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This listing page belongs to Wikipedia:WikiProject Dictionary of National Biography, spun out of the “missing article” project, and is concerned with checking whether Wikipedia has articles for all those listed in the Dictionary of National Biography (DNB), a 63-volume British biographical dictionary published 1885-1900 and now in the public domain. This page relates to volume 1 running from name Abbadie to name Anne.

Scope of the subproject:

It is envisaged that the following work will be done:

  • Checks made that links on this page point to a wikipedia article about the same person;
  • Addition of new articles for all red-links based on DNB text;
  • Checking whether blue-linked articles would benefit from additional text from DNB.

Listings are posted as bulleted lists, with footnotes taken from the DNB summaries published in 1904. The listings and notes are taken from scanned text that is often corrupt and in need of correction. Not all the entries on the list correspond to actual DNB articles; some are “redirects” and there are a few articles devoted to families rather than individuals.

If you are engaged in this work you will probably find quite a number of unreferenced articles among the blue links. You are also encouraged to mention the DNB as a reference on such articles whenever they correspond to the summary, as part of the broader campaign for good sourcing. A suggested template is {{DNB}}.

Locating the full text:

DNB text is now available on Wikisource for all first edition articles, on the page s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vol 1 Abbadie - Anne. Names here are not inverted, as they are in the original: Joe Bloggs would be found at Wikisource s:Bloggs, Joe (DNB00). The text for the first supplement is available too: NB that this Epitome listing includes those supplement articles also.

List maintenance and protocols:

List maintenance tasks are to check and manipulate links in the list with piping or descriptive parenthetical disambiguators, and to mark list entries with templates to denote their status; whilst as far as possible retaining the original DNB names:

  • piping: [[Charles Abbot]] -> [[Charles Abbot, 1st Baron Colchester|Charles Abbot]]
  • descriptive parenthetical disambiguators [[Charles Abbot]] -> [[Charles Abbot (botanist)]]
  • both combined [[Charles Abbot]] -> [[Charles Abbot (botanist)|Charles Abbot]]

The work involves:

  • Checking that bluelinks link to the correct person; if so, {{tick}} them. If not, try to find the correct article and pipe or disambiguate the link.
  • Check whether redlinks can be linked to an article by piping or disambiguation.
  • Create articles based on the DNB text for redlinks for which no wikipedia article can be found
  • Check whether existing blue-linked articles could benefit from an input of DNB text (e.g. the article is a stub), and if so, update the article from DNB

A number of templates are provided to mark-up entries:

  • {{mnl}} the link runs to a wrong person; - produces the text: [link currently leads to a wrong person]. It is preferable to amend the link by adding a disambiguator to make it red, if an article for the correct person cannot be found
  • {{dn}} the link runs to a dab page - produces the text [disambiguation needed]. It is preferable to amend the link by adding a disambiguator to make it red, if an article for the correct person cannot be found
  • {{tick}} the link has been checked and runs to the correct person - checkY
  • {{tick}} {{tick}} the text of the linked article has been checked against DNB text and would not benefit from additional DNB text - checkY checkY
  • {{tick}} {{cross}} the text of the linked article looks short enough to suggest it would benefit from additional DNB text - checkY ☒N

Note that before creating new articles based on DNB text you should undertake searches to check that the article's subject does not already have an article. It is easily possible that the disambiguation used in this page is not the disambiguation used in an existing wikipedia article. Equally, feel free to improve upon the disambiguation used in redlinks on this page by amending them.

Supplement articles:

Because of the provenance of the listing, a number of the original articles will not in fact be in the announced volume, but in one of the three supplement volumes published in 1901. Since the DNB did not include articles about living people, this will be the case whenever the date of death is after the publication date of the attributed volume. In due course there will be a separate listing.

General thoughts:

This project is intended as a new generation in “merging encyclopedias”, as well as being one of the most ambitious attempted. For general ideas of where we are, and some justification of the approach being taken, see the essay Wikipedia:Merging encyclopedias.

Helpful access templates:

helpful templates

There are two templates to help link to the correct page: {{Cite DNBIE}} and {{DNBIE}}. The page number automatically link to the correct url for the page at the Internet Archive site.

{{Cite DNBIE|title=Dove, John|page=358}}
Public Domain Lee, Sidney, ed. (1903). "Dove, John". Index and Epitome. Dictionary of National Biography. Cambridge University Press. p. 358.

and

{{DNBIE|title=Dove, John|page=358}}
Public Domain This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1903). "Dove, John". Index and Epitome. Dictionary of National Biography. Cambridge University Press. p. 358.

if a wstitle= parameter is used in place of title= then the templates also link the DNB article on Wikisource:

{{cite DNBIE|wstitle=Dove, John (d.1665?)|page=358}}
Public Domain Lee, Sidney, ed. (1903). "Dove, John (d.1665?)". Index and Epitome. Dictionary of National Biography. Cambridge University Press. p. 358.

Status: This listing page has had

  • listings for titles removed (Yes)
  • DNB page numbers added (No)
  • sections of 10 made (No)
  • tabulation and notes added (No)
  • 4 sections out of ? ticked off.

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  • Ælfric (magnate)[185] Note: Originally listed here as Ælfric Puttoc, but in Wikipedia & DNB this is the archbishop of York, and provost of Winchester listed below. The DNB article appears to conflate Ælfric Cild (fl. 975-985) and Ælfric (d. 1016), magnate - this is sorted out in the ODNB, from which I've taken the magnate dab.

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  1. ^ Jacques Abbadie (or James) (1654?–1727), dean of Killaloe; educated at Puylaurens, Saumur, and Sedan, where he graduated D.D.; appointed minister of the French church at Berlin by Frederick William, elector of Brandenburg, e. 1680: accompanied Marshal Schomberg to Holland, England, and Ireland, 1688-9; after battle of the Boyne proceeded to London, and became minister of the French church in the Savoy; appointed dean of Killaloe, 1699; finally retired to Marylebone, London, where he died. He published several religious and political works, of which the most important are Traite de la Verite de la Religion chretienne 1684; Traite de la Divinite de Notre Seigneur Jesus-Christ 1689; and L'Art de se connoitre soi-m&me 1692, translated into English in 1694, 1719, and 1694 respectively.
  2. ^ Charles Abbot (d. 1817), botanist; D.D., New College, Oxford, 1802; chaplain to Marquis of Tweeddale; published Flora Bedfordiensis 1798.
  3. ^ Charles Abbot, first Baron Colchester (1757-1829), speaker of House of Commons; educated at Westminster and Christ Church, Oxford, where he distinguished himself in classics; studied at the Middle Temple, 1779; clerk of the rules in court of king's bench, 1794; M.P. for Helston, Cornwall, 1795; introduced first Census Act, 1800; chief secretary for Ireland, 1801; speaker of House of Commons, 1802; retired as Lord Colchester, 1816; travelled in France and Italy, 1819-22, and on his return again took an active part in politics.
  4. ^ George Abbot (1562–1633), archbishop of Canterbury; born at Guildford, and educated at the free grammar school; B. A., Balliol College, Oxford, 1582; probationer-fellow, 1583; M.A., and took holy orders, 1585; during the eight succeeding years studied theology, did tutorial work, and as a vehement supporter of the puritans won great academical fame for his preaching; appointed private chaplain to Thomas Sackville, lord Buckhurst, chancellor of the university, 1592; B.D., 1593; D.D. and master of University College, 1597; dean of Winchester, 1600; vice-chancellor of the university, 1600, 1603, and 1605; came into conflict, in 1603, with Laud, then proctor of the university, who asserted the perpetual visibility of the church of Christ in the papacy before the Reformation; began, 1604, with seven other Oxford graduates, revision of the four gospels, Acts, and Apocalypse, for Authorised Version; became chaplain to the Earl of Dunbar and visited Scotland to aid in re-establishing episcopacy there, 1608; bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, 1609; translated to bishopric of London, 1610; archbishop of Canterbury, 1611; largely responsible for marriage of Princess Elizabeth with Elector Palatine of Germany, 1613; opposed the divorce of the Countess of Essex, 1613; introduced at court George Villiers, 1615; attacked the scheme for marriage between Prince Charles and the Infanta of Spain, 1617-1622; opposed the king'sdeclaration of sportspermitting Sunday amusements, 1618; endowed a hospital erected at his expense at Guildford, 1619; accidentally shot a keeper while hunting in Bramsliill Park, Hampshire, and was formally pardoned by the king, 1621; reluctantly consented to the Spanish marriage, 1623; opposed Charles I's arbitrary government and was ordered to withdraw to Canterbury, his archiepiscopal authority being given to a commission of five bishops, 1627; restored to favour, 1628, but thenceforth lived chiefly in retirement; died at Croydon. Wrote religious works, principally controversial.
  5. ^ George Abbot (1603–1648), religious writer; fought on parliamentary side in civil war. Published religious works, including Book of Job Paraphrased 1640.
  6. ^ John Abbot (fl. 1623), poet; educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge; B.D. 1617; wrote poem entitled Jesus Prefigured 1623.
  7. ^ Sir Maurice Abbot or Morris (1565–1642, merchant; brother of George Abbot, archbishop of Canterbury; educated at Guildford Grammar School; one of the original directors of the East India Company, 1600; governor, 1624; member of Levant Company before 1607; on commissions for settlement of trade disputes with Holland, 1616, 1619, and 1620; M.P. for Kingston-upon-Hull, 1621 and 1624; member of council for establishing Virginia, 1624; knighted and returned M.P. for London, 1625; lord mayor" of London 1638, when Thomas Heywood wrote the description of the pageant.
  8. ^ Robert Abbot (1560–1617), bishop of Salisbury, elder brother of George Abbot, archbishop of Canterbury ; educated at Guildford free school; fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, 1581; M.A., 1582; D.D., 1597; gained a reputation for preaching which was increased by the publication of several religious works; presented to the living of Bingham, Nottinghamshire; one of chaplains in ordinary to James I, 1603; master of Balliol, 1609-15; fellow of Chelsea College, founded by King James, 1610; regius professor of divinity at Oxford, 1612; bishop of Salisbury, 1615.
  9. ^ Robert Abbot (1588?-1662?), divine; M.A., Cambridge; presented to living of Cranbrook by Archbishop Abbot, of whom he was no relation, 1616; vicar of Southwick, Hampshire, 1643, and, later, of St. Austin's, London. Published religious works.
  10. ^ William Abbot (1789–1843), actor and dramatist; first appeared at Bath, 1806; engaged at Covent Garden, 1812; stage-manager to a company visiting Par&ch 1827; unsuccessful in subsequent tour in the Freliet, provinces; played Romeo to Miss Fanny Kemble's Juliet 1830; died in America in distressed circumstances.
  11. ^ Lord Abbotshall (1620?–1688). See Andrew Ramsay.
  12. ^ Augustus Abbott (1804–1867), major-general; royal artillery, brother of Sir James Abbot, educated at Winchester College: second lieutenant Bengal artillery, 1819; captain, 1836; major, 1845; colonel, 1868; colonel commandant Bengal artillery, 1858; major-general, 1859; served in march to Kandahar 1839, at Jalalabad 1842, at Tutamdara, Jalgah and Parwaudara 1840, and in march to and occupation of Jalalabad 1841-2; O.B., 1842; inspector-general of ordnance, 1865.
  13. ^ Charles Abbott , first Baron Tenterden (1768-1832), lord chief justice; educated at Canterbury Grammar School and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 1781; chancellor's medallist for Latin composition, 1784, and for English composition, 1786; B.A., and fellow, 1785; student at Middle Temple, 1787; practised several years as a special pleader under the bar; called to bar and joined Oxford circuit, 1796; junior counsel to the treasury; recorder of Oxford, 1801; published successful work on mercantile law, 1802; puisne judge in court of common pleas, 1816; moved to kings bench, 1816; chief justice, 1818; raised to peerage, 1827.
  14. ^ Charles Stuart Aubrey Abbott (1834–1882), under-secretary .for foreign affairs; educated at Eton; entered Foreign Office, 1854; permanent uuder-secretary for foreign affairs, 1873; K.C.B., 1878.
  15. ^ Edwin Abbott (1808–1882), educational writer; head master of Philological School Marylebone; compiled Concordance to Pope's works, 1876.
  16. ^ Sir Frederick Abbott (1805–1892), major-general royal engineers; brother of Sir James Abbott; received commission in Bengal engineers, 1823; major, 1843; colonel, 1854; major-generaL 1868; served in Burmese war, 1824-6; garrison-engineer at Calcutta, 1841; chief engineer at relief of Jalalabad, 1842; C.B., 1846; lieutenant-governor of Addiscombe College, 1851-61; knighted, 1854.
  17. ^ Sir James Abbott (1807–1896), general; brother of Sir Frederick Abbott; educated at East India Company's College, Addiscombe; second lieutenant Bengal artillery, 1823; first lieutenant, 1827; captain, 1841; colonel, 1861; major-general, 1866; lieutenant-general and colonel-commandant royal artillery, 1877; general, 1877; served in march to Kandahar, 1838-9; assistant to Major Elliott D'Arcy Todd in mission to Herat, 1839, and carried to Russian court Hazrat's offer to liberate Russian captives, 1839-40; commissioner of Hazara, 1845-53; served in second Sikh war, 1848; K.C.B., 1894; published poetical and other writings.
  18. ^ Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott (1821-1893), premier of Canada; son of Joseph Abbott; educated at McGill University, Montreal; B.O.L., 1847; dean in faculty of law; hon. D.O.L.; Q.C., 1862; solicitor for Canadian Pacific Railway Company, 1880, and director, 1887; signed Annexation Manifesto, 1849; raised Argenteuil Rangers for government, 1861; M.P. for Argenteuil, 1859-74 and 1881-7; solicitor-general east in (Sandfield) Maodonald-Sicotte government, 1862-3; joined conservatives, 1866; confidential adviser to Sir Hugh Allen at time of Pacific Scandal; delegate to England in connection with dismissal of Letellier de St-Just; Canadian privy councillor, 1887; premier of Canada, 1891-2; K.C.M.G., 1892.
  19. ^ Joseph Abbott (1789–1863), missionary in Canada, 1818; first Anglican incumbent of St. Andrew's. Published Philip Musgrave 1846.
  20. ^ Keith Edward Abbott (d. 1873), consul-general successively at Tabriz and Odessa; brother of Sir James c, Abbott (1807-1896); died at Odessa.
  21. ^ Lemuel Abbott (d. 1776), poetical writer; vicar of Thornton, Leicestershire. 1773.
  22. ^ Lemuel Francis Abbott (1760-1803), portrait-painter; pupil of Frank Hayman; exhibited at Royal Academy between 1788 and 1800; painted celebrated portraits of Nelson and Cowper.
  23. ^ Saunders Alexius Abbott (d. 1894), major-general; brother of Sir James Abbott; major-general in Bengal Army; agent at Lahore for Sind, Punjab and Delhi Railway, 1863; subsequently home director.
  24. ^ Thomas Eastoe Abbott (1779–1854), poetical writer; published poetical works, 1814-39.
  25. ^ Edward Strutt Abdy (1791–1846), writer on America; fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge; B.A., 1813; M.A., 1817; published work on United States of America, 1835.
  26. ^ Maria Abdy (d. 1867), poetess, niece of James and Horace Smith; published poems, 1830-62.
  27. ^ Gilbert Abbott à Beckett (1811-1856), comic writer; educated at Westminster School; called to bar at Gray's Inn; first editor of Figaro in London; on original staff of Punch; for many years leader-writer for Times and Morning Herald and contributor to Illustrated London News; metropolitan police magistrate, 1849; died at Boulogne-sur-Mer. He wrote over fifty plays and several humorous works.
  28. ^ Gilbert Arthur à Beckett (1837-1891), comic writer; son of Gilbert Abbott à Beckett; entered Westminster School, 1849: B.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1860; entered Lincoln's Inn, 1857; clerk in office of examiners of criminal law accounts, 1862; journalist and author of plays and libretti; regular member of staff of Punch 1879. His dramatic work, includes, in collaboration with Mr. W. S. Gilbert, The Happy Land (1873).
  29. ^ Sir William à Beckett (1806-1869), chief justice of Victoria; brother of Gilbert Abbott à Beckett; educated at Westminster School; called to bar, 1829; solicitor-general of New South Wales, 1841, and
  30. ^ Abel (d. 764), archbishop of Reims; he retired to Lobbes; became abbot of the monastery, and died there; left several works in manuscript.
  31. ^ Clarke Abel (1780–1826), botanist; educated for medical profession; naturalist to Lord Macartney on his mission to China; published description of journey, 1818; afterwards physician to Lord Amherst, governor-general of India.
  32. ^ John Abel (1577–1674), architect of timber houses; built old town-halls of Hereford and Leominster; at the siege of Hereford, 1645, he constructed corn-mills for the use of the besieged.
  33. ^ Karl Friedrich Abel (1725–1787), player on the viol-di-gamba; member of Dresden court band, 17481758; journeyed to England and became one of queen's chamber musicians, 1759; joined John Christian Bach in giving concerts in England, 1765; toured on continent; died in London. His portrait was twice painted by Gainsborough,
  34. ^ John Abell (1660?–1718?), lutenist and singer; gentleman of his majesty's chapel 1679: sent by Charles II to cultivate his voice in Italy, 1681-82; at the Revolution went to continent and performed before king of Poland; intendant at Cassel; performed in England, 1700; published two collections of songs, 1701.
  35. ^ Thomas Abell (d. 1540), Roman catholic martyr; M.A. Oxford, 1516; chaplain, c. 1528, to Catherine of Arragon, who entrusted him with secret commission to Emperor Charles V respecting divorce from Henry VIII; rector of Bradwell-by-the-Sea, Essex, 1530; imprisoned in the Tower for opposition to the divorce, 1532; included in act of attainder against Catherine's accomplices, 1534; beheaded, 1540.
  36. ^ William Abell (fl. 1640), alderman of London, 1636; sheriff of London and master of the Vintners Company, 1637; licenser of tavern-keepers, 1639; gained great unpopularity by his efforts to induce vintners to agree to Charles I's demand of tax on wine, and was imprisoned by order of Commons, 1640-2; under superveillance at Hatfield for debt and treasonable utterances, 1662; given a passport to Holland, 1656. His actions were severely condemned in many broadsides and pamphlets.
  37. ^ John Abercrombie (1726–1806), writer on horticulture: employed in Kew Gardens; market gardener at Hackney, and later at Tottenham; published 'Every Man his own Gardener 1767 (said to have been submitted to Goldsmith for revision and returned without alteration), and other works on gardening.
  38. ^ John Abercrombie (1780–1844), physician; educated at Marischal College, Aberdeen; M.D. Edinburgh, 1803; studied at St. George's Hospital, London; practised in Edinburgh, where he did much for the poor; LR C.P., 1823, P.R.C.P., and physician in ordinary to the king in Scotland, 1824; M.D. Oxford, 1835; lord rector of Marischal College, 1836; published pathological works.
  39. ^ Alexander Abercromby , LORD ABERCROMBY (1745-1795), judge and essayist; studied at Edinburgh; sheriff-depute of Clackmannanshire, 4 766-80; sat on court sion bench as Lord Abercromby, 1792; one of the lords-commissioners of justiciary; contributed to the Mirror (1779) and % Lounger (1785-6).
  40. ^ Alexander Abercromby (1784–1853), colonel, son of Sir Ralph Abercromby; entered the army as volunteer, 1799; aide-de-camp to Sir John Moore in Sicily, 1806; lieu tenant-colonel 28th regiment, 1808; after 1809 served in Peninsular and Waterloo campaigns; M.P. for Clackmannanshire, 1817.
  41. ^ David Abercromby (d. 1701-2?), Scottish physician: educated as a Roman catholic; lived for eighteen years with Jesuit order in France, and gained reputation as scholar; returned to Scotland, aud wrote against M. Menzies, a protestant divine of Aberdeen; after two years, renounced Romanism and went to Loudon, whence he retired to Amsterdam, and practised as physician; published medical and metaphysical works.
  42. ^ James Abercromby , first Baron Dunfermline (1776–1858), son of Sir Ralph Abercromby  ; called to bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1801; M.P. for Midhurst, Ihur, Calue, 1812-30, and Edinburgh, 1832; judge-advocate-general, 1827; master of the mint, 1834; speaker of House of Commons, 1835-9; raised to the peerage on retirement, 1839.
  43. ^ John Abercromby (d. 1561?), Scottish Benedictine; executed for opposing the Reformation,
  44. ^ Sir John Abercromby (1772–1817), general; on of Sir Ralph Abercromby; ensign, 75th regiment, 1786; captain, 1792; aide-de-camp to his father in Flanders, 1793 and 1794; major, 94th regiment, 1794; lieutenant-colonel, 112th regiment, 1794; military secretary to his father, 1796-9; colonel, 1800; distinguished himself under General Hutchlnson in Egypt; major-general, 1805; colonel, 53rd regiment, 1807; captured Mauritius, 1809; lieutenant-general, and temporary governor of Madras, 1812; G.C.B., 1816; died at Marseilles,
  45. ^ Patrick Abercromby (1656–1716?), antiquary and historian; graduated at St. Andrews University, 1685; practised as physician in Edinburgh; physician to James II, 1685. Published pamphlets opposing the Scottish union, 1707, - Martial Achievements of the Scots Nation (1711-16), and other writings.
  46. ^ Sir Ralph Abercromby (1734–1801), general ; educated at Rugby; studied law; at Edinburgh and Leipzig; cornet, 3rd dragoon guards, 1756; aide-de-camp to General Sir William Pitt in Germany, 1758; captain, 1762; major, 1770; lieutenant-colonel, 1773; for a short time M.P. for Clackmannanshire; returned to the army and distinguished himself as major-general in Flanders; K.B., 1795; commanded expedition against the French in West Indies, 1795-6, and reduced St. Lucia and Trinidad; took command of troops successively in Ireland and Scotland, 1797-9; co-operated with the British fleet in capturing the Dutch fleet, and assisting the Archduke Charles against France, 1799; commanded troops in Mediterranean, 1800; proceeded to Egypt and defeated French at Alexandria, where he died of wounds,
  47. ^ Robert Abercromby (1534–1613), Scottish Jesuit, said, on insufficient evidence, to have converted Anne of Denmark to the Roman catholic faith.
  48. ^ Sir Robert Abercromby (1740–1827), military commander; brother of Sir Ralph Abercromby; ensign, 1768, and lieutenant, 1759, 44th regiment; captain, 1761; major 62nd regiment, 1772; lieutenant-colonel 37th regiment, 1773; served throughout American war; colonel and aide-de-camp to the king, 1781; colonel 75th regiment, 1787; in India, 1788; governor and commander-iuchief at Bombay, 1790; reduced Tippoo Sultan, 1792; knighted and commander of the Indian forces; conducted the second Rohilla war; returned to England, 1797; M.P. for Clackmannanshire, 1798; governor of Edinburgh Castle, 1801; general, 1802.
  49. ^ Robert William Duff Abercromby (1835–1895). Listed under "Duff [formerly Duff Abercromby], Sir Robert William " in the ODNB
  50. ^ Baron Aberdare . See BRUCE, Henry AUSTIN, 1815-1895.
  51. ^ Earls of Aberdeen . See GORDON, GEORGE, first Earl 1637–1720 ; GORDON, GEORGB HAMILTON, fourth Earl 1784–1860.
  52. ^ Barons Abergavenny . See NEVILLE, EDWARD, first BARON, d. 1476; NEVILLE, GBORGE, third BARON, 1471 ?-1535.
  53. ^ John Abernethy (1680–1740), Irish dissenter ; M.A. Glasgow; studied divinity at Edinburgh and Dublin, where his preaching was soon in great demand; ordained, as presbyterian, at Antrim, 1703, where he remained for over nine years; removed by synod to Dublin, 1717, but after three months returned to Antrim; gave rise, by his opposition to the synod, to a division (ultimately permanent) of the presbyterians into two parties (subscribers and non-subscribers); accepted a call to Dublin, 1730; strongly opposed the Test Act, 1731; wrote several religious works.
  54. ^ John Abernethy (1764–1831), surgeon ; studied at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, where he was assistantsurgeon 1787, and surgeon 1815-27; F.R.S. 1796; lecturer on anatomy and physiology at College of Surgeons, 1814; attracted a large class by his lectures on anatomy at hia house in Bartholomew Close; gained distinction by extending John Hunter's operation for the cure of aneurism, 1797. Published medical works, but his reputation rests rather on his power of exposition than on his learning.
  55. ^ Abershaw or AVERSHAWE, LOUIS JEREMIAH or JERRY (1773?–! 796), highwayman ; for some years the terror of the roads between London, Kingston, and Wimbledon; hanged on Kennington Common.
  56. ^ Frances Abington (1737–1815), actress; in girlhood successively a flower-seller, street-singer, domestic servant, and cook-maid (under Robert Baddeley ); appeared first at the Haymarket as Miranda in 'The Busybody 1755; acted at Bath, Richmond, and Drury Lane with small success; went to Dublin and drew crowded houses as Lady Townley; returned to Drury Lane on Garrick's invitation, 1764; transferred her services to Covent Garden, 1782; absent from the stage, 1790-7; last appeared, 1799; her Shakespearean roles include Portia, Beatrice, Desdemona, Olivia, and Ophelia; original representative of Lady Teazle, 1777.
  57. ^ Sir Thomas Abney (1640–1722), lord mayor of London; alderman of Vintry ward 1692, and of Bridge Without, 1716; sheriff of London and Middlesex, 16931694, when he was one of the original promoters and directors of the bank of England; knighted by William III; president and benefactor of St. Thomas's Hospital; lord mayor, 1700-1; M.P. for the city of London, 1702. p. 54 the
  58. ^ Sir Thomas Abney (d. 1750), justice of the common pleas, 1743; died of gaol distemper at the 4 Black
  59. ^ Aoton -!-. ROBERT (im-lMO), architect; executed works at Arundel Castle nrMfogut near the Baart-. ! U WidaliHg BrtdtwJL
  60. ^ Christian (1TW-1838X - Surrey Institute, 1803; of p for UftaUnc; engineer to r.lSlO; librarian of UM RM I I,-.:-.:...
  61. ^ Sir John Acland (d. 1620).
  62. ^ John Acland (. 1699–1796), poor law reformer ; rector of Broad Olyst, 1763; published a pamphlet,A Plan for rendering the Poor independent of Public Contributions 1V86.
  63. ^ John Dyke Acland (f. 1778), soldier and politician: M.P. for Callington, Cornwall, 1774; opposed government's measures for peace; served, as major, on General Burgoyne's expedition to America, 1776, accompanied by wife. Lady Christian Henrietta Acland; died from effects of exposure in a duel.
  64. ^ Sir Thomas Dyke Acland (1787–1871), noli" tician and philanthropist; educated at Harrow; B A ChrUt Church, Oxford, 1808; M.A., 1814; hon. D.C.L 1881; M.P. for county of Devon, 1812-18, 1820-30 and North Devon, 1837-57; much interested in religious  ! -VOTMM BJUU, and drt BAROX WORUXOHAM in ? rioai ("-"), gomnor-in; booormry MJU Ohrtat Oburch. Oxfonl parlia - 1802 and 1806 : icpmenUUve peer for Ireand auto ntulorum of Arand captain of con- - Bri ,, 1836-8; adopted policy of conLook Joaeph Papinenu by the leirixia
  65. ^ Sir Thomas Dyke Acland (1809–1898) politician; son of Sir Thomas Dyke Acland(1787-1871) q.v 1 M.A., Christ Church, Oxford, 1835; fellow of All Souls 1831-9; M.P. for West Somerset, 1837-41; took leading part in establishing Oxford local examinations, 1857-8 D.O.I-, Oxford, 1858; M.P. for North Devonshire, 1865-85- and for West Somerset, 1885-6; eleventh baronet. 1871: privy councillor, 1883; published speeches and pamphlets mainly on agriculture and education.
  66. ^ Wroth Palmer Acland (1770-1816) soldier; ensign 17th regiment, 1787; after successive promotions was colonel 1803, and brigadier-general under Sir Arthur Wellesley, afterwards Duke of Wellington 1808; lieutenant-general and K.C.B., 1814; died of fever.
  67. ^ Jacobus Acontius (1500?–1566?), philosopher and engineer; born in the Tyrol; came to England c.1559; De Methodo at Bale; discovered many new mechanical contrivances and received a pension of 601. from ElizaJeth, attached himself to nonconformist Dutch church in Austin Friars, and took active part in controversies with conformists; undertook with some success to reclaim land inundated by the Thames, 1562-66 enjoyed patronage of the Earl of Leicester; published Stratagema Satanae (1565), and other works, principally theological.
  68. ^ (1797-1843), Unitarian divine- asSssfe B.S'o'rat'ynf? 1 FBA ?? IS "DWARFS, PeMlnan" IvlSi'i,; 0 Na P les u "- r luring - Z v i forces. and minister of the French wars was alternatively in took refuge in Sicily'on entry of French into Naples, 1806; died at Palermo.
  69. ^ Ralph Acton (14th cent.), theologian; probably graduated in philosophy and theology at Oxford; wrote several scripture commentaries.
  70. ^ George Acworth (d. 1578?), divine; M.A., Cambridge, 1555; public orator of Cambridge University, 1559; advocate, 1562; LL.D., 1503; chancellor and vicar-general to bishop of Winchester; judge of prerogative court, Ireland, 1577; received patent to exercise ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Ireland, 1578.
  71. ^ James Adair (ft. 1775), historian of the American Indians; traded among Indians of Georgia and the Carolina-, 1735-75; published 1775,History of American Indians, 1 arguing that the Indians are descended from the lost ten tribes.
  72. ^ James Adair (d. 1798), serjeant-at-law; M.A., Peterhouse, Cambridge, 1767; assisted Wilkes in his quarrel with Horne Tooke, 1770; counsel in trial of printers of Junius's Letters 1771; recorder of London, 1779-89; whig M.P. for Cockermouth and, subsequently, Higham Ferrars, 1780 till death; reputed author of some constitutional works.
  73. ^ James Makittrick Adair (1728–1802), originally James Makittrick; M.D. Edinburgh, 1766; practised as physician in Antigua, and afterwards in Andover, Guildford, and Bath; published medical writings.
  74. ^ John Adair (d. 1722), surveyor and map-maker ; F.R.S., 1688; commissioned by the privy council to survey the Scottish shires, 1683, and acts of tonnage to raise the funds for his work were passed 1686, 1695, and 1705; published charts of the Scottish coasts, 1703, but the work was not completed; left, in print or manuscript, many maps and charts of Scotland.
  75. ^ Patrick Adair ( 1625?–1694), presbyterian minister; studied divinity at Glasgow, 1644; ordained at Cairucastle, co. Antrim, 1B46; protested with ministers of Antrim and Down against execution of Charles I, 1649; forced to hide from parliamentary generals, but subsequently took an active part in presbyterian church matters in Ireland; headed a deputation to congratulate William III, 1689, and was appointed a trustee for distributing the regium donum; published work on history of presbyterianism in Ireland.
  76. ^ Sir Robert Adair (1763–1855), diplomatist; close friend of Charles James Fox; after 1788, travelled to study effects of French Revolution; M.P. for Appleby and Cainelford; employed by Fox on diplomatic business in Vienna, 1806, and subsequently iu Constantinople and the Low Countries; K.O.B., 1809.
  77. ^ Levita Adalbert or DIACONUS (. 700), English saint; said to have been the first archdeacon of Utrecht, and to have preached the gospel in Western Germany and in Kennemaria, 702, where he built a church at Egrnont, in North Holland.
  78. ^ of Spalding Adalbert (ft. 1160?), said to have been a Cluniac monk of the abbey of Spalding, Lincolnshire,
  79. ^ Adam Anglicus Adam , possibly identical with Adam Angligeua, or with Adam Goddam; wrote a commentary on the sentences of Peter Lombard,
  80. ^ Adam Angligena (d. 1181?), theologian ; possibly identical with Adam, bishop of St, Asaph, 1175, or with Adam de Parvo-Ponte, canon of Paris, 1147; distinguished teacher in Paris, c. 1150.
  81. ^ Adam of Barking (ft. 1217?), Benedictine monk of Sherborue Abbey, Dorset; wrote scriptural treatises,
  82. ^ Adam of Buckfield (ft. 1300?), commentator on Aristotle; possibly a Franciscan.
  83. ^ Adam of Caithness (d. 1222), Scottish bishop; prior and, 1207, abbot of the Cistercians at Melrose; bishop of Caithness, 1213; murdered, 1222.
  84. ^ Adam the Carthusian (ft. 1340), doctor of theology,
  85. ^ Adam of Domerham (d. after 1291), monk of Glastonbury; cellarer and afterwards sacristan to the abbey i wrote a history of the abbey.
  86. ^ Adam of Evesham (. 1191), prior of Bermondsey. 1157; abbot of Evesham, 1 16 1.
  87. ^ Adam Goddamus (d. 1358). See Goddam.
  88. ^ Adam de Marisco (d. 1257?), Franciscan of Worcester; educated at Oxford; adviser and friend of Robert Grosseteste and Simon de Montfort.
  89. ^ Murimuthensis Adam (1275?–1347). See Murimuth.
  90. ^ Adam of Orlton (d. 1345), bishop of Hereford 1317 of Worcester 1327, and of Winchester 1333; employed on several embassies by Edward II; took active part in the various risings against the king, 1321-2; charged before parliament with treason and deprived of lands and revenues, 1322; joined Queen Isabella's party on her landing, 1326; largely responsible for the king's resignation, 1327; made treasurer and restored to possessions under Edward III; entrusted frequently with diplomatic commissions.
  91. ^ Adam Scotus or Anglicus (. 1180), theological writer; Pnemonstratensian canon; perhaps abbot and bishop of Casa Candida (Whithorn), Galloway; renowned throughout Europe for his sermons and treatises, which were first published at Paris, 1518.
  92. ^ Adam de Stratton (ft. 1265–1290). See Stratton.
  93. ^ Adam of Usk (. 1400), lawyer, and writer of a Latin chronicle of English history, 1377-1404; educated at Oxford and entered the church; pleaded in the archbishop of Canterbury's court, 1390-7; joined Henry IV's party in the revolution, 1399; banished to Rome for criticism of Henry IV's government, 1402.
  94. ^ Alexander Adam (1741–1809), writer on Roman antiquities; educated at Edinburgh; LL.D.,1780; headmaster of Watson's Hospital, 1759; rector of Edinburgh High School, 1768; published educational works,
  95. ^ Adam Sir CHARLES (1780–1853), admiral ; brother of Sir Frederick Adam; captain, 1799; served in French and Spanish wars, 1801-13; captain of the royal yacht; K.C.B. 1835; M.P. for Clackmannan and Kinross, 1833-41; governor of Greenwich Hospital, 1847; admiral, 1848.
  96. ^ Sir Frederick Adam (1781–1853),soldier,brother of Sir Charles Adam; ensign 1795, and after rapid promotion purchased command of 21st regiment, 1805; served in Sicily till 1813, when he went as colonel to r Spain; distinguished himself in the Castalla campaign; major-general, 1814; at Waterloo; K.C.B., 1815; G.C.B., 1840; general, 1846.
  97. ^ James Adam (d. 1794), for some years architect to George III; associated with his brother Robert Adam
  98. ^ Jean Adam (1710–1765), Scottish poetess ; published poems by subscription, 1734, and soon afterwards opened girlsschool at Crawford Bridge; met with pecuniary troubles and died in Glasgow poorhouse; said, with small foundation, to have written the songThere's nae luck aboot the house
  99. ^ John Adam (1779–1825), Anglo-Indian statesman ; son of William Adam (1751-1839); educated at Charterhouse and Edinburgh University; private and political secretary to Marquis of Hastings in India; acting governor-general of India for seven months, 1823.
  100. ^ Robert Adam (1728–1792), architect; brother of John, James, and William Adam; educated at Edinburgh University; visited Italy and studied architecture, 1754; F.R.S. and F.S.A.; architect to King George III, 1762-8; M.P. for Kinross-shire; with his brothers built the Adelphi, London, 1769-71; with his brother James designed a number of important mansions in various parts of the country and much improved street architecture of London; published works on architecture; buried in Westminster Abbey.
  101. ^ Thomas Adam (1701–1784), divine; BJL, Hart Hall, Oxford; held living of Wintringham, Lincolnshire, 1724 till death; wrote several religious works, including Private Thoughts on Religion published posthumously.
  102. ^ William Adam (d. 1748), architect ; assisted his brother Robert Adam in building the Adelphi, London, 1769-1771.
  103. ^ William Adam (1751–1839), politician ; called to Scottish bar, 1773; M.P. for GatU.ii, Surrey; supporter of Lord North, 1774, and successively M.P. for five Scottish constituencies; wounded Fox in a duel, after quarrel over a speech by Fox in the house, but later became his firm ally; treasurer of ordnance, 1780; called to English bar, 1782; took a leading part in impeachment of Warren Hastings, 1788; K.O., 1796; attorney-general to Prince of Wales; privy councillor, 1815; lord chief commissioner of Scottish jury court, 1816; intimate friend of Sir Walter Scott.
  104. ^ William Patrick Adam (1823–1881), liberal whip, 1874-80; educated at Rugby and Trinity College, Cambridge; called to bar, 1849; secretary to Lord Elphinstone in India, 1853-8; M.P. for Clackmannan and Kinross, 1859-80; during different periods lord of the treasury and commissioner of public works; privy councillor, 1873; governor of Madras, 1880.
  105. ^ Adamnan or ADOMNAN (625?–704), abbot of lona, 679; advocated adoption of regulations of Romish church; stated to have taken part in synods and conventions in Ireland. The biography of Columba is generally ascribed to him.
  106. ^ Andrew Leith Adams (d. 1882), zoologist, son of Francis Adams; army surgeon, 1848-73; professor of zoology at Dublin, 1873-8, and of natural history at Cork, 1878-82. Published zoological writings and accounts of travels in India.
  107. ^ Clement Adams (1519?-1587), schoolmaster and author; M.A., King's College, Cambridge, 1544; schoolmaster to the royal henchmen at Greenwich from 1552; wrote in Latin an account of Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor's voyage to Russia of 1553 (printed with an English translation in Hakluyt's Collections 1589); engraved before 1584 the mappe-monde by Sebastian Cabot, but no copy of Adams's engraving is now known.
  108. ^ Francis Adams (1796–1861), physician and classical scholar; M.A., Aberdeen; M.C.S., London, 1815; practised medicine at Banchory Ternan; expert in Greek philology; hon. M.D., Aberdeen, 1856; translated and i edited the Greek medical writers Paulus Egiueta, 1844-7. Hippocrates, 1849, and Aretams, 1856.
  109. ^ Francis William Lauderdale Adams (1862–1893), author; son of Andrew Leith Adams; went I to Australia and worked on staff of Sydney Bulletin; died by his own hand at Alexandria; chief works Leicester an autobiographical novel, 1884, and Tiberius a i powerful drama, 1894.
  110. ^ George Adams (1698?-1768?), poet and trans- I lator; fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge; took holy I orders; translated into English prose the tragedies of Sophocles, 1729; wroteLife of Socrates 1746, and theological works.
  111. ^ George Adams , the elder (d. 1773), mathematical instrument maker to George III; obtained wide reputation as maker of celestial and terrestrial globes,
  112. ^ George Adams , the younger (1750–1795), mathematical instrument maker to George III, son of George Adams the elder; published scientific essays.
  113. ^ James Adams (1737–1802), philologist ; professor of languages at Jesuit College of St. Omer; settled after French revolution in Edinburgh; published - Pronunciation of the English Language 1799.
  114. ^ John Adams (fl. 1680), topographer ; barrister of Inner Temple; published a map of England, 1677 (revised ! 1693), and an index to English towns.
  115. ^ John Adams (1662–1720), provost of King's College, Cambridge, 1712; graduated M.A. 1686; chaplain to William III and Anne.
  116. ^ John Adams (1750?–1814), compiler of books for young readers; graduated at Aberdeen, and subsequently opened a school at Putney.
  117. ^ John Adams , alias ALEXANDER SMITH (1760?–1829), seaman; took part in mutiny and, 1789, seizure of H.M.S. Bounty, in which he subsequently sailed to Pitcairn's Island, where he founded and successfully governed an English-speaking settlement
  118. ^ John Couch Adams (1819–1892), discoverer of planet Neptune; sizar, St. John's College, Cambridge, 1839; senior wrangler and first Smith's prizeman, 1843; fellow (till 1852) and tutor; fellow of Pembroke College, 1853 till death; made observations determining particulars ofNeptune 1841-5, and deposited results at Royal Observatory, Greenwich, 1845, but the publication of his discovery was anticipated by Leverrier, July, 1846; refused knighthood 1847, and Adams prize was founded at Cambridge; F.R.S., 1849; Copley medallist, 1848; professor of mathematics, St. Andrews, 1858-9: Lowndean professor of astronomy and geometry, Cambridge, 1858; director of Cambridge observatory, 1861; president of Royal Astronomical Society, 1861-3, and 1874-6, and received gold medal, 1866, for researches in connection with theory of secuiar acceleration of the moon's mean motion. His Scientific Papers were published 1896-1901.
  119. ^ Joseph Adams (1756–1818), originally an apothecary; M.D. Aberdeen, 1796; practised in Madeira; physician to Small-pox Hospital, 1805; published medical treatises.
  120. ^ Richard Adams (1619–1661), collector of verse; fellow-commoner of Catharine Hall, Cambridge, 1635; left a small manuscript volume of poems, of some of which he was probably author.
  121. ^ Richard Adams (1626?–1698), ejected minister; graduated at Cambridge and Oxford; rector of St. Mildred's, Bread Street, 1655; retired as nonconformist, 1662.
  122. ^ Robert Adams (d. 1595), architect; author of a plan of Middleburgh, 1588, and other drawings,
  123. ^ Robert Adams (1791–1875), surgeon ; M.D. Dublin, 1842; F.R.C.S., Ireland, 1818, and was three times president; practised in Dublin and lectured on surgery at the hospitals; surgeon to the queen in Ireland, 1861.
  124. ^ Sarah Flower Adams (1805–1848), poetess; wife of William Bridges Adams; contributed to 'Monthly Repository her principal work,Yivia Perpetua a dramatic poem, 1841; wrote several hymns, including Nearer to Thee
  125. ^ Thomas Adams (d. 1620?), printer; freeman of StationersCompany, 1590; liveryman, 1598; warden, 1614. His books were of all classes, including music.
  126. ^ Thomas Adams (fl. 1612–1653), divine; 'the prose Shakespeare of puritan theologians; preacher at Wellington, Bedfordshire, 1612; vicar of Wingrave, Bucks, 1614-36; held preachership of St. Gregory's under St. Paul's Cathedral, 1618-23; chaplain to Sir Henry Montague, lord chief justice; published sermons and theological treatises.
  127. ^ Sir Thomas Adams (1586–1668), lord mayor of London, 1645; educated at Cambridge; draper; alderman, sheriff, and master of Drapers Company, 1639; imprisoned in Tower for loyalty; created baronet after Restoration; founded Arabic lecture at Cambridge.
  128. ^ Thomas Adams (1633?-1670), divine ; B.A. and fellow, Brasenose College, Oxford, 1652; M.A. and lecturer-dean, 1655; ejected from fellowship for nonconformity, 1662; wrote religious works.
  129. ^ Thomas Adams (1730?-1764), soldier ; volunteered for service in Netherlands under Duke of Cumberland, 1747; ensign, 37th foot, 1747; captain, 1756; major, 84th foot; as commander of crown and E.I.C. forces in Bengal conducted glorious campaign, including battles of Gheriah and Audwanala, 1762-3; brigadier-general, 1764.
  130. ^ William Adams (d. 1620), navigator; apprenticed as sailor at age of twelve; served Company of Barbary Merchants; joined as pilot-major fleet of five ships from Rotterdam bound for India; in spite of the ships being carried through the straits of Magellan and scattered, ultimately reached Japan, where, after some weeksimprisonment, having found favour with Iyeyasu, the ruler, he settled; obtained trading privileges for Dutch merchants, 1611. Later three English ships came to open trade with Japan; a settlement was founded, of which Adams was second in command, 1613. He subsequently engaged in trading voyages to Loochoo Islands, Siam, and Cochin China, 1613-18. lyeyasu died in 1616. and English and Dutch privileges being curtailed, the English venture failed, and war broke out between English and Dutch. Adams was buried on the hill overlooking harbour of Yokosuka, 1620.
  131. ^ William Adams (1706–1789), divine; master of Pembroke College, Oxford, from 1775; lifelong friend of Dr. Johnson, whose acquaintance he made when both were undergraduates; D.D. Oxford, 1756.
  132. ^ William Adams (. 1790), potter ; pupil of Josiah Wedgwood, and subsequently in business at Tunstall as Adams &c Co.
  133. ^ Sir William Adams (1783–1827).
  134. ^ William Adams (1814–1848), author of ' Sacred Allegories educated at Eton; postmaster at Merton College, Oxford; fellow and tutor, 1837; vicar of St. Peter's-iu-the-East, 1840; published ethical work?.
  135. ^ William Adams (1772–1851), lawyer; fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge; LL.D. and member of College of Advocates, 1799; prepared, 1814, as one of three commissioners, despatches relating to maritime law in negotiations for treaty with U.S.A. after capture of Washington; one of three plenipotentiaries sent to conclude convention of commerce with U.S.A., 1815.
  136. ^ William Bridges Adams (1797–1872), inventor of fish-joint for uniting ends of rails, 1847; made numerous improvements in machinery; wrote scientific and technical works.
  137. ^ William Henry Davenport Adams (1828–1891), miscellaneous writer; edited provincial newspaper in Isle of Wight; founded Scottish Guardian 1870, and was editor, 1870-8; projected and editedWhitehall Library of Wit and Humour His works include 4 Memorable Battles in English History 1862, and a Concordance to Shakespeare's plays, 1886.
  138. ^ Henry Adamson (d. 1639), poetical writer ; publishedThe Muses Threnodie 1638.
  139. ^ John Adamson (d. 1653), principal of Edinburgh University, 1625 till death; professor of philosophy at St. Andrews; professor at Edinburgh, 1589-1604; vicar of North Berwick, and, later, of Libbertou; published several theses and poems, and edited Muses Welcome and probably the poems of Andrew Melville, his friend.
  140. ^ John Adamson (1787–1855), antiquary and Portuguese scholar; in counting-house of his brother, a Lisbon merchant, 1803; left England and studied Portuguese at Lisbon, 1807; articled as solicitor in Newcastle; uudercberiff of Newcastle, 1811; a founder of the Antiquarian Society of Newcastle, 1813; P.S.A.; published translations from Portuguese and original works in verse and prose, including Memoirs of Camoens 1820, and edited several books for the Typographical Society of Newcastle.
  141. ^ Patrick Adamson (1537–1592), Scottish prelate; MA. St. Andrews, 1558; minister of Ceres in Fife, 1563; travelled in France, 1566; presented to living at Paisley, c. 1572; one of deputies chosen by general assembly to discuss jurisdiction of kirk, 1575; chaplain to regent; archbishop of St. Andrews, 1576; repeatedly charged with offences against the church, 1577-9; escaped to St. Andrews Castle, where he fell dangerously ill; cured by a wise woman who was ultimately burned for witchcraft; James VI's ambassador to Elizabeth, 1583; earned unpopularity by his strong parliamentary measures against presbyterians; charged with heresy and other offences and excommunicated by synod, 1586; his sentence remitted as illegal; again assailed by the assembly and excommunicated, 1588; said to have signed a Recantation of the episcopal system which is probably spurious, 1590; wrote religious works in verse and prose.
  142. ^ Thomas Adamson (fl. 1680), master-gunner; published England's Defence, a Treatise concerning Invasion 1680.
  143. ^ Adda (d. 565), king of Bernicia ; succeeded his father Ida, 559; reigned about eight years.
  144. ^ John Addenbrooke (1680–1719), founder of hospital at Cambridge; educated at Catharine Hall, Cambridge; M.D., 1712; published anEssay on Freethinking 1714.
  145. ^ Addington first BARON (1806–1889). See John Gellibrand Hubbard.
  146. ^ Anthony Addington (1713–1790), physician; educated at Winchester and Trinity College, Oxford; B.A., 1739; M.A., 1740; M.B., 1741; M.D., 1744; practised at Reading; F.O.P., 1756; censor, 1757; practised in London; attended Lord Chatham in his severe illness, 1767, and Prince of Wales, 1788.
  147. ^ Henry Addington , first VISCOUNT SIDMOUTH (1757-1844), son of Anthony Addington; educated at Winchester; admitted to Lincoln's Inn, 1771; commoner of Brasenose College, Oxford, 1774; B.A., 1778; won chancellor's gold medal for English essay, 1779; intimate with William Pitt from childhood; M.P. for Devizes, 1783; speaker of the House of Commons, 17891801; much occupied with the proceedings against Warren Hastings, 1795; first lord of the treasury and chancellor of exchequer, 1801; quarrelled with Pitt, 1803; his actions severely satirised by Canning; resigned, 1804; created Viscount Sidmouth and entered cabinet as president of council, 1805, but left it after a few months; president of council in Perceval's ministry, and later home secretary, 1812; dealt severely with the Luddites in the north; sought to check liberty of press in hope of quieting disorders among labouring classes, 1817; Manchester massacre, 1819, partly due to his coercive measures; retired from office, 1821, and from cabinet, 1824; voted against the Reform Bill, 1832.
  148. ^ Henry Un Win Addington (1790–1870), permanenet under-secretary for foreign affairs, 1842-54. -
  149. ^ Stephen Addington (1729–1796), independent minister at Spaldwick, Huntingdonshire; published educational works; D.D.
  150. ^ Charles Greenstreet Addison (d. 1866), legal writer; barrister, 1842; published legal and historical works.
  151. ^ John Addison (. 1538), divine: D.D. Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, 1623; deprived of his spiritual promotions for concealment of revelations of Elizabeth Barton
  152. ^ John Addison (1766?–1844), composer and performer on double- bass; composed and performed in operas given at Covent Garden and Lyceum.
  153. ^ Joseph Addison (1672–1719), essayist, poet, and statesman, sou of Lancelot Addisou; educated at Charterhouse with Steele, and at Queen's College, Oxford; obtained demyship at Magdalen, 1689; MA., 1693; probationer-fellow, 1697; fellow, 1698-1711; distinguished as a classical scholar; his Latin poems favourably noticed by Dryden, 1693; granted pension 300J. a year to qualify him for diplomatic service by foreign travel, 1697; travelled on the continent, 16991703; member of Kitcat Club: wrote on commission The Campaign a poem in honour of Blenheim, 1704; undersecretary of state, 1706; secretary to Wharton, when lord lieutenant of Ireland, 1709; formed close friendship with Swift, Steele, and other well-known writers; M.P. for Lostwithiel, 1708, and for Malmesbury, 1709 till death; defended whigs in theWhig Examinerperiodical, 1710; lost office on fall of whigs, 1711; contributed to Steele's 'Tatler 1709-11, and produced with SteeleSpectator 1711-12; hisCatoacted with great success at Drury Lane, 1713; contributed toGuardian edited by Steele, 1713, and to a revived Spectator 1714; produced unsuccessfullyThe Drummer a prose comedy, 1716; regained his old secretaryship and produced theFreeholder 1715-16; one of lords commissioners of trade; married Countess of Warwick, 1716; retired from office with pension of 1,5UO. a year, 1718; several papers in the Old Whig by Addison, and in The Plebeian by Steele, 1719, deal with a quarrel between the two.
  154. ^ Lancelot Addison (1632–1703), divine; B.A. Queen's College, Oxford, 1656; M.A., 1667; in capacity of Terra: films delivered an attack on puritanism, and, being compelled to retract, left Oxford, 1657; chaplain of DunBton, 1660, and of Tangier, 1662; received the living of Milkirk, Wiltshire, 1671; B.D. and D.D., Oxford, 1675; dean of Lichfield, 1683; wrote theological and devotioiml works,
  155. ^ Laura Addison (d. 1852), actress ; first appeared 1843, at Worcester; played Desdcmona to Macready's Othello c. 1843, and Juliet, Portia, Isabella, Imogen, Miranda, and Lady Macbeth under Phelps at Sadler's Wells, 1846 seq.; with Kean at Haymarket, 1849.
  156. ^ Thomas Addison (1793–1860), physician; M.D. Edinburgh, 1815; surgeon at Lock Hospital; assistant physician at Guy's Hospital, 1824; physician, 1837; discoveredAddison's disease wrote medical works of some importance,
  157. ^ William Addy (. 1685), author of a system of shorthand, in which the bible was printed, 1687.
  158. ^ Adel. See Ethel-
  159. ^ Adela (1062?–! 137), mother of Stephen, king of England; daughter of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders; married, 1080, Stephen, earl of Meaux and Brie, who succeeded to Blois and Chartres, 1090; ruled with great thoroughness during her husband's absence on the first crusade, 1095-9; regent on her husband's death, 1101, till majority of her eldest son Theobald, 1109; took the veil; effected an alliance between Theobald and Henry I of England, 1118.
  160. ^ Adelaide, Queen of William IV (1792–1849), eldest daughter of George, duke of Saxe-Coburg Meiningen; married William, duke of Clarence, 1818; resided principally at Bushey Park until accession of William, 1830; unpopular owing to her supposed interference with politics during the reform agitation.
  161. ^ Adelard of Bath, or ETHELHARD (12th cent.), philosophical writer; seems to have travelled largely in Europe, Asia, and Africa; wrote a work on Arabic science, which was published after 1472, and one on Identity and Difference
  162. ^ Adeliza (d. 1066?), daughter of William I ; possibly betrothed to Harold, 1062.
  163. ^ Adeliza of Louvain (d. 1151), second queen of Henry I, daughter of Godfrey of Louvain, descendant of Charles the Great; married Henry I, 1121; patronised literature; on Henry's death retired probably to Arundel Castle; afterwards married William de Albini.
  164. ^ Robert Adkins (1626–1685), ejected minister; fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, where his preaching attracted much attention; chaplain to Cromwell; minister of Theydon (1653-7); removed successively to two churches at Exeter, whence he was ejected, 1660, 1662.
  165. ^ Nathan Marcus Adler (1803–1890), chief rabbi ; educated in Germany; ordained, 1828; Ph.D., Erlangen, 1828; chief rabbi of Oldenburg, 1829, of Hanover, 1830, of London, 1844; took chief part in founding Jews College, London, 1855; made proposal which resulted in United Synagogues bill, 1870; annotated Onkelos's paraphrase of the Pentateuch.
  166. ^ Joseph Antony Adolph (1729–1762), painter; in England, 1745-55; painted portrait of George III when Prince of Wales.
  167. ^ Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge (1774-1850), seventh son of George III; K.G., 1786; colonel in Hanoverian army, 1793; served as colonel and major-general in campaign of 1794-5; lieutenant-general in Hanoverian service, 1 798, and in British army, 1803; created Duke of Cambridge, 1801: privy councillor, 1802; field marshal, 1813; viceroy of Hanover, 1816-37; cliancellor of St. Andrews University, 1811-14; married Princess Augusta, third daughter of Frederick of Hesse-Cassel, 1818.
  168. ^ John Adolphtts (1768–1845), barrister and historical writer; admitted attorney 1790; published 4 Biographical Memoirs of the French Revolution 1799, and History of England from 1760-1783 1802; called to the bar, 1807; defended Thistlewood and the Cato Street conspirators, 1820; wrote historical, biographical, and miscellaneous works.
  169. ^ John Leycester Adolphus (1795–1862), barrister and author; educated at Merchant Taylorsand St. John's College, Oxford; published criticisms on Waverley Novels assigning their authorship to Scott, 1821; called to bar, 1822.
  170. ^ Robert Adrain (1775–1843), mathematician ; engaged in rebellion in Ireland, 1798, and fled to America; professor of mathematics at various colleges, including Columbia College, New York; published mathematical works.
  171. ^ Adrian IV (d. 1159), pope; whose name is said to have been NICHOLAS BREAKSPEAR; of humble origin; studied at Aries, and after serving in menial offices was admitted to, and subsequently became abbot of, the order of St. Rufus, near Valence; cardinal of Albano, 1146; elected pope on death of Anastasius IV, 1154; his pontificate a period of constant struggles with the Emperor Frederick, who set forth imperial claims over North Italy, and in a lesser degree with William, the Norman king of Sicily. His object was to maintain the claims of the Roman church as defined by Gregory VII. He granted Ireland to Henry II.
  172. ^ Adrian de Castello (1460?-1521), statesman and reviver of learning; sent by Pope Innocent VII as nuncio to Scotland, 1488; collector of Peter's pence in England, 1489; prebendary of St. Paul's Cathedral, and rector of St. Duustan-in-the-East, 1492; English ambassador at Rome and clerk to the papal treasury, 1492; made, in liis absence, bishop of Hereford 1502, and of Bath and Wells 1504; left Rome on the death of pope Alexander VI, 1503; returned 1511, on accession of Leo X, and though implicated in the attempt to murder him, was dealt with leniently; deprived of collectorship and of the bishopric of Bath, 1518; published classical and philosophical works.
  173. ^ Joseph Ady (1770–1852), notorious circular-letter impostor.
  174. ^ Sir John Miller Adye (1819–1900), general; cadet at Woolwich, 1834; second lieutenant royal artillery, 1836; captain, 1852; brigade ma jor of artillery in Turkey, 1854; served at defence of Cawnpore, 1857; lieutenant colonel, 1857; deputy adjutant-general of artillery in India, 1863-6; colonel, 1867; K.O.B. 1873; major-general, 1875; governor of military academy, Woolwich, 1875; chief of staff under Lord Wolseley in Egypt, 1882; G.O.B., 1882; governor of Gibraltar, 1882-6; colonel commandant, 1881; general, 1884; opposed rectification of Afghan frontier; published autobiographical and other writings.
  175. ^ Stephen Payne Adye (d. 1794), soldier; served as brigade-major of artillery in North America; published a work on courts-martial.
  176. ^ Earl Aelfgar (d. 1062?), son of Leofric of Mercia and Godgifu (Lady Godiva); supported King Eadward the Confessor against God wine at Gloucester, 1051; earl of East-Anglia; outlawed for treason, 1055; invaded Herefordshire, but was defeated by Harold; made peace and was restored to his earldom; earl of Mercia, 1057; outlawed 1058; regained his earldom with help of Northmen; left two sons, Eadwiue and Morkere.
  177. ^ Aelfgifu (fl. 956), was the wife of King Eadwig, from whom she was parted by Archbishop Oda on account of kinship. She and her mother Ethelgiftt from their hostility to Dunstan, have been made the victims of monastic legend. Later legends confound her and her mother, and give an untrustworthy account of various cruelties perpetrated on her by Oda and the monks.
  178. ^ Jeifgiftj (fl. 1030), 'of Northampton,' perhaps the mistress of Olaf, the Saint and certainly of Cnut, to whom she bore Harold and Swend. In 1030 Cnut sent her with Swend to rule over Norway.
  179. ^ Aelfheah known as St Alphege, and also called Godwine (954–1012), archbishop of Canterbury ; monk at Deerhurst; anchorite at Bath; bishop of Winchester, 984; archbishop of Canterbury, 1006; promoted council of Enham, which made enactments against heathenism and sale of slaves; incurred hatred of Northmen by confirming Olaf Tryggwesson in his Christianity, and obtaining from him promise, 994, not again toinvadi- Kiiliuul; captured in invasion of Danes loll, and, on refusing to ransom himself, was put to death. Cnut translated his body to Canterbury, and Auselm in 1078 induced Lanfrauc to recognise his canonisation.
  180. ^ Aelfhere (d. 983), ealdorman of the Mercians.
  181. ^ Alfred (849–901), king of the West-Saxons, the sou of Ethelwulf; born at Wantage; sent to Home, where Leo IV hallowed him to king, 853, returning to England in 856; no attempt was made to set him on the throne on his father's death, though he perhaps bore the title of secuudarius during his brothersreigns; assisted his brother, Ethelred I, against the Danes, and fought at JSscesdun, Basing, and Mertou (871); succeeded his brother, defeated the Danes at Wilton, and obtained a respite by concluding a treaty, 871; the legendary account of the liarshness of his early rule and of his three years sojourn in hiding at Glastonbury untrustworthy in its particulars and largely mythical; called to meet, according to authentic history, the second great invasion of the I Danes in December 878, headed by Guthrum, who overran ! Somerset without opposition; gathered a small company, j with which he took post at Athelney; seven weeks later j defeated the Danes at Ethandun (seemingly Edington i in Wiltshire), on which peace followed (Guthrum being j baptised and assigned a dominion in the north and east j of England roughly speaking, the part beyond Watling Street under the nominal overlordship of Alfred); war with Guthrum renewed in 884 by JElfred; acquired London, which he fortified and about the same time received the submission of the Angles and Saxons throughout Britain, as well as of several princes of Wales; assailed, after a few years of comparative quiet, by another great host of Northmen, who were joined by the Danes of EastAnglia in 894. War raged in all parts of England until 897, when the invaders withdrew, and Alfred, by im- j proving liis ships, put an end to the ravagings of the smaller vikings. Alfred died on 28 Oct. 901, and was ! buried at New Minster (afterwards Hyde Abbey) at I Winchester. His wife Ealhswith survived him. Alfred not only saved Wessex from the perils of the Scandinavian invasions, but made his kingdom a centre for the deliverance and union of the whole country. The stress of the times naturally strengthened the royal authority. Much of the fame of Alfred's institutions is legendary. His legislation consisted simply in selecting the best of the laws of the earlier kings, but the account of his division of England into hundreds and shires may have some basis in a reorganisation of southern Mercia. jElf red's promotion of learning is perhaps the most distinctive feature of his rule. His foundation of schools at Oxford is fabulous, but he brought to Wessex the best scholars of the time, including Plegmund, Werfrith, Grimbold, John the Old-Saxon, Asser, and John Scotus Erigena. Men of eminence in any useful art, like the seafaring Othhere, were also encouraged. The time of I his own greatest literary activity lay between 886 and; 893. His chief writings were Ms translations of Boethius 'Consolation of Philosophy of the histories of Baeda and ! Orosius and of the - Pastoral Care of Gregory the Great, j His Boethius was edited by Samuel Fox in 1864; his Bseda is printed in Smith's edition of 1 722; his Orosius was edited by Dr. Bosworth in 1851, and his Gregory's Pastoral by Henry Sweet for the Early-English Text Society in 1871-2. These works were not merely translations; they were carefully recast in a thoroughly English spirit, so that they form a part of the country's earliest literature. .KLFRFJ) (d. 1036), eetheling; younger son of Ethelred II and Emma; fled to Normandy with his brother Eadward on conquest of England by Sweyn, 1013; after death of Cnut (1035) landed at Dover, and was captured at Guildford by Godwin. While being conveyed to Ely he was blinded by his captors, and died there of his wounds.
  182. ^ Aelfric (d. 1005), archbishop of Canterbury, possibly seventh abbot of St. Albans, was bishop of Ramsbury and Wilton, and was elected to Canterbury In 996. His body was buried at Abingdon and translated to Canterbury in Cnut's reign. His will is extant.
  183. ^ Aelfric called BATA (fl. 1005), a monk and a disciple of -Aelfric (. 1006)
  184. ^ Aelfric, called GRAMMATICUS (fl. 1006), erroneously identified with -Sllfric (d. 1005) and Elfric (rf. 1051); pupil of Ethelwold; monk at Winchester: successively abbot of Cerne and Ensham: author of two books of Homilies, translations from Latin writers. The Paschal homily against transubstantiation was published in 1666 under ecclesiastical patronage as A Testimonie of Antiquitie and re-edited in 1877. The Homilies were published in 1844-6. Ten other works of his survive. Elfric is a most prominent figure in Anglo-Saxon literature, and his writings are important from their illustration of the belief and practice of the early English church.
  185. ^ Aelfric (fl. 950?-101G?), ealdorman of the East Mercians, son of Aelfhere q. v. j; succeeded his father in 983, and was banished in 986, but restored to favour before 991; attempted to betray an English fleet to the Danes, 992, and in 1003 would not fight against Swend; perhaps identical with ealdorman jElfric who fell at Assandun in 1016.
  186. ^ Aelfric (fl. 1045), abbot of St. Albans, possibly eleventh abbot. Matthew Paris, whose account is full of errors, says that MUric was chancellor of King Ethelred before he became monk, that he composed and set to music a life of St. Alban, and that he died during a dispute with monks of Ely occasioned by his own duplicity.
  187. ^ Aelfric (fl. 1050), archbishop-elect of Canterbury ; rejected by Eadward for Robert of London.
  188. ^ Aelfric called Porroc (d. 1051), archbishop of York, and provost of Winchester; consecrated to York in 1023; held Worcester temporarily (1040-1), and was accused of persuading Harthacnut to lay waste the sliire because the men of Worcester would not receive him as bishop.
  189. ^ Aelfsige (d. 959), bishop of Winchester, 951; elected to Canterbury, 958, but died on his way to Rome to receive the pall.
  190. ^ Aelfthryth (d. 929), daughter of King -331 f red; wife of Baldwin II of Flanders; ancestress of Matilda, William the Conqueror's wife.
  191. ^ Aelfthryth, ELFTHRYTH (945 ?-1000), daughter of Ordgar; mother of Ethelred II; slew her stepson Eadward. William of Malmesbury's romantic account of her life is mainly fabulous.
  192. ^ Aelfweard (d. 1044), bishop of London; monk of Ramsey; abbot of Evesham, 1014; bishop of London, 1035. Smitten with leprosy at close of life, he retired to Ramsey, which he enriched with numerous relics.
  193. ^ Aelfwig (d. 1066), abbot of New Minster (1063); uncle of Harold; fell at the battle of Hastings,
  194. ^ Aelfwine (d. 1047), bishop of Winchester, 1032; chaplain of Cnut and (in legend and ballad) the lover of Cnut's widow, Emma; bishop, 1032.
  195. ^ Aella (d. 514? ), Saxon ealdorman ; landed in Britain, 477; captured Anderida, 491; became king of South Saxons and first Bretwalda
  196. ^ Aella (d. 588), first king of the Deirans, 559 ; son of Iff a and grandfather of Oswald; threw off Bernician yoke.
  197. ^ Jella (d. 867), king of the Northumbrians ; slain by the Danes in a great battle near York.
  198. ^ Alenoth, (fl. 1085-1109), monkish biographer; native of Canterbury; wrote a Latin life of St. Canute the Martyr (printed Copenhagen, 1602).
  199. ^ Aelsinus (10th cent.), a Winchester monk, illuminator and miniaturist.
  200. ^ Aesc or Oisc (d. 512?), king of Kent ; son of Hengist the Jute; landed at Ebbsfieet, 449; shared his father's victories at Crayford (457) and Wippedsfleet; reigned in Kent, 488-512.
  201. ^ See Ethel-.
  202. ^ See Ethelstan.
  203. ^ Sir Edmund Affleck (1783?–l 788), admiral: lieutenant, 1745; captain, 1757; Bailed with Rodney to relieve Gibraltar, 1779; served in N. Ajnerica, and distinguished himself in repulse of French at St. Christopher's, and leeward of Dominica, 1782.
  204. ^ Philip Affleck (1726–1799), admiral, brother of Sir Edmund Affleck; lieutenant, 1755; distinguished himself under Boscawen at Louisbourg, 1758; served under Rodney in West Indies, 1780; admiralty lord, 1793-9.
  205. ^ Arthur Agard or Agarde (1540–1615), antiquary; appointed 1570 deputy chamberlain of the exchequer; drew up catalogues of state papers and records, and also a Latin treatise elucidating k Domesday Book: one of the earliest members of a society of antiquaries founded by Archbishop Parker, 1672. His essays for this society on the antiquity of shires, and of parliament, on old land measures, heralds, the Inns of Court, and similar topics, were printed by T. Hearne in his Collections (1720 and 1775). His scholarly acumen enabled him to fix the authorship of the Dialogus de Scaccario (see FITZNEALE or FiTZNiGEL, RICHARD). He was buried in Westminster Abbey cloisters. Many of his manuscripts are in the British Museum.
  206. ^ Radulph Agas or Ralph (1540?–1621), land surveyor and maker of maps; practised as a surveyor in his native Suffolk, but is known for his three celebrated maps or rather bird's-eye views of Oxford (1678, Bodleian Libr.), Cambridge (1592, ft.), and London (1592?, Pepysian and Guildhall Libraries). His admirable view of London was reissued with spurious alterations by G. Vertue in 1737, and accurately by W. H. Overall in 1874 (Civitas Londinum).
  207. ^ James Laurent Agasse (d. 1846?), artist; born at Geneva; studied at Paris, and practised in England, 1801-45, as a painter of horses and dogs.
  208. ^ Agelnoth, see Ethelnoth.
  209. ^ Edward Aggas fl. 1564–1601), apprentice to H. Toy, and afterwards bookseller and printer in St. Paul's Churchyard; a number of his publications are translations, possibly his own.
  210. ^ Robert Aggas or Angus (d. 1679), scene-painter to Dorset Garden Theatre, temp. Charles II.
  211. ^ Augustine Aglio (1777–1867), artist; born at Cremona; studied at Milan; decorated London interiors and theatre ceilings; sent landscapes to Royal Academy, and executed much lithographic work.
  212. ^ Edward Aglionby (1520–1587?), recorder of Warwick, 1572, and M.P. for that town: made an oration to Elizabeth on her visit ther; rendered from Latin the Epistle of Dr. Mathewe Gribalde 1550.
  213. ^ John Aglionby (d. 1611), royal chaplain and principal of St. Edmund Hall, Oxford.
  214. ^ Sir Andrew Agnew , BAUT. (1687–1771), general, of Wigtonshire; fought at Ramillies, Oudenarde, and Malplaquet; promoted lieutenant-colonel, 1740: distinguished himself at Dettiugen, and against Jacobites at Blair Castle (1746); assheriffof Tynemouth Castle was known to Walter Scott.
  215. ^ Sir Andrew Agnew , BART. (1793–1849), Sabbatarian promoter; took charge in 1832 of abortive parliamentary movement to 4 protect the Lord's Day
  216. ^ Patrick Alexander Vans Agnew (1822–1848), Indian official; assistant to resident at Lahore, 1848; despatched on administrative mission to Multan; was there murdered by natives (April), an outrage which led to second Sikh war and annexation of Punjab.
  217. ^ Grace Aguilar (1816–1817), novelist ; of (Spanish) Jewish parentage; after some girlish dramas and poems, produced in 1842 Spirit of Judaism and similar essays. Better known are her novelsHome Influence, 1 1847, A Mother's Recompense 1860, and the pathetic fifteenthcentury Spanish story, The Vale of Cedars 1850 (last two translated into German).
  218. ^ Agus or AGAS, BENJAMIN (fl. 1662), divine, of Wymondham, Norfolk; published a Vindication of Nonconformity
  219. ^ Agt TTER, WILLIAM (1758–1835), preacher ; M.A. Magdalen College, Oxford, 1784; noted for his sermon?, especially one contrasting deathbeds of Dr. Johnson and David Hume (1786).
  220. ^ Aickin or AIKIH, FRANCIS (d. 1805), actor ; Dublin weaver's sou; played at Smock Alley, Dublin; appeared at Drury Lane as Dick inConfederacy 1766; hit i -r in tragic parts, and managed Liverpool and Edinburgh theatres.
  221. ^ James Aickin or Aikin (d. 1803), actor; brother of Francis Aikin; appeared at Canongate, Edinburgh, 1766, Drury Lane, 1767, in heavy parts; fought duel with John Kemble over a theatre quarrel, 1792.
  222. ^ Aidan (d. 600), West Scottish king (of Dalriada).
  223. ^ Saint Aidan (d. 651), first bishop of Lindisfarue ; set outtfrom lona, 635, to evangelise Northumbria; was befriended by King Oswald, whose people flocked to hear the monks of Liudisfarne; on Oswald's death worked chiefly in Deira, winning the heart of King Oswini, whose death at Bamborough (August 651) he survived but a few days; buried at Lindisfarne.
  224. ^ Mary Aikenhead (1787–1858), founder of the Irish sisters of charity; bred a protestant; opened the first (Roman catholic) convent of sisters of charity. Dublin, 1816.
  225. ^ Thomas Aikenhead (1678?–1697), Edinburgh apothecary's son; hanged for ridiculing the bible.
  226. ^ Anna Letitia Aikin (1743-1825). See Barbauld.
  227. ^ Arthur Aikin (1773–1854), chemist; son of John Aikin; educated by Barbauld at Palgrave; a pioneer of Geological Society, 1807; a fellow of Linnean Society; secretary of Society of Arts; treasurer of Chemical Society, 1841; published manuals of mineralogy and chemistry, a Dictionary of these sciences (1807-14), and translated Denon's Travels (1801).
  228. ^ Charles Rochemont Aikin (1775–1847), doctor; M.R.C.S.; wrote on Cowpox (1800), and collaborated in the Chemical Dictionary of his elder brother, Arthur Aikin.
  229. ^ Edmund Aikin (1780–1820), architect: brother of Arthur and Charles Aikin; contributed architectural articles to Rees's Encyclopaedia.
  230. ^ John Aikin (1713–1780), scholar and theological tutor; born in Scotland; studied at Aberdeen with distinction; became divinity tutor at (dissenting) Warrington Academy (1761-78); D.D. Aberdeen.
  231. ^ John Aikin (1747–1822), author ; son of preceding ; studied at Edinburgh, London, and Leyden (M.D.): practised at Yarmouth; removed to Stoke Newington, 1798; his house a resort of liberal thinkers, Priestley, Darwin, Howard, and others; compiledMemoirs of Medicine in Great Britain the lion's share of the ten-vol. General Biography and wrote biographical and- critical essays and prefaces.
  232. ^ Lucy Aikin (1781–1864), daughter of preceding; lived chiefly at Hampstead, where she compiled her 'historical memoirsof the courts of Elizabeth (1818), of James I (1822), of Charles I (1833), her lives of Addison and Mrs. Barbauld (her aunt), and minor pieces. Her correspondence with Channing (1826-1842) is a valuable illustration of the Unitarian circle to which the Aikins belonged.
  233. ^ William Aikman (1682–1731), portraitist ; studied under Sir J. Medina: practised at Edinburgh; painted portraits of Allan Ramsay and Thomson (whom he assisted), Gay, Somervile, and Argyll; modelled his style on Kneller.
  234. ^ Ailmer (d. 1137). See Ethelmer.
  235. ^ Ailred of Rievaulx (1109?–1166). See ETHELRED.
  236. ^ Thomas Ainger (1799–1863), honorary prebendary of St. Paul's.
  237. ^ George Robert Ainslie (1776–1839), general ; ensign 19th regiment, 1793, captain, 1794, major, 1799; lieutenant-colonel in a fencible regiment, 1800; lieutenant-colonel 25th regiment, 1807; brevet-colonel, 1810; governor of Eustatius, 1812, of Dominica, 1813-14; majorgeneral, 1814; collector of Anglo-Norman coins; author of Anglo-French Coinage 1830.
  238. ^ Henry Ainslie (1760–1834), senior wrangler, second Smith's prizeman, and fellow of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, 1781; physician to Addenbrook's Hospital, 1787; M.D. 1793, F.R.C.P. 1795; physician to St. Thomas's Hospital, 1795-1800; Harveian orator, 1802.
  239. ^ Hew Ainslie (1792–1878), amanuensis to Dugald Stewart; attracted to Robert Owen's settlement at New Harmony, Indiana, 1822; afterwards a brewer; his collected songs and ballads, published New York, 1866.
  240. ^ Sir Robert Ainslie (1730?–1812), ambassador and numismatist; knighted 1775; ambassador to Constantinople, 1776-92; pensioned, 1796; M.P. for Milborne Port, Somerset, 1796-1802; created baronet, 1804; formed collection of ancient Eastern and north African coins, descriptions of which were published by 1'Abbate Domenico Sestini in eleven volumes, 1789-1806; also of illustrations of Eastern life, drawings of which by Luigi Mayer were engraved by Thomas Milton and published in three volumes 1801-4.
  241. ^ Robert Ainslie (1766–1838), writer to the signet, 1789; brother of Sir Whitelaw; correspondent of Burns, and author of two small religious works,
  242. ^ Sir Whitelaw Ainslie (1767–1837), surgeon in East India Company's service, 1788-1815; published Materia Medica of Hindoostau (1813) and similar works.
  243. ^ Henry Ainsworth (1571–1623?), leader of the separatist congregation at Amsterdam; scholar of Cains College, Cambridge, 1587-91; became a Brownist and bookseller's porter atAmsterdam in 1593, and then teacher at Francis Johnson's church; with Johnson founded an independent congregation there; sole or part author of Confession of Faith of the People called Brownists 1596; finally separated from Johnson in 1610; died at Amsterdam. In rabbinical and oriental scholarship he was equalled by few in Europe, writing numerous controversial and exegetical works, many of them now rare.
  244. ^ Robert Ainsworth (1660–1743), lexicographer ; was educated at Boltou, and kept schools there and, after 1698, at Bethnal Green, Hackney, and other places near London; collected coins, and was elected F.S.A. in 1724; wrote an important treatise on education, 1698, and compiled a Latin-English dictionary, 1 736.
  245. ^ William Francis Ainsworth (1807–1896), geologist; cousin of William Harrison Ainsworth; L.R.O.S., Edinburgh, 1827; studied geology in London, Paris, and Brussels; founded, 1830, Edinburgh Journal of Natural and Geographical Science (1830-1); surgeon and geologist to expedition to Euphrates, under Francis Rawdon Chesney, 1835; took charge of expedition to Christians of Chaldea, 1838-40; published accounts of both expeditions; editor of New Monthly Magazine 1871; original fellow of Royal Geographical Society, 1830; F.S.A. 1830. His works include Travels in the Track of the Ten Thousand Greeks 1844.
  246. ^ William Harrison Ainsworth (1805-1882), novelist; educated at Manchester Grammar School, and articled to a solicitor there in 1821; went to London to finish his legal education in 1824, and was in business as a publisher, 1826-8, Scott writingBonnets of Bonnie Dundee for one of his annuals; his first novel, 'Rookwood published 1834, immediately successful; edited Bentley's Miscellany 1840-2, and Ainsworth's Magazine 1842-53, when he acquiredNew Monthly Magazine; lived at Kensal Green, where Dickens, Thackeray, Landseer, Clarkson Stanfield, Talfourd, Jerrold, and Cruikshank were among his guests. He wrote thirty-nine novels, chiefly historical, of which the best known are Jack Sheppard 1839, Tower of London 1840, Old St. Paul's 1841,The Miser's Daughter 1842, and Windsor Castle 1843.
  247. ^ Aio (d. 974), historian; a fabulous monk of Croyland Abbey, whose supposititious work is quoted in Ingulf's forged Chronicle
  248. ^ Christopher Airay (1601–1670), pioneer in English logic; fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, 1627, and subsequently incumbent of Milford, Hampshire; publishedFasciculus Praeceptorum Logicorum 1628.
  249. ^ Henry Airay (1560?–1616), puritan divine; fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, 1586; provost, 1598; as vice-chancellor in 1606 he came into conflict with Laud; rector of Bletchingdon, 1616; an evangelical Calvinist, he preached fierce sermons against Rome.
  250. ^ Thomas Aird (1802–1876), Scottish poet; educated at Edinburgh, where he became acquainted with Garlyle, James Hogg, and De Quincey; published his first work, Martzoufle 1826; contributed to Blackwood's Magazine; edited Dumfriesshire and Galloway Herald 1835-63; published collected poems, 1848.
  251. ^ Sir George Airey (1761–1833), general; ensign, 71st regiment, 1779; accompanied 48th regiment to West, Indies as lieutenant, 1781; captain 1788; assisted Sir Charles Grey in reducing French West India Islands, 1793; lieutenant-colonel 8th regiment, 1798; held offices in Minorca, Ireland, Sicily, and the Ionian Islands; lieutenant-general, 1821; received command of 39th regiment, 1823; K.C.H.
  252. ^ Sir James Talbot Airey (1812–1898), general; son of Sir George Airey; ensign, 1830; extra aidede-camp to Major-general Elphinstone, 1841; served at Cabul and in Gwalior campaign; major, 1851; served in Crimea; lieutenant-general and K.C.B., 1877; general, 1881.
  253. ^ Richard Airey, Lord Airey (1803–1881), general; son of Sir George Airey; educated at Sandhurst, and was successively ensign, lieutenant, captain, major, and lieutenant-colonel, 34th regiment, 1821-38; colonel and military secretary to Lord Hardinge, 1852; quartermastergeneral to Crimean army, 1854-5; major-general and K.C.B., 1864; quartermaster-general, 1865-65; exonerated himself of charges of inefficiency in Crimea, 1856; governor of Gibraltar, 1865-70; G.C.B., 1867; general, 1871; created peer, 1876; president of the commission on the short service system,.1879.
  254. ^ Airth, first Earl (1591–1661). See William Graham, 1st Earl of Airth.
  255. ^ Sir George Biddell Airy (1801–1892), astronomer royal; sizar of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1819; senior wrangler, and first Smith's prizeman, 1823; fellow, 1824; member of Astronomical Society, 1828, and of Geological Society, 1829; Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge, 1826; Plumian professor of astronomy and director of Cambridge observatory, 1828; astronomer royal, 1835-81; F.R.S., 1836: equipped Royal Observatory with instruments designed by himself; created at Greenwich magnetic and meteorological department, 1838; reduced all planetary and lunar observations made at Greenwich from 1760 to 1830; gold medallist, Royal Astronomical Society, 1846; controlled British expeditions to observe transit of Venus, 1874, and subsequently reduced collected data; D.C.L., Oxford, 1844; LL.D., Cambridge, 1862, and Edinburgh; K.O.B., 1872; published voluminous writings on astronomical subjects.
  256. ^ John Aislabie (1670–1742), statesman ; M.P. for Ripon, 1695-1702 and 1706-21, and for Nortballerton, 1702; one of commissioners for executing office of lord high admiral, 1712; successively treasurer of navy, and chancellor of exchequer, 1714-18; supported South Sea Company's scheme for paying off national debt, 1719, and on its failure was expelled the house, 1721.
  257. ^ Sir Charles Umpherston Aitchison (1832–1896), lieutenant-governor of the Punjab; educated at Edinburgh (M.A., 1853, LL.D., 1877), and at Halle; entered Indian civil service, 1855; mider-secretary in political department, India, 1859-65; commissioner of Lahore; foreign secretary, 1868-78; chief commissioner of British Burma, 1878-81; lieutenant-governor of the Punjab, 1882; member of governor-general's council, 1887-8: K.C.S.I., 1881; C.I.E., 1882; publishedCollection of Treaties ... relating to India(1862-92, 11 vola.), and other works.
  258. ^ James Aitken (1752–1777), incendiary, known as John the Painter ; apprenticed as house-painter in Edinburgh; came to London and took to highway-robbery on Finchley Common; fled to America and took part in tea-duty riots at Boston; returned, 1775, and, being imbued with anti-monarchical principles, planned destruction of British navy when about to sail against America; succeeded in firing some storehouses at Portsmouth and Bristol, and was ultimately executed at Portsmouth.
  259. ^ John Aitken (1793–1833), editor of 'Constable's Miscellany'; employed in a bank, but in 1822 became bookseller in Edinburgh; wrote occasional verse and prost-.
  260. ^ Robert Aitken (1800–1873), preacher ; ordained, 1823; withdrew from English church; preached in Wesleyan and other chapels, and returned to English church, 1840; beneflced hi Cornish parishes; directed building of a fine church at Pendeen.
  261. ^ Sir William Aitken (1825–1892), pathologist ; M.D. Edinburgh, 1848; assistant pathologist to medical commission in Crimea, 1856; professor of pathology at army medical school, Fort Pitt, Chatham (afterwards at Netley), 1860-92; F.R.S, 1873; knighted, 1887; published medical writings.
  262. ^ John Aitkin (d. 1790), surgeon ; M.R.O.S. Edinburgh, 1770; surgeon and lecturer at Edinburgh, 1779; made some practical improvements in surgery and wrote medical works.
  263. ^ John Aiton (1797–1863), religious writer; son of William Aiton (1760-1848); published a refutation of Robert Owen, 1824.
  264. ^ William Aiton (1731–1793), botanist ; assistant gardener at Botanic Garden, Chelsea, 1754; manager of Kew Botanic Gardens, 1759; manager of royal forcing and pleasure gardens at Kew and Richmond, 1783; published 4 Hortus Kewensis 1789.
  265. ^ William Aiton (1760–1848), sheriff-substitute of Lanark: authority on Scottish husbandry; wrote historical and agricultural works.
  266. ^ William Townsend Aiton (1766–1849), botanist; son of William Aiton (1731-1793), whom he assisted and succeeded at Kew, 1793; edited his father's Hortus Kewensis 1810-13; a founder and fellow of the Royal Horticultural Society.
  267. ^ Mark Akenside (1721–1770), poet and physician ; after 1737 contributed frequently to theGentleman's Magazine; sent to Edinburgh to study theology, 1739, but abandoned it for medicine, 1740; member of the Medical Society of Edinburgh, 1740; practised in Newcastle, 1741-3; went to London and published Pleasures of the Imagination a didactic poem, 1744; toured in Holland, and graduated doctor of physic at Leyden; practised at Northampton, 1744, and at Hampstead, 1745-7; becoming embarrassed, he was relieved and provided for by Jeremiah Dyson, and ultimately rose to eminence in his profession; doctor (by mandamus) of Cambridge University and F.R.S., 1753: F.O.P., 1754; physician to Christ's Hospital, 1759; physician to the queen, 1761; collected poems published, 1772.
  268. ^ Alan of Beccles (d. 1240), official secretary to Archbishops Pandulph and Thomas de Blundeville of Norwich, 1218-36; archdeacon of Sudbury, 1225; one of the arbitrator? between Bishop Grosseteste and his chapter, 1239.
  269. ^ Alan of Lynn (. 1424?), Carmelite monk and scholastic.
  270. ^ Alan of Tewkesbury (12th century), writer ; probably for some years canon of Benevento, Italy, where he became interested in Henry II's struggle with Becket; entered monastery of Christ Church, Canterbury, 1174; incurred Henry II's displeasure by procuring authority to collect Peter's pence; subsequently Abbot of Tewkesbury till death; wrote life of Becket.
  271. ^ Alan of Walsingham (d. 1364?), architect; junior monk at Ely, 1314; sub-prior, 1321; designed St. Mary's Chapel, now Trinity Church, Ely; sacristan 1321; rebuilt tower of the cathedral and made other additions, constructing the unique lantern; prior, 1341; bisho-elect of Ely, 1344 and 1361, but election set aside by the pope.
  272. ^ William Alan (1532–1594). See William Allen (cardinal).
  273. ^ Sir John Fortescue Aland , first Baron Fortescue of Credan (1670–1746), justice of common pleas, 1728-46; solicitor-general to Prince of Wales, 1714, and to king, 1715; baron of exchequer, 1717; justice of king's bench, 1728.
  274. ^ Alexander Alane (1500–1565). See Alexander Alesius.
  275. ^ John Alasco (1499–1560). See John Laski.
  276. ^ St Alban . (d. 304?), called ' protomartyr of Britain; said by Bede to have suffered (22 June, c. 304), on site of future abbey of St. Albans, martyrdom for sheltering a Christian cleric who converted him; Offa (d. 796) is believed to have discovered the martyr's body. 1753-18 T JOHN YONGE (1806-1873), numismatist and antiquary; secretary to William Cobbett, and later, to Lord Albert Couyngham; F.S.A., 1834; joint secretary, 1848, and sole secretary, 1853-60; started and contributed largely to Numismatic Journal; helped to found Numismatic Society of London, 1836.
  277. ^ William Alabaster (1567–1640), Latin poet and divine; nephew by marriage of John Still, author of Gammer Gurton's Needle; educated at Westminster and Trinity College, Cambridge; began a Latin epic to Elizabeth, preserved in manuscript: wrote Roxana before 1592; accompanied Earl of Essex as chaplain to Cadiz, 1596; converted to Romanism; after publishing several religious works and suffering imprisonment was reconverted to protestantism: D.D., prebendary of St. Paul's and rector of Therfleld, Hertfordshire.
  278. ^ Alain de Lille or De L'Isle (1114–1203), scholar; has been identified with Alain de Flandre, bishop of Auxerre, c. 1152; nationality uncertain; probably spent much time in England with Cistercians; wrote Commentary on Merlin's Prophecies and in prose and verse on other subjects; possibly rector of the ecclesiastical school, Paris; retired to abbey of Citeaux, where he died.
  279. ^ Louisa, Countess of Albany (1753–1824), wife of Prince Charles Edward, the Young Pretender; daughter of Gustavus Adolphus, prince of Stolberg-Gederu; on death of her father became pensioner of Empress Maria I Theresa; canouess of Mons, 1770; secretly married Charles Edward, 1772; left him after eight years, and li ved with Alfieri the poet; on outbreak of French revolution came to England and was received at court; on death of Alfieri (1830) lived with Fabre, a French artist; died at Florence.
  280. ^ Albert Francis Charles Augustus Emmanuel, Prince-Consort of England (1819–1861), second son of Ernest, duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and of Louise, daughter of Augustus, duke of Saxe-GothaAltenburg; educated under private tutor; visited England with Duke of Coburg, 1836, when the Princess Victoria expressed her willingness to accept Albert as consort; continued his education at Brussels and Bonn, 1836-8; travelled through Italy with Baron Stockmar; came to England and became betrothed to Queen Victoria, 1839; married 1840; his annuity, proposed at 50,000., was fixed at 30,0007., largely through influence of Peel; counselled by Stockmar; became a director of the Ancient Concerte and assisted Philharmonic Society; appointed regent in case of queen's death, 1840; placed by Peel at head of royal commission on rebuilding of Houses of Parliament, 1841; LL.D., Cambridge, 1843; chaucellor of Cambridge University, 1847; largely aided the queen in the performance of her political duties, and offered advice to ministers; created favourable impression by sympathy with condition of working-classes, 1848; advocated successfully Alterations in system of study at Cambridge; projected iiirii of International Exhibition (carried out, 1851); on his suggestion a camp for training troops formed at Chobham, 1853; gave advice of value throughout the Crimean war; suggested in regard to Trent affair a conciliatory attitude which averted war with United States, November 1861: showed signs of serious illness early in IHCl; typhoid fever developed late in the year; he died 14 Dec.
  281. ^ Victor Christian Edward Albert , DUKE OP CLARENCE AND AVONDALE and EARL OF ATHLONE (1864-1892), eldest son of the Prince of Wales (afterwards Edward VII); joined training ship Britannia at Portemouth, 1877; entered Trinity College, Cambridge, 1883; hon. LL.D., 1888; captain and aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria, 1889; betrothed to Princess Mary of Teck (afterwards Duchess of Cornwall and York and Princess of Wales), 1891, but died before marriage.
  282. ^ Emma Albertazzi (1813–1847), vocalist ; pupil, of Sir Michael Costa, 1827; studied in Italy under Professor Oelli; sang with great success in Milan, Madrid, Paris, and London; died of consumption.
  283. ^ George William Alberti (1723–1758), essayist; born at Osterode-am-Harz; graduated at Gottingen, 1745: spent some years in England; protestaut minister of Tundern, Hanover; published philosophical and theological works.
  284. ^ James Albert (1838–1889), dramatist ; became playwright, and in 1866 his " Dr. Davy was produced at the Lyceum. His most successful play was Two Roses produced at the Vaudeville, 1870, with (Sir) Henry Irving as Digby Grant.
  285. ^ Eleazar Albin (fl. 1713–1759), naturalist and teacher of water-colour drawing; published works on natural history, with coloured illustrations.
  286. ^ Henry Albin (1624–1696), ejected minister; educated at Glastonbury and Oxford; ordained; ejected for nonconformity from West Cammel, 1660, and from Donyatt, Somerset; stated preacher at Frome Selwood, Shepton Mallet, Bruton, and Wincanton in rotation, 1687.
  287. ^ William de Albini (Brito) (d. 1156), justiciar ; son of Robert de Todeni, lord of Belvoir, itinerant justice, 1130; lands forfeited by Stephen, but afterwards restored,
  288. ^ William de Albini (Pincerna), Earl of Arundel (d. 1176), son of William de Albini Pincerna (the Butler), by Maud, daughter of Roger le Bigod; married Adeliza, widow of Henry I, adherent of Stephen; confirmed by Henry II in his earldom, and served under him against Prince Henry, 1173.
  289. ^ William de Albini, Earl of Arundel, also Earl of Sussex (d. 1221), grandson of preceding ; favourite of King John, but in the barons revolt adhered to their side; justiciar, 1217.
  290. ^ William de Albini or Aubeney (d. 1236), grandson of preceding; sheriff and itinerant justice under Richard I, John, and Henry III; of the moderate party in the barons revolt; finally fought against John; high in Henry III's favour.
  291. ^ Albinus (d. 732), abbot of St. Peter's, Canterbury ; assisted Bede in his Historia Ecclesiastical
  292. ^ Albis or Albius (1593–1676). See Thomas White.
  293. ^ Baron Alcester . See SEYMOUR, FREDERICK Beauchamp Paget.
  294. ^ Alchfrith (.?. 655), uuder-king of theDeirans; son of Oswiu, king of Northumbria, and Eanflaed, daughter of Eadwine; married Cyneburh, daughter of Penda, king of Mercia; with Oswiu defeated Mercians, 656; took part in struggle between Celtic and Roman churches, and finally joined Roman party.
  295. ^ William Turner Alchin (179U-1865), antiquary; librarian of Guildhall Library; compiled indexes to Winchester and Salisbury ecclesiastical registers.
  296. ^ Alchmund (d. 781), bishop of Hexham, 767 ; regarded as a saint.
  297. ^ John Alcock (1430–1500), bishop of Rochester, 1472, Worcester, 1476, Ely, 1486; LL.D., Cambridge c. 1461; rector, St.-Margaret- s, Fish Street; dean, St. Stephen's, Westminster; master of rolls, 1462; prebendary of St. Paul's and Salisbury, 1468; privy councillor, 1470-1; on several royal commissions under Richard III and Henry VII; lord chancellor, 1474 (conjointly with Rotherham, bishop of Lincoln) and 1485; tutor to Edward V; comptroller of royal buildings, 1485; published religious works.
  298. ^ John Alcock (1740?-1791), doctor of music, son of John Alcock (1715-1806), Mas. Bac., Oxford, 1766; organist at Walsall, 1773 till death; published vocal and instrumental music.
  299. ^ Alcock or ALLCOCK, JOHN (1715–1806), doctor of music; organist at Lichfield Cathedral, 1749-60; Mus. Doc., Oxford, 1765; won Catch Club prizes, 1770, 1771, and 1772; published musical compositions.
  300. ^ Nathan Alcock (1707–1779), physician ; studied at Edinburgh and Leyden, where he graduated M.D., 1737; lectured on chemistry at Oxford, though unauthorised by the university; M.A. and incorporated of Jesus College 1741; M.D., 1749; F.R.8.: F.R.C.P., 1754; afterwards practised at Runcorn. L 2371
  301. ^ Sir Rutherford Alcock (1809–1897), diplomatist; serred as army surgeon in Portugal, 1832-6, and Spain, 1836; nominated consul at Fuchow, China, 1844, and at Shanghai, 1846; first consul-general in Japan, 1858-65; K.O.B., 1862; honorary D.O.L., Oxford, 1863; minister-plenipotentiary at Peking, 1865-71; president of Geographical Society, 1876-8; published numerous works relating to Japan.
  302. ^ Simon Alcock (d. 1459?), scholastic writer ; M.A. and D.D. Oxford; held livings in Essex; prebendary of Hereford, 1436; probably canon of Lincoln; his writings never published.
  303. ^ Thomas Alcock (d. 1564), traveller in employ of Muscovy Company, 1558-63; journeyed in Russia and Poland, and crossing the Caspian Sea entered Persia, where he was murdered.
  304. ^ Thomas Alcock (1709–1798), miscellaneous writer, younger brother of Dr. Nathan Alcock; M.A. Oxford, 1741; held livings of Runcorn and, later, St. Budrock's, Plymouth.
  305. ^ Thomas Alcock (1784–1833), surgeon to St. James's workhouse, 1813-28; contributed largely to medical journals.
  306. ^ Alcuin or ALBINUS (English name EALWHINE) (735-804), theologian, man of letters, and coadjutor of Charlemagne in educational reforms; born at York and educated in cloister school under Archbishop Egbert and Ethelbert, afterwards archbishop; assisted in conduct of the school at York, and became master, 778; met Charlemagne at Parma, 781, and settled on the continent; endowed with abbeys of Ferrieres, Troyes, and St. Martin at Tours; took important part in council of Frankfort; retired as abbot of Tours, 796; wrote metrical annals, hagiological and philosophical works. AT.PAKT, THOMAS (d. 1660), quaker; early disciple of George Fox; imprisoned at York, 1652.
  307. ^ John Alday (fl. 1570), translator from French ; chiefly known by his English version, published c. 1567, of two French pamphlets, entitled Theatrum Mundi; translated also Praise and Dispraise of Women 1579, and possibly a French summary of Pliny, 1666.
  308. ^ Joshua Alder (1792–1867), zoologist; friend of Thomas Bewick; member of Newcastle Literary and Scientific Society, 1815; devoted himself to conchology and zoophytology; received civil list pension of 7d.. 1867; published with Albany Hancock a work on British Mollusca, 1845-55.
  309. ^ Laurence Aldersey (. 1581–1586), traveller ; , went to Jerusalem, journeying overland to Venice, 1881, and to Alexandria, visiting Tunis, Cyprus, and Syria, 1586; his accounts of his travels are in Hakluyt's Voyages
  310. ^ Amelia Alderson (1769–1853). See Opie.
  311. ^ Alderson Sm EDWARD HALL (1787–1857), judge; educated at Charterhouse and Caius College, Cambridge; Browne's medallist, 1807; senior wrangler, first Smith's prizeman, and first chancellor's medallist, 1809; called to bar, Inner Temple, 1811; reporter to king's bench, 1817-22; judge of court of common pleas, 1830; baron of exchequer, 1834.
  312. ^ Alderson Sir JAMES (1794–1882), physician : son i of John Alderson; M.A., Pembroke College, Cambridge, 1825; M.D., Magdalen College, Oxford, 1829; F.R.C.P., 1830: practised in Hull, and later in London; connected with St. Mary's hospital; president, College of Physicians, 1867; knighted, 1869; physician-extraordinary to queen, 1874.
  313. ^ John Alderson (1757–1829), physician ; practised ' in Hull; published essays on fever (1788) and paralysis (1792); physician to ilull infirmary, where a statue of him (1833) was erected.
  314. ^ Ealdfrith Aldfrith or EAHFRITH (d. 705), king of Northumbria; illegitimate son of Oswiu; succeeded his brother Ecgfrith, 685; renowned for his learning and piety; resisted the Romish party.
  315. ^ Aldoyth (. 1063), daughter of Elfgar, earl of Mercia: married Gruffydd, king of Wales, and later, probably, Harold, who had conquered Gruffydd, and was already pledged to a daughter of William I.
  316. ^ Aldhelm (640?–709), bishop of Sherbome, related to King 1 ne; educated under Theodore and Hadrian at Canterbury, and was foremost in the intellectual movement led by them; abbot of Malmesbury; built churches at Malmesbury, Bruton, and Wareham, and monasteries at Frome and Bradford; wrote works in verse and prose,
  317. ^ Aldhttn or EALDHUN (d. 1018), bishop of Durham ; appointed to Bernician see of Ohester-le-Street, Durham, 990; to escape ravages of Danes left Chester with his monks, and carried the body of St. Cuthbert to Ripon, 995; returned and built church at Durham; consecrated to the see, 998.
  318. ^ Aldi 8, Sm CHARLES (1775?–1863), surgeon; studied at Guy's and St. Bartholomew's hospitals, 1794; surgeon to Norman Cross barracks, c. 1798; introduced vaccination in Hertford; founded Cancer hospital, Clifford Street, London.
  319. ^ Charles James Berridge Aldis (1808–1872), physician; son of Sir Charles Aldls; educated at St. Paul's School and Trinity College, Cambridge; M.D., 1837 F.R.O.P., 1838; physician successively to several London dispensaries; effected improvements in sanitation, and did much to ameliorate condition of workshop hands; published medical works.
  320. ^ TAldred the Glossator (10th century), writer of the glosses in Northumbrian dialect inserted in the Lindisfarne Gospels c. 700.
  321. ^ Aldred (d. 1069), archbishop of York ; monk of Winchester; abbot of Tavistock, 1027; bishop of Worcester, 1044; ambassador from King Eadward the Confessor to Emperor Henry III, 1054; took charge of sees of Hereford and Ramsbury; journeyed to Jerusalem, 1058; archbishop of York, 1060; went to Rome to receive the pall, which was refused; was degraded from episcopate for various offences; robbed by brigands, whereat the pope was intimidated by Tostig and granted the pall; spent lavishly in cause of the church; after battle of Hastings upheld rights of Eadgar: submitted to William the Conqueror, whom and Matilda he crowned.
  322. ^ Henry Aldrich (1647–1710), divine and scholar educated at Westminster and Christ Church, OxfordM.A., 1669; D.D., 1682; dean of Christ Church, 1689 till death; said to have designed chapel of Trinity College and All Saintechurch, Oxford: left large musical library to his college; composed or adapted several anthems and songs; entrusted, with Spratt, with publication of Clarendon - Memoirs
  323. ^ Aldrich or ALDRIDGE, ROBERT, (d. 1556), scholar and divine; educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge; B.A., 1512: M.A. and schoolmaster of Eton, 1515; corresponded with and worked for Erasmus; prebendary of Lincoln, 1528; D.D., 1530; archdeacon of Colchester, 1531; canon of Windsor, 1534; registrar of order of Garter; provost of Eton, 1536; bishop of Carlisle, 1537; signed act of Six Articles, 1539, and the opinion on the king's marriage with Anne of Cleves, 1540; under Edward VI protested against church reforms.
  324. ^ William Aldridge (1737–1797), nonconformist minister; having idled away his youth, entered the Countess of Huntingdon's college at Trevecca; preached at Margate, Dover, and Wapping; left the countess's connexion and occupied the Jewry Street chapel for nearly twenty years.
  325. ^ Aldttlf king of Northumbria (d. 810). See Eardwulf.
  326. ^ Aldttlf or Ealdulf (d. 1002), archbishop of York; possibly chancellor to King Eadgar; monk and later abbot of Peterborough; elected to see of York, 992.
  327. ^ Tudur Aled (.-. 1480–1525), Welsh poet; Franciscan; pupil of Dafydd ab Edmwnd, and teacher of Gruffydd Hiraethog.
  328. ^ John Alefounder (d. 1796), portrait and miniature painter; silver medallist (Royal Academy), 1782; died in India.
  329. ^ Lord Alemoor (f . 1776). See Andrew Pringle.
  330. ^ Alexander Alesius (1500–1565), Lutheran divine; born and educated at Edinburgh; canon of St. Andrews; gained applause by confuting Luther's arguments, and was chosen to reclaim Patrick Hamilton, abbot of Fern, from Lutheran opinions, but was himself converted; imprisoned by provost of St. Andrews; fled to Germany, 1532; met Luther and Melanchthon; went to England as bearer of a letter from Melanchthon to Henry VIII, 1535; warmly welcomed by Cranmer and Latimer; divinity lecturer at Cambridge; practised as physician in London, where his religious views met with opposition, 1537; returned to Germany, 1540; professor of theology at Frankfort-on-the-Oder; attached as theologian to an unsuccessful embassy to Luther to induce him to sanction less extreme views than he himself professed, 1541; dean of theological faculty, Leipzig, 1543: visited Naumbug, 1664 and 1561, Nurnberg, 1555, and Dresden, 1561; engaged in arranging disputes among protestant parties; revisited England and translated into Latin Edward VI's first liturgy; twice rector of university of Leipzig, where he died; published many exegetical, dogmatic, and controversial works.
  331. ^ Alexander I (1078?–1124), king of Scotland: fourth son of Malcolm Canmore and Margaret, grandniece of Edward the Confessor; on his father's death, 1093, was protected by Edgar Atheling; on death of his brother Edgar, who reigned 1097-1107, succeeded to the kingdom north of Forth and Clyde; married Sibylla, a natural daughter of Henry I; earned title ofFierceby his defeat of the men of Moray and Mearns, c. 1115, and founded a church at Scone in honour of the victory; entered into dispute concerning filling of see of St. Andrews, maintaining that right of investiture lay with pope or archbishop of Canterbury and not with archbishop of York, but died before its final settlement.
  332. ^ Alexander II (1198–1249), king of Scotland : son of William the Lion and Ermengarde, daughter of Richard, viscount of Beaumont; knighted by King John of England, 1212; succeeded William the Lion, king of Scotland, 1214, and took part with barons against John; besieged Norham 1215; after invasions of Scotland by John and of England by Alexander, the latter did homage to Louis, the dauphin, at Dover; invaded England again, 1217, but, on defeat of Louis, made peace with Henry III, confirmed by treaty, 1219; married Joan, elder daughter of John, 1221; reduced Argyle and Caithness, 1222, and subdued insurrections, 1224 and 1228; repelled Norse invasion, 1230; married, secondly, Mary, daughter of Ingelram de Couci, 1239; quarrelled with Henry III over an alleged intended alliance with France; dispute settled by treaty at Newcastle, 1244; died of fever while attempting to wrest the Hebrides from Norway.
  333. ^ Alexander III (1241–1285), king of Scotland ; son of Alexander II and Mary de Couci; succeeded his father as a child, 1249; married Margaret, daughter of Henry III; knighted by Henry, who demanded homage, 1251; detected a plot to obtain papal legitimation of Marjory, a natural daughter of Alexander II, whereby her children might be heirs; removed chief conspirators from office; acted through regents the Earl of Menteith and the Comyns, 1251-5, and, from 1255, fifteen nobles chosen by Henry III; was in hands of a new regency, combining two parties of nobility, 1258. Alexander successfully resumed his father's project of uniting the Hebrides to his kingdom, 1261: assisted Henry III against the barons, 1264, and did homage to Edward I, 1278.
  334. ^ Alexander (d. 1148), bishop of Lincoln ; nephew of Roger, bishop of Salisbury, by whom he was adopted; archdeacon of Sarum, 1121; bishop of Lincoln, 1123; accompanied archbishops William of Canterbury and Thurstan of Yorh to Rome, 1125; took part in councils directed against marriage of clergy; built castles at Sleaford, Newark, and Banbury, and religious houses at Haverholme, Thame, Dorchester-ou-Thames; supported King Stephen, although he had previously sworn to receive Henry's daughter, Empress Maud, as queen; his loyalty being suspected, he and his uncle were arrested at Oxford, 1139; his castles surrendered; took part in reception of Maud by Bishop Henry of Blois at Winchester, 1141; revisited Rome, 1145; probably crowned Stephen at Lincoln, 1146.
  335. ^ Alexander of Canterbury (fl. 1120?), monk of Ohristchurch, Canterbury; author ofDicta Anselmi Archiepiscopi
  336. ^ Alexander of Ashby (. 1220), prior of the Austin priory, Ashby, Northampton; wrote theological tracts, chronicles, and Latin poems.
  337. ^ Alexander of Hales (d. 1245), philosopher; trained for the church; held successively various ecclesiastical appointments, and was finally archdeacon; retired to France; studied theology and metaphysics in Paris, where he lectured; lecturer to the Franciscan order, 1222-38; student of Aristotle and his Arab commentators; wrote Summa Theologiae (printed, 1476).
  338. ^ Mrs Alexander . CECIL FRANCES (1818–1895), poetess, nee Humphreys; with a friend, Lady Harriet Howard, wrote tracts in connection with Oxford movement from 1842; married, 1850, William Alexander, bishop of Derry (afterwards archbishop of Armagh). Her poetical works comprise many hymns, including There is a green hill far away
  339. ^ Daniel Asher Alexander (1768–1846), architect; educated at St. Paul's school; silver medallist, Royal Academy; surveyor to London Dock Company (1796-1831) and to Trinity House; designed lighthouses at Harwich and Luudy Island, and prisons at Dartmoor and Maidstone.
  340. ^ Helen Alexander (1654–1729), heroine of Scottish covenanters; avowed adherence to presbyterianism and the covenant; assisted many fugitives, including John Welsh and James Renwick. Her experiences were published from her dictation.
  341. ^ Alexander Sm JAMES EDWARD (1803–1885), general; lieutenant, 1825; in Balkans during RussoTurkish war, 1829; captain, 1830; aide-de-camp to Sir Benjamin D'Urban in Kaffir war, 1835; knighted, 1838; aide-de-camp successively to D'Urban and Sir William Rowan in Canada, 1847-55; in Crimea, 1855-6; colonel, 1858; in Maori war, 1860-2; major-general, 1868; O.B., 1873; general, 1881; published works relating to his service, and other writings. He was responsible for the preservation of Cleopatra's Needle.
  342. ^ John Alexander (d. 1743), presbyterian minister at Stratford-on- Avon and at Dublin; moderator of general synod of Ulster, 1734.
  343. ^ John Alexander (1736–1765), commentator; son of John Alexander (d. 1743); educated at Daveutry, with Priestley, 1751; studied biblical criticism under Dr. Qorge Benson; wrote several scriptural paraphrases.
  344. ^ Michael Solomon Alexander (1799–1845), first Anglican bishop of Jerusalem; born and educated in Germany in Jewish faith; private tutor in England; converted, 1825; taught Hebrew in Dublin and was ordained, 1827; worked at Danzig in connection with Society for Promoting Christianity among Jews, 1827-3U; professor of Hebrew, King's College, London, 1832-41; assisted in revising New Testament in Hebrew, 1835; bishop of united church of England and Ireland in Jerusalem, 1841; died in Egypt on journey to England; published religious works.
  345. ^ Sir William Alexander , Earl of Stirling (1567?-1640), poet and statesman; perhaps educated at Stirling, Glasgow, and Leyden; travelled as tutor to Archibald, earl of Argyle, to France, Spain, and Italy; tutor to Prince Henry, son of James VI; gentleman of bedchamber to Prince Henry, 1603; knighted, 1609; on death of Prince Henry, 1612, appointed to same position in household of Prince Charles; formed friendship with Drummond of Hawthornden, c. 1613; master of requests, 1614; assisted the king in a metrical version of the Psalms (published 1631), and received patent for sole printing rights for thirty-one years; granted jurisdiction over Nova Scotia and Canada, 1621; published Encouragement to Colonies 1625; secretary of state for Scotland, 1626 till death; raised to peerage, 1630; extraordinary judge of court of session, 1631; Earl of Stirling, 1633; died insolvent in London; published many volumes of poetry.
  346. ^ William Alexander (1726–1783), American general; son of James Alexander, who had fled to America after the rebellion of 1715; clerk in his mother's provision business at New York; joined army commissariat; aidede-camp and secretary to General Shirley; claimed unsuccessfully the earldom of Stirling, 1762; surveyor-general, New York; governor of Columbia College; commanded American militia regiment in war of independence, and served throughout the war; major-general, 1777.
  347. ^ William Alexander (1767–1816), artist, and first keeper of prints and drawings in British Museum, 1808; student at Royal Academy, 1784; junior draughtsman with Lord Macartney's embassy to China, 1792; professor of drawing at Military College, Great Marlow, 1802; published several volumes of engravings.
  348. ^ William Lindsay Alexander (1808–1884), congregational divine; educated at Leith High School, Edinburgh and St. Andrews; D.D., 1846; classical tutor in Blackburn Theological Academy, 1827-31; pastor, 18351877, of North College Street Congregational Church (which removed, 1861, to Augustine Charcb, George IV Bridge, Edinburgh); reviser of Old Testament, 1870; professor of theology at Theological Hall, Edinburgh, 1854, and principal, 1877; LL.D. Edinburgh, 1884; published religious and other writings.
  349. ^ Charles Aleyn (d. 1640), poet; educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge; private tutor to Sir Edward Sherburne.
  350. ^ Alf-, See Elf-.
  351. ^ Thomas Alfield or Aufield, alias Badger (d. 1585), seminary priest; educated at Eton and Cambridge; became catholic; recanted under torture; tortured and hanged for disseminating Roman catholic literature..
  352. ^ Henry Alford (1810–1871), dean of Canterbury, 1857-71; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge; Bell scholar; graduated 1832; ordained curate at Ampton, 1833; fellow of Trinity, 1834; vicar of Wymeswold. 1835-53; studied German at Bonn, 1847; minister of Quebec Chapel, Marylebone, 1853; edited Greek Testament, 1849-61; published sermons and poems, including translation of the Odyssey in blank verse, and took part in revising the New Testament; first editor of Contemporary Review.
  353. ^ Marianne Margaret Alford, Viscountess Alford, known as Lady Marian Alford (1817–1888), artist, daughter of Spencer Compton, second Marquis of Northampton; marridd, 1841, John Home Cast, viscount Alford (son of Earl Brownlow); friend of the leading artists of the day; assisted in founding Royal School of Art Needlework, Kensington; published Needlework as Art 1886.
  354. ^ Michael Alford (1587–1652), Jesuit and ecclesiastical historian; studied philosophy:it Seville; Kugli.sh penitentiary at Rome, 1615; pursued missionary labours in Leicestershire.
  355. ^ Kino Alfred (849–901). See Aelfred.
  356. ^ Alfred of Bkvkri (. 1143), chronicler; treasurer of church of Beverley; compiled history up to 1129.
  357. ^ Alfred surnamed ANGLICUS and PHILOSOPHICUS (12th-13th cent.), writer; possibly translator of Aristotle, and author of De Motu Oordls 1220.
  358. ^ Alfred Ernest Albert , DUKE OF EDINBURGH and Duke OF SAXE-COBURG AND GOTHA (1844-1900), second son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert; educated for navy; served in Channel, North America, West Indies, and Mediterranean; elected by suffrage king of Greece, 1862, but was compelled on political grounds to refuse crovn: captain, 1 866; created Duke of Edinburgh and Earl of Ulster and Kent, and elected Master of Trinity House, 1866; commissioned H.M.S. Galatea, 1867, and visited many parts of the world, 1867-71; served in the Mediterranean fleet; rear-admiral, 1878; vice-admiral, 1882; commanded Channel squadron, 1883-4; commander-in-chief in Mediterranean, 1886-9: admiral, 1887; commander-in-chief at Devonport, 1890-3; admiral of the fleet, 1893; succeeded, 1893, his father's brother as reigning Duke of Paxe-Ooburg and Gotha, in virtue of renunciation in 1863 by his brother, Prince of Wales, of title to duchy: relinquished privileges as English peer; died at Rosenau, near Ooburg. He married, 1874, Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna, only daughter of Alexander II, tsar of Russia.
  359. ^ Alice Maud Mary , PRINCESS OP GREAT BRITAIN and Ireland, DUCHESS OF SAXONY, GRAND DUCHESS OF Hesse-DARMSTADT (1843–1878), third child of Queeii Victoria and Prince Albert; married, 1862, Frederick of Hesse, nephew of Louis III, grand duke of Hesse- Darmstadt; foundress of Women's Union for Nursing Sick and Wounded In War.
  360. ^ Archibald Alison (1757–1839), writer of an essay onTaste(1790); of Balliol College, Oxford, 1784: took holy orders; studied natural history as disciple of Gilbert White; prebendary of Salisbury, 1791; minister of episcopal chapel, Oowgate, Edinburgh, 1800 till death; adherent of the Scottish common-sense philosophy; published sermons.
  361. ^ Sir Archibald Alison (1792–1867), historian ; younger son of Archibald Alison; educated at Eulnburgh; called to bar, 1814; travelled on the continent; advocate depute, 1822; published work on Scottish criminal law, 1832-3; sheriff of Lanarkshire, 1834; successfully suppressed distress riots and strikes, 1837; published his History of Europe 1833-42, and a continuation, 1852-9; elected lord rector of Marischal College, Aberdeen, against Macaulay, 1845, and of Glasgow against Palmerston, 1851; created baronet, 1852; published autobiography besides historical works.
  362. ^ William Pulteney Alison (1790–1859), physician; elder son of Archibald Alison; educated at Edinburgh; M.D., 1811: physician to New Town dispensary, 1815; professor of medical jurisprudence, Edinburgh, 1820-2; professor ofinstitutes of medicine first jointly, afterwards solely, for twenty years; published Outlines of Physiology 1831, in which tke leading idea was that of a life-force distinct from the physical forces of dead matter: professor of practice of medicine, 1842-56; appointed first physician to her ma jesty for Scotland; hon. D.O.L., Oxford, 1850; successfully advocated legal relief of the destitute in Scotland.
  363. ^ Henry Alken (.ft. 1816–1831), draughtsman and engraver; said to have been stud-groom to the Duke of Beaufort; published many etchings of sporting subjects, mostly coloured.
  364. ^ Samuel Alken (fi. 1780–1796), draughtsman ; engraved plates after Morland and others, and published Beta of original etchings.
  365. ^ AT.T.Alf ANDREW (1655-1685), antiquary; graduated at St. Edmund's Hall, Oxford, and was made tutor and subsequently vice-principal; took holy orders, 1680; assisted Anthony a Wood in his Atheuae Oxonienses and produced other works, ohiefly historical.
  366. ^ David Allan (1744–1796), Scottish painter; apprenticed to Robert Foulis, the Glasgow printer; went to Rome, where he met Gavin Hamilton, 1764; probably exhibited at Royal Academy, 1771 and 1773; gained gold medal of St. Luke's for historical composition, 1773; earned title of theScottish Hogarthby pictures of Venetian Carnival exhibited at Royal Academy, 1779; painted portraits in London, 1777-80; director and master of TrusteesAcademy at Edinburgh, 1786; Illustrated poems by Burns, Allan Ramsay, and others.
  367. ^ George Allan (1736–1800), antiquary and topographer; practised as an attorney at Darlington, Durham; acquired numerous collections of manuscripts, charters, and genealogical records relating chiefly to Durham, many of which he printed at a private press erected at Darlington, c. 1768. His library was open to antiquaries, and was of great assistance to several well-known historical works, notably Hutchinson's History of Durham
  368. ^ Sir Henry Marshman Havelock Allan (1830-1897).
  369. ^ Peter Allan (1798–1849), coloniser of the 'Marsden Rock; successively valet, gamekeeper to Marquis of Londonderry, landlord of a tavern at Whitburn, and superintendent of quarries near Durham; excavated cavern on the coast near Sunderland in bay of Marsden; lived In it from 1828 till his death. The cavern was destroyed by fall of cliff, 1865.
  370. ^ Peter John Allan (1825–1848), poet; lived mostly in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. His poems, published posthumously, show traces of Byron's Influence,
  371. ^ Robert Allan (1774–1841), Scottish poet; by trade a muslin-weaver; died at New York. His poems, though melodious, achieved little success.
  372. ^ Thomas Allan (1777–1833), mineralogist; amassed a large collection of minerals; contributed the article on Diamond to the Encyclopaedia Britannica; F.R.S. and member of the Edinburgh Royal Society; published geological works.
  373. ^ Sir William Allan (1782–1850), painter of Russian scenery and life; educated in Edinburgh; apprenticed to a coachmaker; studied at the TrusteesAcademy and Royal Academy schools; exhibited first in Royal Academy, 1803; went to Russia, 1805, and spent some years travelling In the Interior; returned to Edinburgh, 1814; master of the TrusteesSchool, 1826; travelled on continent and In Asia Minor; R.A., London, 1835; president of Royal Scottish Academy, 1838; limner to queen in Scotland, 1841; knighted 1842.
  374. ^ Robert Barclay Allardice (1779–1854), pedestrian, commonly known as Captain Barclay; entered 23rd regiment 1805; served in Walcheren expedition as aide-de-camp to the Marquis of Huntly, 1809; claimed unsuccessfully earldoms of Alrth, Strathern, and Montelth, 1839-40; noted for his walking feats, which included walking one mile in each of one thousand successive hours.
  375. ^ Alexander Allardyce (1846–1896), author; educated at Aberdeen; engaged In journalism in India, 1868-75; subsequently reader to Messrs. William Blackwood & Sons at Edinburgh; published novels and edited John Ramsay's Scotland and Scotsmen in Eighteenth Century and Letters from and to Charles Kirkpatriok Sharpe
  376. ^ Edward Allde, Aldee or Aldey 1583-1634), printer; freeman of StationersCompany, 1584; his name appears In the registers down to 1623.
  377. ^ John Allde, Aldaye, Alde or Aldye (fl. 1565-1592), printer; first freeman of Stationers' Company, 1555; mentioned in the original charter of the company, 1657.
  378. ^ Allectus (250?–296), Roman emperor in Britain; minister of Carausius; assassinated Carausius, and proclaimed himself emperor, 293; struck numerous coins at London and Colchester; fell in battle in Hampshire.
  379. ^ Joseph Alleine (1634-1668), author of An Alarm to the Unconverted; entered Lincoln College, Oxford, 1649; scholar of Corpus Christi, 1651; B.D. and tutor, 1653; ordained as associate of George Newton at Taunton, 1654; ejected, 1662; imprisoned for evangelical preaching; wrote religious works.
  380. ^ Richard Alleine (1611–1681), author of Vindiciae I'irtatis and other religious works; graduated B.A., St. Alban Hall, and M.A. New Inn Hall, Oxford; ordained; rector of Batcombe, Somerset, 1641-61; appointed assistant to the commissioners for ejecting scandalous minister, 1654; ejected under Act of Uniformity and preached semi-privately in neighbourhood of Frome Selwood.
  381. ^ William Alleine (1614–1677), divine; younger brother of Richard Alleine; B.A. and M.A. St. Alban Hall, Oxford; private chaplain in London; vicar of Blandford, Bristol, c. 1653; ejected from living 1662; preached in private; later, held livings at Bristol and Yeovil.
  382. ^ Alexander Allen (1814–1842), philologist; son of John Allen (1771-1839); educated at his father's school, Hackney, and at London University; carried on his father's school on his death; doctor of philosophy, Leipzig, 1840; published works principally philological.
  383. ^ Anthony Allen (d. 1754), barrister and antiquary; educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge; master in chancery; wrote unpublished biographical account of members of Eton College.
  384. ^ Bennet Allen (ft. 1761–1782), miscellaneous writer; B.A. Wadham College, Oxford, 1757; M.A., 1760; took holy orders and settled in London; published pamphlet entitled Modern Chastity by way of defence of Lord Baltimore, who was charged with rape, 1768; subsequently contributed toMorning Post and was imprisoned for killing in a duel one whom he had slandered in an anonymous article, 1782.
  385. ^ Edmund Allen (1519?–1559), bishop-elect of Rochester, 1559; M.A. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 1537; studied abroad, where, probably, he graduated B.D.; chaplain to Princess Elizabeth, 1549, and to her when queen; acted as ambassador; published several religious works.
  386. ^ Grant Allen (1848–1899), author, whose full name was Charles Grant Blairfindie Allen; born in Canada; educated at King Edward's school, Birmingham; B.A. Merton College, Oxford, 1871; professor of mental and moral philosophy in college at Spanish Town, Jamaica, for education of negroes, 1873-6; returned to England, 1876, and adopted literature as profession; published Physiological Esthetics 1877; assisted Sir William Wilson Hunter in compilation of Imperial Gazetteer of India published, 1884, his first novel, 'Philistia which had appeared serially in Gentleman's Magazine and subsequently produced under his own name and pseudonyms more than thirty works of fiction, includingThe Woman who did(1895) and The British Barbarians (1896).
  387. ^ James Baylis Allen (1803–1876), line-engraver; articled as general engraver; studied drawing under J. V. Barber; employed by the Fiudens in London, 1824; engraved plates (including Rivera of France after Turner and other artists.)
  388. ^ James Allen (d. 1831), line-engraver; pupil of W. B. Cooke, in conjunction with whom, after 1821, he engraved series of plates, including Views of the Colosseum after drawings by Major-general Cockburn.
  389. ^ James Mountford Allen (1809–1883)', architect; practised in London, and later as a church-architect at Crewkerne, Somerset.
  390. ^ John Allen (1476–1534), archbishop of Dublin; studied at Oxford and Cambridge; in Italy on ecclesiastical business for Archbishop Warham; took holy orders, 1499; vicar of Chislet, 1503; presented to livings of Sundridge( 1508) and Aldington (1511); rural dean of Risebergh, Buckingham, 1512; rector of South Ockendon, Essex, and prebendary of Lincoln Cathedral, 1516; rector of Gaulsby, 1523; acted as Wolsey's agent in suppressing minor monasteries, 1524-5; prelendary of Nottingham, 1526, and of St. Paul's Cathedral, 1527; accom panied Wolsey to France; archbishop of Dublin, 1528, when he resigned his prebends; chancellor of Ireland, 1528-32; fined under statutes of provisory and pram mnrr, 1531; murdered by followers of Lord Thomas Fitzgerald, 1534.
  391. ^ John Allen or Allin (1596–1671), New England puritan colonist; left living at Ipswich to avoid persecutions of Bishop Wren; went to New England with , band of puritans, 1638; pastor of church at Dedham, Massachusetts, 1639; resisted attempts to subject colonists to British government, 1646; took part in dispute with English divines on baptism, 1662.
  392. ^ John Allen or Alleyn (1660?–1741), physician and inventor; M.D.; extra-licentiate, College of Physicians, 1692; practiced at Bridgewater, Somerset; published Synopsis Medicinae 1719, and Specimina Ichnographica 1730, a book describing several inventions, including a new method of navigating vessels.
  393. ^ John Allen (d. 1764), nonconformist divine; minister successively of baptist churches in Petticoat Lane (now Middlesex Street), London, and Broadstairs, Newcastle; dismissal for misconduct; died in New York; published popular tracts.
  394. ^ John Allen, the younger (d. 1831), bookseller and antiquary of Hereford; made a large collection of antiquities, books, prints, etc., relating to Herefordshire, of which county he left an unpublished and unfinished history.
  395. ^ John Allen (1771–1839), dissenting layman; author ofModern Judaism 1816, and other works of religious history; kept academy at Hackney.
  396. ^ John Allen (1771–1843), political and historical writer; M.D. Edinburgh, 1791; in the confidence of Jeffrey and his coadjutors on the Edinburgh Review; accompanied Lord Holland to Spain, 1801-5 and 1808; warden of Dulwich College, 1811-20, and master, 1820 till death; published Inquiry into Rise and Growth of Royal Prerogative in England 1830, and contributed historical and political articles toEdinburgh Review,- Annual Register and Encyclopaedia Britannica
  397. ^ John Allen (d. 1855), revolutionist; tried for high treason with Arthur O'Connor, 1798; concerned in Robert Emmet's rising, 1803; fled to France and served in French army in Peninsula; colonel in French army, 1810.
  398. ^ Joseph William Allen (1803–1852), landscape painter; originally a tutor; worked as scene-painter for the Olympic; took an active part in establishing Society of British Artists.
  399. ^ Ralph Allen (1694–1764), philanthropist; emloyed in Bath post office; obtained patronage of General Vude by detecting a Jacobite plot; raised and equipped one hundred volunteers at Bath, 1745; deputy postmaster, Bath; devised and managed a system of crossposts for England and Wales by which he amassed a large fortune; became intimate with Pope, Fielding (who drew from him Squire Allworthy inTom Jones, the elder Pitt, and other eminent people; gave large sums in charity, principally in Bath.
  400. ^ Thomas Allen (1542–1632), mathematician; educated at Trinity College, Oxford; B.A., 1563; fellow, 1565; M.A., 157; obtained patronage of Earl of Northumberland, and came in contact with most mathematicians and scholars of his day; refused offer of a bishopric from Earl of Leicester; left historical, antiquarian, astronomical, philosophical, and mathematical manuscripts, some of which are preserved in Bodleian Library.
  401. ^ Thomas Allen (1608–1673), nonconformist divine; graduated at Caius College, Cambridge; held living of St. Edmund's, Norwich; silenced by Bishop Wren for disagreement with Book of Sports 1636; fled to Charlestown, New England, 1638; returned to Norwich, 1652; ejected, 1662; published religious works,
  402. ^ Thomas Allen (1681–1755), divine; B.A. New College, Oxford, and ordained, 1705; successively clerk in Lincoln's Inn, and schoolmaster; vicar of Ircbester, Northamptonshire, 1706, and of Ketteriug, 1715; wrote various religious work-. C phi Wi
  403. ^ Thomas Allen (1803–1833), topographer; produced from 1827 illustrated volumes relating to Lambeth, Westminster, Southwark, Yorkshire, Surrey, Sussex, and Lincolnshire.
  404. ^ William Allen (1532–1594), cardinal; B.A. and fellow, Oriel College, Oxford, 1550; M.A., 1554; principal of St. Mary'e Hall, 1556; proctor, 1556-7; his zeal for the catholic faith making it impossible for him to remain in Oxford, he took up residence at university of Louvain, 1561; owing to ill-health, returned to England in disguise, 1562; stayed in Lancashire (where he rigorously opposed occasional conformity), Oxford, and Norfolk: finally returned to Low Countries, 1565; ordained at Mechlin; lectured on theology; went, on pilgrimage to Rome, 1567; opened, with the assistance of several eminent divines, a catholic seminary at Douay, 1568; B.D.; regius professor of divinity at Douay, 1570; i D.D., 1671; canon of church of Our Lady at Cambray, 1675; his seminary, to escape persecutions of Calvinists, removed to Rheims, 1578; arranged for foundation of an i English Jesuit college at Rome, 1579; his efforts consistently opposed by the protestants; resided at the i English hospital, Rome, after 1585; as supporter of j Philip II of Spain's claim to English throne made cardinal, 1587, so that, in the event of Philip's success, he might reconcile the realm to the church; received from the pope an abbey in Calabria and the revenues of the archbishopric of Palermo; nominated archbishop of Mechlin, 1589, but did not obtain the see; apostolic librarian; entrusted, with Cardinal Oolonna, with revision of the Vulgate; published many religious writings.
  405. ^ William Allen (1770–1843), quaker, scientist, and philanthropist; entered Sevan's chemical establishment at Plough Court, which, from 1795, he carried on; fellow Linnean Society, 1801; F.R., 1807; lecturer at Guy's Hospital, 1802-26; intimate with Clarkson, Wilberforce, and James Mill; active opposer of slavery; engaged in schemes of social improvement, and made several journeys on the continent, examining prisons and other public institutions, 1816-33; helped to found an agricultural colony at Lindfield, Sussex.
  406. ^ William Allen (1793–1864), naval officer; lieutenant, 1815; commander, 1836; captain, 1842; took part in the Niger expeditions of 1832 and 1841-2; rearadmiral, 1862; published books of travel.
  407. ^ John Allenson (fl. 1616), puritan divine; pupil at Cambridge of Dr. Whitaker; B.D., 1590; fellow of St. John's, 1584; senior dean and sacrist, 1603; senior bursar, 1604; suspended for puritan opinions successively from curacies of Barnwell and Horniugsea, Cambridgeshire; edited works by Dr. Whitaker.
  408. ^ Richard Allestree (1619–1681), royalist divine; B.A. and moderator in philosophy, Christ Church, Oxford, where his tutor was Richard Busby, 1640; took arms for the king and served under Sir John Biron, 1641, and was present at Kineton Field; twice captured, but was released; M.A., 1643; entered holy orders and became censor of his college; expelled from Oxford by parliamentarian.-, 1648; frequently employed in carrying messages to and from the king; in prison several weeks and released on account of ill-health, 1659; canon of Christ Church and D.D., 1660; chaplain in ordinary to the king, 1663; regius professor of divinity, 1663-79; provost of Eton College, 1665; author of The Whole Duty of Man and tracts and sermons,
  409. ^ Jacob Allestry (1653–1686), poetical writer; educated at Westminster and Christ Church, Oxford; music reader, 1679; terrae filius, 1682; contributed to Examen Poeticum published 1693.
  410. ^ William Alley (1510?-1570), bishop of Exeter, 1560; educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge; B.A., 1633; during Mary's reign travelled in north of England, gaining a precarious livelihood by practising physic and teaching; divinity reader and, in 1569, penetentiary and prebendary of St. Paul's; D.D. Oxford, 1561; wrote religious works.
  411. ^ Edward Alleyn (1566–1626), actor and founder of Dulwich College; one of Earl of Worcester's players, 1586; married a step-daughter of Philip Henslowe, 1592, whose partner he became; attached to Lord Admiral's company; toured with Lord Strange's company, 1593; acted in London, 1594-7; acquired interest in bearbaiting house, Paris Garden, 1594; built, with Heuslowe, Fortune theatre, Cripplegate, 1600, where he acted at head of Lord Admiral's company; purchased with Heuslowe office of master of Royal Game of bears, bulls, and mastiff dogs, 1604; retired soon after the accession of James I, when the Lord Admiral's company was taken over by Prince Henry; last recorded appearance, 1604; played hero in Marlowe'sTamburlaineJew of Malta and Faustus; acquired great wealth and landed property; bought manor of Dulwich, 1605; built and endowed the college, 1613-16, and received patent for its incorporation, 1619; personally managed its affairs, 1617-22, and possibly till death; lost his wife and afterwards married a daughter of Dr. Donne; on terms of friendship with many persons of note, and patron of Dekker, John Taylor, and other writers.
  412. ^ John Allibond (1597–1658), son of Peter Allibond; schoolmaster; M.A. Magdalen College, Oxford, 1619; D.D., 1643; master of Magdalen College School, 1625-32, and lecturer on music; held successively three church livings in Gloucestershire after 1634; wrote Latin poems.
  413. ^ Peter Allibond (1560–1629), translator; B.A. Magdalen Hah 1, Oxford, 1581; M.A., 1686; travelled abroad and subsequently became rector of Chenies, Buckinghamshire; translated theological works from Latin and French.
  414. ^ Allibond or ALLIBONE, SIR RICHARD (1636–1688), judge; grandson of Peter Allibond; Roman catholic; educated at Douay; entered Gray's Inn, 1663; king's counsel and knighted, 1686; serjeant-at-law and justice of king's bench, 1687; incurred unpopularity Jay opposing the seven bishops, 1688.
  415. ^ Jabez Allies (1787–1866), antiquary and writer on folklore; practised as solicitor in London; F.S.A., c. 1840; retired to Worcester; published works on antiquities of Worcestershire and Herefordshire, and on Shakespeare's fairy mythology.
  416. ^ Sir Thomas Allin (1612–1685), naval commander ; originally merchant and shipowner in Lowestoft; supported royalists during civil war; captain, 1660; commander-in-chief in the Downs, 1663; fought against Dutch in Mediterranean, 1664, and at Lowestoft, 1665; knighted and appointed admiral; defeated Dutch off Isle of Wight and French off Dungeness, 1666; engaged against Barbary pirates, 1668-70; comptroller of navy, 1670-8; commander-in-chief in the Narrow Seas against French, 1778.
  417. ^ John Till Allingham (fl. 1799–1810), dramatist; educated for the law; wrote many popular plays, much of the success of which was due to the actor, Charles Mathews.
  418. ^ William Allingham (1824–1889), poet; born at Ballyshannon, Donegal, where, c. 1837, he entered the bank managed by his father; received appointment in customs, c. 1846; became acquainted with Leigh Hunt in London; published Poems 1850, and Day and Night Songs (a second series of which contained illustrations by pre-Raphaelite artists), 1864; edited The Ballad Book for Golden Treasury Series 1864; published Laurence Bloomfield in Ireland, his most ambitious work, 1864: his poetical works were collected in six volumes, 1888-93; editor of Fraser's Magazine 1874-9. A collection entitled Varieties in Prose appeared posthumously, 1893.
  419. ^ Thomas Allison (fl. 1697), Arctic voyager; published, 1699, an account of his voyage in 1697-8 from Archangel to the neighbourhood of North Cape.
  420. ^ Peter Allix (1641–1717), protestant preacher; born at Alençon; educated at Saumur and Sedan; worked with Claude on French translation of the bible; pastor of St. Agobille, Champagne; translated to Charenton, Paris, 1670; moderator of synod at Lisy, 1683; on revocation of edict of Nantes came to England, 1686, and founded in London a church for protestant refugees; D.D. of Oxford and Cambridge; treasurer of Salisbury Cathedral, 1690; published many theological works in Latin, French, and English.
  421. ^ George James Allman (1812–1898), botanist and zoologist; educated at Belfast; B.A. Trinity College, blin, 1839; M.D., 1847; F.R.C.S. Ireland, 1844; M.D. Oxford, 1847; professor of botany, Dublin University, 1841: F.H.S., 1854; regius professor of natural history, Edinburgh University, 1855-70; president of Liunean Society, 1H74-83, and gold medallist, 1896. His most important work was his investigation into the morphology of the coelenterata and polyzoa.
  422. ^ William Allman (1776–1846), botanist; B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1796; M.A., 1801; M.D., 1804; practised medicine in Clonmel till 1809; professor of botany, Dublin, 1809-44; published botanical works.
  423. ^ Thomas Allom (1804–1872), architect; furnished drawings for series of illustrated works on Cumberland and Westmoreland, Scotland, Constantinople and other places; exhibited frequently at Royal Academy.
  424. ^ Henry Allon (1818–1892), congregational divine; studied theology at Cheshunt College; sole pastor, 1852, at Union Chapel, Islington; honorary secretary of Cheshunt College, 1862, and trustee of Countess of Huntingdon's connexion; honorary D.D. Yale University, 1871, and St. Andrews, 1885; president of congregational union, 1864 and 1881; editor of British Quarterly Review 1877-86; edited volumes of hymns and wrote religious publications.
  425. ^ Henry Erskine Allon (1864–1897), composer; son of Henry Allon (1818-1892); educated at University College, London, and Trinity College, Cambridge; wrote sonatas and assisted in founding New Musical Quarterly Review.
  426. ^ Robert Allott (fl. 1600), editor of England's Parnassus 1600, and of Wits Theater of the Little World 1599.
  427. ^ William Allott (d. 1590?), catholic divine; educated at Cambridge; retired to Louvain on Elizabeth's accession; in high favour with Mary Queen of Scots; returned and preached in England, but was imprisoned and banished; canon of St. Quintin, Picardy.
  428. ^ Lord Alloway (d. 1829). See David Cathcart.
  429. ^ Sir James Joseph Allport (1811–1892), railway manager; chief clerk, then traffic manager and manager, Birmingham and Derby railway; manager of Newcastle and Darlington line, 1844-50, and of Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire, 1850-3; general manager of Midland railway, 1853-7, director, 1857, and again general manager, 1860-80; managing director of Palmer's Shipbuilding Company, Jarrow, 1857-60; knighted, 1884. Under his management the Midland railway grew into one of the chief English railway systems.
  430. ^ Thomas Allsop (1795–1880), stockbroker and author; entered silk mercery trade in London, 1812; joined Stock Exchange; made the acquaintance of Coleridge, 1818; on the poet's death published his Letters, Conversations, and Recollections; intimate with Lamb, Hazlitt, Barry Cornwall, and other eminent men; provided Feargus O'Connor with his property qualification as representative of chartism on his election as M.P. for i Nottingham; was in sympathy with Orsini, the conspirator against Napoleon III. A reward was offered for his apprehension as accessory in the attempt of Orsini but the overtness of his actions disarmed suspicion.
  431. ^ William Almack (d. 1781), founder of Almack's Assembly Rooms; apparently came to London as valet of Duke of Hamilton; proprietor of a tavern in St. James's Street; opened a gaming club in Pall Mall, known as Almack's Club (now Brooks's), before 1763; erected his assembly rooms in King Street, 1764.
  432. ^ John Almeida or Meade (1572–1653), Jesuit missionary; taken without his parents' consent to Viana, Portugal, at age of ten; admitted member of Society of Jesus, 1592; ordained, 1602; spent many years travelling on foot through Brazil as missionary.
  433. ^ John Almon (1737–1805), bookseller and journalist; apprenticed to printer at Liverpool; travelled on, continent, 1758-9; employed in London as printer; con- I tributed to theGazetteer and attracted attention of Lord Temple, Burke, and other members of the opposition; formed acquaintance with Wilkes, 1761, which lasted till Wilkes's death; established himself in Piccadilly al look and pamphlet teller; imprisoned and fined for supporting Wilkes, 1770; proprietor and editor of General Advertiser 1784; tried for libel, 1786, ami retired in financial difficulties to France; died in England; wrote and edited miscellaneous works.
  434. ^ Almond Mus. EMMA (1814–1868).
  435. ^ James Alms (1728–1791), captain in navy; of bumble origin; served as midshipman at battles of Namur and Fiuisterre and in East Indies, 1744-9; as lieutenant at capture of Gheriah, 1756, and blockade of Brest, 1759, and as captain at reduction of Martinique and Havana; in actions at Praya Bay, 1781, Sadras, Providieu, Negapatam, and Trincoinalee, 1782; retired, 1784.
  436. ^ Martin of Alnwick (d. 1336).
  437. ^ William Alnwick (d. 1449), bishop of Norwich and of Lincoln; LL.D. Cambridge; monk of St. Albans; first confessor of the Brigetiue nuns at Syon, 1414; prior of Wymondham, and archdeacon of Sarum, 1420; received stall of Knaresborough-cum-Bickhill in York Cathedral, 1421; bishop of Norwich, 1426; confessor to Henry VI; translated to see of Lincoln, 1436; settled disputes between dean and chapter, and published (1440) a new code of statutes for regulation of the cathedral, which originated a contest between him and the dean, still undecided at his death; took part in founding Eton School and Kiug's College, Cambridge.
  438. ^ St. Alphage or Alphege.
  439. ^ Nikephor Alphery (fl. 1618–1660), divine; rector of Woolley, Huntingdonshire, 1618; ejected, c. 1643; reinstated, 1660.
  440. ^ Anthony Alsop (d. 1726), poetical writer; M.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1696; B.D., 1706; censor and tutor; published selections from -32sop, 1698; prebendary of Winchester and rector of Brightwell, Berkshire; left England on losing an action for breach of promise of marriage; returned and met death by drowning,
  441. ^ Vincent Alsop (d. 1703), nonconformist divine ; M.A. St. John's College, Cambridge; took holy orders as conformist, and became tutor at Oakham; afterwards received presbyterian ordination; presented to Wilby, Northamptonshire; ejected, 1662; preached semi-privately and suffered imprisonment; published Antisozzo a witty attack on Bishop Sherlock, 1675; minister of a congregation at Westminster; said to have drawn up the presbyterians' address to James II for general indulgence.
  442. ^ Charles Alston (1683–1760), scientific writer; studied medicine under Boerhaave at Leyden; lecturer in botany and materia medica at Edinburgh, and superintendent of botanical gardens, 1710 till death.
  443. ^ Sir Edward Alston (1595–1669), president of College of Physicians, 1635-66; M.D. St. John's College, Cambridge, 1626; elected fellow of the College of Physicians, 1631; knighted, 1660.
  444. ^ Edward Richard Alston (1845–1881), zoologist; wrote papers on mammalia and birds; zoological secretary, Linnean Society, 1880-1.
  445. ^ Sir Charles Alten, Count von (1764–1840), general; of protestant Hanoverian family; served in Hanoverian army, 1781-1803, and on its disbandment ( 1803) joined British army and held command (1805-1816); in Hanover, 1805, at Copenhagen, 1807, in Sweden and Spain, 1808, Walcheren, 1809, the Peninsula and at Waterloo; major-general, 1816; became field-marshal in reorganised Hanoverian army.
  446. ^ Sir James Altham (d. 1617), judge; M.P. Bramber, Sussex, 1589; reader at Gray's inn, 1600; double reader and serjeant-at-law, 1603; baron of exchequer and knighted, 1606; decided against the king's superiority over the law, 1610 and later, but admitted error in deciding that the crown had no right to grant commendams.
  447. ^ Julius Althaus (1833–1900), physician; born in Lippe-Detmold, Germany; M.D. Berlin, 1855; assisted in founding hospital for epilepsy and paralysis, Regent's Park, of which he was physician, 1866-94; published writing mainly on therapeutic effects of electricity.
  448. ^ Viscount Althorp . See John Charles Spencer 1782-1845.
  449. ^ Baron Alvanley . See Richard Pepper Arden.
  450. ^ Robert Alves (1745–1794), poet and prose writer ; educated at Aberdeen; head-master, Banff grammar school, 1773-9; taught classics and modern languages in Edinburgh; published poems and literary history.
  451. ^ Richard Alvey (d. 1584), master of the Temple, 1560; fellow, St. John's College, Cambridge, 1537; B.D., 1543; successively rector of Thoringtou, Grinstead, and Sandon, 1540-52; canon of Westminster, 1652; deprived of preferments under Mary, but under Elizabeth restored to Thoringtou; again canon of Westminster, 1560-75; rector of Bursted Parva, Essex, 1571-6.
  452. ^ Thomas Alvey (1645–1704), physician; M.D. Merton College, Oxford, 1671; F.R.O J., 1676; Harveian orator, 1684.
  453. ^ Isaac Ambrose (1604–1663), divine; B.A. Brasenose, Oxford, 1624; presented to cure of Castleton, Derbyshire, 1627; one of king's four preachers in Lancashire, 1631; twice imprisoned by commissioners of array; worked for establishment of presbyterianism; successively at Leeds, Preston, and Garstang, whence he was ejected for nonconformity, 1662; published religious works.
  454. ^ John Ambrose (d. 1771), captain in navy ; served In Channel and Mediterranean, 1734-44; court-martialled for neglect of duty at Toulon (1744) and cashiered; restored to rank and half-pay, 1748; retired rear-admiral, 1750.
  455. ^ Ambrose Miss (1720?–1818). See Lady Eleanor Palmer.
  456. ^ Ambrosius Aurelianus, called Emrys (fl. 440), British leader; probably descended from Constantine; opposed Saxon invaders and confined them to limits of isle of Thanet.
  457. ^ Amelia(1783–1810), princess; youngest child of George III; delicate in health; died of erysipelas, having been a confirmed invalid for two years.
  458. ^ Joseph Ames (1619–1695), naval commander under the Commonwealth; transported many royalists to colonies.
  459. ^ Joseph Ames (1689–1759), bibliographer and antiquary, grandson of preceding: apprenticed to plane maker in London; entered business at NVapping as either shipchandler, ironmonger, or patten maker, and continued successfully till death; became acquainted with Rev. J. Lewis of Margate, and other antiquaries, on whose suggestion he prepared his Typographical Antiquities 1749; F.SJL, 1736; F.R.S., 1743; published also an illustrated catalogue of English engraved portraits, and memoirs of the Wren family.
  460. ^ William Ames (1576–1633), puritan divine and casuist; educated at Christ's College, Cambridge, where his religious zeal resulted in his suspension by the vicechancellor from all degrees taken or to be taken; being prevented by the Bishop of London from settling as a preacher at Colchester, he went to Leydeu; worsted in a controversy with Grevinchovius, the Arminiau minister at Rotterdam, 1613; chaplain to Sir Horace Vere, English governor of Brill, Holland, whose daughter he married; employed by Calvinists at synod of Dort, 1619; professor of theology, Franeker, 1622; owing to ill-health removed to Rotterdam, where he died; wrote theological works.
  461. ^ William Ames (d. 1662), baptist minister and quaker; joined quakers, 1655; officer in parliamentary army; settled in Amsterdam, 1657; returned to England and was imprisoned for attending quaker meeting, 1662.
  462. ^ Francis Kerril Amherst (1819–1883), Roman catholic prelate; educated at St. Mary's College, Oscott, where, after ordination, he became professor; missionary rector of St. Augustin's church, Stafford, 1856; bishop of Northampton, 1858-79; preconised to titular see of Sozusa, 1880.
  463. ^ Jeffrey Amherst, Baron Amherst (1717-1797), field- marshal; ensign in guards, 1731; aide-decamp to General Ligonier in Germany; successively on staff of Ligonier and Duke of Cumberland; lieutenantcolonel, 15th regiment, 1756; major-general, commanding expedition to North America, 1758; took Louisburg, Cape Breton Isle, succeeded James Abercromby as commanderin-chief, and took Fort Du Quesne, 1758; took Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and shared in capture of Montreal, 1759; governor-general of British North America and knighted, 1761; took strong but unsuccessful measures against Indian chief Poutiac; returned to England, 1763; governor of Virginia, 1763, and of Guernsey, 1770; privy councillor, 1772; created Baron Amherst, 1776; held various military offices; field-marshal, 1796.
  464. ^ John Amherst (1718?–1778), admiral, younger brother of Jeffrey Amherst; captain, 1744; flagcaptain in East Indies and in North America, 1755, in Mediterranean, 1756; at Louisbourg, Belle-Isle, and Gibraltar, 1761-2; commander-iu-chief at Plymouth, 1776.
  465. ^ William Pitt Amherst, Earl Amherst of Arracan (1773–1857), statesman; nephew of Jeffrey Amherst; envoy to Pekin to represent to the emperor wrongs suffered under his rule by British subjects, 1816; repelled by his discourteous reception, he returned, 1817; governor-general of India, 1823-8; declared war on king of Burmah, 1824; peace made after capture of Rangoon, Martabau, and Prome, and cession of Tenasserim, Arracan, and Assam; created Earl Amherst, 1826; returned to England, 1828, and retired from public affairs.
  466. ^ Nicholas Amhurst (1697–1742), poet and political writer; educated at Merchant Taylorsand St. John's College, Oxford; expelled from university perhaps on account of his whig principles, 1719; settled in London; started bi-weekly periodical, Terras Filius in which Oxford was severely satirised, 1721; suffered short imprisonment, 1737, for libel of Colley Cibber in Craftsman which he started, 1726; published occasional poems.
  467. ^ Andrea Ammonio (1477–1517), Latin secretary to Henry VIII; born at Lucca; educated at Rome: sent to England as collector for the pope; held ecclesiastical offices at Westminster and Salisbury; accompanied Henry VIII in French campaign as Latin secretary, and celebrated his victories in a Latin poem, 1513.
  468. ^ John Amner (d. 1641), organist of Ely Cathedral, 1610; Mus. Bac. Oxford, 1613; published sacred music.
  469. ^ Ralph Amner (d. 1664), minor canon; lay clerk of Ely Cathedral, 1604-9; minor canon, St. George's, Windsor; gentleman of Chapel Royal, 1623.
  470. ^ Richard Amner (1736–1803), Unitarian divine ; studied at Daventry, 1756-62; minister at Yarmouth, 1762-4, and at Hampstead, 1765; published theological works; his name unwarrantably appended to indelicate notes by George Steevens in his edition of Shakespeare,
  471. ^ Thomas Amory (1701–1774), dissenting tutor; studied divinity at Tauuton academy, where he was assistant, 1725, and principal, 1738; ordained, 1730; successively minister in Hull Bishops, Taunton, and London (1759); one of Dr. Williams's trustees, 1767; D.D. Edinburgh, 1768; strenuously supported agitation against subscription to Toleration Act, 1772.
  472. ^ Thomas Amory (1691?–1788), eccentric writer; of Irish descent, though not born in Ireland; probably lived in Dublin, where he knew Swift; lived at Westminster, c. 1757, with a country house near Hounslow; published, 1765, Memoirs, containing Lives of several Ladies of Great Britain and, 1756-66 Life of John Buncle, Esq. virtually a continuation of Memoirs.
  473. ^ Andrew Amos (1791–1860), lawyer; born in India; educated at Eton aud Trinity College, Cambridge; fifth wrangler and fellow, 1813; called to bar and joined middle circuit; recorder of Oxford; sat on criminal law commissions, 1834-43; first professor of law, University College, London, 1829; succeeded Macaulay as fourth member of governor-general's council in India, 1837-43; county court judge for Marylebone, Brentford, and Brompton, 1843; Downing professor of law, Cambridge, 1848 till death; published legal, constitutional, and literary works.
  474. ^ Sheldon Amos (1835–1886), jurist, son of Andrew Amos; B.A. Clare College, Cambridge, 1859; barrister at Inner Temple, 1862; reader till 1869; professor of jurisprudence, University College, London, 1869-79; judge of court of appeal (native tribunals) in Egypt, c. 1882; advocated higher education and political emancipation of women. His publications include a Systematic View of the Science of Jurisprudence 1872.
  475. ^ Sir Richard Paul Amphlett (1809–1883), judge; sixth wrangler, St. Peter's College, Cambridge, 1831: called to bar, Lincoln's Inn, 1834; joined Oxford circuit; took silk, 1858; M.P., East Worcestershire, 1868; president Legal Education Association, 1873; baron of exchequer, 1874; promoted to court of appeal, 1876; retired, 1877.
  476. ^ Thomas Amyot (1775–1850), antiquary; of Huguenot origin; articled to a Norwich attorney; election agent (1802) and private secretary (1806) to Mr. Wiudham, whose speeches he published, 1812; held several appointments in colonial department; connected with Royal, Percy, aud Shakespeare societies, and Society of Antiquaries.
  477. ^ Paul Amyraut or Amarott (fl. 1636–1662), divine; of German birth; vicar of Ermington; suspended for puritanism, 1636; held living of Muusley, Norfolk, and was ejected 1662.
  478. ^ Anarawd (d. 915?), Welsh prince; succeeded his father, Rhodri, as king of all Wales, 877; defeated Saxons at Cymryd,, 880;cum Anglisdevastated Cardigan, c. 893.
  479. ^ Samuel Ancell (rf. 1802), military writer; served with 58th regiment; besieged at Gibraltar, 1779-83; published account of siege, 1784.
  480. ^ John Lavicount Anderdon (1792–1874), angler; educated at Harrow; became partner in a London business firm, 1816; published devotional works and a book on angling.
  481. ^ William Henry Anderdon (1816–1890), Jesuit, sou of John Lavicoimt Anderdon; B.A. University College, Oxford, 1839; M.A., 1842; entered Roman catholic church, 1850: ordained priest at Oscott, 1853; secretary to (Cardinal) Manning in London, 1863; on mission in America, 1868-70: D.D. Rome, 1869; joined Society of Jesus, 1872; engaged in missionary work in England; published religious and other works.
  482. ^ Adam Anderson (1692?–1765), historian of commerce; for forty years clerk in the South Sea House, ultimately becoming chief clerk of stock and new annuities; published (1764) history of commercial enterprise from earliest times to 1762.
  483. ^ Adam Anderson (rf. 1846), physicist; rector of Perth academy, and afterwards professor of natural philosophy at St. Andrews; published articles on physics.
  484. ^ Alexander Anderson (1582–1619?), mathematician; taught mathematics in Paris early in seventeenth century; friend of Vieta, whose writings he edited, 1615-17; published mathematical works.
  485. ^ Alexander Anderson (d. 1811), botanist; superintendent of botanic garden, St. Vincent; went on botanising expedition to Guiana, 1791.
  486. ^ Andrew Anderson (d. 1861), champion Scottish draught-player; stocking-weaver; published book on Draughts 1848.
  487. ^ Anthony Anderson (d. 1593), theological writer and preacher; rector of Medbourue, Leicestershire, 1573-93; vicar of Stepney, and rector of Denge, Essex, 1587; sub-dean of Chapel Royal, 1592; published theological works of puritanic character.
  488. ^ Christopher Anderson (1782–1852), theological writer aud preacher; originally in insurance office, but became baptist minister in Edinburgh: founded Gaelic School and Edinburgh Bible societies; supported Indian missions; published Annals of English Bible, 1 1835, and other works.
  489. ^ Sir Edmund Anderson (1530–1605), judge; educated at Lincoln College, Oxford; studied at Inner Temple, 1550; reader at his inn of court, 1567; double reader at Inner Temple, 1574; serjeant-at-law, 1577; serjeant-at-law to queen, 1579; knighted and made lord chief justice of common pleas, 1582; took part in trial of Babington, of Secretary Davison, and of Mary Queen of Scots, 1586, and in the trials of Perrot, 1590, Earl of Essex, 1601, and Raleigh, 1603; showed great severity towards puritans, and notably John Udall.
  490. ^ George Anderson (. 1740), mathematician; friend of the mathematician William Jones, whose letters to him were published, 1841.
  491. ^ George Anderson (1760–1796), accountant ; of humble origin; educated and sent by friends to Wadham College, Oxford; M.A., 1784; took deacon's orders, but obtained post in board of control, to which he ultimately became accountant-general; translated Archimedes's Arenarius 1784.
  492. ^ Sir George William Anderson (1791–1857), Indian civil servant; employed chiefly on judicial duties hi Bombay civil service, 1806-31; framed Bombay Code of 1827 principal collector and political agent of Southern Mahratta districts, 1831; Bombay member of Indian law commission, 1835-8; memberof council of governor of Bombay, 1838; governor of Bombay, 1841-2; knighted and made C.B.; governor of Mauritius, 1849; K.C.B. aud (1850-5) governor of Ceylon.
  493. ^ James Anderson (1662–1728), genealogist aud antiquary; M.A. Edinburgh, 1680; writer to the signet, 1691; published, 1705,An Historical Essay showing that the Crown and Kingdom of Scotland is Imperial and Independent in which documents, cited hi a pamphlet by William Atwood on the supremacy of the crown of England over that of Scotland, were shown to be forgeries; rewarded by Scottish parliament; devoted himself to collecting facsimiles of Scottish charters and other muniments, for which work money was voted by the Scottish parliament, but never paid, the parliament terminating it at the union; postmaster-general for Scotland, 1715; retained office for only eighteen mouths, but continued to draw salary; his facsimiles, published 1729 under title of Diplomata; also published Collections relating to Mary Queen of Scots
  494. ^ James Anderson (1680?–1739), preacher ; brother of Adam Anderson; educated at Aberdeen; minister of presbyterian churches in Swallow Street, London, 1710, and Lisle Street, Leicester Fields, 1734. Published sermons, works on history, freemasonry, and other subjects.
  495. ^ James Anderson (1739–1808), economist ; after age of fifteen managed farms near Edinburgh and in Aberdeenshire; published essays on agriculture; LL.D. Aberdeen, 1780; advocated protection of Scottish fisheries, provoking remonstrance from Bentham, 1783; employed by Pitt to survey fisheries, 1784; retired to Isleworth, 1797; published many economic works.
  496. ^ James Anderson (d. 1809), botanist ; physiciangeneral of East India Company, Madras, where he attempted to introduce silk cultivation and interested himself in plants of commercial value.
  497. ^ James Anderson (1760–1835), navy captain; served in American and first French revolutionary wars; commander, 1806; post-captain, 1812; sent to Quebec, but returned, mistrusting the capabilities of his ship; courtmartialled aud acquitted.
  498. ^ Anderson sir JAMES CALEB (1792–1861), inventor; sou of John Anderson (fl. 1816); created baronet, 1813, in appreciation of his father's services to In-kind; patented inventions in machinei y.
  499. ^ James Robertson Anderson (1811–1895), actor; appeared with Macready at Oovent Garden as Florizcl Winter's Tale, 1837, and subsequently played Biron Love's Labour's Lost), Romeo, lago, and Cassio; seen as Othello, Orlando, FaulconbridKe, Posthumus, Antony Julius CaesarandAntony and Cleopatra, Richard I, and Mercutio, at Drury Lane, which theatre he managed, 1849-51; joint-manager of the Surrey, 1863; wrote a few dramas.
  500. ^ John Anderson (1668?–1721), theologian ; minister of Dumbarton, and (1720) of Kamshorn (now St. David's) Church, Glasgow; took active part in controversy between episcopacy and presbyterianism, and published works hi the presbyterian interest.
  501. ^ John Anderson (1726–1796), natural philosopher ; officer in corps raised to resist Jacobite rebellion, 1746; studied at Glasgow; professor of oriental languages, 1756, and of natural philosophy, 1760; interested in practical applications of science,
  502. ^ John Anderson (fl. 1799), wood-engraver ; pupil of Thomas Bewick; engraved blocks for George Samuel's illustrations of Grove Hill, 1 a poem.
  503. ^ John Anderson (d. 1804), physician to General Sea-bathing Infirmary, Margate; M.D. Edinburgh; F.S.A.
  504. ^ John Anderson (. 1816), founder of Fennoy ; of humble origin; established himself as provision exporter, Cork, 1780; purchased land on estate of Fermoy, Minister: bnilt town of Fermoy and opened and improved roads in Ireland; refused baronetcy, which was, however, conferred on his sou. James Caleb Anderson, 1813.
  505. ^ John Anderson (fl. 1825), genealogist ; writer to the signet; secretary to Scottish Society of Antiquaries; wrote history of family of Frisel or Fraser, 1825.
  506. ^ John Anderson (1789–1832), genealogist ; L.R.O.S. Edinburgh; surgeon to Lanarkshire militia, and to Duke of Hamilton, the history of whose family he published, 1825-7.
  507. ^ John Anderson (1795–1845), diplomatic agent; entered service of East India Company, 1813; after holding various appointments was senior merchant secretary to government, and Malay translator, 1827; agent to governor of Pulo Penang, 1823; engaged in mercantile duties in London, where he died; published works relating to Eastern policy and commerce.
  508. ^ John Anderson (1805–1855), missionary; educated at Edinburgh; prizeman in Latin and moral philosophy; ordained minister of Scottish church and sent as missionary to Madras, 1836; established Madras Christian College; on disruption of Church of Scotland joined Free Church and carried on mission in connection with that church, 1843; especially successful in regard to female education; died at Madras.
  509. ^ John Anderson (1833–1900), naturalist; M.D. Edinburgh, 1862; assisted in founding Royal Physical Society, Edinburgh; professor of natural history in Free Church College, Edinburgh; curator of Indian museum, Calcutta, 1865; accompanied scientific expeditious to Yunnan, 1867, Burmah, 1875-6, and the Mergui archipelago, 1881-2, and published accounts of journeys; F.R.S., 1879: honorary LL.D. Edinburgh, 1885; F.L.S.; F.S. A.; professor of comparative anatomy, medical school, Calcutta; returned to London, 1886; contributed to Proceedings of various learned societies, and published several works.
  510. ^ John Henry Anderson (1815–1874), conjurer and actor; known as Wizard of the North occupied Covent Garden theatre when it was bunit down, 1856.
  511. ^ Joseph Anderson (1789–1877), lieutenant-colonel ; ensign, 1805; lieutenant-colonel, 1812; served in Australia and India; military commander and civil governor of penal settlement, Norfolk Island: squatter, 1848, and member of legislative council, Victoria, 1852.
  512. ^ Lionel Anderson , alias MUSSON (d. 1680), Roman catholic priest; tried, with seven others, on unsubstantiated Charge of receiving orders from see of Rome; condemned, hanged, drawn, and quartered.
  513. ^ Lucy Anderson (1790–1878), pianist: played regularly at principal concerts after 1818: introduced into England many great works by Beethoven, Hummel, and other composers.
  514. ^ Patrick Anderson (1675–1624), Scottish Jesuit; educated in Scotland; entered Society of Jesus, Borne, 1597; missionary to Scotland, 1609; first Jesuit rector of Scote College, Rome, 1615; was betrayed and imprisoned in Edinburgh when revisiting Scotland; liberated; wrote theological works.
  515. ^ Patrick Anderson (fl. 1618–1635), physician; author of a history of Scotland and several medical works.
  516. ^ Robert Anderson (fl. 1668–1696), mathematician and silk-weaver; experimented with view of improving gunnery, after 1671; wrote scientific works chiefly relating to firearms.
  517. ^ Robert Anderson (1750–1830), editor and biographer of British poets; intended for ministry, but took to medicine; M.D. Edinburgh; devoted himself to literature; edited Complete Edition of Poets of Great Britain 1792-5, and separate editions of various authors; for a time edited Edinburgh Magazine; among first to recognise genius of the poet Campbell.
  518. ^ Robert Anderson (1770–1833), Cumbrian poet ; educated at charity and quaker schools; apprenticed to pattern drawer in Carlisle; his first poem, entitled Lucy Gray probably suggested Wordsworth's She dwelt among the untrodden ways; published ballads in Cumbrian dialect, 1805; fell into habits of intemperance, and died in extreme poverty.
  519. ^ Thomas Anderson (1832–1870), botanist : M.D. Edinburgh, 1853; entered Bengal medical service, Calcutta, 1854; director of Calcutta botanic garden: organised and superintended Bengal forest department, 1864; left an incomplete work on Indian flora.
  520. ^ Thomas Anderson (1819–1874), chemist; Hope prizeman, 1839-40, and M.D. Edinburgh, 1841; studied on continent; F.R.S. Edinburgh, 1845: regius professor of chemistry, Glasgow, 1852; gained high honours from English and Scottish scientific societies; conducted experiments in organic and agricultural chemistry.
  521. ^ Walter Anderson (d. 1800), historian; for fifty years minister of Chirnside, Berwickshire: wrote historical works.
  522. ^ William Anderson (d. 1778), surgeon and naturalist; accompanied Captain Cook as surgeon's mate, 1772-5, and later as naturalist; contributed observations to Cook's Voyages
  523. ^ William Anderson (1757–1837), Scottish painter; exhibited pictures, chiefly of marine subjects, at i Royal Academy, 1787 to 1814.
  524. ^ William Anderson (1766–1846), gardener at Edinburgh; curator of botanic gardens of Society of Apothecaries, Chelsea; F.L.S., 1815.
  525. ^ William Anderson (1805–1866), miscellaneous writer; brother of John Anderson (1789-1832); i entered lawyer's office, Edinburgh; took to journalism; I published volumes of verse and prose; in London, 1836-42; produced Gift of All Nations an annual; chief sub-editor I of Glasgow Daily Mail 1845; compiled various works, including Scottish Nation 1859-63.
  526. ^ William Anderson (1799–1873), Scottish preacher; pastor of congregation in John Street, Glasgow, 1822 till death; LL.D. Glasgow, 1850; advocated separation of church and state, and political and social reforms; published pamphlets and theological books.
  527. ^ Sir William Anderson (1835–1898), director-general of ordnance; born in St. Petersburg, where, and at King's College, London, he was educated; president of Institution of Civil Engineers, Ireland, 1K63; designed gun and turret mountings of the Moncrieff type for British and Russian governments; designed machinery for manufacture of cordite, c. 1888; director-general of ordnance factories, 1889; M.I.C.E., 1869, vice-president, 1896; K.K.S., 1891; K.C.B., 1897; honorary D.C.L. Durham, 1889; published scientific writings.
  528. ^ William Anderson (1842–1900), anatomist ; educated at City of London School; F.R.O.S., 1869; surgical registrar and assistant demonstrator of anatomy, St. Thomas's Hospital, 1871; professor of anatomy and surgery at Imperial Naval.Medical College, Tokio, 1873-80; joined surgical staff of St. Thomas's, 1880, and was surgi-on, 1891; professor of anatomy at Royal Academy, 1 s i.t 1. Published works on Japanese and Chinese art, his culli ctions of which were made over to the British Museum, 1882.
  529. ^ Henry Anderton (1630–1665?), painter ; pnpil of Streater; executed portraits of Charles II and many of his courtiers.
  530. ^ James Anderton (fl. 1624), Roman catholic controversialist; probably a priest; published between 1608 and 1624, under name of John Brereley, Priest learned works, including The Protestants Apologie for the Roman Church in which he quoted passages from protestant writers admitting claims of the Roman church,
  531. ^ Laurence Anderton , alias Scroop (1577–1643), Jesuit; B.A. Christ's College, Cambridge, 1597; entered Society of Jesus, Rome, 1604, and worked as missioner in England; published theological works.
  532. ^ John Andre (1751–1780), major; born and educated at Geneva; came to England; was befriended by Miss Seward at Lichfield; entered army, served in America, and was captured at St. John's, 1775; on release was aide-de-camp successively to General Grey and Sir Henry Clinton; adjutant-general; entrusted with secret negotiations with Benedict Arnold, who was plotting betrayal of West Point to British; captured by Americans and hanged as spy. A monument was erected to his memory in Westminster Abbey.
  533. ^ Bernard Andreas or Andre (fl. 1500), poet and historian; Augustinian friar; Frenchman by birth; came to England with or shortly before Henry VII; poet laureate; tutor to Prince Arthur; presented to parish of Guisnes, near Calais, 1500; received benefice of Higham, 1501; wrote an incomplete life of Henry VII, also other works in verse and prose.
  534. ^ John Andree (1699?–1785), physician: M.D. Rheims, 1739; L.O.P., 1741; a founder of London Hospital, of which he was first physician, 1740-64; wrote medical works.
  535. ^ John Andree , the younger (. 1790), surgeon ; son of John Andree (1699 ?-1785); surgeon to Magdalen hospital, 1766, to Finsbury dispensary, 1781, and to St. Clement Danes workhouse-, 1784; M.D., c. 1798; one of first to operate successfully for cronp of the larynx; published medical works.
  536. ^ James Andrew , LL.D. (1774?-1833), schoolmaster; established military academy at Addiscombe, and on its purchase by East India Company was appointed headmaster and professor of mathematics, 1809.
  537. ^ Laurence Andrewe (. 1510–1537), translator and printer; native of Calais; practised as printer in London, and produced scientific works translated by himself,
  538. ^ Thomas Andrewe (fl. 1604), poetical writer; served as soldier in Low Countries; wrote The Unmasking of a Female Machiavell 1604.
  539. ^ Gerrard Andrewes (1750–1825), divine; educated at Westminster and Trinity College, Cambridge; M.A., 1779; D.D., 1809; held living of St. James's, Piccadilly, 1802; dean of Canterbury, 1809.
  540. ^ Lancelot Andrewes (1555–1626), bishop of Winchester; educated at Merchant Taylors and Pembroke Hall, Cambridge; fellow of Pembroke and of Jesus College, Oxford; received holy orders, 1580; chaplain to Earl of Huntingdon; obtained living of St. Giles's Cripplegate, 1589; prebendary of St. Paul's; master of Pembroke till 1605; chaplain to Whitgift and chaplain in ordinary to the queen; dean of Westminster, 1601; bishop of Chichester, 1605, of Ely, 1609, and of Winchester, 1619; dean of Chapel Royal, 1619; privy councillor for England, 1609, and for Scotland, 1617; took part in Hampton Court conference, 1604; first on list of divines appointed to make authorised version of bible, 1611; renowned for his patristic learning; wrote theological works.
  541. ^ Eusebius Andrews (d. 1650), royalist; secretary to Lord Capel; barrister; joined king's army, and after surrender of Worcester, 1645, returned to his legal practice; became involved in a bogus plot arranged by Barnard, a parliamentary spy; condemned after sixteen weeks imprisonment, and beheaded on Tower Hill.
  542. ^ George Andrews (fl. 1776), barrister; called to bar, 1740; published, 1754, reports of king's bench cases, 1737-40.
  543. ^ Henry Andrews (1743–1820), astronomical calculator to Nautical, Moore's and other almanacs; successively domestic servant at Sleaford and Lincoln, usher at Stilton, and bookseller and schoolmaster at Royston.
  544. ^ Henry Andrews (fl. 1799–1828), botanical artist; published botanical works, for which he engraved illustrations, 1799-1828.
  545. ^ James Pettit Andrews (1737?–1797), antiquary and historian; served in Berkshire militia; entered legal profession; police court magistrate, Queen Square, Westminster, 1792, till death; published translations and works, principally historical.
  546. ^ John Andrews (fl. 1615), poet; M.A. Trinity College, Oxford; probably curate of Beswick Bassett, Wiltshire; published the underrated poem, Anatomie of Basenesse 1615, and several religious works.
  547. ^ John Andrews (1736–1809), author; published, 1774-1806, History of the War with America, France, Spain, and Holland, 1775-83 (1785-6), and other historical writings.
  548. ^ Miles Peter Andrews (d. 1814), dramatist; son of a drysalter of Watling Street; owned powder magazine at Dartford; M.P. for Bewdley; occupied mansion in Green Park; wrote several plays, produced at Drury Lane, Haymarket, and Covent Garden, 1774-95.
  549. ^ Robert Andrews (d. 1766?), translator of Virgil into blank verse, 1766; successively minister of presbyterian or protestant dissenting congregations at Lydgate, Rusholme, and Bridgnorth.
  550. ^ Thomas Andrews (1813–1885), professor of chemistry; educated at Belfast academy and Glasgow University; studied chemistry under Dumas at Paris; received diploma of Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh; M.D., 1835; vice-president of Northern (now Queen's) College, Belfast, 1845; professor of chemistry, Queen's College, Belfast, 1849-79; F.R.S., 1849; honorary F.R.S. Edinburgh, 1870; LL.D. Edinburgh, 1871, Trinity College, Dublin, 1873, and Glasgow, 1877; D.Sc., 1879, Queen's University of Ireland, where an Andrews studentship was established in his memory. He discovered the existence of a critical temperature above which gas cannot be converted into a liquid by pressure.
  551. ^ William Andrews (. 1666–1683), author of astrological works, including Aunua Prodigioaus 1672.
  552. ^ William Andrews (1802–1880), secretary and subsequently president of Dublin Natural History Society; devoted his attention chiefly to botany and marine ichthyology..
  553. ^ William Eusebius Andrews (1773–1837), journalist and author; of humble parents, who were converts to Roman catholic faith; apprenticed to printers of - Norfolk Chronicle which he subsequently managed; went to London and started, to vindicate Roman catholic principles, various journals, of which theOrthodox Journal and Catholic Monthly Intelligencer appeared at intervals and in different forms for many years. His published works are chiefly connected with religious controversies,
  554. ^ Sir Edmund Andros (1637–1714), colonial governor; gentleman in ordinary to queen of Bohemia, 1660; major in Rupert's dragoons, 1672; bailiff of Guernsey, 1674; knighted, 1678: governor of province of New York, 1874liWl. of New England, 1685-9, of Virginia 1892 -8 (recalled in each case owinr tn disputes arising from severity of lii rule), und of Jersey, 1701 f-: died in London.
  555. ^ Aneurin ( rl. fiu3 V). Welsh poet ; identified by .-nine with (iildas the historian: son of Ca:U Ueraint, lonl of Cum t'a wlwyd: educated at St. Cadoc's College, Llancarvan; probably present as bard and priest at battle of Cattnieth, when he was captured; on being released returned to Wales, and probably made acquaintance of Taliesin; murdered by Kidyn ab Einygan; wroteGododin an epic poem on defeat of Britons by Saxons at Oattraeth.
  556. ^ Caleb Angas (1782–1860), Yorkshire agriculturist, contributed important letters to the Sun advocating free trade.
  557. ^ George Fife Angas (1789–1879), merchant and shipowner till 1833: commissioner for formation of colony of South Australia, 1834; having Buffered losses, emigrated to Adelaide, 1851, where he died: founded National and Provincial and other banks.
  558. ^ George French Angas (1822–1886), artist and zoologist; joined several of (Sir) George Grey's expeditious, and subsequently published sketches and accounts of travels in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa; director and secretary of government museum, Sydney; contributed In England teles of adventure to various journals; fellow of the Liuuean, Zoological, and Royal Geographical societies.
  559. ^ William Henry Angas (1781–1832), sailor missionary; spent early years at sea: became baptist minister, 1817, and sailor missionary, 1822.
  560. ^ John Angel (fl. 1555), chaplain to King Philip and Queen Mary.
  561. ^ John Angel or Angell (d. 1655), preacher: graduated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford; was ordained and became evangelical preacher; town preacher and lecturer, Leicester, c. 1630; suspended for preaching without licence, 1634; lecturer at Grantham, 1650-5.
  562. ^ Peter Angelis (1685–1734), painter of landscapes and conversation pieces; born at.Dunkirk; having worked at Antwerp, where he became member of Painters Guild of St. Luke, was in London, c. 1719-28; went to Rome, and finally settled at Rennes, Brittany,
  563. ^ John Angell (fl. 1758), stenographer, of Dublin; published system of shorthand, being a variation of Mason's system, 1758.
  564. ^ Domenico Angelo (1716–1802), fencing-master, named originally Domenico Angelo Malevolti Tremamondo; born at Leghorn; studied horsemanship at Paris; migrated to England, e. 1765; patronised by English noblemen; opened in Soho a fencing-school, which became very fashionable; published, in 1763, L'Ecole d'Armes; later retired to Eton.
  565. ^ Henry Angelo (1760–1839?), fencing-master; son of Domenico Angelo; became, e. 1785, head of his father's fencing-school: published Reminiscences (1830) and Angelo's Pic–Nic (1834). Portrait at File:Henry Angelo by Mather Brown.jpg.
  566. ^ Henry Angelo, the younger (1780–1852), fencingmaster and superintendent of sword-exercise In the army; son of Henry Angelo
  567. ^ Angelus à Sancto Francisco (1601–1678) (religious pseudonym of Richard Mason, D.D.), Franciscan; priest of restored English province, 1628; successively filled various offices in his order; was provincial 1669-62; retired to St. Bona venture's convent, Douay, 1675; wrote several theological works.
  568. ^ Christopher Angelus (d. 1638), Greek scholar; native of Peloponnesus; came to England to escape persecution, 1608; studied at Cambridge and Balliol College, Oxford; published works in Greek, Latin, and English.
  569. ^ John Julius Angerstein (1735–1823), merchant, philanthropist, and amateur of fine art; underwriter in Lloyds, 1766; through his influenceOld Lloyd's coffee house was abandoned for the present establishment; devised -y-tcm- of -t.it.- totteriflfl: at various times head of largest trading firms in uity; besides other philanthropic works, re-established Veterinary College: acquired collection of pictures, which formed nucleus of National Gallery.
  570. ^ Richard Angerville (1281–1345). See Richard de Bury.
  571. ^ John Angier (1605–1677), nonconformist divine ; B.A. Emmanuel College, Cambridge; came under intineuce of puritans; made pastor of Riugley, 1C30; ordained by bishop of Bangor, but without subscription; suspended from Ringley; pastor of Denton, 1632 till death; twice excommunicated; signed theHarmonious Consent 1648; imprisoned for opposition to Commonwealth; escaped persecution under Act of Uniformity, owing to esteem in which he was held; published sermons,
  572. ^ Paul Angiers or Angier (fl. 1749), engraver; pupil of John Tinney.
  573. ^ Thomas Anglus (1693–1676). See Thomas White.
  574. ^ John Angus (1724–1801), independent minister at Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire, 1748-1801.
  575. ^ William Anlaby (1552?–1597), Roman catholic missionary; educated as protestant, but was converted, and entered college of Douay, 1574; ordained, 1577: missionary in Yorkshire; hanged as seminary priest.
  576. ^ Baron Annaly (1718–1784).
  577. ^ William Annand (1633–1689), dean of Edinburgh; B.A. University College, Oxford, 1655; ordained by an Irish bishop, and M.A., 1656; Anglican minister at Weston-in-the-Green; vicar of Leighton Buzzard, 1661; chaplain to Earl of Middleton; minister of Tolbooth church, 1663, and, later, of Tron church, Edinburgh; dcaii of Edinburgh, 1676; published religious works.
  578. ^ Annandale first MARQUIS OF (d. 1721). See William Johnstone.
  579. ^ Anne of Bohemia (1366–1394), first queen of Richard II; eldest daughter of Emperor Charles II, by fourth wife, Elizabeth of Pomerania; arrangements for her marriage made by Earl of Kent and two others, 1379, but her arrival was delayed by Wat Tyler's rebellion; she eventually reached London and was married, 1382; Richard II was devoted to her, but the expenses of the household, largely increased by her Bohemian retinue, had much to do with the struggles between Richard and parliament; in 1392 she acted as mediatrix between king and city of London, which had refused the king a loan; died childless at Sheen, of the pestilence.
  580. ^ Anne (1456–1485), queen of Richard III ; daughter of Richard Nevill, earl of Warwick, the king-maker and of Anne, heiress of the former earls, of the Beauchamp family; betrothed at Angers, 1470, to Edward, prince of Wales, son of Henry VI, to be married in the event of Warwick's expedition to restore Henry VI being successful, an arrangement which the death of Warwick and Prince Edward prevented; married Richard, duke of Gloucester, 1474, and when he usurped the throne, 1483, became queen; survived by less than a year her only son, who was born c. 1476, and died 1484.
  581. ^ Anne (1507–1536), second queen of Henry VIII; daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, afterwards Earl of Wiltshire, and Ormonde; one of the French queen's women c. 1519-22, having, probably, pone to France with her father when la- was ambassador; returned to England, 1522; riinvspondi-d with Henry VIII, who had become attached to her; became Henry VIII's mistress after lfi;7, tin- king having instituted proceedings with a view to his divorce from Catherine of Arragon; secretly married in January 1833. Catherine's marriage being declared nnlL Anne was crowned on Vhit Sunday, and her daughter, Princess Elizabeth, was born in September. In 1536 Henry, wlm-r passion had gradually died, charged her with i-iimiiiiil intercourse with several persons, including her own brother, and she was condemned to death; whereupon her marriage being declared invalid she was executed.
  582. ^ Anne of Cleves (1516–1557), fourth queen of Henry VIII; daughter of John, duke of Oleves, and Mary, only daughter of William, duke of Juliers; her father being the most powerful supporter of protestantism in west oi (icrmany, she was selected by Cromwell as wife for Henry on death of Jane Seymour; arrangements for the match made in 1539; married at Greenwich, 1540. The king soon wearied of her, and a catholic reaction gave him an excuse a few mouths later for having the marriage annulled by parliament: Anne was pensioned on condition of remaining in England, and on her death was buried in Westminster Abbey.
  583. ^ Anne of Denmark (1574–1619), queen of James I; daughter of Frederick II of Denmark and Norway, and Sophia, daughter of Ulric III, duke of Mecklenburg; was born at Skanderborg, Jutland; negotiations concerning her marriage begun in 1585, but Elizabeth, who was keepIng James's mother, Mary Queen of Scots, in confinement, refused to sanction it; on the execution of Mary, the Scottish nobility decided that the match should be concluded, 1587, and after some delay Anne was married by proxy at Copenhagen, 20 Aug.,1589, and to James in person 23 Nov. following at Opsloe, Norway; she arrived with him at Leith, 1 May 1590; crowned with James at Windsor, 1603, and took up residence in London, 1604; took great interest in the court entertainments, and personally appeared in masks by Jonson and Dekker; fond of progresses through the country, that to Bath in 1613 being most notable. She largely indulged a taste for building, and consequently, in spite of many parliamentary grants, died heavily in debt. Her inclination towards the Roman church occasioned, 1604, a proclamation banishing Jesuits and seminary priests from the kingdom, but, though she is said to have declared herself a catholic, she died professing protestantism.
  584. ^ Anne (1665–1714), queen of Great Britain and Ireland; born at St. James's Palace, London; second daughter of James II, by his first wife, Anne Hyde, daughter of Earl of Clarendon; educated in protestant faith; confirmed by Dr. Lake, 1676, together with her elder sister, Mary (who married Prince of Orange, 1677); proposals for her marriage with Prince George of Hanover entertained but abandoned, 1681; married George, prince of Denmark, 1683; several children were born to them, but all died young; joined William of Orange on the deposition of James, and by the Declaration of Right, 1688, had the crown settled on her and her posterity after that of William's wife, Mary; ascended the throne, 8 March 1702, and gave the Duchess of Marlborough, with whom she had been intimate from an early age, high appointments in the royal household, which the duchess held till 1711, when she was superseded by Mrs. Masham, her cousin; Anne's husband, Prince George, died 1708. Throughout her reign the queen favoured tory and high church principles, regarding it as her right to appoint her ministers according to her own choice; and the final estrangement of the Duchess of Marlborough was largely due to the duke's persistent advice to replace tory ministers by whigs, on the ground that the tory minis-try was unfavourable to the war of the Spanish succession. She evinced particular interest in the church, and endeavoured to take the ecclesiastical patronage of the crown into her own hands. In 1704 she granted the crown revenues from tenths and first-fruits to form, for the benefit of the church, a fund known asQueen Anne's Bounty and, in 1711, an act was passed on her recommendation for the building of fifty churches in London. In 1703 Anne recognised Charles III, second son of Emperor Leopold I, as king of Spain, and in the following years the English armies fighting in defence of his claim won several glorious vic tories; the war was closed by the treaty of Utrecht, 1713. The most important constitutional feature of Anne's reign was the Act of Union with Scotland, passed 1707. She was interred in Henry VII's chapel, Westminster. Her portrait, painted by Kneller, is at Windsor.
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