Jump to content

Paroxetine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Paxel)

Paroxetine
Clinical data
Trade namesPaxil, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa698032
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D
Routes of
administration		Oral (By mouth)
Drug classSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityExtensively absorbed from the GI tract, but extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver[3][4][5][6]
Protein binding93–95%[3][4][5]
MetabolismExtensive, liver (mostly CYP2D6-mediated)[3][4][5]
Elimination half-life21 hours[3][4][5]
ExcretionKidney (64%; 2% unchanged and 62% as metabolites), faecal (36%; <1% unchanged)[3][4][5]
Identifiers
  • (3S,4R)-3-[(2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl]-4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperidine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.112.096 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC19H20FNO3
Molar mass329.371 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • c1cc(ccc1[C@@H]2CCNC[C@H]2COc3ccc4c(c3)OCO4)F
  • InChI=1S/C19H20FNO3/c20-15-3-1-13(2-4-15)17-7-8-21-10-14(17)11-22-16-5-6-18-19(9-16)24-12-23-18/h1-6,9,14,17,21H,7-8,10-12H2/t14-,17-/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:AHOUBRCZNHFOSL-YOEHRIQHSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Paroxetine, sold under the brand name Paxil among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class.[7] It is used to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder.[7] It has also been used in the treatment of premature ejaculation and hot flashes due to menopause.[7][8] It is taken orally (by mouth).[7]

Common side effects include drowsiness, dry mouth, loss of appetite, sweating, trouble sleeping, and sexual dysfunction.[7] Serious side effects may include suicidal thoughts in those under the age of 25, serotonin syndrome, and mania.[7] While the rate of side effects appears similar compared to other SSRIs and SNRIs, antidepressant discontinuation syndromes may occur more often.[9][10] Use in pregnancy is not recommended, while use during breastfeeding is relatively safe.[11] It is believed to work by blocking the reuptake of the chemical serotonin by neurons in the brain.[7]

Paroxetine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1992 and initially sold by GlaxoSmithKline.[7][12] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[13] It is available as a generic medication.[14] In 2022, it was the 92nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 7 million prescriptions.[15][16] In 2018, it was in the top 10 of most prescribed antidepressants in the United States.[17]

Medical uses

[edit]

Paroxetine is primarily used to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. It is also occasionally used for agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and menopausal hot flashes.[18][19][20][21][22]

Depression

[edit]

A variety of meta-analyses have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of paroxetine in depression. They have variously concluded that paroxetine is superior or equivalent to placebo and that it is equivalent to other antidepressants.[23][24][25] Despite this, there was no clear evidence that paroxetine was better or worse compared with other antidepressants at increasing response to treatment at any point in time.[26]

Anxiety disorders

[edit]

Paroxetine was the first antidepressant approved in the United States for the treatment of panic disorder.[27][page needed] Several studies have concluded that paroxetine is superior to placebo in the treatment of panic disorder.[25][28]

Paroxetine has demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of social anxiety disorder in adults and children.[29][30] It is also beneficial for people with co-occurring social anxiety disorder and alcohol use disorder.[31] It appears to be similar to a number of other SSRIs.[32]

Paroxetine is used in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.[33] Comparative efficacy of paroxetine is equivalent to that of clomipramine and venlafaxine.[34][35] Paroxetine is also effective for children with obsessive-compulsive disorder.[36]

Paroxetine is approved for treatment of PTSD in the United States, Japan, and Europe.[37][38][39] In the United States, it is approved for short-term use.[38]

Paroxetine is also FDA-approved for generalized anxiety disorder.[40]

Menopausal hot flashes

[edit]

In 2013, low-dose paroxetine was approved in the US for the treatment of moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes and night sweats associated with menopause.[8] At the low dose used for menopausal hot flashes, side effects are similar to placebo and dose tapering is not required for discontinuation.[41]

Fibromyalgia

[edit]

Studies have also shown paroxetine "appears to be well-tolerated and improve the overall symptomatology in patients with fibromyalgia", but is less robust in helping with the pain involved.[42][43]

Adverse effects

[edit]
See also: List of adverse effects of paroxetine

Common side effects include drowsiness, dry mouth, loss of appetite, sweating, insomnia, and sexual dysfunction.[7] Serious side effects may include suicide in those under the age of 25, serotonin syndrome, and mania.[7] While the rate of side effects appears similar compared to other SSRIs and SNRIs, antidepressant discontinuation syndromes may occur more often.[9][10] Use in pregnancy is not recommended, while use during breastfeeding is relatively safe.[11]

Paroxetine shares many of the common adverse effects of SSRIs, including (with the corresponding rates seen in people treated with placebo in parentheses):

  • nausea 26% (9%)
  • diarrhea 12% (8%)
  • constipation 14% (9%)
  • dry mouth 18% (12%)
  • somnolence 23% (9%)
  • insomnia 13% (6%)
  • headache 18% (17%)
  • hypomania 1% (0.3%)
  • blurred vision 4% (1%)
  • loss of appetite 6% (2%)
  • nervousness 5% (3%)
  • paraesthesia 4% (2%)
  • dizziness 13% (6%)
  • asthenia (weakness; 15% (6%))
  • tremor 8% (2%)
  • sweating 11% (2%)
  • sexual dysfunction (≥10% incidence).[6]

Most of these adverse effects are transient and go away with continued treatment. Central and peripheral 5-HT3 receptor stimulation is believed to result in the gastrointestinal effects observed with SSRI treatment.[44] Compared to other SSRIs, it has a lower incidence of diarrhea, but a higher incidence of anticholinergic effects (e.g., dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, etc.), sedation/somnolence/drowsiness, sexual side effects, and weight gain.[45]

Due to reports of adverse withdrawal reactions upon terminating treatment, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use at the European Medicines Agency recommends gradually reducing over several weeks or months if the decision to withdraw is made.[46] See also Discontinuation syndrome (withdrawal).

Mania or hypomania may occur in 1% of patients with depression and up to 12% of patients with bipolar disorder.[47] This side effect can occur in individuals with no history of mania, but it may be more likely to occur in those with bipolar disorder or with a family history of mania.[48]

Paroxetine is described as a 'hepatoxic agent'[49] and has been associated with hepatoxicity and jaundice.[50]

Suicide

[edit]

Like other antidepressants, paroxetine may increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behaviour in people under the age of 25.[51][52] The FDA conducted a statistical analysis of paroxetine clinical trials in children and adolescents in 2004 and found an increase in suicidality and ideation as compared to placebo, which was observed in trials for both depression and anxiety disorders.[53] In 2015 a paper published in The BMJ that reanalysed the original case notes argued that in Study 329,[54] assessing paroxetine and imipramine against placebo in adolescents with depression, the incidence of suicidal behavior had been under-reported and the efficacy exaggerated for paroxetine.[55][56][57][58][59]

Sexual dysfunction

[edit]
See also: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor § Sexual dysfunction

Sexual dysfunction, including loss of libido, anorgasmia, lack of vaginal lubrication, and erectile dysfunction, is one of the most commonly encountered adverse effects of treatment with paroxetine and other SSRIs. While early clinical trials suggested a relatively low rate of sexual dysfunction, more recent studies in which the investigator actively inquires about sexual problems suggest that the incidence is higher than 70%.[60] Symptoms of sexual dysfunction have been reported to persist after discontinuing SSRIs, although this is thought to be occasional.[61][62][63]

Pregnancy

[edit]

Antidepressant exposure (including paroxetine) is associated with shorter duration of pregnancy (by three days), increased risk of preterm delivery (by 55%), lower birth weight (by 75 g or 2.6 oz), and lower Apgar scores (by <0.4 points).[64][65] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that for pregnant women and women planning to become pregnant, paroxetine "be avoided, if possible", as it may be associated with increased risk of birth defects.[66][67]

Babies born to women who used paroxetine during the first trimester have an increased risk of cardiovascular malformations, primarily ventricular and atrial septal defects. Unless the benefits of paroxetine justify continuing treatment, consideration should be given to stopping or switching to another antidepressant.[68] Paroxetine use during pregnancy is associated with about 1.5– to 1.7-fold increase in congenital birth defects, in particular, heart defects, cleft lip and palate, clubbed feet, or any birth defects.[69][70][71][72][73]

Discontinuation syndrome

[edit]
See also: SSRI discontinuation syndrome

Many psychoactive medications can cause withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation from administration. Paroxetine has among the highest incidence rates and severity of withdrawal syndrome of any medication of its class.[74] Common withdrawal symptoms for paroxetine include nausea, dizziness, lightheadedness and vertigo; insomnia, nightmares and vivid dreams; feelings of electricity in the body, as well as rebound depression and anxiety. Liquid formulation of paroxetine is available and allows a very gradual decrease of the dose, which may prevent discontinuation syndrome. Another recommendation is to temporarily switch to fluoxetine, which has a longer half-life and thus decreases the severity of discontinuation syndrome.[75][76][77]

In 2002, the U.S. FDA published a warning regarding "severe" discontinuation symptoms among those terminating paroxetine treatment, including paraesthesia, nightmares, and dizziness. The agency also warned of case reports describing agitation, sweating, and nausea. In connection with a Glaxo spokesperson's statement that withdrawal reactions occur only in 0.2% of patients and are "mild and short-lived", the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations said GSK had breached two of the federation's codes of practice.[78]

Paroxetine prescribing information posted at GlaxoSmithKline has been updated related to the occurrence of a discontinuation syndrome, including serious discontinuation symptoms.[68]

Overdose

[edit]

Acute overdosage is often manifested by emesis, lethargy, ataxia, tachycardia, and seizures. Plasma, serum, or blood concentrations of paroxetine may be measured to monitor therapeutic administration, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or to aid in the medicolegal investigation of fatalities. Plasma paroxetine concentrations are generally in a range of 40–400 μg/L in persons receiving daily therapeutic doses and 200–2,000 μg/L in poisoned patients. Postmortem blood levels have ranged from 1–4 mg/L in acute lethal overdose situations.[79][80] Along with the other SSRIs, sertraline and fluoxetine, paroxetine is considered a low-risk drug in cases of overdose.[81]

Interactions

[edit]

Interactions with other drugs acting on the serotonin system or impairing the metabolism of serotonin may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)-like reaction. Such reactions have been observed with SNRIs and SSRIs alone, but particularly with concurrent use of triptans, MAO inhibitors, antipsychotics, or other dopamine antagonists.

The prescribing information states that paroxetine should "not be used in combination with an MAOI (including linezolid, an antibiotic which is a reversible non-selective MAOI), or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with an MAOI", and should not be used in combination with pimozide, thioridazine, tryptophan, or warfarin.[68]

Paroxetine interacts with the following cytochrome P450 enzymes:[45][82]

Paroxetine has been shown to be an inhibitor of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2).[83][84]

Pharmacology

[edit]
Mechanism of paroxetine inhibition of CYP2D6[85]

Pharmacodynamics

[edit]

Paroxetine is the most potent and one of the most specific selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).[86] It also binds to the allosteric site of the serotonin transporter, similarly to escitalopram, though less potently so.[87] Paroxetine also inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine to a lesser extent (<50 nmol/L).[88] Based on evidence from four weeks of administration in rats, the equivalent of 20 mg paroxetine taken once daily occupies approximately 88% of serotonin transporters in the prefrontal cortex.[82] Paroxetine is a phenylpiperidine and might have some affinity for opioid receptors.[89]

Binding profile[44][82][90][91] Paroxetine
Receptor Ki (nM)
SERT 0.07 – 0.2
NET 40 – 85
DAT 490
D2 7,700
5-HT1A 21,200
5-HT2A 6,300
5-HT2C 9,000
α1 1,000 – 2,700
α2 3,900
M1 72
H1 13,700 – 23,700

Pharmacokinetics

[edit]

Paroxetine is well-absorbed following oral administration.[82] It has an absolute bioavailability of about 50%, with evidence of a saturable first pass effect.[92] When taken orally, it achieves maximum concentration in about 6–10 hours[82] and reaches steady-state in 7–14 days.[92] Paroxetine exhibits significant interindividual variations in volume of distribution and clearance.[92] Less than 2% of an oral dose is excreted in urine unchanged.[92]

Paroxetine is a mechanism-based inhibitor of CYP2D6.[85][93]

Metabolism of paroxetine in humans[93]

Society and culture

[edit]

Paroxetine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1992 and initially sold by GlaxoSmithKline.[7][94] It is available as a generic medication.[14] In 2022, it was the 92nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 7 million prescriptions.[15][16] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[13]

GlaxoSmithKline has paid substantial fines, paid settlements in class-action lawsuits, and become the subject of several highly critical books about its marketing of paroxetine, in particular the off-label marketing of paroxetine for children, the suppression of negative research results relating to its use in children, and allegations that it failed to warn consumers of substantial withdrawal effects associated with use of the drug.[95][96]

Marketing

[edit]
See also: Study 329

In 2004, GSK agreed to settle charges of consumer fraud for $2.5 million.[97] The legal discovery process also uncovered evidence of deliberate, systematic suppression of unfavorable Paxil research results. One of GSK's internal documents read, "It would be commercially unacceptable to include a statement that efficacy [in children] had not been demonstrated, as this would undermine the profile of paroxetine".[98]

In 2012, the United States Department of Justice fined GlaxoSmithKline $3 billion for withholding data, unlawfully promoting use in those under 18, and preparing an article that misleadingly reported the effects of paroxetine in adolescents with depression following its clinical trial study 329.[95][96][99]

In February 2016, the UK Competition and Markets Authority imposed record fines of £45 million on companies which were found to have infringed European Union and UK Competition law by entering into agreements to delay the market entry of generic versions of the drug in the UK. GlaxoSmithKline received the bulk of the fines, being fined £37,600,757. Other companies, which produce generics, were issued fines which collectively total £7,384,146. UK public health services are likely to claim damages for being overcharged in the period where the generic versions of the drug were illegally blocked from the market, as the generics are over 70% less expensive. GlaxoSmithKline may also face actions from other generics manufacturers who incurred loss as a result of the anticompetitive conduct.[100] In April 2016, appeals were lodged with the Competition Appeal Tribunal by the companies which were fined.[101][102][103][104][105]

GSK marketed paroxetine through television advertisements in the 1990s and 2000s. Commercials also aired for the CR version of the drug beginning in 2003.[106]

Economics

[edit]

In 2007, paroxetine was ranked 94th on the list of bestselling drugs, with over $1 billion in sales. In 2006, paroxetine was the fifth-most prescribed antidepressant in the U.S. retail market, with more than 19.7 million prescriptions.[107] In 2007, sales had dropped slightly to 18.1 million but paroxetine remained the fifth-most prescribed antidepressant in the U.S.[108][109]

Brand names

[edit]

Brand names include Aropax, Paretin, Brisdelle, Deroxat, Paxil,[110][111] Pexeva, Paxtine, Paxetin, Paroxat, Paraxyl,[112] Sereupin, Daparox and Seroxat.

Research

[edit]

Several studies have suggested that paroxetine can be used in the treatment of premature ejaculation. In particular, intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) was found to increase with 6- to 13-fold, which was somewhat longer than the delay achieved by the treatment with other SSRIs (fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, sertraline, and citalopram).[113][114][115] However, paroxetine taken acutely ("on demand") 3–10 hours before coitus resulted only in a "clinically irrelevant and sexually unsatisfactory" 1.5-fold delay of ejaculation and was inferior to clomipramine, which induced a fourfold delay.[115]

There is also evidence that paroxetine may be effective in the treatment of compulsive gambling[116] and hot flashes.[117]

Benefits of paroxetine prescription for diabetic neuropathy[118] or chronic tension headache[119] are uncertain.

Although the evidence is conflicting, paroxetine may be effective for the treatment of dysthymia, a chronic disorder involving depressive symptoms for most days of the year.[120]

There is evidence to support that paroxetine selectively binds to and inhibits G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) in mice with heart failure. Since GRK2 regulates the activity of the beta adrenergic receptor, which becomes desensitized in cases of heart failure, paroxetine (or a paroxetine derivative) could be used as a heart failure treatment in the future.[83][84][121]

Paroxetine has been identified as a potential disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug.[122]

Veterinary use

[edit]

Paroxetine may be useful in the treatment of canine or feline behavioral diagnoses and is effective in the treatment of social anxiety, depression, and agitation associated with depression.[123]

Other organisms

[edit]

Paroxetine is a common finding in waste water.[124] It is highly toxic to the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (syn. Raphidocelis subcapitata).[124]

It also is toxic to the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.[125]

Alberca et al., 2016 finds paroxetine acts as a trypanocide against T. cruzi.[126]

Alberca et al., 2016 finds a leishmanicide effect.[127] Alberca finds that paroxetine produces cell death of the promastigotes of L. infantum.[127] The mechanism of action remains unknown.[127]

Various types of bacteria are able to break down paroxetine in the environment. These include, for example Pseudomonas sp., Bosea sp., Shewanella sp., Species of Chitinophagaceae and Acinetobacter sp.[128][129]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  2. ^ Anvisa (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 4 April 2023). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Sandoz Pty Ltd (18 January 2012). "Product Information Paroxetine Sandoz 20Mg Film-Coated Tablets" (PDF). Therapeutic Goods Administration. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d e Mylan Institutional Inc. (January 2012). "Paroxetine (paroxetine hydrochloride hemihydrate) tablet, film coated". DailyMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d e Sandoz Limited (21 March 2013). "Paroxetine 20 mg Tablets – Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)". electronic Medicines Compendium. Datapharm Ltd. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  6. ^ a b "Paxil, Paxil CR (paroxetine) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Archived from the original on 10 November 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Paroxetine Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  8. ^ a b Fischer A (28 June 2013). "FDA approves the first non-hormonal treatment for hot flashes associated with menopause" (Press release). Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017.
  9. ^ a b Hosenbocus S, Chahal R (February 2011). "SSRIs and SNRIs: A review of the Discontinuation Syndrome in Children and Adolescents". Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 20 (1): 60–67. PMC 3024727. PMID 21286371.
  10. ^ a b Pae CU, Patkar AA (February 2007). "Paroxetine: current status in psychiatry". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 7 (2): 107–120. doi:10.1586/14737175.7.2.107. PMID 17286545. S2CID 34636522.
  11. ^ a b "Paroxetine Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  12. ^ Food and Drug Administration (2011). Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations – FDA Orange Book 31st Edition (2011): FDA Orange Book 31st Edition (2011). DrugPatentWatch.com. p. 344. ISBN 9781934899816. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  13. ^ a b World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
  14. ^ a b British national formulary: BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. p. 363. ISBN 9780857113382.
  15. ^ a b "The Top 300 of 2022". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  16. ^ a b "Paroxetine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022". ClinCalc. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  17. ^ Grohol JM (15 December 2019). "Top 25 Psychiatric Medications for 2018". psychcentral.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  18. ^ Wagstaff AJ, Cheer SM, Matheson AJ, Ormrod D, Goa KL (March 2002). "Paroxetine: an update of its use in psychiatric disorders in adults". Drugs. 62 (4): 655–703. doi:10.2165/00003495-200262040-00010. PMID 11893234. S2CID 195692589.
  19. ^ Lotke P, Garcia F, Stearns V, Beebe KL, Iyengar M (1 January 2004). "Paroxetine controlled release was effective and tolerable for treating menopausal hot flash symptoms in women". Evidence Based Medicine. 9 (1): 23. doi:10.1136/ebm.9.1.23. ISSN 1473-6810. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  20. ^ "Paroxetine: an antidepressant". nhs.uk. 29 August 2018. Archived from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  21. ^ "Paroxetine 20 mg Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (emc)". medicines.org.uk. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  22. ^ "Product and Consumer Medicine Information". Therapeutic Goods Administration. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  23. ^ Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Geddes JR, Higgins JP, Churchill R, et al. (February 2009). "Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-generation antidepressants: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis". Lancet. 373 (9665): 746–758. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60046-5. PMID 19185342. S2CID 35858125.
  24. ^ Fava M, Amsterdam JD, Deltito JA, Salzman C, Schwaller M, Dunner DL (December 1998). "A double-blind study of paroxetine, fluoxetine, and placebo in outpatients with major depression". Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 10 (4): 145–150. doi:10.3109/10401239809147030. PMID 9988054.
  25. ^ a b Sugarman MA, Loree AM, Baltes BB, Grekin ER, Kirsch I (27 August 2014). "The efficacy of paroxetine and placebo in treating anxiety and depression: a meta-analysis of change on the Hamilton Rating Scales". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e106337. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j6337S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106337. PMC 4146610. PMID 25162656.
  26. ^ Purgato M, Papola D, Gastaldon C, Trespidi C, Magni LR, Rizzo C, et al. (April 2014). "Paroxetine versus other anti-depressive agents for depression". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (4): CD006531. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006531.pub2. PMC 10091826. PMID 24696195.
  27. ^ Turner FJ (2005). Social Work Diagnosis in Contemporary Practice. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-516878-5.
  28. ^ Ballenger JC, Wheadon DE, Steiner M, Bushnell W, Gergel IP (January 1998). "Double-blind, fixed-dose, placebo-controlled study of paroxetine in the treatment of panic disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 155 (1): 36–42. doi:10.1176/ajp.155.1.36. PMID 9433336.
  29. ^ Stein MB, Liebowitz MR, Lydiard RB, Pitts CD, Bushnell W, Gergel I (August 1998). "Paroxetine treatment of generalized social phobia (social anxiety disorder): a randomized controlled trial". JAMA. 280 (8): 708–713. doi:10.1001/jama.280.8.708. PMID 9728642.
  30. ^ Manassis K (May 2005). "Paroxetine improves social anxiety disorder in children and adolescents". Evidence-Based Mental Health. 8 (2): 43. doi:10.1136/ebmh.8.2.43. PMID 15851806. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  31. ^ Randall CL, Johnson MR, Thevos AK, Sonne SC, Thomas SE, Willard SL, et al. (1 January 2001). "Paroxetine for social anxiety and alcohol use in dual-diagnosed patients". Depression and Anxiety. 14 (4): 255–262. doi:10.1002/da.1077. PMID 11754136. S2CID 23395959.
  32. ^ Blanco C, Bragdon LB, Schneier FR, Liebowitz MR (February 2013). "The evidence-based pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder". The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 16 (1): 235–249. doi:10.1017/S1461145712000119. PMID 22436306. There were no significant differences between the three SSRIs that had been tested in placebo-controlled studies: paroxetine; sertraline; fluvoxamine.
  33. ^ Germann D, Ma G, Han F, Tikhomirova A (2013). Brittain HG (ed.). "Paroxetine hydrochloride". Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients, and Related Methodology. Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients. 38: 367–406. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-407691-4.00008-3. ISBN 978-0-12-407691-4. PMID 23668408. S2CID 205143838.
  34. ^ Zohar J, Judge R (October 1996). "Paroxetine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. OCD Paroxetine Study Investigators". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 169 (4): 468–474. doi:10.1192/bjp.169.4.468. PMID 8894198. S2CID 19698156.
  35. ^ Denys D, van der Wee N, van Megen HJ, Westenberg HG (December 2003). "A double blind comparison of venlafaxine and paroxetine in obsessive-compulsive disorder". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 23 (6): 568–575. doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000095342.32154.54. PMID 14624187. S2CID 23260081.
  36. ^ Ipser JC, Stein DJ, Hawkridge S, Hoppe L (July 2009). "Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD005170. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005170.pub2. PMID 19588367.
  37. ^ Alexander W (January 2012). "Pharmacotherapy for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder In Combat Veterans: Focus on Antidepressants and Atypical Antipsychotic Agents". P & T. 37 (1): 32–38. PMC 3278188. PMID 22346334.
  38. ^ a b Ipser JC, Stein DJ (July 2012). "Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)". The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 15 (6): 825–840. doi:10.1017/S1461145711001209. PMID 21798109.
  39. ^ "Search results detail| Kusurino-Shiori (Drug information Sheet)". rad-ar.or.jp. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  40. ^ "FDA Approves Antidepressant For Generalized Anxiety Disorder". Psychiatric News. 36 (10): 14. 18 May 2001. doi:10.1176/pn.36.10.0014b.
  41. ^ Orleans RJ, Li L, Kim MJ, Guo J, Sobhan M, Soule L, et al. (May 2014). "FDA approval of paroxetine for menopausal hot flushes". The New England Journal of Medicine. 370 (19): 1777–1779. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1402080. PMID 24806158.
  42. ^ Patkar AA, Masand PS, Krulewicz S, Mannelli P, Peindl K, Beebe KL, et al. (May 2007). "A randomized, controlled, trial of controlled release paroxetine in fibromyalgia". The American Journal of Medicine. 120 (5): 448–454. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.06.006. PMID 17466657.
  43. ^ Giordano N, Geraci S, Santacroce C, Mattii G, Battisti E, Gennari C (December 1999). "Efficacy and tolerability of paroxetine in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: a single-blind study". Current Therapeutic Research. 60 (12): 696–702. doi:10.1016/S0011-393X(99)90008-5.
  44. ^ a b Brunton L, Chabner B, Knollman B (2010). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-162442-8.
  45. ^ a b c Ciraulo DA, Shader RI, eds. (2011). Pharmacotherapy of Depression (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Humana Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-435-7. ISBN 978-1-60327-434-0.
  46. ^ "Press release, CHMP meeting on Paroxetine and other SSRIs" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 9 December 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2007.
  47. ^ "Prescribing Information Paxil (paroxetine hydrochloride) Tablets and Oral Suspension" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2014.
  48. ^ Morishita S, Arita S (October 2003). "Induction of mania in depression by paroxetine". Human Psychopharmacology. 18 (7): 565–568. doi:10.1002/hup.531. PMID 14533140. S2CID 32168369.
  49. ^ "Paroxetine". PubChem.
  50. ^ Odeh M, Misselevech I, Boss JH, Oliven A (August 2001). "Severe hepatotoxicity with jaundice associated with paroxetine". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 96 (8): 2494–2496. doi:10.1016/S0002-9270(01)02623-5. PMID 11513198.
  51. ^ "Medication Guide About Using Antidepressants in Children and Teenagers" (PDF). FDA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 March 2016.
  52. ^ "FDA Launches a Multi-Pronged Strategy to Strengthen Safeguards for Children Treated With Antidepressant Medications". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017.
  53. ^ Hammad TA (16 August 2004). "Review and evaluation of clinical data: relationship between psychotropic drugs and pediatric suicidality" (PDF). Joint Meeting of the Psychopharmacologic Drugs Advisory Committee and Pediatric Advisory Committee. 13–14 September 2004. Briefing Information. FDA. p. 30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
  54. ^ Keller MB, Ryan ND, Strober M, Klein RG, Kutcher SP, Birmaher B, et al. (July 2001). "Efficacy of paroxetine in the treatment of adolescent major depression: a randomized, controlled trial". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 40 (7): 762–772. doi:10.1097/00004583-200107000-00010. PMID 11437014. S2CID 2125130.
  55. ^ Le Noury J, Nardo JM, Healy D, Jureidini J, Raven M, Tufanaru C, et al. (September 2015). "Restoring Study 329: efficacy and harms of paroxetine and imipramine in treatment of major depression in adolescence". BMJ. 351: h4320. doi:10.1136/bmj.h4320. PMC 4572084. PMID 26376805.
  56. ^ Godlee F (17 September 2015). "Study 329". BMJ. 351: h4973. doi:10.1136/bmj.h4973.
  57. ^ Doshi P (September 2015). "No correction, no retraction, no apology, no comment: paroxetine trial reanalysis raises questions about institutional responsibility". BMJ. 351: h4629. doi:10.1136/bmj.h4629. PMID 26377109. S2CID 44921667.
  58. ^ Henry D, Fitzpatrick T (September 2015). "Liberating the data from clinical trials". BMJ. 351: h4601. doi:10.1136/bmj.h4601. PMID 26377210. S2CID 41871189.
  59. ^ Boseley S (16 September 2015). "Seroxat study under-reported harmful effects on young people, say scientists". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  60. ^ Clark MS, Jansen K, Bresnahan M (November 2013). "Clinical inquiry: How do antidepressants affect sexual function?". The Journal of Family Practice. 62 (11): 660–661. PMID 24288712.
  61. ^ Csoka AB, Csoka A, Bahrick A, Mehtonen OP (January 2008). "Persistent sexual dysfunction after discontinuation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 5 (1): 227–233. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00630.x. PMID 18173768.
  62. ^ Csoka AB, Shipko S (2006). "Persistent sexual side effects after SSRI discontinuation" (PDF). Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 75 (3): 187–188. doi:10.1159/000091777. PMID 16636635. S2CID 33448116. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  63. ^ http://pi.lilly.com/us/prozac.pdf Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Page 14.
  64. ^ Ross LE, Grigoriadis S, Mamisashvili L, Vonderporten EH, Roerecke M, Rehm J, et al. (April 2013). "Selected pregnancy and delivery outcomes after exposure to antidepressant medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis". JAMA Psychiatry. 70 (4): 436–443. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.684. PMID 23446732.
  65. ^ Lattimore KA, Donn SM, Kaciroti N, Kemper AR, Neal CR, Vazquez DM (September 2005). "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) use during pregnancy and effects on the fetus and newborn: a meta-analysis". Journal of Perinatology. 25 (9): 595–604. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211352. PMID 16015372.
  66. ^ ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice (December 2006). "ACOG Committee Opinion No. 354: Treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 108 (6): 1601–1603. doi:10.1097/00006250-200612000-00058. PMID 17138801.
  67. ^ Yonkers KA, Blackwell KA, Glover J, Forray A (2014). "Antidepressant use in pregnant and postpartum women". Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 10: 369–392. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153626. PMC 4138492. PMID 24313569.
  68. ^ a b c "PAXIL (paroxetine hydrochloride) Tablets and Oral Suspension: Prescribing Information" (PDF). Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline. August 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2007.
  69. ^ Thormahlen GM (October 2006). "Paroxetine use during pregnancy: is it safe?". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 40 (10): 1834–1837. doi:10.1345/aph.1H116. PMID 16926304. S2CID 28814479.
  70. ^ Way CM (April 2007). "Safety of newer antidepressants in pregnancy". Pharmacotherapy. 27 (4): 546–552. doi:10.1592/phco.27.4.546. PMID 17381382. S2CID 37923558.
  71. ^ Bellantuono C, Migliarese G, Gentile S (April 2007). "Serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy and the risk of major malformations: a systematic review". Human Psychopharmacology. 22 (3): 121–128. doi:10.1002/hup.836. PMID 17397101. S2CID 21279773.
  72. ^ Källén B (July 2007). "The safety of antidepressant drugs during pregnancy". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 6 (4): 357–370. doi:10.1517/14740338.6.4.357. PMID 17688379. S2CID 20167648.
  73. ^ Bar-Oz B, Einarson T, Einarson A, Boskovic R, O'Brien L, Malm H, et al. (May 2007). "Paroxetine and congenital malformations: meta-Analysis and consideration of potential confounding factors". Clinical Therapeutics. 29 (5): 918–926. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.05.003. PMID 17697910.
  74. ^ Fava GA, Gatti A, Belaise C, Guidi J, Offidani E (2015). "Withdrawal Symptoms after Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Discontinuation: A Systematic Review". Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 84 (2): 72–81. doi:10.1159/000370338. PMID 25721705.
  75. ^ Haddad PM (March 2001). "Antidepressant discontinuation syndromes". Drug Safety. 24 (3): 183–197. doi:10.2165/00002018-200124030-00003. PMID 11347722. S2CID 26897797.
  76. ^ Haddad PM, Anderson IM (November 2007). "Recognising and managing antidepressant discontinuation symptoms". Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 13 (6): 447–457. doi:10.1192/apt.bp.105.001966.
  77. ^ Healy D. "Dependence on Antidepressants & Halting SSRIs". benzo.org.uk. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  78. ^ Tonks A (February 2002). "Withdrawal from paroxetine can be severe, warns FDA". BMJ. 324 (7332): 260. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7332.260. PMC 1122195. PMID 11823353.
  79. ^ Goeringer KE, Raymon L, Christian GD, Logan BK (May 2000). "Postmortem forensic toxicology of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a review of pharmacology and report of 168 cases". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 45 (3): 633–648. doi:10.1520/JFS14740J. PMID 10855970.
  80. ^ R. Baselt,Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 1190–1193.
  81. ^ White N, Litovitz T, Clancy C (December 2008). "Suicidal antidepressant overdoses: a comparative analysis by antidepressant type". Journal of Medical Toxicology. 4 (4): 238–250. doi:10.1007/BF03161207. PMC 3550116. PMID 19031375.
  82. ^ a b c d e Sanchez C, Reines EH, Montgomery SA (July 2014). "A comparative review of escitalopram, paroxetine, and sertraline: Are they all alike?". International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 29 (4): 185–196. doi:10.1097/YIC.0000000000000023. PMC 4047306. PMID 24424469.
  83. ^ a b Thal DM, Homan KT, Chen J, Wu EK, Hinkle PM, Huang ZM, et al. (November 2012). "Paroxetine is a direct inhibitor of g protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and increases myocardial contractility". ACS Chemical Biology. 7 (11): 1830–1839. doi:10.1021/cb3003013. PMC 3500392. PMID 22882301.
  84. ^ a b Waldschmidt HV, Homan KT, Cato MC, Cruz-Rodríguez O, Cannavo A, Wilson MW, et al. (April 2017). "Structure-Based Design of Highly Selective and Potent G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 Inhibitors Based on Paroxetine". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 60 (7): 3052–3069. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00112. PMC 5641445. PMID 28323425.
  85. ^ a b Stepan AF, Mascitti V, Beaumont K, Kalgutkar AS (2013). "Metabolism-guided drug design". MedChemComm. 4 (4): 631. doi:10.1039/C2MD20317K.
  86. ^ Mellerup ET, Plenge P (July 1986). "High affinity binding of 3H-paroxetine and 3H-imipramine to rat neuronal membranes". Psychopharmacology. 89 (4): 436–439. doi:10.1007/BF02412117. PMID 2944152. S2CID 6037759.
  87. ^ Mansari ME, Wiborg O, Mnie-Filali O, Benturquia N, Sánchez C, Haddjeri N (February 2007). "Allosteric modulation of the effect of escitalopram, paroxetine and fluoxetine: in-vitro and in-vivo studies". The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 10 (1): 31–40. doi:10.1017/S1461145705006462. PMID 16448580.
  88. ^ Owens JM, Knight DL, Nemeroff CB (1 August 2002). "[Second generation SSRIS: human monoamine transporter binding profile of escitalopram and R-fluoxetine]". L'Encephale. 28 (4): 350–355. PMID 12232544.
  89. ^ Brackley AD, Jeske NA (2022). "Paroxetine Increases δ Opioid Responsiveness in Sensory Neurons". eNeuro. 9 (4). doi:10.1523/ENEURO.0063-22.2022. PMC 9347309. PMID 35882549.
  90. ^ Owens MJ, Knight DL, Nemeroff CB (September 2001). "Second-generation SSRIs: human monoamine transporter binding profile of escitalopram and R-fluoxetine". Biological Psychiatry. 50 (5): 345–350. doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01145-3. PMID 11543737. S2CID 11247427.
  91. ^ Roth BL, Driscol J (12 January 2011). "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Archived from the original on 8 November 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  92. ^ a b c d Kaye CM, Haddock RE, Langley PF, Mellows G, Tasker TC, Zussman BD, et al. (1989). "A review of the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of paroxetine in man". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 350: 60–75. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1989.tb07176.x. PMID 2530793. S2CID 23769424.
  93. ^ a b Jornil J, Jensen KG, Larsen F, Linnet K (March 2010). "Identification of cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in the metabolism of paroxetine and estimation of their importance for human paroxetine metabolism using a population-based simulator". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 38 (3): 376–385. doi:10.1124/dmd.109.030551. PMID 20007670. S2CID 1795852.
  94. ^ Food and Drug Administration (2011). Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations – FDA Orange Book 31st Edition (2011): FDA Orange Book 31st Edition (2011). DrugPatentWatch.com. p. 344. ISBN 9781934899816. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  95. ^ a b "GlaxoSmithKline to Plead Guilty and Pay $3 Billion to Resolve Fraud Allegations and Failure to Report Safety Data" (Press release). United States Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs. 2 July 2012. Archived from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2015. The United States alleges that, among other things, GSK participated in preparing, publishing and distributing a misleading medical journal article that misreported that a clinical trial of Paxil demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of depression in patients under age 18, when the study failed to demonstrate efficacy.
  96. ^ a b United States ex rel. Greg Thorpe, et al. v. GlaxoSmithKline PLC, and GlaxoSmithKline LLC, pp. 3–19 (D. Mass. 26 October 2011), Text, archived from the original on 19 October 2014.
  97. ^ Angell M (15 January 2009). "Drug Companies & Doctors: A Story of Corruption". New York Review of Books. Vol. 56, no. 1.
  98. ^ Kondro W, Sibbald B (March 2004). "Drug company experts advised staff to withhold data about SSRI use in children". CMAJ. 170 (5): 783. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1040213. PMC 343848. PMID 14993169.
  99. ^ Thomas K, Schmidt MS (2 July 2012). "Glaxo Agrees to Pay $3 Billion in Fraud Settlement". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  100. ^ "CMA fines pharma companies £45 million". Archived from the original on 13 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  101. ^ "GlaxoSmithKline Summary" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  102. ^ "Generics Summary" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  103. ^ "Xellia Summary" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  104. ^ "Merck Summary" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  105. ^ "Actavis Summary" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  106. ^ "Paxil CR -- Nametag -- (2003) :30 (USA) | Adland". 3 April 2004. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  107. ^ The paroxetine prescriptions were calculated as a total of prescriptions for Paxil CR and generic paroxetine using data from the charts for generic and brand-name drugs."Top 200 generic drugs by units in 2006. Top 200 brand-name drugs by units". Drug Topics, 5 March 2007. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2007.
  108. ^ The paroxetine prescriptions were calculated as a total of prescriptions for Paxil CR and generic paroxetine using data from the charts for generic and brand-name drugs."Top 200 generic drugs by units in 2007". Drug Topics. 18 February 2008. Archived from the original on 18 July 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
  109. ^ "Top 200 brand drugs by units in 2007". Drug Topics, 18 February 2008. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
  110. ^ Nevels RM, Gontkovsky ST, Williams BE (March 2016). "Paroxetine-The Antidepressant from Hell? Probably Not, But Caution Required". Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 46 (1): 77–104. PMC 5044489. PMID 27738376.
  111. ^ Coleman A (2006). Dictionary of Psychology (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 552.
  112. ^ Coleman A (2006). Dictionary of Psychology (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 161.
  113. ^ Waldinger MD, Hengeveld MW, Zwinderman AH, Olivier B (August 1998). "Effect of SSRI antidepressants on ejaculation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study with fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 18 (4): 274–281. doi:10.1097/00004714-199808000-00004. PMID 9690692.
  114. ^ Waldinger MD, Zwinderman AH, Olivier B (December 2001). "SSRIs and ejaculation: a double-blind, randomized, fixed-dose study with paroxetine and citalopram". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 21 (6): 556–560. doi:10.1097/00004714-200112000-00003. PMID 11763001. S2CID 36888042.
  115. ^ a b Waldinger MD, Zwinderman AH, Olivier B (October 2004). "On-demand treatment of premature ejaculation with clomipramine and paroxetine: a randomized, double-blind fixed-dose study with stopwatch assessment". European Urology. 46 (4): 510–5, discussion 516. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2004.05.005. PMID 15363569.
  116. ^ Kim SW, Grant JE, Adson DE, Shin YC, Zaninelli R (June 2002). "A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of paroxetine in the treatment of pathological gambling". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 63 (6): 501–507. doi:10.4088/JCP.v63n0606. PMID 12088161.
  117. ^ Weitzner MA, Moncello J, Jacobsen PB, Minton S (April 2002). "A pilot trial of paroxetine for the treatment of hot flashes and associated symptoms in women with breast cancer". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 23 (4): 337–345. doi:10.1016/S0885-3924(02)00379-2. PMID 11997203.
  118. ^ Sindrup SH, Gram LF, Brøsen K, Eshøj O, Mogensen EF (August 1990). "The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine is effective in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy symptoms". Pain. 42 (2): 135–144. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(90)91157-E. PMID 2147235. S2CID 42327989.
  119. ^ Langemark M, Olesen J (January 1994). "Sulpiride and paroxetine in the treatment of chronic tension-type headache. An explanatory double-blind trial". Headache. 34 (1): 20–24. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1994.hed3401020.x. PMID 8132436. S2CID 13715774.
  120. ^ Gartlehner G, Gaynes BN, Hansen RA, Thieda P, DeVeaugh-Geiss A, Krebs EE, et al. (November 2008). "Comparative benefits and harms of second-generation antidepressants: background paper for the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 149 (10): 734–750. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-149-10-200811180-00008. PMID 19017592.
  121. ^ "Common antidepressant may hold key to heart failure reversal". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  122. ^ Carlson EL, Karuppagounder V, Pinamont WJ, Yoshioka NK, Ahmad A, Schott EM, et al. (February 2021). "Paroxetine-mediated GRK2 inhibition is a disease-modifying treatment for osteoarthritis". Science Translational Medicine. 13 (580): eaau8491. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aau8491. PMID 33568523. S2CID 231875553.
  123. ^ Overall KL (2001). "Pharmacological Treatment in Behavioural Medicine: The Importance of Neurochemistry, Molecular Biology and Mechanistic Hypotheses". The Veterinary Journal. 162 (1): 9–23. doi:10.1053/tvjl.2001.0568. PMID 11409925.
  124. ^ a b
  125. ^
  126. ^ Ribeiro V, Dias N, Paiva T, Hagström-Bex L, Nitz N, Pratesi R, et al. (April 2020). "Current trends in the pharmacological management of Chagas disease". International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance. 12. Elsevier BV: 7–17. doi:10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.11.004. PMC 6928327. PMID 31862616. S2CID 209435439. This review cites this study. Alberca LN, Sbaraglini ML, Balcazar D, Fraccaroli L, Carrillo C, Medeiros A, et al. (April 2016). "Discovery of novel polyamine analogs with anti-protozoal activity by computer guided drug repositioning". Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design. 30 (4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 305–321. Bibcode:2016JCAMD..30..305A. doi:10.1007/s10822-016-9903-6. PMID 26891837. S2CID 25677082.
  127. ^ a b c Andrade-Neto VV, Cunha-Junior EF, Dos Santos Faioes V, Pereira TM, Silva RL, Leon LL, et al. (January 2018). "Leishmaniasis treatment: update of possibilities for drug repurposing". Frontiers in Bioscience. 23 (5). IMR Press: 967–996. doi:10.2741/4629. PMID 28930585. This review cites this research. Alberca LN, Sbaraglini ML, Balcazar D, Fraccaroli L, Carrillo C, Medeiros A, et al. (April 2016). "Discovery of novel polyamine analogs with anti-protozoal activity by computer guided drug repositioning". Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design. 30 (4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 305–321. Bibcode:2016JCAMD..30..305A. doi:10.1007/s10822-016-9903-6. PMID 26891837. S2CID 25677082.
  128. ^ Hurst CJ, ed. (19 December 2022). Assessing the Microbiological Health of Ecosystems (1st ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781119678304. ISBN 978-1-119-67832-8.
  129. ^ Fernandes JP, Duarte P, Almeida CM, Carvalho MF, Mucha AP (August 2020). "Potential of bacterial consortia obtained from different environments for bioremediation of paroxetine and bezafibrate". Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 8 (4): 103881. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2020.103881.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paroxetine.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paroxetine&oldid=1255568077"