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User:Joshua Jonathan/Tools

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A convenient looking-up list of some tags I use when writing.

Access to scientific journals

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Archive

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  • {{Talk header|search=yes }}
  • Example:
{{User:MiszaBot/config
|archive = Talk:Example/Archive %(counter)d
|algo = old(30d)
|counter = 1
|maxarchivesize = 250K
|minthreadsleft = 5
|minthreadstoarchive = 1
|archiveheader = {{aan}}
}}

{{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Talk:Example/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(30d) |counter = 1 |maxarchivesize = 250K |minthreadsleft = 5 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |archiveheader = {{aan}} }}

  • Archive box:
{{archives|search=yes}}
{{Archives|auto=yes|search=yes|title=Talking, talking, talking...|image=File:Vincent van Gogh - Houses at Auvers - Google Art Project.jpg|image-size=100px}}
  • {{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
}}
Parameters
Parameter Description
archive Name of the page to which archived threads will be put. This parameter supports the use of variables, which can be used to create dynamically named archives (such as using date ranges). Note that magic words and templates do not work with this parameter, and unless a key is supplied (see below), the target page must be a subpage of the current page.
algo Algorithm that instructs the bot how to decide whether to archive a thread or not. Complex formulas (including regex matching) will be available in the future, but so far it must be of the form old(...) where ... specifies the maximum age of a thread (in hours or days: 24h, 72h, 5d, 21d etc.)
counter The current value of the counter. If the %(counter)d variable is not used, it is ignored. MiszaBot will update this parameter as necessary.
maxarchivesize The maximum archive size before incrementing the counter. Ignored if counter is not used. The values used must be in a #K format, using a capital letter "K". For example: maxarchivesize=256K
minthreadsleft The minimum number of threads that should be left on a page (to prevent pages from getting completely harvested). Default value: 5
minthreadstoarchive The minimum number of threads to archive at one time, which is used to lower edit frequency. MiszaBot will not archive threads when fewer than the value of this parameter would be archived. Default value: 2
archiveheader Content that will be put on new archive pages as the header. This parameter supports the use of variables. The value of this parameter Cannot be multiline! Use a template such as {{archive navigation}} in order to add significant content. The Default value is {{talk archive}}.
key A secret key that (if valid) allows archives to not be subpages of the page being archived. To obtain such a key, ask me and have a good reason for that. :-)


Archived

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Template:Archive top
{{Archive top|status=|result=}}

Articles for creation

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Background color

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Barnstars and appreciations

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  • Indian Curry Chicken.jpg
    Indian Curry Chicken.jpg
  • Meissen-teacup pinkrose01.jpg
    Meissen-teacup pinkrose01.jpg
  • Sun hidden in clouds.JPG
    Sun hidden in clouds.JPG
  • White Tara statue manor place 291107.jpg
    White Tara statue manor place 291107.jpg
Message
The Wikipedia Indo-European Award
Message

Bible

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Book creator

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Book creator

Buddhism

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How not to argue

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Too scholarly...

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Categories

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Chart

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Template:Chart

Vedanta
Advaita

Dvaita
(Madhava)
Nirvisesa/
Abheda
(Sankara)		Savisesa/
Bhedabheda

Upadhika
(Bhaskara)		Achintya
(Jiva)		Vishishtadvaita
(Ramanuja)		Shuddhadvaita
(Vallabha)

Close paraphrasing

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Columns

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{{col-break}}
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Commons

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Copy-rights

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Copying within Wikipedia

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Dharmic

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* Template:Modern Dharmic writers
"Wikipedia does not necessarily use the subject's "official" name as an article title; it prefers to use the name that is most frequently used to refer to the subject in English-language reliable sources."
  • Google Scholar gives 78 (seventy-eight) hits for "Dharmic religions", and 7.430 for "Indian religions". Google Books gives 73 hits for "Dharmic religions", and 93.000 hits for "Indian religions".
  • Google Books gives 73 hits for "Dharmic religions", and 93.000 hits for "Indian religions". When we exclude "Wikipedia, "Dharmic religions" gives 66, and "Indian religions" gives 236.000 - an amazing growth of numbers, which raises questions on this search-engine, but nevertheless, it's a ratio of 1:1208, or 1:3576.
  • Bing: Inidian Religions with 41,100,000 and Dharmic Religions with 121,000. Basically 340 to 1 in favor of Indian Religions.
"When titling articles in specific fields, or with respect to particular problems, there is often previous consensus that can be used as a precedent. Look to the guideline pages referenced."

There has been previous concencus for the deletion of "Dharmic" pages and categories:

The issue has also been extensiveley discussed at Talk:Indian religions, previously "Dharmic religions":

"major international organizations, major English-language media outlets, quality encyclopedias, geographic name servers, major scientific bodies, and notable scientific journals"
  • No reliable sources have been provided
  • WP:NPOV:
  • The usage is not neutral:
    • Malhotra
    • Frawley
    • Indian laws

"Navigation templates are particularly useful for a small, well-defined group of articles; templates with a large numbers of links are not forbidden, but can appear overly busy and be hard to read and use. Good templates generally follow some of these guidelines:

  1. All articles within a template relate to a single, coherent subject.
  2. The subject of the template should be mentioned in every article.
  3. The articles should refer to each other, to a reasonable extent.
  4. There should be a Wikipedia article on the subject of the template.
  5. You would want to list many of these articles in the See also sections of the articles.

If the collection of articles does not meet these tests, that indicates that the articles are loosely related, and a list or category may be more appropriate."

The word Dharm often is used to just mean 'religion' including the the Abrahamic religions.{{cite book|last=Mittal|first=Sushil|title=Surprising Bedfellows: Hindus and Muslims in Medieval and Early Modern India|year=2003|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9780739106730|page=103}}

  • Alternatives:

Alternatives have been provided:

Hindu inclusive - Ideology with "Dharmic religions"

In modern times, the orthodox measure of the primacy of the Vedas has been has been joint with the 'grand narrative' of Vedic origins of Hinduism. The exclusion of Jainism and Buddhism excludes a substantial part of India's cultural and religious history from the assertion of a strong and positive Hindu identity. Indian-ideology solves this problem by taking recourse to the notion of "Hinduness", which includes Jainism and Buddhism. A recent strategy, exemplified by Rajiv Malhotra, is the use of the term dhamma as a common denominator, which also includes Jainism and Buddhism.[1]

See also
References
  1. ^ Springer 2012.
Sources
  • Springer (2012), International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 16, No. 3, December 2012

Doorstrepen (overstrike)

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Doorstrepen (overstrike) <s></s>

Editnotice

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User talk:Joshua Jonathan/Editnotice

Editor interaction

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https://sigma.toolforge.org/editorinteract.py

Exceptional claims

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WP:REDFLAG WP:EXCEPTIONAL

Find

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Fontcoler (kleur van de letters)

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{{font color | blue |Blue}} Blue

Fontsize (lettergrootte) body of article

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Preferences/Appearance/Skin:Vector|Custom CSS - User:Joshua Jonathan/vector.css Set bodycontent fontsize: ...em

Fun

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Genetics

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Advances in genetic research

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Advances in genetic research
  • Johannsen, Niels N.; Larson, Greger; Meltzer, David J.; Vander Linden, Marc (2017), "A composite window into human history", Science 16 Jun 2017: Vol. 356, Issue 6343, Pp. 1118-1120, 356 (6343): 1118–1120, doi:10.1126/science.aan0737, PMID 28619897, S2CID 5292323, Over the past decade, the ability to recover whole genomes from ancient remains has emerged as a powerful tool for understanding the human past. From a strictly biological perspective, the sequencing of ancient genomes has resolved the dispute over our evolutionary relationship with Neandertals, revealed the extent of gene flow within and between modern and archaic humans, shed light on genetic and health consequences of this admixture, and uncovered genomic changes in recent human evolution (1). More generally, the results have made clear that over the course of human history, moving and mating have been more the rule than the exception. The possible benefits of ancient DNA (aDNA) research for archaeology are enormous.
  • Kivisild, Toomas (2017), "The study of human Y chromosome variation through ancient DNA", Human Genetics, May 2017, Volume 136, Issue 5, Pp 529–546, 136 (5): 529–546, doi:10.1007/s00439-017-1773-z, S2CID 368489, High throughput sequencing methods have completely transformed the study of human Y chromosome variation by offering a genome-scale view on genetic variation retrieved from ancient human remains in context of a growing number of high coverage whole Y chromosome sequence data from living populations from across the world. The ancient Y chromosome sequences are providing us the first exciting glimpses into the past variation of male-specific compartment of the genome and the opportunity to evaluate models based on previously made inferences from patterns of genetic variation in living populations.
  • Lebrasseur, Ophélie; Ryan, Hannah; Abbona, Cinthia (2018), "Bridging Archaeology and Genetics", Environmental Archaeology, 2018, Pp 111-132, Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology: 111–132, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75082-8_6, ISBN 978-3-319-75081-1, With the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the 1980s, the application of molecular methods to archaeological questions has seen a rapid expansion in the last three decades, addressing major research topics including human origins and migrations, domestication and chronology. The recent introduction of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionised the field, allowing for a larger amount of data to be generated quickly and at ever-decreasing costs.
  • Linderholm, Anna (2016), "Ancient DNA: the next generation – chapter and verse", Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 117, Issue 1, 1 January 2016, Pages 150–160, 117: 150–160, doi:10.1111/bij.12616, As the field of ancient DNA (aDNA) enters its third decade, it is perhaps time to reflect on the amazing transformation that it has undergone. Early analyses of aDNA focused on mitochondrial and/or chloroplast DNA, which were abundantly available in the cell, making retrieval and reproducibility much easier. Study of mitochondrial DNA through time allows evolutionary relationships between species to be resolved, molecular clocks to be calibrated, the geographical origins of samples to be revealed, and demographic histories to be investigated. However, not until the advent of massive parallel sequencing [also know as second-generation sequencing and next-generation sequencing (NGS)] was it possible to retrieve and study nuclear DNA on a more routine basis. Ancient nuclear DNA can additionally be used to identify extinct phenotypes, assess the degree of admixture, and examine selection pressures.
  • Marciniak, Stephanie; Perry, George H. (2017), "Harnessing ancient genomes to study the history of human adaptation", Nature Reviews Genetics Volume 18, Pages 659–674 (2017), PMID 28890534, The past several years have witnessed an explosion of successful ancient human genome-sequencing projects, with genomic-scale ancient DNA data sets now available for more than 1,100 ancient human and archaic hominin (for example, Neandertal) individuals. Recent 'evolution in action' analyses have started using these data sets to identify and track the spatiotemporal trajectories of genetic variants associated with human adaptations to novel and changing environments, agricultural lifestyles, and introduced or co-evolving pathogens. Together with evidence of adaptive introgression of genetic variants from archaic hominins to humans and emerging ancient genome data sets for domesticated animals and plants, these studies provide novel insights into human evolution and the evolutionary consequences of human behaviour that go well beyond those that can be obtained from modern genomic data or the fossil and archaeological records alone.
  • Novembre, John; Peter, Benjamin M. (2016), "Recent advances in the study of fine-scale population structure in humans", Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. Volume 41, December 2016, Pages 98-105, 41: 98–105, doi:10.1016/j.gde.2016.08.007, Empowered by modern genotyping and large samples, population structure can be accurately described and quantified even when it only explains a fraction of a percent of total genetic variance. This is especially relevant and interesting for humans, where fine-scale population structure can both confound disease-mapping studies and reveal the history of migration and divergence that shaped our species' diversity. Here we review notable recent advances in the detection, use, and understanding of population structure. Our work addresses multiple areas where substantial progress is being made: improved statistics and models for better capturing differentiation, admixture, and the spatial distribution of variation; computational speed-ups that allow methods to scale to modern data; and advances in haplotypic modeling that have wide ranging consequences for the analysis of population structure.
  • Orlando, Ludovic; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Willerslev, Eske (2015), "Reconstructing ancient genomes and epigenomes", Nature Reviews Genetics Volume 16, Pages 395–408 (2015), Research involving ancient DNA (aDNA) has experienced a true technological revolution in recent years through advances in the recovery of aDNA and, particularly, through applications of high-throughput sequencing. Formerly restricted to the analysis of only limited amounts of genetic information, aDNA studies have now progressed to whole-genome sequencing for an increasing number of ancient individuals and extinct species, as well as to epigenomic characterization. Such advances have enabled the sequencing of specimens of up to 1 million years old, which, owing to their extensive DNA damage and contamination, were previously not amenable to genetic analyses.
  • Pickrell, Joseph K.; Reich, David (2014), "Toward a new history and geography of human genes informed by ancient DNA", Trends in Genetics, Volume 30, Issue 9, September 2014, Pages 377-389, 30 (9): 377–389, doi:10.1016/j.tig.2014.07.007, PMC 4163019, PMID 25168683, Genetic information contains a record of the history of our species, and technological advances have transformed our ability to access this record. Many studies have used genome-wide data from populations today to learn about the peopling of the globe and subsequent adaptation to local conditions [...] By accessing the genetic make-up of populations living at archaeologically known times and places, ancient DNA makes it possible to directly track migrations and responses to natural selection.
  • Pugach, Irina; Mark (2015), "Genome-wide insights into the genetic history of human populations", Investigative Genetics20156:6, 6, doi:10.1186/s13323-015-0024-0, PMID 25834724, S2CID 8823313, Although mtDNA and the non-recombining Y chromosome (NRY) studies continue to provide valuable insights into the genetic history of human populations, recent technical, methodological and computational advances and the increasing availability of large-scale, genome-wide data from contemporary human populations around the world promise to reveal new aspects, resolve finer points, and provide a more detailed look at our past demographic history. Genome-wide data are particularly useful for inferring migrations, admixture, and fine structure, as well as for estimating population divergence and admixture times and fluctuations in effective population sizes.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  • Schraiber, Joshua G.; Akey, Joshua M. (2015), "Methods and models for unravelling human evolutionary history", Nature Reviews Genetics Volume 16, Pages 727–740 (2015), 16 (12): 727–740, doi:10.1038/nrg4005, PMID 26553329, S2CID 332660, The genomes of contemporary humans contain considerable information about the history of our species. Although the general contours of human evolutionary history have been defined with increasing resolution throughout the past several decades, the continuing deluge of massively large sequencing data sets presents new opportunities and challenges for understanding human evolutionary history.
  • Slatkin, Montgomery; Racimo, Fernando (2016), "Ancient DNA and human history", PNAS June 7, 2016. 113 (23) 6380-6387, 113 (23): 6380–6387, doi:10.1073/pnas.1524306113, PMC 4988579, PMID 27274045, In many cases, particularly in the Arctic, the Americas, and Europe, aDNA has revealed historical demographic patterns in a way that could not be resolved by analyzing present-day genomes alone. Ancient DNA from archaic hominins has revealed a rich history of admixture between early modern humans, Neanderthals, and Denisovans, and has allowed us to disentangle complex selective processes. Information from aDNA studies is nowhere near saturation, and we believe that future aDNA sequences will continue to change our understanding of hominin history.

Google Books

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Green cheese

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This user resists the POV pushing of lunatic charlatans.
WP:CHEESE

Identification

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Add the following code to Special:MyPage/common.js:
importScript("User:MastCell/user-rights.js");
  • User:PleaseStand/User info: "A reviewer, 1 year 10 months old, with 5,167 edits. Last edited 31 minutes ago. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."
Add the following code to Special:MyPage/common.js or Special:MyPage/skin.js:
importScript("User:PleaseStand/userinfo.js");

India

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Chronology overall

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Chronology of India
James Mill (1773–1836), in his The History of British India (1817),[a] distinguished three phases in the history of India, namely Hindu, Muslim and British civilisations.[b][c] This periodisation has been influential, but has also been criticised, for the misconceptions it has given rise to.[d] Another influential periodisation is the division into "ancient, classical, mediaeval and modern periods".[e]
World History[f] James Mill's Periodization[g] ACMM[h][i] Chronology of Indian History[j][k][l][m]
Early Complex Societes
(3500-2000 BCE) 		? Ancient India Prehistoric Era
Indus Valley Civilization
Ancient Civilisations
(2000-500 BCE) 		Hindu civilisations Early Vedic Period
(c. 1750–1200 BCE)
Middle Vedic Period
(from 1200 BCE)
Late Vedic period
(from 850 BCE)
Classical Civilisations
(500 BCE-500 CE) 		Second urbanisation
Early empires[n]
(c. 600–200 BCE)[o]
Desintegration[p] and regional states
(c. 200 BCE – 300 CE)[q]
Classical India "Golden Age" (Gupta Empire)
(c. 320–650 CE)[r]
Post-classical age
(500-1000 CE) 		Medieval India Regional Indian kingdoms and Beginning of Islamic raids
(c. 650–1100 CE)[s]
Transregional nomadic empires
(1000-1500 CE) 		Muslim civilisations Delhi Sultanate (north India)
(1206–1526 CE)
Vijayanagara Empire (south India)
(1336–1646 CE)
Modern age
(1500-present) 		Modern India Mughal empire
(1526–1707)
British civilisations Maratha Empire
British rule
(c. 1750 CE – 1947)
- Independent India

Chronology detailed

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South Asia Timetable
Timeline and
cultural period 		Westcoast Northwestern Sub-continent
(West Punjab-Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) 		Indo-Gangetic Plain Central India
Deccan Plateau 		Southern India
Western Gangetic Plain
(Kurukshetra) 		Northern India
(Central Gangetic Plain) 		Northeastern India
(Bengal)
South Asian Stone Age (until c. 3300 BCE) South Asian Stone Age (until c. 1100 BCE)
Culture Paleolithicum (until c. 10,000 BCE)
70,000 - 10,000 BCE Sanghao Caves Bhimbetka rock shelters
(30,000-15,000 BCE)
Culture Mesolithicum (c. 10,000-7,000 BCE) Mesolithicum (c. 10,000-3,000 BCE)
c. 10,000-7,000 BCE
Culture Neolithicum (c. 7000-3300 BCE) Mesolithicum (c. 10,000-3000 BCE)
c. 7,000-3,300 BCE Mehrgarh
BRONZE AGE (c. 3300-1100 BCE) NEOLITHIC (c. 3000-1400 BCE)
Culture Early Harappan
3300-2600 BCE Early Harappan
Culture Integration Era
2600-1900 BCE Indus Valley Civilization Indus Valley Civilization Indus Valley Civilization
Culture Localisation Era/Late Harappan
OCP/Cemetery H
1900-1500 BCE Earliest known rice cultivation[a]
Culture Localisation Era/Late Harappan
OCP/Cemetery H
Early Vedic period
Gandhara grave culture 		Megalithic
(c. 1400-1100 BCE)
1500-1300 BCE Indo-Aryan migration
1300-1100 BCE Wandering Vedic Aryans
IRON AGE (c. 1100-300 BCE)
Culture Middle Vedic Period
Gandhara grave culture Black and red ware culture
1100-800 BCE Vedic settlements
Gandhara 		Vedic settlements
Kuru
Culture Late Vedic Period
Gandhara grave culture (Brahmin ideology)[b]
early Upanishads
Painted Grey Ware culture 		(Kshatriya/Shramanic culture)[c]
Northern Black Polished Ware
800-600 BCE Gandhara Kuru-Pancala Kosala-Videha
Culture Late Vedic Period
Mahajanapada
Gandhara grave culture (Brahmin ideology)[d]
early Upanishads
Painted Grey Ware culture 		(Kshatriya/Shramanic culture)[e]
Northern Black Polished Ware
 6th century BCE Gandhara Kuru-Panchala Kosala
Magadha
Anga 		Adivasi (tribes)
Culture Persian-Greek influences "Second Urbanisation"
Later Upanishads Rise of Shramana movements
Jainism - Buddhism - Ājīvika - Yoga
Later Upanishads
 5th century BCE (Persian rule) Shishunaga dynasty Adivasi (tribes)
 4th century BCE (Greek conquests)

Nanda empire
Kalinga

HISTORICAL AGE (after 300 BCE)
Culture Spread of Buddhism Pre-history Sangam period
(300 BCE – 200 CE)
 3rd century BCE Maurya Empire Early Cholas
Early Pandyan Kingdom
Satavahana dynasty
Cheras
Culture Preclassical Hinduism[f] - "Hindu Synthesis"[g] (c. 200 BCE-300 CE)[h][i]
Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition
Mahayana Buddhism 		Sangam period
(continued)
(300 BCE – 200 CE)
 2nd century BCE Indo-Greek Kingdom Sunga Empire Adivasi (tribes) Early Cholas
Early Pandyan Kingdom
Satavahana dynasty
Cheras
 1st century BCE Yona Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty
 1st century CE Indo-Scythians
Indo-Parthians 		Kuninda Kingdom
 2nd century Pahlava Varman dynasty
 3rd century Kushan Empire Western Satraps Kamarupa kingdom Kalabhras dynasty
Culture "Golden Age of Hinduism"(c. 320-650 CE)[j]
Puranas
Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism
 4th century Gupta Empire Kadamba Dynasty
Western Ganga Dynasty
 5th century Vishnukundina
 6th century Maitraka Adivasi (tribes)
Culture Late-Classical Hinduism (c. 650-1100 CE)[k]
Advaita Vedanta - Tantra
Decline of Buddhism in India
 7th century Maitraka Indo-Sassanids Vakataka dynasty, Harsha Mlechchha dynasty Adivasi (tribes) Pallava
 8th century Kidarite Kingdom Kalachuri
 9th century Indo-Hephthalites (Huna) Gurjara-Pratihara Chalukya
10th century Pala dynasty
Kamboja-Pala dynasty 		Rashtrakuta
Culture Islamic rule and "Sects of Hinduism" (c. 1100-1850 CE)[l] - Medieval and Late Puranic Period (500–1500 CE)[m]
11th century Western Chalukyas (Islamic conquests)
Kabul Shahi
(Islamic Empire) 		Rajputs Pala Empire
Paramara dynasty
Solanki
Eastern Ganga dynasty 		Sena dynasty Adivasi (tribes) Chola Empire
Yadava dynasty
Western Chalukyas
Eastern Chalukyas
Kakatiya dynasty
Hoysala Empire
12th century Western Chalukyas Rajputs Paramara dynasty
Solanki
Eastern Ganga dynasty 		Chola Empire
Yadava dynasty
Western Chalukyas
Eastern Chalukyas
Kakatiya dynasty
Hoysala Empire
13th century Delhi Sultanate Chola Empire
14th century Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagara Empire
15th century Delhi Sultanate
16th century Mughal Empire
17th century Mughal Empire Maratha Empire
Culture Maratha Empire and British Colonisation - Company rule in India'
18th century Maratha Empire Maratha Empire British Maratha Empire/British
Culture British Colonisation - British Raj
19th century Sikh Empire
Culture British Raj - Independence struggle - Pakistan - India - Bangladesh'
20th century
21st century

Maps

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Templates

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History of Hinduism
James Mill (1773–1836), in his The History of British India (1817),[a] distinguished three phases in the history of India, namely Hindu, Muslim and British civilisations.[b][c] This periodisation has been influential, but has also been criticised, for the misconceptions it has given rise to.[d] Another influential periodisation is the division into "ancient, classical, mediaeval and modern periods".[e]
Smart[f] Michaels
(overall)[g] 		Michaels
(detailed)[h] 		Muesse[i] Flood[j]
Indus Valley Civilisation and Vedic period
(c. 3000–1000 BCE) 		Prevedic religions
(until c. 1750 BCE)[k] 		Prevedic religions
(until c. 1750 BCE)[l] 		Indus Valley Civilization
(3300–1400 BCE) 		Indus Valley Civilisation
(c. 2500 to 1500 BCE)
Vedic religion
(c. 1750–500 BCE) 		Early Vedic Period
(c. 1750–1200 BCE) 		Vedic Period
(1600–800 BCE) 		Vedic period
(c. 1500–500 BCE)
Middle Vedic Period
(from 1200 BCE)
Pre-classical period
(c. 1000 BCE – 100 CE) 		Late Vedic period
(from 850 BCE) 		Classical Period
(800–200 BCE)
Ascetic reformism
(c. 500–200 BCE) 		Ascetic reformism
(c. 500–200 BCE) 		Epic and Puranic period
(c. 500 BCE to 500 CE)
Classical Hinduism
(c. 200 BCE – 1100 CE)[m] 		Preclassical Hinduism
(c. 200 BCE – 300 CE)[n] 		Epic and Puranic period
(200 BCE – 500 CE)
Classical period
(c. 100 – 1000 CE) 		"Golden Age" (Gupta Empire)
(c. 320–650 CE)[o]
Late-Classical Hinduism
(c. 650–1100 CE)[p] 		Medieval and Late Puranic Period
(500–1500 CE) 		Medieval and Late Puranic Period
(500–1500 CE)
Hindu-Islamic civilisation
(c. 1000–1750 CE) 		Islamic rule and "Sects of Hinduism"
(c. 1100–1850 CE)[q] 		Islamic rule and "Sects of Hinduism"
(c. 1100–1850 CE)[r]
Modern Age
(1500–present) 		Modern period
(c. 1500 CE to present)
Modern period
(c. 1750 CE – present) 		Modern Hinduism
(from c. 1850)[s] 		Modern Hinduism
(from c. 1850)[t]
Notes and references for table
Notes

Smart[u] and Michaels[v] seem to follow Mill's periodisation (Michaels mentions Flood 1996 as a source for "Prevedic Religions".[w]), while Flood[x] and Muesse[y][z] follow the "ancient, classical, mediaeval and modern periods" periodisation.[aa]

Different periods are designated as "classical Hinduism":

  • Smart calls the period between 1000 BCE and 100 CE "pre-classical". It's the formative period for the Upanishads and Brahmanism (Smart distinguishes "Brahmanism" from the Vedic religion, connecting "Brahmanism" with the Upanishads.[ab]), Jainism and Buddhism. For Smart, the "classical period" lasts from 100 to 1000 CE, and coincides with the flowering of "classical Hinduism" and the flowering and deterioration of Mahayana-buddhism in India.[ac]
  • For Michaels, the period between 500 BCE and 200 BCE is a time of "Ascetic reformism"[ad], whereas the period between 200 BCE and 1100 CE is the time of "classical Hinduism", since there is "a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions".[ae]
  • Muesse discerns a longer period of change, namely between 800 BCE and 200 BCE, which he calls the "Classical Period". According to Muesse, some of the fundamental concepts of Hinduism, namely karma, reincarnation and "personal enlightenment and transformation", which did not exist in the Vedic religion, developed in this time.[af]
References
  1. ^ Khanna 2007, p.xvii
  2. ^ Khanna 2007, p.xvii
  3. ^ Misra 2004, p.194
  4. ^ Kulke 2004, p.7
  5. ^ Flood 1996, p.21
  6. ^ Smart 2003, p.52-53
  7. ^ Michaels 2004
  8. ^ Michaels 2004
  9. ^ Muesse 2011
  10. ^ Flood 1996, p.21-22
  11. ^ Michaels 2004, p.32
  12. ^ Michaels 2004, p.32
  13. ^ Michaels 2004, p.38
  14. ^ Michaels 2004, p.39
  15. ^ Michaels 2004, p.40
  16. ^ Michaels 2004, p.41
  17. ^ Michaels 2004, p.43
  18. ^ Michaels 2004, p.43
  19. ^ Michaels 2004, p.45
  20. ^ Michaels 2004, p.45
  21. ^ Smart 2003, p.52-53
  22. ^ Michaels 2004, p.32
  23. ^ Michaels 2004, p. 31, 348
  24. ^ Flood 1996
  25. ^ Muesse 2003
  26. ^ Muesse 2011
  27. ^ Muesse 2011, p.16
  28. ^ Smart 2003, p. 52, 83-86
  29. ^ Smart 2003, p.52
  30. ^ Michaels 2004, p.36
  31. ^ Michaels 2004, p.38
  32. ^ Muesse 2003, p.14
Sources
  • Bentley, Jerry H. (1996), "Cross-Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History", The American Historical Review. Vol. 101, No. 3 (Jun., 1996), pp. 749-770
  • Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press
  • Khanna, Meenakshi (2007), Cultural History Of Medieval India, Berghahn Books
  • Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004), A History of India, Routledge
  • Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
  • Misra, Amalendu (2004), Identity and Religion: Foundations of Anti-Islamism in India, SAGE
  • Muesse, Mark William (2003), Great World Religions: Hinduism
  • Muesse, Mark W. (2011), The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction, Fortress Press
  • Smart, Ninian (2003), Godsdiensten van de wereld (The World's religions), Kampen: Uitgeverij Kok
[edit]
"There is a clear consensus among knowledgeable editors who are familiar with the literature that Indo-Aryan migration is the overwhelmingly predominant view among reliable sources in the field, that any alternatives – aside from religiously and nationally motivated ideologies – are indeed WP:FRINGE, and that the Indo-Aryan migration should therefore be presented as an established historical fact (subject, of course, just to the standard proviso that historical models, as a matter of principle, can hardly ever reach the same amount of certainty as natural laws in the physical sciences; the objection that an historical model isn't "testable" and therefore "not scientific" is an obviou red herring.) Fut.Perf. ☼ 08:51, 27 January 2015 (UTC)"
"the "Indigenous Aryans" proposal which is the subject of this article is a fringe theory according to Wikipedia guidelines. jps (talk) 15:08, 4 February 2015 (UTC)"

Genetics

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Mythological views

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Indo-European migrations

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Indo-European Migrations. Source David Anthony (2007), The Horse, The Wheel and Language
Animated map of Indo-European migrations
According to Allentoft (2015), the Sintashta culture probably derived from the Corded Ware Culture

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Notes

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Hallo

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R1a1a

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R1a origins (Underhill 2010)[1] and R1a1a oldest expansion and highest frequency (2014)
File:R1a1a (Underhill 2010 and 2014), Iranian farmers (Lazaridis 2016).jpg
R1a1a (Underhill 2010 and 2014), Iranian farmers (Lazaridis 2016)
File:R1a1a (Underhill 2010 and 2014), Iranian farmers (Lazaridis 2016), Yamna people (Jones 2015).jpg
R1a1a (Underhill 2010 and 2014), Iranian farmers (Lazaridis 2016), Yamna people (Jones 2015)
File:R1a1a (Underhill 2010 and 2014), Iranian farmers (Lazaridis 2016), Yamna people (Jones 2015), Corded Ware (Haak 2015), Andronovo (Allentoft 2015).jpg
R1a1a (Underhill 2010 and 2014), Iranian farmers (Lazaridis 2016), Yamna people (Jones 2015), Corded Ware (Haak 2015), Andronovo (Allentoft 2015)
File:R1a1a (Underhill 2010 and 2014), Iranian farmers (Lazaridis 2016), Yamna people (Jones 2015), Corded Ware (Haak 2015), Andronovo (Allentoft 2015), lactose (Gallego Romero 2011) v03.jpg
R1a1a (Underhill 2010 and 2014), Iranian farmers (Lazaridis 2016), Yamna people (Jones 2015), Corded Ware (Haak 2015), Andronovo (Allentoft 2015), lactose (Gallego Romero 2011)
R1a1a (Underhill 2014), Iranian farmers (Lazaridis 2016), Yamna people (Jones 2015), Corded Ware (Haak 2015), Andronovo (Allentoft 2015), lactose (Gallego Romero 2011)

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References

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sfn

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Wikipedia Help-pages on references

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harv-error

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See JJ common.js harv-error detector

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{{See also|Zen#Zen practice|l1=Zen practice}}

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Sources & OR

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{{find sources|Joshua Jonathan}} Find sources: Google (books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL

Using secondary and tertiairy sources, instead of using primary sources, is a basic rule of Wikipedia:

"Wikipedia articles should be based on reliable, published sources, making sure that all majority and significant minority views that have appeared in those sources are covered (see Wikipedia:Neutral point of view)."

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Tables

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Help:Table

Basic table

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Cel 1 Cel 2 Cel 3
Cel 4 Cel 5 Cel 6
Cel 7 Cel 8 Cel 9

Colspan

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1 Xuefeng Yicun (822-908) (雪峰 义 存
2 pietje Marietje

Bodhidharma-table

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The Continued Biographies
of Eminent Monks
Xù gāosēng zhuàn 續高僧傳
of Dàoxuān 道宣
(596-667) 		The Record of the Transmission
of the Dharma-Jewel
Chuán fǎbǎo jì 傳法寶記
of Dù Fěi 杜胐 		History of Masters and Disciples of the Laṅkāvatāra-Sūtra
Léngqié shīzī jì 楞伽師資紀記
of Jìngjué 淨覺
(ca. 683 - ca. 650) 		The Xiǎnzōngjì 显宗记
of Shénhuì 神会
1 Bodhidharma Bodhidharma Bodhidharma Bodhidharma
2 Huìkě 慧可 (487? - 593) Dàoyù 道育 Dàoyù 道育 Dàoyù 道育
Huìkě 慧可 (487? - 593) Huìkě 慧可 (487? - 593) Huìkě 慧可 (487? - 593)
3 Sēngcàn 僧璨 (d.606) Sēngcàn 僧璨 (d.606) Sēngcàn 僧璨 (d.606) Sēngcàn 僧璨 (d.606)
4 Dàoxìn 道信 (580 - 651) Dàoxìn 道信 (580 - 651) Dàoxìn 道信 (580 - 651) Dàoxìn 道信 (580 - 651)
5 Hóngrěn 弘忍 (601 - 674) Hóngrěn 弘忍 (601 - 674) Hóngrěn 弘忍 (601 - 674) Hóngrěn 弘忍 (601 - 674)
6 - Fǎrú 法如 (638-689) Shénxiù 神秀 (606? - 706) Huìnéng 慧能 (638-713)
Shénxiù 神秀 (606? - 706) 神秀 (606? - 706) Xuánzé 玄賾
7 - - - Xuánjué 玄覺 (665-713)

Rowspan, colspan

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C D
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G
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Don't take the bait

[edit]
  1. ^ Underhill (2010), R1a1a-distribution
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