2008 United States presidential election in Ohio
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| Elections in Ohio |
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The 2008 United States presidential election in Ohio took place on November 4, 2008, which was part of the 2008 United States presidential election. Voters chose 20 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
Ohio was won by Democratic nominee Barack Obama with a 4.59% margin of victory. Prior to the election, most news organizations considered this state as a major swing state and bellwether. Both major party candidates visited Ohio extensively and campaigned throughout the state, trying to sway moderates and independent voters to their side. The polls in Ohio were fairly even throughout the campaign but Obama had a slight lead as Election Day drew closer. In the end, Obama flipped Ohio into the Democratic column. Obama's 2,940,044 votes are the most received by a Democratic presidential candidate in the state's history.
Despite this fact, Obama became the first Democrat ever to win the White House without carrying Pike County. On the other hand, Obama became the first Democrat to win Hamilton County since 1964. As of the 2020 presidential election[update], this is the last election in which Lake County, Monroe County, Belmont County, Tuscarawas County, and Jefferson County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.[1]
Primaries
[edit]Campaign
[edit]Predictions
[edit]There were 16 news organizations who made state-by-state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day:
| Source | Ranking |
|---|---|
| D.C. Political Report[2] | Likely R |
| Cook Political Report[3] | Toss-up |
| The Takeaway[4] | Toss-up |
| Electoral-vote.com[5] | Lean D (flip) |
| Washington Post[6] | Lean D (flip) |
| Politico[7] | Lean D (flip) |
| RealClearPolitics[8] | Toss-up |
| FiveThirtyEight[6] | Lean D (flip) |
| CQ Politics[9] | Lean D (flip) |
| The New York Times[10] | Toss-up |
| CNN[11] | Toss-up |
| NPR[6] | Toss-up |
| MSNBC[6] | Lean R |
| Fox News[12] | Toss-up |
| Associated Press[13] | Toss-up |
| Rasmussen Reports[14] | Toss-up |
Polling
[edit]During most of the summer and September, McCain led many state polls, many by 50% or more. Rasmussen had McCain leading with as high as 51% in September.[15] But many voters in the state changed their minds as Obama later gained a steady lead in most polls taken starting in the beginning of October (around the time of the 2008 financial crisis).[16][17]
Fundraising
[edit]Obama raised $7,218,801. McCain raised $5,682,839.[18]
Advertising and visits
[edit]In a major swing state, Obama spent over $28 million to McCain's $24 million.[19] The Republican ticket visited the state 28 times, compared to the Obama ticket's 22 times.[20]
Analysis
[edit]Going into the election, both McCain and Obama knew that Ohio was a crucial state. Earlier in the primary season, Ohio had given a major comeback victory to Hillary Clinton. Both candidates campaigned heavily throughout the state in hopes of winning its 20 electoral votes. As no Republican has ever won the presidency without winning Ohio, it was seen in particular as a "must-win" state for McCain. George W. Bush's narrow wins in 2000 (by 3.51% against Al Gore) and 2004 (2.10% against John Kerry) proved critical in Bush's narrow wins nationally.
Obama won Ohio's 20 electoral votes by a margin of 4.59%. Obama's win in heavily populated areas such as Cuyahoga County (Cleveland), Franklin County (Columbus), Lucas County (Toledo), Montgomery County (Dayton), Summit County (Akron), Stark County (Canton), Mahoning County (Youngstown) and the traditionally Republican Hamilton County (Cincinnati) greatly contributed to his victory in the state.
McCain did best in the Republican base in the center and western regions, composed of relatively rural areas combined with Cincinnati and Columbus' heavily Republican suburbs. In addition, McCain won all but four counties in the Appalachian southeast, mirroring the troubles Obama had throughout this region. On the other hand, Obama did best in the Democratic base—Cleveland (where he won almost 70% of the vote), Youngstown and the heavily unionized counties next to Pennsylvania. However, he was unable to significantly improve upon John Kerry's performance in these areas. More surprisingly, the cities of Cincinnati and Columbus gave Obama strong support. Cincinnati, the only major city that didn't vote for Franklin D. Roosevelt, voted Democratic for the first time since 1964. Columbus, a city shifting to the Democrats, also voted for Obama by a three-to-two margin. In addition, Obama won several northern counties along the shore of Lake Erie that John Kerry had lost in 2004.
As polls closed and results were coming in on Election Night, Republican strategist and adviser Karl Rove joined Brit Hume on Fox News offering analysis. Rove was discussing the impact an Ohio loss would have on McCain's chances of winning the election. "If he loses Ohio," Rove stated of McCain, "he goes from 286, which the Republicans carried in 2004, down to 266, and that puts him below the 270 threshold needed to win the White House. So he'd not only need to sweep the rest of these states which were won by the Republicans in 2004, he'd also need to pick up something as well." In an untimely moment, Hume broke in. "Guess what Karl," Hume interrupted, "I've just received word that the state of Ohio has gone for Barack Obama."[21]
Results
[edit]| 2008 United States presidential election in Ohio | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Running mate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
| Democratic | Barack Obama | Joe Biden | 2,940,044 | 51.50% | 20 | |
| Republican | John McCain | Sarah Palin | 2,677,820 | 46.91% | 0 | |
| Independent | Ralph Nader | Matt Gonzalez | 42,337 | 0.74% | 0 | |
| Libertarian | Bob Barr | Wayne Allyn Root | 19,917 | 0.35% | 0 | |
| Write-ins | Write-ins | 13,698 | 0.24% | 0 | ||
| Constitution | Chuck Baldwin | Darrell Castle | 12,565 | 0.22% | 0 | |
| Green | Cynthia McKinney | Rosa Clemente | 8,518 | 0.15% | 0 | |
| Others | Others | 6,932 | 0.12% | 0 | ||
| Totals | 5,721,831 | 100.00% | 20 | |||
| Voter turnout (Voting age population) | 67.3% | |||||
Results by county
[edit]| County | Barack Obama Democratic |
John McCain Republican |
Ralph Nader[22] Independent |
Various candidates Other parties |
Margin | Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Adams | 4,170 | 36.53% | 6,914 | 60.57% | 131 | 1.15% | 199 | 1.74% | -2,744 | -24.04% | 11,414 |
| Allen | 19,522 | 38.66% | 29,940 | 59.29% | 362 | 0.72% | 671 | 1.33% | -10,418 | -20.63% | 50,495 |
| Ashland | 9,300 | 36.93% | 15,158 | 60.19% | 225 | 0.89% | 502 | 1.98% | -5,858 | -23.26% | 25,185 |
| Ashtabula | 25,027 | 55.52% | 18,949 | 42.04% | 456 | 1.01% | 644 | 1.44% | 6,078 | 13.48% | 45,076 |
| Athens | 20,722 | 66.29% | 9,742 | 31.17% | 263 | 0.84% | 532 | 1.70% | 10,980 | 35.12% | 31,259 |
| Auglaize | 6,738 | 28.60% | 16,414 | 69.67% | 169 | 0.72% | 238 | 1.01% | -9,676 | -41.07% | 23,559 |
| Belmont | 16,302 | 50.10% | 15,422 | 47.40% | 402 | 1.24% | 410 | 1.26% | 880 | 2.70% | 32,536 |
| Brown | 7,503 | 37.21% | 12,192 | 60.46% | 220 | 1.09% | 251 | 1.25% | -4,689 | -23.25% | 20,166 |
| Butler | 66,030 | 37.94% | 105,341 | 60.52% | 1,039 | 0.60% | 1,649 | 0.95% | -39,311 | -22.58% | 174,059 |
| Carroll | 6,423 | 45.93% | 7,097 | 50.75% | 213 | 1.52% | 252 | 1.80% | -674 | -4.82% | 13,985 |
| Champaign | 7,385 | 39.00% | 11,141 | 58.84% | 196 | 1.04% | 214 | 1.13% | -3,756 | -19.84% | 18,936 |
| Clark | 31,958 | 47.71% | 33,634 | 50.21% | 661 | 0.99% | 734 | 1.09% | -1,676 | -2.50% | 66,987 |
| Clermont | 31,611 | 33.02% | 62,559 | 65.35% | 599 | 0.63% | 965 | 1.01% | -30,948 | -32.33% | 95,734 |
| Clinton | 6,558 | 33.91% | 12,409 | 64.16% | 197 | 1.02% | 178 | 0.92% | -5,851 | -30.25% | 19,342 |
| Columbiana | 21,882 | 44.93% | 25,585 | 52.54% | 545 | 1.12% | 687 | 1.41% | -3,703 | -7.61% | 48,699 |
| Coshocton | 7,689 | 45.39% | 8,675 | 51.22% | 221 | 1.30% | 353 | 2.08% | -986 | -5.83% | 16,938 |
| Crawford | 8,289 | 39.05% | 12,316 | 58.03% | 242 | 1.14% | 378 | 1.77% | -4,027 | -18.98% | 21,225 |
| Cuyahoga | 458,422 | 68.70% | 199,880 | 29.95% | 3,616 | 0.54% | 5,381 | 0.81% | 258,542 | 38.75% | 667,299 |
| Darke | 7,964 | 30.82% | 17,290 | 66.92% | 273 | 1.06% | 311 | 1.21% | -9,326 | -36.10% | 25,838 |
| Defiance | 8,399 | 43.67% | 10,407 | 54.11% | 154 | 0.80% | 272 | 1.41% | -2,008 | -10.44% | 19,232 |
| Delaware | 36,653 | 39.59% | 54,778 | 59.17% | 359 | 0.39% | 791 | 0.86% | -18,125 | -19.58% | 92,581 |
| Erie | 23,148 | 55.95% | 17,432 | 42.13% | 349 | 0.84% | 446 | 1.07% | 5,716 | 13.82% | 41,375 |
| Fairfield | 29,250 | 40.54% | 41,580 | 57.63% | 493 | 0.68% | 824 | 1.14% | -12,330 | -17.09% | 72,147 |
| Fayette | 4,401 | 37.56% | 7,102 | 60.61% | 103 | 0.88% | 112 | 0.96% | -2,701 | -23.05% | 11,718 |
| Franklin | 334,709 | 59.58% | 218,486 | 38.89% | 2,993 | 0.53% | 5,575 | 1.00% | 116,223 | 20.69% | 561,763 |
| Fulton | 9,900 | 44.97% | 11,689 | 53.10% | 167 | 0.76% | 257 | 1.17% | -1,789 | -8.13% | 22,013 |
| Gallia | 4,777 | 35.73% | 8,247 | 61.68% | 132 | 0.99% | 215 | 1.62% | -3,470 | -25.95% | 13,371 |
| Geauga | 21,250 | 41.47% | 29,096 | 56.78% | 379 | 0.74% | 520 | 1.01% | -7,846 | -15.31% | 51,245 |
| Greene | 33,540 | 40.06% | 48,936 | 58.45% | 510 | 0.61% | 743 | 0.88% | -15,396 | -18.39% | 83,729 |
| Guernsey | 7,625 | 43.88% | 9,197 | 52.93% | 228 | 1.31% | 325 | 1.87% | -1,572 | -9.05% | 17,375 |
| Hamilton | 225,213 | 52.98% | 195,530 | 46.00% | 1,903 | 0.45% | 2,440 | 0.58% | 29,683 | 6.98% | 425,086 |
| Hancock | 13,870 | 37.43% | 22,420 | 60.50% | 309 | 0.83% | 456 | 1.23% | -8,550 | -23.07% | 37,055 |
| Hardin | 5,013 | 38.12% | 7,749 | 58.93% | 139 | 1.06% | 248 | 1.90% | -2,736 | -20.81% | 13,149 |
| Harrison | 3,683 | 47.12% | 3,872 | 49.53% | 104 | 1.33% | 158 | 2.03% | -189 | -2.41% | 7,817 |
| Henry | 6,320 | 42.55% | 8,239 | 55.47% | 115 | 0.77% | 178 | 1.19% | -1,919 | -12.92% | 14,852 |
| Highland | 6,856 | 35.65% | 11,907 | 61.92% | 204 | 1.06% | 264 | 1.38% | -5,051 | -26.27% | 19,231 |
| Hocking | 6,259 | 48.09% | 6,364 | 48.89% | 154 | 1.18% | 239 | 1.83% | -95 | -0.80% | 13,016 |
| Holmes | 3,141 | 28.21% | 7,720 | 69.34% | 113 | 1.01% | 160 | 1.44% | -4,579 | -41.13% | 11,134 |
| Huron | 12,076 | 47.21% | 12,884 | 50.36% | 212 | 0.83% | 410 | 1.61% | -808 | -3.15% | 25,582 |
| Jackson | 5,397 | 38.42% | 8,219 | 58.51% | 179 | 1.27% | 252 | 1.79% | -2,822 | -20.09% | 14,047 |
| Jefferson | 17,635 | 48.89% | 17,559 | 48.68% | 395 | 1.10% | 482 | 1.33% | 76 | 0.21% | 36,071 |
| Knox | 11,014 | 38.94% | 16,640 | 58.83% | 233 | 0.82% | 398 | 1.40% | -5,626 | -19.89% | 28,285 |
| Lake | 60,155 | 49.45% | 59,142 | 48.62% | 1,086 | 0.89% | 1,259 | 1.04% | 1,013 | 0.83% | 121,642 |
| Lawrence | 11,262 | 41.12% | 15,415 | 56.28% | 282 | 1.03% | 431 | 1.57% | -4,153 | -15.16% | 27,390 |
| Licking | 33,932 | 41.09% | 46,918 | 56.82% | 685 | 0.83% | 1,035 | 1.25% | -12,986 | -15.73% | 82,570 |
| Logan | 7,936 | 35.61% | 13,848 | 62.15% | 208 | 0.93% | 291 | 1.32% | -5,912 | -26.54% | 22,283 |
| Lorain | 85,276 | 58.07% | 59,068 | 40.22% | 1,273 | 0.87% | 1,242 | 0.85% | 26,208 | 17.85% | 146,859 |
| Lucas | 142,852 | 64.80% | 73,706 | 33.43% | 1,488 | 0.67% | 2,411 | 1.10% | 69,146 | 31.37% | 220,457 |
| Madison | 6,532 | 37.30% | 10,606 | 60.57% | 142 | 0.81% | 230 | 1.32% | -4,074 | -23.27% | 17,510 |
| Mahoning | 79,173 | 62.02% | 45,319 | 35.50% | 1,300 | 1.02% | 1,867 | 1.46% | 33,854 | 26.52% | 127,659 |
| Marion | 12,870 | 44.24% | 15,454 | 53.12% | 301 | 1.03% | 367 | 1.61% | -2,584 | -8.88% | 29,092 |
| Medina | 40,924 | 45.14% | 48,189 | 53.16% | 638 | 0.70% | 901 | 1.00% | -7,265 | -8.02% | 90,652 |
| Meigs | 4,094 | 39.34% | 6,015 | 57.80% | 111 | 1.07% | 187 | 1.80% | -1,921 | -18.46% | 10,407 |
| Mercer | 5,853 | 27.48% | 15,100 | 70.90% | 127 | 0.60% | 219 | 1.03% | -9,247 | -43.42% | 21,299 |
| Miami | 18,372 | 34.72% | 33,417 | 63.15% | 426 | 0.81% | 700 | 1.33% | -15,045 | -28.43% | 52,915 |
| Monroe | 3,705 | 53.07% | 3,066 | 43.91% | 116 | 1.66% | 95 | 1.36% | 639 | 9.16% | 6,982 |
| Montgomery | 145,997 | 52.32% | 128,679 | 46.12% | 1,734 | 0.62% | 2,621 | 0.94% | 17,318 | 6.20% | 279,031 |
| Morgan | 2,966 | 44.80% | 3,440 | 51.96% | 106 | 1.60% | 108 | 1.63% | -474 | -7.16% | 6,620 |
| Morrow | 6,177 | 37.03% | 10,067 | 60.36% | 179 | 1.07% | 256 | 1.53% | -3,890 | -23.33% | 16,679 |
| Muskingum | 17,730 | 45.20% | 20,549 | 52.39% | 364 | 0.93% | 582 | 1.48% | -2,819 | -7.19% | 39,225 |
| Noble | 2,474 | 39.98% | 3,450 | 55.75% | 141 | 2.28% | 123 | 1.99% | -976 | -15.77% | 6,188 |
| Ottawa | 12,064 | 52.25% | 10,624 | 46.01% | 194 | 0.84% | 208 | 0.90% | 1,440 | 6.24% | 23,090 |
| Paulding | 4,165 | 42.57% | 5,317 | 54.34% | 127 | 1.30% | 176 | 1.80% | -1,152 | -11.77% | 9,785 |
| Perry | 7,261 | 47.04% | 7,721 | 50.02% | 206 | 1.33% | 249 | 1.62% | -460 | -2.98% | 15,437 |
| Pickaway | 9,077 | 38.16% | 14,228 | 59.81% | 210 | 0.88% | 272 | 1.14% | -5,151 | -21.65% | 23,787 |
| Pike | 6,033 | 48.24% | 6,162 | 49.27% | 143 | 1.14% | 168 | 1.35% | -129 | -1.03% | 12,506 |
| Portage | 41,856 | 53.39% | 34,822 | 44.41% | 664 | 0.85% | 1,060 | 1.35% | 7,034 | 8.98% | 78,402 |
| Preble | 6,999 | 33.25% | 13,562 | 64.43% | 227 | 1.08% | 261 | 1.24% | -6,563 | -31.18% | 21,049 |
| Putnam | 5,281 | 28.27% | 13,072 | 69.98% | 163 | 0.87% | 164 | 0.88% | -7,791 | -41.71% | 18,680 |
| Richland | 25,727 | 42.01% | 34,034 | 55.58% | 579 | 0.95% | 899 | 1.47% | -8,307 | -13.57% | 61,239 |
| Ross | 14,455 | 45.28% | 16,759 | 52.49% | 289 | 0.91% | 422 | 1.33% | -2,304 | -7.21% | 31,925 |
| Sandusky | 15,602 | 51.36% | 14,192 | 46.72% | 300 | 0.99% | 283 | 0.93% | 1,410 | 4.64% | 30,377 |
| Scioto | 14,926 | 45.61% | 16,994 | 51.93% | 348 | 1.06% | 455 | 1.39% | -2,068 | -6.32% | 32,723 |
| Seneca | 13,087 | 47.50% | 13,823 | 50.17% | 289 | 1.05% | 354 | 1.29% | -736 | -2.67% | 27,553 |
| Shelby | 7,316 | 30.85% | 15,924 | 67.14% | 230 | 0.97% | 248 | 1.04% | -8,608 | -36.29% | 23,718 |
| Stark | 96,990 | 51.59% | 86,743 | 46.14% | 1,784 | 0.95% | 2,493 | 1.32% | 10,247 | 5.45% | 188,010 |
| Summit | 160,858 | 57.73% | 113,284 | 40.66% | 1,758 | 0.63% | 2,729 | 0.98% | 47,574 | 17.07% | 278,629 |
| Trumbull | 64,145 | 59.80% | 40,164 | 37.44% | 1,285 | 1.20% | 1,677 | 1.57% | 23,981 | 22.36% | 107,271 |
| Tuscarawas | 21,498 | 49.93% | 20,454 | 47.50% | 465 | 1.08% | 640 | 1.48% | 1,044 | 2.43% | 43,057 |
| Union | 8,761 | 35.07% | 15,744 | 63.02% | 173 | 0.69% | 306 | 1.22% | -6,983 | -27.95% | 24,984 |
| Van Wert | 5,178 | 35.22% | 9,168 | 62.36% | 139 | 0.95% | 216 | 1.47% | -3,990 | -27.14% | 14,701 |
| Vinton | 2,463 | 43.62% | 3,021 | 53.51% | 94 | 1.66% | 68 | 1.20% | -558 | -9.89% | 5,646 |
| Warren | 33,398 | 31.38% | 71,691 | 67.36% | 488 | 0.46% | 849 | 0.80% | -38,293 | -35.98% | 106,426 |
| Washington | 12,368 | 41.32% | 17,019 | 56.86% | 285 | 0.95% | 260 | 0.86% | -4,651 | -15.54% | 29,932 |
| Wayne | 21,712 | 41.53% | 29,342 | 56.13% | 433 | 0.83% | 789 | 1.51% | -7,630 | -14.60% | 52,276 |
| Williams | 8,174 | 44.43% | 9,879 | 53.70% | 153 | 0.83% | 190 | 1.03% | -1,705 | -9.27% | 18,396 |
| Wood | 34,285 | 52.61% | 29,648 | 45.50% | 513 | 0.79% | 718 | 1.10% | 4,637 | 7.11% | 65,164 |
| Wyandot | 4,461 | 40.55% | 6,270 | 56.99% | 134 | 1.22% | 137 | 1.24% | -1,809 | -16.44% | 11,002 |
| Totals | 2,940,044 | 51.38% | 2,677,820 | 46.80% | 42,337 | 0.74% | 61,630 | 1.08% | 262,224 | 4.58% | 5,721,831 |
| Democratic Hold Gain from Republican | Republican Hold |
Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic
[edit]- Hamilton (largest municipality: Cincinnati)
- Lake (largest municipality: Mentor)
- Ottawa (largest municipality: Port Clinton)
- Sandusky (largest municipality: Fremont)
- Tuscarawas (largest municipality: New Philadelphia)
- Wood (largest municipality: Bowling Green)
By congressional district
[edit]Although Barack Obama won the state, John McCain carried 10 of the state's 18 congressional districts, including three districts that simultaneously elected a Democrat. Obama carried 8 districts, including one district held by a Republican.
| District | Obama | McCain | Representative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 54.66% | 44.30% | Steve Chabot (110th Congress) |
| Steve Driehaus (111th Congress) | |||
| 2nd | 40.02% | 58.61% | Jean Schmidt |
| 3rd | 47.39% | 51.14% | Mike Turner |
| 4th | 38.16% | 59.84% | Jim Jordan |
| 5th | 45.05% | 52.95% | Paul Gillmor (110th Congress) |
| Bob Latta (111th Congress) | |||
| 6th | 47.60% | 50.30% | Charlie Wilson |
| 7th | 44.57% | 53.80% | Dave Hobson (110th Congress) |
| Steve Austria (111th Congress) | |||
| 8th | 37.87% | 60.38% | John Boehner |
| 9th | 62.26% | 36.17% | Marcy Kaptur |
| 10th | 59.16% | 38.98% | Dennis Kucinich |
| 11th | 84.76% | 14.39% | Stephanie Tubbs Jones (110th Congress) |
| Marcia Fudge (111th Congress) | |||
| 12th | 54.15% | 44.62% | Pat Tiberi |
| 13th | 54.15% | 44.62% | Betty Sutton |
| 14th | 49.13% | 49.35% | Steven LaTourette |
| 15th | 53.61% | 44.64% | Deborah Pryce (110th Congress) |
| Mary Jo Kilroy (111th Congress) | |||
| 16th | 47.69% | 50.32% | Ralph Regula (110th Congress) |
| John Boccieri (111th Congress) | |||
| 17th | 61.84% | 36.09% | Tim Ryan |
| 18th | 44.79% | 52.81% | Zack Space |
Electors
[edit]Technically, the voters of Ohio cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. Ohio is allocated 20 electors because it has 18 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 20 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and their running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 20 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them.[25] An elector who votes for someone other than their candidate is known as a faithless elector.
The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 15, 2008, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.
The following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All 20 were pledged to Barack Obama and Joe Biden:[26]
- Catherine Barrett
- Barbara Tuckerman
- Wade Kapszukiewicz
- Tamela Lee
- Renee Cafaro
- Victoria Wells Wulsin
- Craig Brown
- Jimmy Cotner
- Janet Carson
- Bruce Johnson
- Nannette Whaley
- Martha Jane Brooks
- Eugene Miller
- Fran Alberty
- Chris Redfern
- John Kosty
- Kelly Gillis
- Charleta Tavares
- Michael Todd
- Ted Strickland
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
- ^ "D.C.'s Political Report: The complete source for campaign summaries". January 1, 2009. Archived from the original on January 1, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
- ^ "Presidential". May 5, 2015. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
- ^ "Vote 2008 - The Takeaway - Track the Electoral College vote predictions". April 22, 2009. Archived from the original on April 22, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
- ^ "Electoral-vote.com: President, Senate, House Updated Daily". electoral-vote.com. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Based on Takeaway
- ^ "POLITICO's 2008 Swing State Map - POLITICO.com". www.politico.com. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
- ^ "RealClearPolitics - Electoral Map". Archived from the original on June 5, 2008.
- ^ "CQ Presidential Election Maps, 2008". CQ Politics. Archived from the original on June 14, 2009. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
- ^ Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff; Carter, Shan (November 4, 2008). "The Electoral Map: Key States". The New York Times. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ^ "October – 2008 – CNN Political Ticker - CNN.com Blogs". CNN. October 31, 2008. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ^ "Winning The Electoral College". Fox News. April 27, 2010.
- ^ "roadto270". hosted.ap.org. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
- ^ "Election 2008: Electoral College Update - Rasmussen Reports". www.rasmussenreports.com. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
- ^ "Rasmussen Reports: The Most Comprehensive Public Opinion Data Anywhere". Archived from the original on March 14, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
- ^ "RealClearPolitics - Election 2008 - Ohio". Retrieved November 28, 2008.
- ^ Election 2008 Polls - Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections
- ^ "Presidential Campaign Finance". Archived from the original on March 24, 2009. Retrieved August 18, 2009.
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- ^ "Map: Campaign Candidate Visits - Election Center 2008 from CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ^ Danny Shea (November 4, 2008). "Fox News Calls Ohio For Obama As Rove Says McCain Needs Ohio To Win". Huffington Post.
- ^ "OH US President November 04, 2008". Our Campaigns.
- ^ "County Boards of Elections Directory". Archived from the original on November 26, 2008. Retrieved November 28, 2008.
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- ^ "Electoral College". California Secretary of State. Archived from the original on October 30, 2008. Retrieved November 1, 2008.
- ^ U. S. Electoral College 2008 Election - Certificates
