Jump to content

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from PPAR gamma)
PPARG
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesPPARG, CIMT1, GLM1, NR1C3, PPARG1, PPARG2, PPARgamma, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, PPARG5
External IDsOMIM: 601487; MGI: 97747; HomoloGene: 7899; GeneCards: PPARG; OMA:PPARG - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

5468

19016

Ensembl

ENSG00000132170

ENSMUSG00000000440

UniProt

P37231

P37238

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001127330
NM_011146
NM_001308352
NM_001308354

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001120802
NP_001295281
NP_001295283
NP_035276

Location (UCSC)Chr 3: 12.29 – 12.43 MbChr 6: 115.34 – 115.47 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ or PPARG), also known as the glitazone reverse insulin resistance receptor, or NR1C3 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group C, member 3) is a type II nuclear receptor functioning as a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the PPARG gene.[5][6][7]

Tissue distribution

[edit]

PPARG is mainly present in adipose tissue, colon and macrophages. Two isoforms of PPARG are detected in the human and in the mouse: PPAR-γ1 (found in nearly all tissues except muscle) and PPAR-γ2 (mostly found in adipose tissue and the intestine).[8][9]

Gene expression

[edit]

This gene encodes a member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) subfamily of nuclear receptors. PPARs form heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and these heterodimers regulate transcription of various genes. Three subtypes of PPARs are known: PPAR-alpha, PPAR-delta, and PPAR-gamma. The protein encoded by this gene is PPAR-gamma and is a regulator of adipocyte differentiation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different isoforms have been described.[10]

The activity of PPARG can be regulated via phosphorylation through the MEK/ERK pathway. This modification decreases transcriptional activity of PPARG and leads to diabetic gene modifications, and results in insulin insensitivity. For example, the phosphorylation of serine 112 will inhibit PPARG function, and enhance adipogenic potential of fibroblasts.[11]

Function

[edit]

PPARG regulates fatty acid storage and glucose metabolism. The genes activated by PPARG stimulate lipid uptake and adipogenesis by fat cells. PPARG knockout mice are devoid of adipose tissue, establishing PPARG as a master regulator of adipocyte differentiation.[12]

PPARG increases insulin sensitivity by enhancing storage of fatty acids in fat cells (reducing lipotoxicity), by enhancing adiponectin release from fat cells, by inducing FGF21,[12] and by enhancing nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate production through upregulation of the CD38 enzyme.[13]

PPARG promotes anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage activation in mice.[14]

Adiponectin induces ABCA1-mediated reverse cholesterol transport by activation of PPAR-γ and LXRα/β.[15]

Many naturally occurring agents directly bind with and activate PPAR gamma. These agents include various polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid and arachidonic acid metabolites such as certain members of the 5-hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid and 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid family, e.g., 5-oxo-15(S)-HETE and 5-oxo-ETE or 15-hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid family including 15(S)-HETE, 15(R)-HETE, and 15(S)-HpETE,[16][17][18] the phytocannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (THC),[19] its metabolite THC-COOH, and its synthetic analog ajulemic acid (AJA).[20] The activation of PPAR gamma by these and other ligands may be responsible for inhibiting the growth of cultured human breast, gastric, lung, prostate and other cancer cell lines.[21][22]

During embryogenesis, PPARG first substantially expresses in interscapular brown fat pad.[23] The depletion of PPARG will result in embryonic lethality at E10.5, due to the vascular anomalies in placenta, with no permeation of fetal blood vessels and dilation and rupture of maternal blood sinuses.[24] The expression PPARG can be detected in placenta as early as E8.5 and through the remainder of gestation, mainly located in the primary trophoblast cell in the human placenta.[23] PPARG is required for epithelial differentiation of trophoblast tissue, which is critical for proper placenta vascularization. PPARG agonists inhibit extravillous cytotrophoblast invasion. PPARG is also required for the accumulation of lipid droplets by the placenta.[11]

Interactions

[edit]

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma has been shown to interact with:

Research

[edit]

PPAR-gamma agonists have been used in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia and hyperglycemia.[35][36]

Many insulin sensitizing drugs (namely, the thiazolidinediones) used in the treatment of diabetes activate PPARG as a means to lower serum glucose without increasing pancreatic insulin secretion. Activation of PPARG is more effective for skeletal muscle insulin resistance than for insulin resistance of the liver.[37]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000132170 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000000440 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Greene ME, Blumberg B, McBride OW, Yi HF, Kronquist K, Kwan K, et al. (1995). "Isolation of the human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma cDNA: expression in hematopoietic cells and chromosomal mapping". Gene Expression. 4 (4–5): 281–99. PMC 6134382. PMID 7787419.
  6. ^ Elbrecht A, Chen Y, Cullinan CA, Hayes N, Leibowitz MD, Moller DE, Berger J (July 1996). "Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of human peroxisome proliferator activated receptors gamma 1 and gamma 2". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 224 (2): 431–7. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.1044. PMID 8702406.
  7. ^ Michalik L, Auwerx J, Berger JP, Chatterjee VK, Glass CK, Gonzalez FJ, et al. (December 2006). "International Union of Pharmacology. LXI. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors". Pharmacological Reviews. 58 (4): 726–41. doi:10.1124/pr.58.4.5. PMID 17132851. S2CID 2240461.
  8. ^ Fajas L, Auboeuf D, Raspé E, Schoonjans K, Lefebvre AM, Saladin R, et al. (July 1997). "The organization, promoter analysis, and expression of the human PPARgamma gene". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (30): 18779–89. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.30.18779. PMID 9228052.
  9. ^ Park YK, Wang L, Giampietro A, Lai B, Lee JE, Ge K (January 2017). "Distinct Roles of Transcription Factors KLF4, Krox20, and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ in Adipogenesis". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 37 (2): 18779–89. doi:10.1128/MCB.00554-16. PMC 5214852. PMID 27777310.
  10. ^ "Entrez Gene: PPARG peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma".
  11. ^ a b Suwaki N, Masuyama H, Masumoto A, Takamoto N, Hiramatsu Y (April 2007). "Expression and potential role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in the placenta of diabetic pregnancy". Placenta. 28 (4): 315–23. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2006.04.002. PMID 16753211.
  12. ^ a b Ahmadian M, Suh JM, Hah N, Liddle C, Atkins AR, Downes M, Evans RM (May 2013). "PPARγ signaling and metabolism: the good, the bad and the future". Nature Medicine. 19 (5): 557–66. doi:10.1038/nm.3159. PMC 3870016. PMID 23652116.
  13. ^ Song EK, Lee YR, Kim YR, Yeom JH, Yoo CH, Kim HK, et al. (December 2012). "NAADP mediates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and insulin sensitization by PPARγ in adipocytes". Cell Reports. 2 (6): 1607–19. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2012.10.018. PMID 23177620.
  14. ^ a b Peluso I, Morabito G, Urban L, Ioannone F, Serafini M (December 2012). "Oxidative stress in atherosclerosis development: the central role of LDL and oxidative burst". Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders Drug Targets. 12 (4): 351–60. doi:10.2174/187153012803832602. PMID 23061409.
  15. ^ Hafiane A, Gasbarrino K, Daskalopoulou SS (November 2019). "The role of adiponectin in cholesterol efflux and HDL biogenesis and metabolism". Metabolism. 100: 153953. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2019.153953. PMID 31377319. S2CID 203413137.
  16. ^ Dreyer C, Keller H, Mahfoudi A, Laudet V, Krey G, Wahli W (1993). "Positive regulation of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway by fatty acids through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)". Biology of the Cell. 77 (1): 67–76. doi:10.1016/s0248-4900(05)80176-5. PMID 8390886. S2CID 10746292.
  17. ^ O'Flaherty JT, Rogers LC, Paumi CM, Hantgan RR, Thomas LR, Clay CE, et al. (October 2005). "5-Oxo-ETE analogs and the proliferation of cancer cells". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids. 1736 (3): 228–36. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.08.009. PMID 16154383.
  18. ^ Naruhn S, Meissner W, Adhikary T, Kaddatz K, Klein T, Watzer B, et al. (February 2010). "15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid is a preferential peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta agonist". Molecular Pharmacology. 77 (2): 171–84. doi:10.1124/mol.109.060541. PMID 19903832. S2CID 30996954.
  19. ^ O'Sullivan SE, Tarling EJ, Bennett AJ, Kendall DA, Randall MD (November 2005). "Novel time-dependent vascular actions of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 337 (3): 824–31. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.121. PMID 16213464.
  20. ^ Liu J, Li H, Burstein SH, Zurier RB, Chen JD (May 2003). "Activation and binding of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma by synthetic cannabinoid ajulemic acid". Molecular Pharmacology. 63 (5): 983–92. doi:10.1124/mol.63.5.983. PMID 12695526. S2CID 22671555.
  21. ^ Krishnan A, Nair SA, Pillai MR (September 2007). "Biology of PPAR gamma in cancer: a critical review on existing lacunae". Current Molecular Medicine. 7 (6): 532–40. doi:10.2174/156652407781695765. PMID 17896990.
  22. ^ Ezzeddini R, Taghikhani M, Salek Farrokhi A, Somi MH, Samadi N, Esfahani A, Rasaee, MJ (May 2021). "Downregulation of fatty acid oxidation by involvement of HIF-1α and PPARγ in human gastric adenocarcinoma and its related clinical significance". Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry. 77 (2): 249–260. doi:10.1007/s13105-021-00791-3. PMID 33730333. S2CID 232300877.
  23. ^ a b Barak Y, Nelson MC, Ong ES, Jones YZ, Ruiz-Lozano P, Chien KR, et al. (October 1999). "PPAR gamma is required for placental, cardiac, and adipose tissue development". Molecular Cell. 4 (4): 585–95. doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80209-9. PMID 10549290.
  24. ^ Schaiff WT, Barak Y, Sadovsky Y (April 2006). "The pleiotropic function of PPAR gamma in the placenta". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 249 (1–2): 10–5. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2006.02.009. PMID 16574314. S2CID 54322301.
  25. ^ Brendel C, Gelman L, Auwerx J (June 2002). "Multiprotein bridging factor-1 (MBF-1) is a cofactor for nuclear receptors that regulate lipid metabolism". Molecular Endocrinology. 16 (6): 1367–77. doi:10.1210/mend.16.6.0843. PMID 12040021.
  26. ^ Berger J, Patel HV, Woods J, Hayes NS, Parent SA, Clemas J, et al. (April 2000). "A PPARgamma mutant serves as a dominant negative inhibitor of PPAR signaling and is localized in the nucleus". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 162 (1–2): 57–67. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(00)00211-2. PMID 10854698. S2CID 20343538.
  27. ^ Gampe RT, Montana VG, Lambert MH, Miller AB, Bledsoe RK, Milburn MV, et al. (March 2000). "Asymmetry in the PPARgamma/RXRalpha crystal structure reveals the molecular basis of heterodimerization among nuclear receptors". Molecular Cell. 5 (3): 545–55. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80448-7. PMID 10882139.
  28. ^ a b c Fajas L, Egler V, Reiter R, Hansen J, Kristiansen K, Debril MB, et al. (December 2002). "The retinoblastoma-histone deacetylase 3 complex inhibits PPARgamma and adipocyte differentiation". Developmental Cell. 3 (6): 903–10. doi:10.1016/S1534-5807(02)00360-X. PMID 12479814.
  29. ^ Franco PJ, Li G, Wei LN (August 2003). "Interaction of nuclear receptor zinc finger DNA binding domains with histone deacetylase". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 206 (1–2): 1–12. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(03)00254-5. PMID 12943985. S2CID 19487189.
  30. ^ Heinlein CA, Ting HJ, Yeh S, Chang C (June 1999). "Identification of ARA70 as a ligand-enhanced coactivator for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (23): 16147–52. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.23.16147. PMID 10347167.
  31. ^ Nishizawa H, Yamagata K, Shimomura I, Takahashi M, Kuriyama H, Kishida K, et al. (January 2002). "Small heterodimer partner, an orphan nuclear receptor, augments peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transactivation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (2): 1586–92. doi:10.1074/jbc.M104301200. PMID 11696534.
  32. ^ Wallberg AE, Yamamura S, Malik S, Spiegelman BM, Roeder RG (November 2003). "Coordination of p300-mediated chromatin remodeling and TRAP/mediator function through coactivator PGC-1alpha". Molecular Cell. 12 (5): 1137–49. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00391-5. PMID 14636573.
  33. ^ Puigserver P, Adelmant G, Wu Z, Fan M, Xu J, O'Malley B, Spiegelman BM (November 1999). "Activation of PPARgamma coactivator-1 through transcription factor docking". Science. 286 (5443): 1368–71. doi:10.1126/science.286.5443.1368. PMID 10558993.
  34. ^ Mittal S, Inamdar S, Acharya J, Pekhale K, Kalamkar S, Boppana R, Ghaskadbi S (October 2020). "miR-3666 inhibits development of hepatic steatosis by negatively regulating PPARγ". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids. 1865 (10): 158777. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158777. PMID 32755726. S2CID 221017099.
  35. ^ Lehrke M, Lazar MA (December 2005). "The many faces of PPARgamma". review. Cell. 123 (6): 993–9. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.11.026. PMID 16360030. S2CID 18526710.
  36. ^ Kim JH, Song J, Park KW (March 2015). "The multifaceted factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in metabolism, immunity, and cancer". review. Archives of Pharmacal Research. 38 (3): 302–12. doi:10.1007/s12272-015-0559-x. PMID 25579849. S2CID 12296573.
  37. ^ Abdul-Ghani MA, Tripathy D, DeFronzo RA (May 2006). "Contributions of beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance to the pathogenesis of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose". review. Diabetes Care. 29 (5): 1130–9. doi:10.2337/dc05-2179. PMID 16644654.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor_gamma&oldid=1234214816"