Jump to content

T-box transcription factor T

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from TBXT)
TBXT
Identifiers
AliasesTBXT, T, brachyury homolog (mouse), SAVA, TFT, T brachyury transcription factor, T-box transcription factor T, T
External IDsOMIM: 601397; MGI: 98472; HomoloGene: 2393; GeneCards: TBXT; OMA:TBXT - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

6862

20997

Ensembl

ENSG00000164458

ENSMUSG00000062327

UniProt

O15178

P20293

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001270484
NM_003181
NM_001366285
NM_001366286

NM_009309

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001257413
NP_003172
NP_001353214
NP_001353215

NP_033335

Location (UCSC)Chr 6: 166.16 – 166.17 MbChr 17: 8.65 – 8.66 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

T-box transcription factor T, also known as Brachyury protein, is encoded for in humans and other apes by the TBXT gene.[5][6][7] Brachyury functions as a transcription factor within the T-box family of genes.[8] Brachyury homologs have been found in all bilaterian animals that have been screened, as well as the freshwater cnidarian Hydra.[8]

History

[edit]

The brachyury mutation was first described in mice by Nadezhda Alexandrovna Dobrovolskaya-Zavadskaya in 1927 as a mutation that affected tail length and sacral vertebrae in heterozygous animals. In homozygous animals, the brachyury mutation is lethal at around embryonic day 10 due to defects in mesoderm formation, notochord differentiation and the absence of structures posterior to the forelimb bud (Dobrovolskaïa-Zavadskaïa, 1927). The name brachyury comes from the Greek brakhus meaning short and oura meaning tail.

In 2018, HGNC updated the human gene name from T to TBXT, presumably to overcome difficulties associated with searching for a single letter gene symbol.

Tbxt was cloned by Bernhard Herrmann and colleagues[9] and proved to encode a 436 amino acid embryonic nuclear transcription factor. Tbxt binds to a specific DNA element, a near palindromic sequence TCACACCT through a region in its N-terminus, called the T-box. Tbxt is the founding member of the T-box family which in mammals currently consists of 18 T-box genes.

The crystal structure of the human brachyury protein was solved in 2017 by Opher Gileadi and colleagues at the Structural Genomics Consortium in Oxford.[10]

Brachyury expression in 7.5dpc CD1 mouse embryos

Role in development

[edit]

The gene brachyury appears to have a conserved role in defining the midline of a bilaterian organism,[11] and thus the establishment of the anterior-posterior axis; this function is apparent in chordates and molluscs.[12] Its ancestral role, or at least the role it plays in the Cnidaria, appears to be in defining the blastopore.[8] It also defines the mesoderm during gastrulation.[13] Tissue-culture based techniques have demonstrated one of its roles may be in controlling the velocity of cells as they leave the primitive streak.[14][15] It effects transcription of genes required for mesoderm formation and cellular differentiation.[clarification needed]

Brachyury has also been shown to help establish the cervical vertebral blueprint during fetal development. The number of cervical vertebrae is highly conserved among all mammals; however, a spontaneous vertebral and spinal dysplasia (VSD) mutation in this gene has been associated with the development of six or fewer cervical vertebrae instead of the usual seven.[16]

Expression

[edit]

In mice, T is expressed in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst stage embryo (but not in the majority of mouse embryonic stem cells) followed by the primitive streak (see image). In later development, expression is localised to the node and notochord.

In Xenopus laevis, Xbra (the Xenopus T homologue, also recently renamed t) is expressed in the mesodermal marginal zone of the pre-gastrula embryo followed by localisation to the blastopore and notochord at the mid-gastrula stage.

Orthologs

[edit]

The Danio rerio ortholog is known as ntl (no tail).

Role in hominid evolution

[edit]

Tail development

[edit]

TBXT is a transcription factor observed in vertebrate organisms. As such, it is primarily responsible for the genotype that codes for tail formation due to its observed role in axial development and the construction of posterior mesoderm within the lumbar and sacral regions.[17][13] ‌TBXT transcribes genes that form notochord cells, which are responsible for the flexibility, length, and balance of the spine, including tail vertebrae.[18] Because of the role that the transcription factor plays in spinal development, it is cited as being the protein that is primarily responsible for tail development in mammals.[5][19] However, due to being a genetically-induced phenotype, it is possible for tail-encoding material to be effectively silenced by mutation. This is the mechanism by which the ntl ortholog developed in the hominidae taxa.

Alu elements

[edit]

In particular, an Alu element in TBXT is responsible for the taillessness (ntl) ortholog. An Alu element is evolved, mobile RNA that is exclusively in primates. These elements are capable of mobilizing around a genome, making Alu elements transposons.[20] The Alu element that is observed to catalyze taillessness in TBXT is AluY.[21][22] While normally Alu elements are not individually impactful, the presence of another Alu element active in TBXT, AluSx1, is coded such that its nucleotides are the inverse of AluY’s. Because of this, the two elements are paired together in the replication process, leading up to the formation of a stem-loop structure and an alternative splicing event that fundamentally influences transcription.[23] The structure isolates and positions codons held between the two Alu elements in a hairpin-esque loop that consequently cannot be paired or transcribed. The trapped material, most notably, includes the 6th exon that codes in TBXT.[21][24] In a stem-loop structure, genetic material trapped within the loop is recognized by transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC NER) proteins as damage due to RNA polymerase being ostensibly stalled at the neck of the loop. This is also how lesions are able to occur at all–the stalled transcription process serves as a beacon for TC NER proteins to ascertain the location of the stem-loop.[25] Once TBXT is cleaved, trapped nucleotides–including exon 6–are excised from the completed transcription process by the TC NER mechanisms. Because of the resulting excision of exon 6, information contained within the exon is, too, removed from transcription. Consequently, it is posited that the material stored in exon 6 is, in part, responsible for full hominid tail growth.[21][24]

As a result of the effect on TBXT's tail-encoding material that AluY has alongside AluSx1, isoform TBXT-Δexon6 is created.[21][26] Isoforms are often a result of mutation, polymorphism, and recombination, and happen to share often highly similar functions to the proteins they derive from. However often they can have some key differences due to either containing added instructions or missing instructions the original protein is known to possess.[27] TBXT-Δexon6 falls into this category, as it is an isoform that lacks the ability to process the code that enables proper tail formation in TBXT-containing organisms. This is because exon 6's material that helps encode for tail formation is excised from the contents of the transcribed RNA. As a result, it is effectively missing in the isoform, and is thus the key factor in determining the isoform's name. Other common examples of influential isoforms include those involved in AMP-induced protein kinase that insert phosphate groups into specific sites of the cell depending on the subunit.[28]

Speciation

[edit]

The first insertion of the AluY element occurred approximately 20-25 million years ago, with the earliest hominid ancestor known to exhibit this mutation being the Hominoidea family of apes.[21] Taillessness has become an overwhelmingly dominant phenotype, such that it contributes to speciation. Over time, the mutation occurred more regularly due to the influence of natural selection and fixation to stabilize and expand its presence in the ape gene pool prior to the eventual speciation of homo sapiens.[29] There are several potential reasons for why taillessness has become the standard phenotype in the Hominidae taxa that offset the genetically disadvantageous aspects of tail mitigation, but little is known with certainty.[22] Some experts hypothesize that taillessness contributes to a stronger, more upright stance. The stance observed by primates with a smaller lumbar is seen to be effective. Grounded mobility and maintaining balance in climbing are more feasible given the evenly distributed body weight observed in hominids.[30] The presence of an additional appendage can also mean another appendage for predators to grab, and one that also consumes energy to move and takes up more space.

Role in disease

[edit]

Cancer

[edit]

Brachyury is implicated in the initiation and/or progression of a number of tumor types including chordoma, germ cell tumors, hemangioblastoma, GIST, lung cancer, small cell carcinoma of the lung, breast cancer, colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate cancer, and oral squamous carcinoma.[31]

In breast cancer, brachyury expression is associated with recurrence, metastasis and reduced survival.[32][33][34][35] It is also associated with resistance to tamoxifen[36] and to cytotoxic chemotherapy.[32]

In lung cancer, brachyury expression is associated with recurrence and decreased survival.[37][38][39][40] It is also associated with resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapy,[41] radiation,[42] and EGFR kinase inhibitors.[37]

In prostate cancer, brachyury expression is associated with Gleason score, perineural, invasion and capsular invasion.[43]

In addition to its role in common cancers, brachyury has been identified as a definitive diagnostic marker, key driver and therapeutic target for chordoma, a rare malignant tumor that arises from remnant notochordal cells lodged in the vertebrae. The evidence regarding brachyury's role in chordoma includes:

  • Brachyury is highly expressed in all chordomas except for the dedifferentiated subtype, which accounts for less than 5% of cases.[44]
  • Germ line duplication of the brachyury gene is responsible for familial chordoma.[45]
  • A germline SNP in brachyury is present in 97% of chordoma patients.[46]
  • Somatic amplifications of brachyury are seen in a subset of sporadic chordomas either by aneuploidy or focal duplication.[47]
  • Brachyury is the most selectively essential gene in chordoma relative to other cancer types.[48]
  • Brachyury is associated with a large superenhancer in chordoma tumors and cell lines, and is the most highly expressed superenhancer-associated transcription factor.[48]

Brachyury is an important factor in promoting the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cells that over-express brachyury have down-regulated expression of the adhesion molecule E-cadherin, which allows them to undergo EMT. This process is at least partially mediated by the transcription factors AKT[49] and Snail.[19]

Overexpression of brachyury has been linked to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, also called malignant hepatoma), a common type of liver cancer. While brachyury is promoting EMT, it can also induce metastasis of HCC cells. Brachyury expression is a prognostic biomarker for HCC, and the gene may be a target for cancer treatments in the future.[49]

Development

[edit]

Research posits that there are some downsides that are more likely to occur in the embryonic stage due to the tailless mutation of TBXT-Δexon6. Exon 6's excision fundamentally affects the manner in which TBXT-encoded cells divide, distribute information, and form tissue because of how stem-loop sites create genetic instability.[25][21] As such, it is seen by experts that tail loss has contributed to the existence and frequency of developmental defects in the neural tube and sacral region. Primarily, spina bifida and sacral agenesis are the most likely suspects due to their direct relation to lumbar development.[22] Spina bifida is an error in the build of the spinal neural tube, causing it to not fully close and leaving nerves exposed within the spinal cord. Sacral agenesis, on the other hand, is a series of physical malformations in the hips that result from the omission of sacral matter during the developmental process. Because both of these developmental disorders result in the displacement of organs and other bodily mechanisms, they are both directly related to outright malfunction of the kidney, bladder, and nervous system.[50][51] This can lead to higher likelihood of diseases related to their functionality or infrastructure, such as neurogenic bladder dysfunction or hydrocephalus.[51]

Other diseases

[edit]

Overexpression of brachyury may play a part in EMT associated with benign disease such as renal fibrosis.[19]

Role as a therapeutic target

[edit]

Because brachyury is expressed in tumors but not in normal adult tissues it has been proposed as a potential drug target with applicability across tumor types. In particular, brachyury-specific peptides are presented on HLA receptors of cells in which it is expressed, representing a tumor specific antigen. Various therapeutic vaccines have been developed which are intended to stimulate an immune response to brachyury expressing cells.[31]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000164458 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000062327 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ a b "TBXT - T-box transcription factor T - Homo sapiens (Human) - TBXT gene & protein". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  6. ^ Edwards YH, Putt W, Lekoape KM, Stott D, Fox M, Hopkinson DA, Sowden J (March 1996). "The human homolog T of the mouse T(Brachyury) gene; gene structure, cDNA sequence, and assignment to chromosome 6q27". Genome Research. 6 (3): 226–233. doi:10.1101/gr.6.3.226. PMID 8963900.
  7. ^ Xia, Bo; Zhang, Weimin; Zhao, Guisheng; Zhang, Xinru; Bai, Jiangshan; Brosh, Ran; Wudzinska, Aleksandra; Huang, Emily; Ashe, Hannah; Ellis, Gwen; Pour, Maayan; Zhao, Yu; Coelho, Camila; Zhu, Yinan; Miller, Alexander (28 February 2024). "On the genetic basis of tail-loss evolution in humans and apes". Nature. 626 (8001): 1042–1048. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07095-8. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 10901737.
  8. ^ a b c Scholz CB, Technau U (January 2003). "The ancestral role of Brachyury: expression of NemBra1 in the basal cnidarian Nematostella vectensis (Anthozoa)". Development Genes and Evolution. 212 (12): 563–570. doi:10.1007/s00427-002-0272-x. PMID 12536320. S2CID 25311702.
  9. ^ Herrmann BG, Labeit S, Poustka A, King TR, Lehrach H (February 1990). "Cloning of the T gene required in mesoderm formation in the mouse". Nature. 343 (6259): 617–622. Bibcode:1990Natur.343..617H. doi:10.1038/343617a0. PMID 2154694. S2CID 4365020.
  10. ^ Gileadi O, Bountra C, Edwards A, Arrowsmith CH, von Delft F, Burgess-Brown NA, Shrestha L, Krojer T, Gavard AE (2017). "Crystal structure of human Brachyury (T) in complex with DNA". Worldwide Protein Data Bank. doi:10.2210/pdb6f58/pdb.
  11. ^ Le Gouar M, Guillou A, Vervoort M (May 2004). "Expression of a SoxB and a Wnt2/13 gene during the development of the mollusc Patella vulgata". Development Genes and Evolution. 214 (5): 250–256. doi:10.1007/s00427-004-0399-z. PMID 15034714. S2CID 8136294.
  12. ^ Lartillot N, Lespinet O, Vervoort M, Adoutte A (March 2002). "Expression pattern of Brachyury in the mollusc Patella vulgata suggests a conserved role in the establishment of the AP axis in Bilateria". Development. 129 (6): 1411–1421. doi:10.1242/dev.129.6.1411. PMID 11880350.
  13. ^ a b Marcellini S, Technau U, Smith JC, Lemaire P (August 2003). "Evolution of Brachyury proteins: identification of a novel regulatory domain conserved within Bilateria". Developmental Biology. 260 (2): 352–361. doi:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00244-6. PMID 12921737.
  14. ^ Hashimoto K, Fujimoto H, Nakatsuji N (August 1987). "An ECM substratum allows mouse mesodermal cells isolated from the primitive streak to exhibit motility similar to that inside the embryo and reveals a deficiency in the T/T mutant cells". Development. 100 (4): 587–598. doi:10.1242/dev.100.4.587. PMID 3327671.
  15. ^ Turner DA, Rué P, Mackenzie JP, Davies E, Martinez Arias A (August 2014). "Brachyury cooperates with Wnt/β-catenin signalling to elicit primitive-streak-like behaviour in differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells". BMC Biology. 12 (1): 63. doi:10.1186/s12915-014-0063-7. PMC 4171571. PMID 25115237.
  16. ^ Kromik A, Ulrich R, Kusenda M, Tipold A, Stein VM, Hellige M, et al. (March 2015). "The mammalian cervical vertebrae blueprint depends on the T (brachyury) gene". Genetics. 199 (3): 873–883. doi:10.1534/genetics.114.169680. PMC 4349078. PMID 25614605.
  17. ^ "T-BOX TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR T; TBXT". OMIM. August 26, 1996. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
  18. ^ "TBXT gene". MedlinePlus Genetics. U.S. National Library of Medicine. January 1, 2023. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
  19. ^ a b c Sun S, Sun W, Xia L, Liu L, Du R, He L, et al. (November 2014). "The T-box transcription factor Brachyury promotes renal interstitial fibrosis by repressing E-cadherin expression". Cell Communication and Signaling. 12: 76. doi:10.1186/s12964-014-0076-4. PMC 4261244. PMID 25433496.
  20. ^ Bennett EA, Keller H, Mills RE, Schmidt S, Moran JV, Weichenrieder O, Devine SE (December 2008). "Active Alu retrotransposons in the human genome". Genome Research. 18 (12): 1875–1883. doi:10.1101/gr.081737.108. PMC 2593586. PMID 18836035.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Xia B, Zhang W, Wudzinska A, Huang E, Brosh R, Pour M, et al. (2021-09-16). "The genetic basis of tail-loss evolution in humans and apes". bioRxiv: 2021.09.14.460388. doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460388. S2CID 237550433.
  22. ^ a b c "'Jumping gene' may have erased tails in humans and other apes—and boosted our risk of birth defects". www.science.org. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
  23. ^ "Alternative Splicing". Genome.gov. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
  24. ^ a b Modzelewski AJ, Gan Chong J, Wang T, He L (September 2022). "Mammalian genome innovation through transposon domestication". Nature Cell Biology. 24 (9): 1332–1340. doi:10.1038/s41556-022-00970-4. PMC 9729749. PMID 36008480.
  25. ^ a b Burns JA, Chowdhury MA, Cartularo L, Berens C, Scicchitano DA (April 2018). "Genetic instability associated with loop or stem-loop structures within transcription units can be independent of nucleotide excision repair". Nucleic Acids Research. 46 (7): 3498–3516. doi:10.1093/nar/gky110. PMC 5909459. PMID 29474673.
  26. ^ Modzelewski AJ, Gan Chong J, Wang T, He L (September 2022). "Mammalian genome innovation through transposon domestication". Nature Cell Biology. 24 (9): 1332–1340. doi:10.1038/s41556-022-00970-4. PMC 9729749. PMID 36008480.
  27. ^ Federici MM, Venkat K, Bam N, Patel K, Dal Monte PR, Fernie B, et al. (2003). "Detection and consequences of recombinant protein isoforms: implications for biological potency". Developments in Biologicals. 113: 53–57, discussion 113–114. PMID 14620852.
  28. ^ Dasgupta B, Chhipa RR (March 2016). "Evolving Lessons on the Complex Role of AMPK in Normal Physiology and Cancer". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 37 (3): 192–206. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2015.11.007. PMC 4764394. PMID 26711141.
  29. ^ Korzh VP, Gasanov EV (2022-06-01). "Genetics of Atavism". Russian Journal of Developmental Biology. 53 (3): 221–230. doi:10.1134/S1062360422030043. ISSN 1608-3326. S2CID 254981436.
  30. ^ Horvath A (2016-02-05). "Why don't humans have tails?". Pursuit. University of Melbourne. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
  31. ^ a b Hamilton DH, David JM, Dominguez C, Palena C (2017). "Development of Cancer Vaccines Targeting Brachyury, a Transcription Factor Associated with Tumor Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition". Cells Tissues Organs. 203 (2): 128–138. doi:10.1159/000446495. PMC 5381518. PMID 28214895.
  32. ^ a b Palena C, Roselli M, Litzinger MT, Ferroni P, Costarelli L, Spila A, et al. (May 2014). "Overexpression of the EMT driver brachyury in breast carcinomas: association with poor prognosis". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 106 (5). doi:10.1093/jnci/dju054. PMC 4568990. PMID 24815864.
  33. ^ Shao C, Zhang J, Fu J, Ling F (November 2015). "The potential role of Brachyury in inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and HIF-1α expression in breast cancer cells". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 467 (4): 1083–1089. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.076. PMID 26393908.
  34. ^ Hamilton DH, Roselli M, Ferroni P, Costarelli L, Cavaliere F, Taffuri M, et al. (October 2016). "Brachyury, a vaccine target, is overexpressed in triple-negative breast cancer". Endocrine-Related Cancer. 23 (10): 783–796. doi:10.1530/ERC-16-0037. PMC 5010091. PMID 27580659.
  35. ^ Lee KH, Kim EY, Yun JS, Park YL, Do SI, Chae SW, Park CH (January 2018). "Prognostic significance of expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition driver brachyury in breast cancer and its association with subtype and characteristics". Oncology Letters. 15 (1): 1037–1045. doi:10.3892/ol.2017.7402. PMC 5772917. PMID 29399164.
  36. ^ Li K, Ying M, Feng D, Du J, Chen S, Dan B, et al. (December 2016). "Brachyury promotes tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer by targeting SIRT1". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 84: 28–33. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.011. PMID 27621036.
  37. ^ a b Roselli M, Fernando RI, Guadagni F, Spila A, Alessandroni J, Palmirotta R, et al. (July 2012). "Brachyury, a driver of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, is overexpressed in human lung tumors: an opportunity for novel interventions against lung cancer". Clinical Cancer Research. 18 (14): 3868–3879. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-3211. PMC 3472640. PMID 22611028.
  38. ^ Haro A, Yano T, Kohno M, Yoshida T, Koga T, Okamoto T, et al. (December 2013). "Expression of Brachyury gene is a significant prognostic factor for primary lung carcinoma". Annals of Surgical Oncology. 20 (Suppl 3): S509–S516. doi:10.1245/s10434-013-2914-9. PMID 23456319. S2CID 13383492.
  39. ^ Miettinen M, Wang Z, Lasota J, Heery C, Schlom J, Palena C (October 2015). "Nuclear Brachyury Expression Is Consistent in Chordoma, Common in Germ Cell Tumors and Small Cell Carcinomas, and Rare in Other Carcinomas and Sarcomas: An Immunohistochemical Study of 5229 Cases". The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 39 (10): 1305–1312. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000462. PMC 4567944. PMID 26099010.
  40. ^ Shimamatsu S, Okamoto T, Haro A, Kitahara H, Kohno M, Morodomi Y, et al. (December 2016). "Prognostic Significance of Expression of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Related Factor Brachyury in Intrathoracic Lymphatic Spread of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer". Annals of Surgical Oncology. 23 (Suppl 5): 1012–1020. doi:10.1245/s10434-016-5530-7. hdl:2324/1866273. PMID 27600618. S2CID 2800270.
  41. ^ Xu K, Liu B, Liu Y (July 2015). "Impact of Brachyury on epithelial-mesenchymal transitions and chemosensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer". Molecular Medicine Reports. 12 (1): 995–1001. doi:10.3892/mmr.2015.3348. PMC 4438917. PMID 25683840.
  42. ^ Huang B, Cohen JR, Fernando RI, Hamilton DH, Litzinger MT, Hodge JW, Palena C (June 2013). "The embryonic transcription factor Brachyury blocks cell cycle progression and mediates tumor resistance to conventional antitumor therapies". Cell Death & Disease. 4 (6): e682. doi:10.1038/cddis.2013.208. PMC 3702290. PMID 23788039.
  43. ^ Pinto F, Pértega-Gomes N, Pereira MS, Vizcaíno JR, Monteiro P, Henrique RM, et al. (September 2014). "T-box transcription factor brachyury is associated with prostate cancer progression and aggressiveness". Clinical Cancer Research. 20 (18): 4949–4961. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-0421. hdl:1822/32913. PMID 25009296.
  44. ^ Vujovic S, Henderson S, Presneau N, Odell E, Jacques TS, Tirabosco R, et al. (June 2006). "Brachyury, a crucial regulator of notochordal development, is a novel biomarker for chordomas". The Journal of Pathology. 209 (2): 157–165. doi:10.1002/path.1969. PMID 16538613. S2CID 41440366.
  45. ^ Yang XR, Ng D, Alcorta DA, Liebsch NJ, Sheridan E, Li S, et al. (November 2009). "T (brachyury) gene duplication confers major susceptibility to familial chordoma". Nature Genetics. 41 (11): 1176–1178. doi:10.1038/ng.454. PMC 2901855. PMID 19801981.
  46. ^ Pillay N, Plagnol V, Tarpey PS, Lobo SB, Presneau N, Szuhai K, et al. (November 2012). "A common single-nucleotide variant in T is strongly associated with chordoma". Nature Genetics. 44 (11): 1185–1187. doi:10.1038/ng.2419. PMID 23064415. S2CID 38375774.
  47. ^ Tarpey PS, Behjati S, Young MD, Martincorena I, Alexandrov LB, Farndon SJ, et al. (October 2017). "The driver landscape of sporadic chordoma". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 890. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8..890T. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01026-0. PMC 5638846. PMID 29026114.
  48. ^ a b Sharifnia T, Wawer MJ, Chen T, Huang QY, Weir BA, Sizemore A, et al. (February 2019). "Small-molecule targeting of brachyury transcription factor addiction in chordoma". Nature Medicine. 25 (2): 292–300. doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0312-3. PMC 6633917. PMID 30664779.
  49. ^ a b Du R, Wu S, Lv X, Fang H, Wu S, Kang J (December 2014). "Overexpression of brachyury contributes to tumor metastasis by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma". Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 33 (1): 105. doi:10.1186/s13046-014-0105-6. PMC 4279691. PMID 25499255.
  50. ^ "Spina Bifida". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
  51. ^ a b Sharma S, Sharma V, Awasthi B, Sehgal M, Singla DA (June 2015). "Sacral Agenesis with Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction-A Case Report and Review of the Literature". Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 9 (6): RD08–RD09. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/13694.6113. PMC 4525563. PMID 26266174.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T-box_transcription_factor_T&oldid=1256709530"