837), nnitarian divine and compiler; Unitarian minister at Boston, 1805-17, and Doncaster, 1817-37; published, besides other works, A new Universal Biography (1825, 6 vols.), arranged chronologically, and extending to the end of the sixteenth century, and a New Self-interpreting Testament 1827.

[445] John Plaw (1745?–1820), architect; architect and master-builder in Westminster; published several professional works.

[446] Sir Thomas Player (1608–1672), chamberlain of London; M. A. St. Alban Hall, Oxford, 1633: a member of the HabenlashersCompany; was elected chamberlain, 1661; knighted, 1660; became, as chamberlain, official collector of the hearth-tax, 1664.

[447] Sir Thomas Player (d. 1686), chamberlain of London; only son of Sir Thomas Player; knighted, 1660; succeeded his father as chamberlain, 1672, resigning in 1683. He is gibhetud as Kabshakeh by Drydeu in Absalom and Achitophel

[448] Sir Hugh Lyon Playfair (1786–1861), Indian officer and provost of St. Andrews; sou of James Playfair ; studied at St. Andrews University: entered the Bengal artillery, 1804, and saw much service in India, retiring, 1834; provost of St. Andrews, 1842-61: revived the Royal and Ancient Golf Club: LL.D. St. Andrews, 1856; knighted, 1856.

[449] James Playfair (1738–1819), principal of St Andrews; D.D. St. Andrews, 1779; appointed principal of the United College. St. Andrews, and minister of the church of St. Leonard's, 1800: for many years historiographer to George, prince of Wales.

[450] John Playfair (1748–1819), mathematician and geologist: graduated at St. Andrews, 1765; minister of Liff and Benvie, 1773-83, and joint-professor of mathematics at Edinburgh, 1786-1806; became professor of natural philosophy, 1805; F.R.S.. 1807: published, besides other works, Elements of Geometry 1796 (llth edit. 1859). and Illustrations of the Huttoniau Theory of the Earth 1801, which latter helped to create the modern science of geology.

[451] Sir Lyon Playfair, first Baron Playfair of St Andrews (1818-l898); brother of Sir Robert Lambert Playfair: educated at St. Andrews; studied chemistry under Thomas Graham at Glasgow; MrisUnt to Graham at University College, Loudon: Ph.D. OieMeti: honorary professor of chemistry to Royal Institution, Manchester, 1843-5; chemist to Geological Survey and professor in new School of Mines, Jermyn Street, London, 184ft; F.R.S., 1848; president of Chemical Society, 1867-9; took part in organising Great Exhibition, 1851; C.B n 1851: secretary for science to Department of Science and Art, 1853, and secretary for science and art, 1855-8: professor of chemistry at Edinburgh, 1858-69; liberal M.P. for universities of Edinburgh and St. Andrews, 1868-85; postmaster-general, 1873; chairman and deputypeaker of House of Commons, 1880-3: K.C.B., 1883: liberal M.P. for South Leeds, 1885-92: vice-president of council, 1886: raised to peerage, 1892: lord-in-waiting to Queen Victoria, 1892; G.C.B., 1895. He made important investigations on tlie nitroprussides, a new class of salts which he discovered.

[452] Sir Robert Lambert Playfair (1828–1899), author and administrator; grandson of James Playfair; brother of Sir Lyon Playfair, baron Playfair ; entered Madras artillery, 1846; captain, 1858; transferred to Madras staff corps, 1861; major, 1866; retired from army as lieutenant-colonel, 1867; assistant political resident at Aden, 1854-62; F.R.G.S., 1860; political agent at Zanzibar, 1862, and consul, 1863; consulgeneral for Algeria, 1867, for Algeria and Tunis, 1885, and for Algeria and northern coast of Africa, 1889-96; K.C.M.G., 1886. His publications include bibliographies of Algeria, 1851-87 (1888), of Tripoli and the Oyreuaica (1889), and of Morocco (1892), books of travel, handbooks for travellers, and other writings.

[453] William Playfair (1759–1823), publicist; brother of John Playfair; apprenticed to Andrew Meikle; took out several patents, and opened a shop in London for their sale; removed to Paris, not being successful, but(c. 1793), after taking part in the French revolution, returned to London, where (1795) he began writing gainst the French revolution: became editor ofGalignani's Messengerin Paris after the battle of Waterloo, but fled to London (1818) to avoid imprisonment for libel; earned a precarious livelihood in London by pamphlets and translations; wrote over forty works.

[454] William Henry Playfair (1789–1867), architect; nephew of John Playfair; practised in Edinburgh, where between 1815 and 1820 he laid out part of the new town: engaged (1817-24) in rebuilding and enlarging the university buildings; executed other important works, including the AdvocatesLibrary and the National Gallery of Scotland. His classical buildings are predominant in any view of Edinburgh, and have gained for it the sobriquet of the Modern Athens

[455] Thomas Playfere (1561?-1609), divine ; M.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, 1583: fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, 1684; D.D., 1596 (incorporated at Oxford, 1696); Lady Margaret professor of divinity, 1696-1609. He was chaplain to James I.

[456] Henry Playford (1657–1706?), musical publisher; son of John Playford (1623-1686 ?); carried on his father's business, and published a large number of collections of music: established in 1699 a concert of music, lu-ld three times a week in a coffee-house: instituted weekly clubs for the practice of music, c. 1701.

[457] John Playford, the elder (1623–1686?), musician and publisher: became known as a musical publisher in London, c. 1648, and from 1662 until hia retirement kept a *bopin th. inner Temple, near the church door; almost monopolised the business of music publishing in Entrland under the Commonwealth, and for some years of Obarks IPs reign; famous for his collected volumes of * and catches. In typographical technique his most original improvement was the invention, in 1668, ofthe W w ty uote fli " original compositions were few and

[458] John Playford , the younger (1656–1686), music printer: nephew of John Playford the elder; entered into partnership, in 1679, with Ann Godbid in the printing-house at Little Britain (also the chief printinghouse for setting up mathematical works),

[459] Thomas Pleasants (1728–1818), philanthropist; a gentleman of affluence who made many large contributions to philanthropic institutions in Dublin.

[460] Saint Plechelm (fl. 700), the apostle of Guelderland; an Irishman of noble birth who received holy orders and made a pilgrimage to Rome; having been consecrated a bishop, went with St. Wiro, an Irish bishop, on a mission to Gaul; settled at Itureimmd, whence many missions were sent to the provinces between the Rhine and the Meuse. He has been doubtfully identified with Pecthelm

[461] Plegmund (rf. 914), archbishop of Canterbury ; a Mercian by birth; lived as a hermit on an island (Plemstull) near Chester; called to court by Alfred, where he instructed the king and helped him in his literary work; chosen archbishop, 890; visited Rome, 890 and 908.

[462] John de Plessis or Plessetis, Earl of Warwick (d. 1263), of Norman origin; first mentioned in 1227: accompanied Henry III to Poitou, 1242; married Margaret de Neubourg, countess of Warwick, 1242, assuming the title in 1245: one of the royal representatives on the committee of twenty-four at the parliament of Oxford, 1258, one of the royal electors of the council of fifteen, and a member of the latter body; member of the, council selected to act wheu Henry III was out of England, 1259.

[463] Joseph Octave Plessis (1762–1825), Roman catholic archbishop of Quebec; became bishop-coadjutor of Quebec, 1801, bishop, 1806, and archbishop, 1818; a powerful leader of the French national party; opposed (1822) the union of Upper and Lower Canada.

[464] Sir Robert de Plesyngton (d. 1393), chief baron of the exchequer; was appointed chief baron in 1380, but removed in 1386 on account of his adhesion to the party of Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester

[465] Edward Pleydell-Bouverie (1818–1889). See Bouverie.

[466] William Pleydell-Bouverie, third Earl Radnor (1779–1869). See Bouverie.

[467] Andrew Plimer (1763–1837), miniature-painter; practised in London; exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1786-1810 and 1819. His miniatures are of the finest quality, and much sought after by collectors,

[468] Nathaniel Plimer (1751–1822), miniature-painter; brother of Andrew Plimer; exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1787-1815; his work much inferior to tliat of his brother.

[469] Samuel Plimsoll (1824–1898), 'the Sailors' Friend'; honorary secretary for Great Exhibition, 1851; established himself as coal merchant in London, 1853: radical M.P. for Derby, 1868-80: did much to expedite passing of Merchant Shipping Act, 1876, and in 1875 created a scene in the House of Commons by a violent protest against the obstruction of the ship-owning members; president of Sailorsand Firemen's Union, 1890; published pamphlets and contributed many articles to periodicals, chiefly on subjects of mercantile shipping.

[470] Robert Plot (1640–1696), antiquary; a gentleman of property in Kent; author of The Natural History of Oxfordshire 1677, and The Natural History of Staffordshire 1686, works of some interest, but marked by great credulity; appointed first custos of the Ashmolean Museum and professor of chemistry at Oxford, 1683, historiographer royal, 1688, and Mowbray herald extraordinary, 1695.

[471] John Plott (1732–1803), miniature-painter: a pupil of Nathaniel Hone; practised miniaturepainting with success, both at London and Winchester.

[472] John Plough (d. 1562), protestaut controversialist; B.C.L. Oxford, 1544; became rector of St. Peter' Nottingham, but on Queen Mary's accession fled to BUe; returned to England, 1559, and became rector: 1 1 am, 1560. HiB works are not extant.

[473] Charles Plowden (1743-1821), s, Bruges and Liege returned to r of the novice* at Stonyhurst College: entered the Society of Jesus, 1769, and aftor passing some years at England; appointed master hurst, 1803, and declared rector, 1817; a writer of great power and a good orator.

[474] Edmund Plowden (1518–1685), jurist; at Cambridge; barrister, Middle Temple: one of the council of the marches of Wales, 155S; snt in parliament during Queen Mary's reign a* M.P., Walliugfonl, 1553, Reading, 1554, Wootton-Bassett, 1555, but after Queen Elizabeth's accession found public life closed to him on account of his being a Roman catholic: had such great fame as a jurist that his name was embodied in the proverb The case is altered, quoth 1'lowdm; regardnl with great admiration by Sir Edward Coke; published several legal compilations.

[475] Francis Peter Plowden (1749-1829), writer; brother of Charles Plowden; entered the Society of Jesus, and was master of the college at Bruges, 1771-3: returned to a secular life on the suppression of the Jesuits by papal bull in 1773, being only a novice: entered the Middle Temple and practised as a conveyancer: called to the bar, 1796, on the removal of catholic disabilities; became eminent as a legal and political writer, publishing several pamphlets against Pitt; fled to France, 1813, to avoid the consequences of a libel suit, and became a professor in the Scots College at Paris, where he died. His greatest work is An Historical Review of the State of Ireland 1808.

[476] Walter Chichele Plowden (182O-1880), consul in Abyssinia: joined Mr. J. T. Bell (1843) in an expedition into Abyssinia to explore the sources of the White Nile; appointed consul, 1848, remaining in the Interior till 18(50, when he died of injuries received during a conflict with a rebel chieftain.

[477] Alan de Plugenet (d. 1299), baron; fought on Henry III's side in the barons' war, and In 1282 served in the Welsh war; provoked the rising under Rhys ap Meredith in 1287 by his oppressive conduct as king's steward in Wales; summoned to parliament as a baron from 1 292 to 1 297.

[478] Alan de Plugenet (1277–1319), baron; served in the Scottish wars, 1309-11, 1313-17, and 1319; summoned to parliament as a baron, 1311.

[479] Leonard Plukenet (1642–1706), botanist; perhaps educated at Westminster School; practised as a physician in London, and published many works on botany at his own expense; appointed superintendent of the royal gardens at Hampton Court, with the title of Queen's Botanist after 1689.

[480] Thomas Plume (1630–1704), archdeacon of Rochester; M.A. Christ's College, Cambridge, 1649; B.D., per literas regias, 1661; D.D., 1673: vicar of Greenwich, 1658 till death; subscribed declaration under Act of Uniformity, 1662; archdeacon of Rochester, 1679-1704. He left considerable sums of money for charitable objects, including the erection of an observatory and maintenance of a professor of astronomy and experimental philosophy at Cambridge (the Plumian professorship).

[481] Sir Thomas Plumer (1753–1824), master of the rolls; was educated at Eton and University College, Oxford; fellow, 1780; Vinerian scholar, 1777; M.A., 1778; B.C.L., 1783: barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1778; appointed a commissioner in bankruptcy, 1781; defended Sir Thomas Rumbold. 1783, and (1787) was one of the three counsel returned to defend Warren Hastings; successfully defended Lord Melville on his impeachment, 1806, and assisted Eldon and Perceval in the defence of Caroline, princess of Wales against the charges brought against her, 1806; solicitor-general in the Duke of Portland's administration, 1807; knighted, 1807; became attorney-general, 1812; created first vice-chancellor of England, under the provisions of 53 George III, 1813; became master of the rolls, 1818.

[482] Sir Robert Plumpton (1453–1523 soldier; son of Sir William Piompton, by Joan Winteringham, to whom be had been privately married (1451), according 1467-8; knighted by the Duke of Gloucester. 1481; sup? j,rt., i i.:ter he had secured the crown: though loyal, f.-H,.,to the hands of Henry VITs i Bmpson, who raked up the old clait - William 1'hm.pton (already referred to), and was thus reduced to poverty, being imprisoned in the Counter on limn V!ir accession: soon after r and Ins,tat.- rt-Mornl. Th.- H impf.n Corn-stHiii taeVsj**j*d mmtnm**3i5 w3 m Plumpton down to 1651. was edited for the Oamden fi in 1838-9 by Thomas Stapleton (1806-1849)

[483] Sir William Plumpton (1404-l48& lT soU*Br: a gentleman of Plumpton in Yorkshire: fought m t L.French wars; was closely connected with the Percy family, awl was thus drawn to support the boose of Lancaster; fought at Towton, 14til; fell Into Edward IV's hands, submitted, and received a pardon, 1462. In 1471, owing to some fresh move in the Lancastrian interest, be received a general pardon, but lost his offices,

[484] Anna Plumptre or Anne (1760–1818), author; daughter of Robert Plumptre; a good linguist; was one of the first to make German plays known in London, translating many of Kotxeboe's dramas in 1798 and 1799; intimate with Helen Maria Williams; published (1810) her Narrative of a Three Years Residence in France and (1817) her Narrative of a Residence in Ireland published novels, and several translations of travels from the French and German,

[485] Annabella Plumptre (fl. 1795–1812), author; daughter of Robert Plumptre; wrote several novels and translations of German tales.

[486] Charles John Plumptre (1818–1887), barrister and writer on elocution; barrister, Gray's Inn, 1844; gradually withdrew from practice and devoted himself to lecturing on elocution; an official lecturer at Oxford and at King's College, London.

[487] Edward Hayes Plumptre (1881–1891), dean of Wells and biographer of Bishop Ken; brother of Charles John Plumptre; was fellow of Brascnose College, Oxford, 1844-7; M.A., 1847: chaplain at King's College, London, 1847-68, professor of pastoral theology, 1853-63, and professor of exegesis, 1864-81; member of the Old Testament revision committee, 1869-74; Grinflcld lecturer at Oxford University, 1872-4: dean of Wells, 18811891; wrote largely on the interpretation of scriptures and on theological topics; published also verse and (1888) his Life of Bishop Ken a work of much literary charm.

[488] Henry Plumptre (d. 1746) president of the Royal College of Physicians; M.A. QueensCollege, Cambridge, 1705; M.D. per literal reyiat, 1706: fellow. Queens' College, Cambridge, 1703-7; F.R.O.P., 1708 (president, 1740-5): worked on the fifthPharmacopoeia Londinensis (appeared, 1746).

[489] James Plumptre 0770–1832), dramatist and divine; son of Robert Plumptre; of QueensCollege and Clare Hall, Cambridge; M.A. Clare Hall, 1796; B.D., 1808; fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1793; heU the living of Great Gransden, 1812-32. He wrote plays, and advocated the claims of the stage as a moral educator, and endeavoured to improve its tone.

[490] John Plumptre (1753–1825), dean of Gloucester ; cousin and brother-in-law of James Plumptre; of Eton and King's College, Cambridge; fellow of King's College, 1775; M.A., 1780; became dean of Gloucester, 1808; published The Elegies of C. Pedo Albinovanus... with an English version 1807, and was probably the author of The Principles of Natural and Revealed Religion 1795.

[491] Robert Plumptre (1723–1788), president of Queens' College, Cambridge: grandson of Henry Plumptre ; M.A. Queens' College, Cambridge, 1748; D.D., 1761: fellow of QueensCollege, Cambridge, 1746: prebendary of Norwich, 1756; president of Queens' College, Cambridge, 1760-88; vice-chancellor, 1760-1 and 1777-8; left some manuscript collections on UK? history of the publishing pamphlets and Latin verses.

[492] Russell Plumptre (1709–1793), professor of physic; son of Henry I'lnmptre; M.D. Queens OoUege, Cambridge, 1738; K.K.c.l. 1739: appointed iprafenorof physic at Cambridge University, 1741.

[493] James Hanway Plumridge (17s7 1st,::). vice-admiral: entered the navy, 1799; was present at Trafalgar, 1806: saw much service during the French war: K.C.B., 1866: vice-admiral, 1867.

[494] Christopher Plunket, second Earl of Fingall (d. 1649), took his seat in the Irish parliament, 1689: endeavoured to preserve neutrality on the outbreak of the rebellion, 1641; was proclaimed an outlaw, November 1641; joined the Ulster party, and was subsequently appointed general of the horse for Meath; taken er at the battle of Rathmines, 1649; died in Dublin

[495] John Plunket (1664–1738), Jacobite agent; a Roman catholic layman, sometimes known under the aliiu of Rogers; for over twenty years in the employ of leading Jacobites as a spy or diplomatic agent; forged letters from Prince Eugene detailing whig plots against the government, in order to alarm public feeling: arrested (1793) for complicity in Layer's plot (see Layer, Christopher), and was confined in the Tower of London till 17S8; died soon after his release.

[496] Nicholas Plunket (fl. 1641 compiler; known only as the author of a contemporary account of affairs in Ireland in 1641, which Carte frequently cites in his Life of Ormonde.

[497] Oliver Plunket (1629–1681), Roman catholic archbishop of Armagh and titular primate of Ireland; went to Home in 1645 and entered the Irish College; filled the chair of theology at the Propaganda College from 1667 till his nomination as archbishop of Armagh in 1669; secretly tolerated by government until the passing of the Test Act, when he went into hiding for a time; committed to Dublin Castle, 1678, at the time of the panic concerning the Popish plot; tried in London for treason, 1681, convicted on inadequate evidence, and hanged, drawn, and quartered.

[498] Patrick Plunket, ninth Baron of Dunsany (d. 1668), succeeded to the title and estates, 1603; held aloof, though a Roman catholic, from the rebellion of 1641, but was driven into exile by the English parliament, and only restored in 1662.

[499] Thomas Plunket, Baron Plunket of the Holy Roman Empire (1716-1779), general in the service of Austria; born in Ireland; entered the Austrian army and fought in Turkey and in the war of the Spanish succession; distinguished himself in Italy, 1746, and (1757) greatly contributed to the victory of Kollin: nominated a baron, 1768; governor of Antwerp, 1770-9.

[500] William Conyngham Plunket , first Baron Plunket (1764–1854}), lord-chancellor of Ireland; son of a presbyteriau minister of Enniskillen; called to the Irish bar, 1787; K.C., 1797; entered the Irish parliament as MJ. for Charlemont, 1798, and opposed the project of union; became solicitor-general, 1803, and attorneygeneral, 1805, and sat in the House of Commons in 1807 for two months as M.P. for Midhurst: re-entered parliament(1812) as a follower of Lord Grenville, having by that time a reputation and an income unequalled at the Irish bar; exerted himself in parliament on behalf of the Roman C J th0 liLf 1 f 1M: 8 " 0oeeded Orntfcan O20) as foremost champion of catholic emancipation, and created a great imprewriou by his speeches; appointed Irish attorneygeneral by Lord Liverpool, January 1822; his conduct assailed by the extremists of either party; held the position of master of the rolls for a few days, resigning on account of the feeling of the English bar against the appointment of an Irish barrister to an English iudicial post, 1827; was then appointed chief-justice of the Irish common pleas and created Baron Plunket, 1827; laboured nOQSMgiBj in the House of Lords on behalf of the Catholic i Hill, which was passed in 1829; appointed by Lord ey lord chancellor of Ireland, 1830, resigning (1841) in ! of the desire of government to replace him the rest of his life in rej

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