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PITX1
[edit]paired-like homeodomain 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PITX1 gene.[1][2][3]
Function
[edit]This gene encodes a member of the RIEG/PITX homeobox family, which is in the bicoid class of homeodomain protein transcription factors[4]. Members of this family are involved in organ development[citation needed], left-right asymmetry[citation needed] and hindlimb development[5][6]. This protein acts as a transcriptional regulator involved in basal and hormone-regulated activity of prolactin.[3] PITX1 is associated with hindlimb development and when inactivated hindlimb development is severely hindered.[6]
Clinical relevance
[edit]Mutations in this gene have been associated with autism[7], club foot[8] and polydactyly[9] in humans.
Genetic Basis of Pathologies
[edit]Genomic rearrangements at the PITX1 locus are associated with Liebenberg syndrome.[10] In PITX1 Liebenberg is associated with a translocation or deletions, which cause insert promoter groups into the PITX1 locus[10]. A missense mutation within the PITX1 locus is associated with the development of autosomal dominant clubfoot[11].
Interactions
[edit]PITX1 has been shown to interact with Pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1.[12]
References
[edit]- ^ Crawford MJ, Lanctôt C, Tremblay JJ, Jenkins N, Gilbert D, Copeland N, Beatty B, Drouin J (1997). "Human and murine PTX1/Ptx1 gene maps to the region for Treacher Collins syndrome". Mammalian Genome. 8 (11): 841–5. doi:10.1007/s003359900589. PMID 9337397.
- ^ Shang J, Li X, Ring HZ, Clayton DA, Francke U (Feb 1997). "Backfoot, a novel homeobox gene, maps to human chromosome 5 (BFT) and mouse chromosome 13 (Bft)". Genomics. 40 (1): 108–13. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.4558. PMID 9070926.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: PITX1 paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1".
- ^ Pellegrini-Bouiller, Isabelle; Manrique, Christine; Gunz, Ginette; Grino, Michel; Zamora, Alfredo J.; Figarella-Branger, Dominique; Grisoli, François; Jaquet, Philippe; Enjalbert, Alain (1999-06). "Expression of the Members of the Ptx Family of Transcription Factors in Human Pituitary Adenomas1". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 84 (6): 2212–2220. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.6.5760. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 10372733.
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(help) - ^ Duboc, Veronique; Logan, Malcolm P. O. (2011-12-15). "Pitx1 is necessary for normal initiation of hindlimb outgrowth through regulation of Tbx4 expression and shapes hindlimb morphologies via targeted growth control". Development. 138 (24): 5301–5309. doi:10.1242/dev.074153. ISSN 0950-1991. PMC 3222209. PMID 22071103.
- ^ a b Lanctôt, C.; Moreau, A.; Chamberland, M.; Tremblay, M. L.; Drouin, J. (1999-5). "Hindlimb patterning and mandible development require the Ptx1 gene". Development (Cambridge, England). 126 (9): 1805–1810. doi:10.1242/dev.126.9.1805. ISSN 0950-1991. PMID 10101115.
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(help) - ^ Philippi A, Tores F, Carayol J, Rousseau F, Letexier M, Roschmann E, Lindenbaum P, Benajjou A, Fontaine K, Vazart C, Gesnouin P, Brooks P, Hager J (2007). "Association of autism with polymorphisms in the paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1 (PITX1) on chromosome 5q31: a candidate gene analysis". BMC Medical Genetics. 8: 74. doi:10.1186/1471-2350-8-74. PMC 2222245. PMID 18053270.
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: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Alvarado, D. M.; McCall, K.; Aferol, H.; Silva, M. J.; Garbow, J. R.; Spees, W. M.; Patel, T.; Siegel, M.; Dobbs, M. B. (2011-07-20). "Pitx1 haploinsufficiency causes clubfoot in humans and a clubfoot-like phenotype in mice". Human Molecular Genetics. 20 (20): 3943–3952. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr313. ISSN 0964-6906. PMC 3177645. PMID 21775501.
- ^ Klopocki E, Kähler C, Foulds N, Shah H, Joseph B, Vogel H, Lüttgen S, Bald R, Besoke R, Held K, Mundlos S, Kurth I (Jun 2012). "Deletions in PITX1 cause a spectrum of lower-limb malformations including mirror-image polydactyly". European Journal of Human Genetics. 20 (6): 705–8. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.264. PMC 3355260. PMID 22258522.
- ^ a b Spielmann, Malte; Brancati, Francesco; Krawitz, Peter M.; Robinson, Peter N.; Ibrahim, Daniel M.; Franke, Martin; Hecht, Jochen; Lohan, Silke; Dathe, Katarina; Nardone, Anna Maria; Ferrari, Paola; Landi, Antonio; Wittler, Lars; Timmermann, Bernd; Chan, Danny; Mennen, Ulrich; Klopocki, Eva; Mundlos, Stefan (2012-10-05). "Homeotic Arm-to-Leg Transformation Associated with Genomic Rearrangements at the PITX1 Locus". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 91 (4): 629–635. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.08.014. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 3484647. PMID 23022097.
- ^ Alvarado, David M.; McCall, Kevin; Aferol, Hyuliya; Silva, Matthew J.; Garbow, Joel R.; Spees, William M.; Patel, Tarpit; Siegel, Marilyn; Dobbs, Matthew B. (2011-10-15). "Pitx1 haploinsufficiency causes clubfoot in humans and a clubfoot-like phenotype in mice". Human Molecular Genetics. 20 (20): 3943–3952. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr313. ISSN 0964-6906. PMC 3177645. PMID 21775501.
- ^ Szeto DP, Ryan AK, O'Connell SM, Rosenfeld MG (Jul 1996). "P-OTX: a PIT-1-interacting homeodomain factor expressed during anterior pituitary gland development". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (15): 7706–10. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.7706S. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.15.7706. PMC 38811. PMID 8755540.
Further reading
[edit]- Szeto DP, Ryan AK, O'Connell SM, Rosenfeld MG (Jul 1996). "P-OTX: a PIT-1-interacting homeodomain factor expressed during anterior pituitary gland development". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (15): 7706–10. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.7706S. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.15.7706. PMC 38811. PMID 8755540.
- Shang J, Luo Y, Clayton DA (Jun 1997). "Backfoot is a novel homeobox gene expressed in the mesenchyme of developing hind limb". Developmental Dynamics. 209 (2): 242–53. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(199706)209:2<242::AID-AJA10>3.0.CO;2-0. PMID 9186059.
- Poulin G, Turgeon B, Drouin J (Nov 1997). "NeuroD1/beta2 contributes to cell-specific transcription of the proopiomelanocortin gene". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 17 (11): 6673–82. doi:10.1128/mcb.17.11.6673. PMC 232521. PMID 9343431.
- Tremblay JJ, Drouin J (Apr 1999). "Egr-1 is a downstream effector of GnRH and synergizes by direct interaction with Ptx1 and SF-1 to enhance luteinizing hormone beta gene transcription". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 19 (4): 2567–76. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.4.2567. PMC 84049. PMID 10082522.
- Tremblay JJ, Marcil A, Gauthier Y, Drouin J (Jun 1999). "Ptx1 regulates SF-1 activity by an interaction that mimics the role of the ligand-binding domain". The EMBO Journal. 18 (12): 3431–41. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.12.3431. PMC 1171422. PMID 10369682.
- Pellegrini-Bouiller I, Manrique C, Gunz G, Grino M, Zamora AJ, Figarella-Branger D, Grisoli F, Jaquet P, Enjalbert A (Jun 1999). "Expression of the members of the Ptx family of transcription factors in human pituitary adenomas". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 84 (6): 2212–20. doi:10.1210/jc.84.6.2212. PMID 10372733.
- Tahara S, Kurotani R, Sanno N, Takumi I, Yoshimura S, Osamura RY, Teramoto A (Oct 2000). "Expression of pituitary homeo box 1 (Ptx1) in human non-neoplastic pituitaries and pituitary adenomas". Modern Pathology. 13 (10): 1097–108. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3880204. PMID 11048804.
- Quentien MH, Manfroid I, Moncet D, Gunz G, Muller M, Grino M, Enjalbert A, Pellegrini I (Nov 2002). "Pitx factors are involved in basal and hormone-regulated activity of the human prolactin promoter". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (46): 44408–16. doi:10.1074/jbc.M207824200. PMID 12223489.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Ghosh AK, Majumder M, Steele R, Ray R, Ray RB (Feb 2003). "Modulation of interferon expression by hepatitis C virus NS5A protein and human homeodomain protein PTX1". Virology. 306 (1): 51–9. doi:10.1016/S0042-6822(02)00029-6. PMID 12620797.
- Hiroi N, Kino T, Bassett M, Rainey WE, Phung M, Abu-Asab M, Fojo T, Briata P, Chrousos GP, Bornstein SR (May 2003). "Pituitary homeobox factor 1, a novel transcription factor in the adrenal regulating steroid 11beta-hydroxylase". Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et Métabolisme. 35 (5): 273–8. doi:10.1055/s-2003-41301. PMID 12915995.
- Kolfschoten IG, van Leeuwen B, Berns K, Mullenders J, Beijersbergen RL, Bernards R, Voorhoeve PM, Agami R (Jun 2005). "A genetic screen identifies PITX1 as a suppressor of RAS activity and tumorigenicity". Cell. 121 (6): 849–58. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.04.017. hdl:1874/17813. PMID 15960973.
- Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (Oct 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514.
- Lord RV, Brabender J, Wickramasinghe K, DeMeester SR, Holscher A, Schneider PM, Danenberg PV, DeMeester TR (Nov 2005). "Increased CDX2 and decreased PITX1 homeobox gene expression in Barrett's esophagus and Barrett's-associated adenocarcinoma". Surgery. 138 (5): 924–31. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2005.05.007. PMID 16291394.
- Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, Mann M (Nov 2006). "Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks". Cell. 127 (3): 635–48. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026. PMID 17081983.
- Picard C, Azeddine B, Moldovan F, Martel-Pelletier J, Moreau A (Sep 2007). "New emerging role of pitx1 transcription factor in osteoarthritis pathogenesis". Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 462: 59–66. doi:10.1097/BLO.0b013e3180d09d9c. PMID 17549029.
- Qi DL, Ohhira T, Fujisaki C, Inoue T, Ohta T, Osaki M, Ohshiro E, Seko T, Aoki S, Oshimura M, Kugoh H (Apr 2011). "Identification of PITX1 as a TERT suppressor gene located on human chromosome 5". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 31 (8): 1624–36. doi:10.1128/MCB.00470-10. PMC 3126332. PMID 21300782.
External links
[edit]- PITX1+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- http://omim.org/entry/602149 at OMIM, holds the most up to date information on PITX1.
- https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/PITX1 at the NIH, has a summary on the effects of PITX1 mutations.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.