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6-APB

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6-APB
Ball-and-stick model of the 6-APB molecule
Clinical data
Routes of
administration		By mouth, insufflation
Drug classEmpathogen–entactogen; Stimulant
ATC code
  • None
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Onset of action30–60 minutes
Duration of action7–10 hours
Identifiers
  • 1-(1-Benzofuran-6-yl)propan-2-amine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC11H13NO
Molar mass175.231 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • NC(C)CC1=CC(OC=C2)=C2C=C1
  • InChI=1S/C11H13NO/c1-8(12)6-9-2-3-10-4-5-13-11(10)7-9/h2-5,7-8H,6,12H2,1H3 checkY
  • Key:FQDAMYLMQQKPRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

6-APB (6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran) is an empathogenic psychoactive drug of the substituted benzofuran and substituted phenethylamine classes.[1] 6-APB and other compounds are sometimes informally called "Benzofury" in newspaper reports. It is similar in structure to MDA, but differs in that the 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl ring system has been replaced with a benzofuran ring. 6-APB is also the unsaturated benzofuran derivative of 6-APDB. It may appear as a tan grainy powder.[citation needed]

While the drug never became particularly popular, it briefly entered the rave and underground clubbing scene in the UK before its sale and import were banned. It falls under the category of research chemicals, sometimes called "legal highs” if uncontrolled. Because 6-APB and other substituted benzofurans have not been explicitly outlawed in some countries, they are often technically legal, contributing to its popularity.[citation needed]

Pharmacology

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Small clumps of 6-APB powder

Pharmacodynamics

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6-APB is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI) with Ki values of 117, 150, and 2698 nM for the norepinephrine transporter (NET), dopamine transporter (DAT), and serotonin transporter (SERT), respectively.[1] In addition, 6-APB not only blocks the reuptake of these monoamine neurotransmitters but is also a releasing agent of them; that is, it is a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA).[2]

In addition to actions at the monoamine transporters, 6-APB is a potent full agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor (Ki = 3.7 nM),[1] with higher affinity for this target than any other site.[3] Moreover, unlike MDMA, 6-APB shows 100-fold selectivity for the 5-HT2B receptor over the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors.[3][4] It is notably both more potent and more selective as an agonist of the 5-HT2B receptor than the reference 5-HT2B receptor agonist, BW-723C86, which is commonly used for research into the 5-HT2B receptor.[citation needed] Aside from the 5-HT2B receptor, 6-APB has also been found to bind with high affinity to the α2C-adrenergic receptor subtype (Ki = 45 nM), although the clinical significance of this action is unknown.[1] 6-APB showed little other affinity at a wide selection of other sites.[1]

The potent agonism of the 5-HT2B receptor makes it likely that 6-APB would be cardiotoxic with chronic or long-term use, as seen with other 5-HT2B receptor agonists such as the withdrawn serotonergic anorectic fenfluramine.[1][5]

Pharmacokinetics

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The pharmacokinetics of 6-APB have not been studied, however, some information can be extracted from user reports. These suggest a slow onset of 40–120 minutes. The drugs peak effects last 7 hours, followed by a comedown phase of approximately 2 hours, and after effects for up to 24 hours.[6]

Metabolism

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Although limited literature is available, there is some data on metabolism of 6-APB in rats. Its Phase I metabolism involves hydroxylation of the furan ring, then cleavage of the ring, followed by a reduction of the unsaturated aldehyde from the previous step. The resulting aldehyde may then take two paths. It is either oxidized to a carboxylic acid or reduced to an alcohol, and then hydroxylated. Phase II metabolism consists of glucuronidation. The most prevalent metabolites in rats were 3-carboxymethyl-4-hydroxyamphetamine and 4-carboxymethyl-3-hydroxyamphetamine.[7]

Adverse effects

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Acute psychosis has been associated with recreational use of 6-APB in combination with the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-122.[8]

Reagents results

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6-APB and its structural isomer 5-APB have been tested with a series of agents including: Marquis, Liebermann, Mecke, and Froehde reagents.[9] Exposing compounds to the reagents gives a colour change which is indicative of the compound under test.

Compound Marquis Mecke Mandelin Liebermann Froehde Gallic Ehrlich Hofmann Simon's Folin
6-APB Purple Purple to black Purple to black Black Purple Brown Orange Light orange No reaction Light orange
6-APB succinate Purple Purple to black Purple to black Black Purple Brown Faint orange No reaction No reaction Light orange

6-APB succinate is reported to be practically insoluble in CHCl3 as well as very minimally soluble in cold water. A batch seized by the DEA contained a 2:1 ratio of succinate to 6-APB.[10]

Synthesis

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Synthesis of 6-APB and its structural isomer 4-APB[10]

The synthesis by Briner et al.[4] entailed refluxing 3-bromophenol with bromoacetaldehyde diethylacetal and sodium hydride to give the diethyl acetal, which then was heated with polyphosphoric acid to give a mixture of bromobenzofuran structural isomers: 4-bromo-1-benzofuran and 6-bromo-1-benzofuran. The isomers were separated by silica gel column chromatography, then converted to their respective propanone derivatives, and then reductively aminated to give 6-APB and 4-APB, both of which were converted to their HCl ion pairs for further examination.

Dosage and duration

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6-APB can be found in freebase, hydrochloride, and succinate form. The freebase is purportedly 20% stronger than the hydrochloride salt and 65% stronger than the succinate. This means 100 mg of 6-APB HCl is equivalent to 83 mg of 6-APB freebase and 100 mg of 6-APB succinate is equivalent to 60 mg of 6-APB freebase. Different production batches may have impurities and should be treated with care.[citation needed]

Based on anecdotal reports, the dosages for 6-APB hydrochloride are the following:

Dosage
Oral
Threshold 15 mg
Light 15–60 mg
Common 60–90 mg
Strong 90–120 mg
Heavy 120 mg +
Duration
Oral
Onset 30–60 minutes (or more)
Come up 60–120 minutes
Peak 3–4 hours
Offset 2–3 hours
Total 7–10 hours
After effects 6–48 hours

The dosages for freebases or succinates have to be adjusted accordingly.

Law

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North America

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Canada

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In 1999, amphetamines were changed from Schedule III to Schedule I as a result of the Safe Streets Act. Some have speculated that 6-APB's structure qualifies it as a Schedule I drug as an analog of MDA.[11][unreliable source?]

In 2014, a study funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research noted that 6-APB "may or may not be legal in Canada depending on how one interprets the current Act"[12] and that it could be purchased for academic purposes without an exemption from Health Canada. The study also noted how, unlike the MDMA it often serves as a replacement for in countries like the US, 6-APB's benzofuran structure does not make it a direct analogue of amphetamine despite similarities in effects.

United States

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6-APB is not scheduled at the federal level in the United States,[13][failed verification] but it may be considered an analog of amphetamine, in which case purchase, sale, or possession could be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act.[14]

Finland

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6-APB is scheduled in government decree on narcotic substances, preparations and plants and hence is illegal.[15]

France

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6-APB is illegal in France.[16]

Germany

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6-APB is illegal in Germany since the 17th of July, 2013, when it was added to Anlage II of the Betäubungsmittelgesetz.[citation needed]

Italy

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6-APB is illegal in Italy.[17]

Luxembourg

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In Luxembourg, 6-APB is not cited in the list of prohibited substances.[18] Therefore, it is still a legal substance.

Netherlands

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6-APB is not listed under the Opium Law or the Medicine Act in the Netherlands, and thus currently legal.[citation needed]

New Zealand and Australia

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Certain countries contain a "substantially similar" catch-all clause in their drug law, such as New Zealand and Australia. This includes 6-APB as it is similar in chemical structure to the class A drug MDA, meaning 6-APB may be viewed as a controlled substance analogue in these jurisdictions.[19]

Sweden

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In Sweden, as of 27 December 2009 6-APB is classified as "health hazard" under the act Lagen om förbud mot vissa hälsofarliga varor (translated Act on the Prohibition of Certain Goods Dangerous to Health).[20]

UK

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On June 10, 2013 6-APB and a number of analogues were classified as Temporary Class Drugs in the UK following an ACMD recommendation.[5] This means that sale and import of the named substances are criminal offences and are treated as for class B drugs.[21] On November 28, 2013 the ACMD recommended that 6-APB and related benzofurans should become Class B, Schedule 1 substances.[5] On March 5, 2014 the UK Home Office announced that 6-APB would be made a class B drug on 10 June 2014 alongside every other benzofuran entactogen and many structurally related drugs.[22]

China

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6-APB has been a controlled substance in China since 1 July 2024[23]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Iversen L, Gibbons S, Treble R, Setola V, Huang XP, Roth BL (January 2013). "Neurochemical profiles of some novel psychoactive substances". European Journal of Pharmacology. 700 (1–3): 147–51. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.12.006. PMC 3582025. PMID 23261499.
  2. ^ Rickli A, Kopf S, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (July 2015). "Pharmacological profile of novel psychoactive benzofurans". British Journal of Pharmacology. 172 (13): 3412–25. doi:10.1111/bph.13128. PMC 4500375. PMID 25765500.
  3. ^ a b Canal CE, Murnane KS (January 2017). "2C receptor and the non-addictive nature of classic hallucinogens". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 31 (1): 127–143. doi:10.1177/0269881116677104. PMC 5445387. PMID 27903793.
  4. ^ a b US patent 7045545, Briner K, Burkhart JP, Burkholder TP, Fisher MJ, Gritton WH, Kohlman DT, Liang SX, Miller SC, Mullaney JT, Xu YC, Xu Y, "Aminoalkylbenzofurans as serotonin (5-HT(2c)) agonists", published 19 January 2000, issued 16 May 2006, assigned to Eli Lilly Co. 
  5. ^ a b c Browne J (4 June 2013). "Temporary class drug order on benzofury and NBOMe compounds - letter from ACMD". Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. GOV.UK.
  6. ^ Shaun L. Greene (2013). Novel Psychoactive Substances: Classification, Pharmacology and Toxicology Chapter 16 – Benzofurans and Benzodifurans. Boston: Academic Press. pp. 383–392. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-415816-0.00016-X. ISBN 978-0-12-415816-0.
  7. ^ Nugteren-van Lonkhuyzen JJ, van Riel AJ, Brunt TM, Hondebrink L (December 2015). "Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicology of new psychoactive substances (NPS): 2C-B, 4-fluoroamphetamine and benzofurans". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 157: 18–27. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.011. PMID 26530501.
  8. ^ Chan WL, Wood DM, Hudson S, Dargan PI (September 2013). "Acute psychosis associated with recreational use of benzofuran 6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (6-APB) and cannabis". Journal of Medical Toxicology. 9 (3): 278–81. doi:10.1007/s13181-013-0306-y. PMC 3770991. PMID 23733714.
  9. ^ "Results". PRO Test. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
  10. ^ a b Casale JF, Hays PA (January 2012). "The Characterization of 6-(2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran and Differentiation from its 4-, 5-, and 7-Positional Analogues" (PDF). Microgram Journal. 9 (2): 61–74. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-05. Retrieved 2016-06-08.
  11. ^ "Controlled Drugs and Substances Act : Definitions and Interpretations". isomerdesign.com. Retrieved 2019-11-11.
  12. ^ Hudson AL, Lalies MD, Baker GB, Wells K, Aitchison KJ (2014-04-16). "Ecstasy, legal highs and designer drug use: A Canadian perspective". Drug Science, Policy and Law. 1: 2050324513509190. doi:10.1177/2050324513509190. ISSN 2050-3245. S2CID 159675835.
  13. ^ "21 CFR — SCHEDULES OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES §1308.11 Schedule I." Archived from the original on 2009-08-27. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
  14. ^ Casale JF, Hays PA (January 2011). "The characterization of 5-and 6-(2-aminopropyl)-2, 3-dihydrobenzofuran". Microgram J. 8 (2): 62–74.
  15. ^ "Ajantasa". finlex.fi.
  16. ^ "Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants".
  17. ^ "Nuove tabelle delle sostanze stupefacenti e psicotrope (DPR 309/90)" (PDF) (in Italian). Ministero della Salute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-06. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
  18. ^ "Loi du 19 février 1973 concernant la vente de substances médicamenteuses et la lutte contre la toxicomanie. - Legilux". legilux.public.lu. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
  19. ^ "Misuse of Drugs Act 1975". New Zealand Legislation. 7 November 2015.
  20. ^ "Förordning (1999:58) om förbud mot vissa hälsofarliga varor" (in Swedish). Lagbevakning med Notisum och Rättsnätet. 24 November 2009. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
  21. ^ Browne J (4 June 2013). "'NBOMe' and 'Benzofury' banned". Home Office. GOV.UK.
  22. ^ UK Home Office (28 April 2014). "The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Ketamine etc.) (Amendment) Order 2014". The National Archives.
  23. ^ National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) of China (July 22, 2024). "关于将溴啡等46种物质列入《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品管制品种增补目录》的公告".
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