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Visa requirements for Irish citizens

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An Irish passport

Visa requirements for Irish citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Ireland.

As of September 2024, Irish citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 191 countries and territories, ranking the Irish passport 3rd in the world according to the Henley Passport Index.[1]

Since Brexit and as of 2024, Irish citizens are the only nationality in the world with the right to live and work in both the European Union and the United Kingdom.

Visa requirements map

[edit]
Visa requirements for Irish citizens holding ordinary passports
  Ireland
  Freedom of movement (European Union / European Economic Area / Common Travel Area)
  Visa not required / ESTA / eTA / eVisitor
  Visa on arrival
  eVisa
  Visa available both on arrival or online
  Visa required

Visa requirements

[edit]
Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes (excluding departure fees) Reciprocity
 Afghanistan Visa required[2] ✓
 Albania Visa not required[3] 90 days X
 Algeria Visa required[4] ✓
 Andorra Visa not required[5] ✓
 Angola Visa not required[6] 30 days
  • 30 days per trip, but no more than 90 days within any 1 calendar year for tourism purposes only.[7]
  • Visitors must have a return/onward ticket and a hotel reservation confirmation.[8]
  • An International Certificate of Vaccination is required.
 X
 Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required[9] 3 month ✓
 Argentina Visa not required[10] 90 days ✓
 Armenia Visa not required[11] 180 days X
 Australia eVisitor[12] 90 days
  • eVisitor, if granted, allows 90 day stay per visit for 12 months.
  • eVisitor is issued free of charge.
 ✓
 Austria Freedom of movement[13] ✓
 Azerbaijan eVisa[14][15] 30 days X
 Bahamas Visa not required[16] 3 months
  • Extension of stay is possible.
 ✓
 Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival[17] 14 days
  • Visa on arrival is single entry, subject to a fee.
  • Multiple entry visa available on arrival for 1 month stay.
  • Irish citizens can also apply for e-Visas as an alternative.
 X
 Bangladesh Visa on arrival[18] 30 days
  • Visitors can apply to extend their stay when in the country.
 X
 Barbados Visa not required[19] 6 months
  • Visitors must have proof of onward travel, whereby their final destination is their country of residence or origin.
 ✓
 Belarus Visa not required[20] 30 days[21]
  • Visa-free until 31 December 2024.[22]
 X
 Belgium Freedom of movement[23] ✓
 Belize Visa not required[24] ✓
 Benin eVisa[25][26] 30 days
  • Must have an international vaccination certificate.
 X
 Bhutan eVisa[27][28]
  • Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
  • Visitors are required to book with a registered tour operator in Bhutan.
 ✓
 Bolivia Visa not required[29] 90 days
  • 90 days within any year period.
 X
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required[30] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 6-month period.
 X
 Botswana Visa not required[31] 90 days
  • Extension to the visa-free period must be applied for in advance.
 X
 Brazil Visa not required[32] 90 days
  • Extension of stay is possible.
 X
 Brunei Visa not required[33] 90 days ✓
 Bulgaria Freedom of movement[34] ✓
 Burkina Faso eVisa / Visa on arrival[35][36] 1 month X
 Burundi Visa on arrival[37] 1 month X
 Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival[38][39] 30 days
  • Visa is also obtainable online.
  • Visitors are not permitted to make day-trips to Cambodia (except in certain circumstances).
 X
 Cameroon eVisa[40][41]
  • Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
 ✓
 Canada Visa not required[42] 6 months ✓
 Cape Verde Visa not required[45][46] 30 days
  • Must register online at least five days prior to arrival.[47]
 X
 Central African Republic Visa required[48] ✓
 Chad Visa required[49]
  • Visitors holding an 'entry authorisation' letter can pick up a visa on arrival.
 ✓
 Chile Visa not required[50] 90 days
  • Visitors are issued an immigration card on arrival and will be prevented from leaving Chile without it.
 X
 China Visa not required[51] 15 days ✓
 Colombia Visa not required[55] 90 days
  • Visitors may only enter Colombia for up to 180 days in any calendar year.
 X
 Comoros Visa on arrival[56] 45 days X
 Republic of the Congo Visa required[57] ✓
 Democratic Republic of the Congo eVisa[58][59] 7 days ✓
 Costa Rica Visa not required[60] 90 days ✓
 Côte d'Ivoire eVisa[61][62] 3 months X
 Croatia Freedom of movement[63] ✓
 Cuba Tourist card required[64] 90 days
  • Can be extended up to 90 days with a fee.
 ✓
 Cyprus Freedom of movement[65] ✓
 Czech Republic Freedom of movement[66] ✓
 Denmark Freedom of movement[67] ✓
 Djibouti eVisa[68][69] 90 days X
 Dominica Visa not required[70] 6 months ✓
 Dominican Republic Visa not required[71] X
 Ecuador Visa not required[72] 90 days[73]
  • Extension of stay is possible.
 X
 Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival[74][75] 30 days X
 El Salvador Visa not required[76] 3 months ✓
 Equatorial Guinea eVisa[77][78] ✓
 Eritrea Visa required[79]
  • Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
 ✓
 Estonia Freedom of movement[80] ✓
 Eswatini Visa not required[81] 30 days[73]
  • Extension of stay possible for a maximum of 90 days in total.
 ✓
 Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival[82] up to 90 days X
 Fiji Visa not required[85] 4 months ✓
 Finland Freedom of movement[86] ✓
 France Freedom of movement[87] Freedom of movement ✓
 Gabon eVisa[88][89] 90 days X
 Gambia Visa not required[90] 90 days X
 Georgia Visa not required[91] 1 year ✓
 Germany Freedom of movement[92] ✓
 Ghana Visa required[93]
  • Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
 ✓
 Greece Freedom of movement[94] ✓
 Grenada Visa not required[95] 3 months[73] ✓
 Guatemala Visa not required[96] 90 days ✓
 Guinea eVisa[97][98] 90 days X
 Guinea-Bissau Visa on arrival[99] 90 days X
 Guyana Visa not required[100] ✓
 Haiti Visa not required[101] 90 days X
 Honduras Visa not required[102] 3 months ✓
 Hungary Freedom of movement[103] ✓
 Iceland Freedom of movement[104] ✓
 India eVisa[105] 30 days
  • e-Visa holders must arrive via 31 designated airports[Note 2] or 5 designated seaports.[Note 3][106]
  • An Indian e-Tourist Visa may only be obtained twice within 1 calendar year.[citation needed]
  • Foreigners of Pakistani origin or who hold a Pakistani Passport are not eligible for an e-Visa. Foreigners who are not Pakistani nationals, but whose parents or grandparents (either paternal or maternal) were born in, or were permanent residents in Pakistan, are also not eligible for an e-Visa.[107]
 X
 Indonesia e-VOA / Visa on arrival[108] 30 days[109]
  • Not available at all entry points.
 X
 Iran eVisa[110][111] 30 days
  • Passengers who have already made an application, at least two days before arrival, at the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affair's E-Visa website and present the submission notification at the airport's visa desk may obtain a visa on arrival.
  • Women will be refused entry if not wearing Islamic head cover, scarf, long sleeves or stockings.
 X
 Iraq eVisa / Visa on arrival[112][113][114] 60 days
  • Irish citizens can obtain a visa on arrival at Iraq's airports, land and sea crossings for 60 days, for a fee of 75 USD.
 Israel Visa not required[115] 3 months
  • Extension of stay is possible.
 ✓
 Italy Freedom of movement[116] ✓
 Jamaica Visa not required[117] 90 days X
 Japan Visa not required[118] 90 days
  • Irish citizens may apply for an extension of stay with the Ministry of Justice for up to 6 months.
 ✓
 Jordan eVisa / Visa on arrival[119][120]
  • Visa can be obtained upon arrival, it will cost a total of 40 JOD, obtainable at most international ports of entry and land border crossings (except King Hussein/Allenby Bridge)
  • Visa fees may be waived for those in possession of a Jordan Pass depending on the length of their visit to the kingdom.[121]
 X
 Kazakhstan Visa not required[122] 30 days X
 Kenya Electronic Travel Authorisation[123][124] 90 days
  • Applications can be submitted up to 90 days prior to travel and must be submitted at least 3 days in advance.
  • eTA fee is USD 32.50.
  • Proof of reservation at the hotel where visitors plan to stay is required (if staying with friends, an invitation letter is also acceptable).
  • Yellow fever vaccination certificate is required if coming from endemic countries.
 X
 Kiribati Visa not required[125] 30 days ✓
 North Korea Visa required[126] ✓
 South Korea Electronic Travel Authorization[127][128] 90 days
  • The validity period of a K-ETA is 3 years from the date of approval.[129]
 ✓
 Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival[130][131] 3 months X
 Kyrgyzstan Visa not required[132] 60 days X
 Laos eVisa / Visa on arrival[133] 30 days X
 Latvia Freedom of movement[137] ✓
 Lebanon Free visa on arrival[138] 1 month
  • Free visa on arrival can be granted whenever a telephone number and address in Lebanon is provided.
  • Visa can be extended for an additional two months.
 X
 Lesotho Visa not required[139] 90 days ✓
 Liberia Visa required[140]
  • Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival, subject to conditions.
 ✓
 Libya eVisa[141][142] ✓
 Liechtenstein Freedom of movement[143] ✓
 Lithuania Freedom of movement[144] ✓
 Luxembourg Freedom of movement[145] ✓
 Madagascar Visa on arrival[146] 60 days X
 Malawi Visa not required[147] 30 days X
 Malaysia Visa not required[148] 3 months
  • If no return ticket is held, one must be purchased at the border or entry will be refused.
 ✓
 Maldives Free visa on arrival[149] 30 days[73] X
 Mali Visa required[150] ✓
 Malta Freedom of movement[151] ✓
 Marshall Islands Visa not required[152] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180-day period.
 X
 Mauritania Visa on arrival[153] X
 Mauritius Visa not required[154] 90 days
  • 180 days maximum stay in any 1 calendar year.
 X
 Mexico Visa not required[155] 180 days ✓
 Micronesia Visa not required[156] 30 days
  • Extension of stay is possible.
 X
 Moldova Visa not required[157] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period.
 X
 Monaco Visa not required[158] ✓
 Mongolia Visa not required[159] 30 days
  • The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia has exempted visas for 34 countries from January 2023 to December 2025.
 X
 Montenegro Visa not required[160] 90 days X
 Morocco Visa not required[161] 90 days X
 Mozambique Visa not required[162][163] 30 days
  • Travelers must register on the e-Visa platform at least 48 hours prior to travel and pay a processing fee of 650 MT.
 X
 Myanmar eVisa[164][165] 28 days X
 Namibia Visa not required[166] 3 months X
 Nauru Visa required[167]
  • Visa requirement waived for holders of an Entry Permit letter.
 X
   Nepal Online Visa / Visa on arrival[168] 90 days[169]
  • Extension of stay is possible of up to 150 days.
  • Business travellers can obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 5 years, subject to a fee and a license issued by the Ministry of Industry.
 X
 Netherlands Freedom of movement[170] (European Netherlands) ✓
 New Zealand Electronic Travel Authority[171] 3 months
  • May enter using eGate.
  • International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy must be paid upon requesting an Electronic Travel Authority.[172]
  • Holders of an Australian Permanent Resident Visa or Resident Return Visa may be granted a New Zealand Resident Visa on arrival permitting indefinite stay (pursuant to the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement), subject to meeting character requirements and obtaining an Electronic Travel Authority prior to departure.[173] Such travellers are not required to pay the International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy.[172]
 X
 Nicaragua Visa not required[174] 90 days
  • Tourist card must be obtained on arrival, subject to a fee.
  • Extension of stay is possible.
 ✓
 Niger Visa required[175] ✓
 Nigeria eVisa[176][177] 90 days
  • Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
 ✓
 North Macedonia Visa not required[178] 90 days X
 Norway Freedom of movement[179] ✓
 Oman Visa not required / eVisa[180][181] 14 days / 30 days
  • A visa waiver is in place for travellers who are arriving directly from the Emirate of Dubai who have a visa or an entrance stamp from Dubai, whereby the visa must be valid for 21 days at least upon arrival in Oman.
  • A visa waiver is in place for travellers who are arriving directly from Qatar, whereby the visa must state as being valid for Oman and must be valid for at least one month on arrival.
 X
 Pakistan eVisa[182] 90 days X
 Palau Free visa on arrival[183] 30 days
  • Extension is possible for a fee.
 X
 Panama Visa not required[184] 90 days ✓
 Papua New Guinea eVisa[185][186] 60 days X
 Paraguay Visa not required[187] 90 days X
 Peru Visa not required[188] 183 days X
 Philippines Visa not required[189] 30 days
  • 14 days If passports issued to permanent residents of Macau only residents of Macau only.
 X
 Poland Freedom of movement[190] ✓
 Portugal Freedom of movement[191] ✓
 Qatar Visa not required[192] 30 days
  • Visa waiver available for Irish citizens with a 30 day extension available.
 X
 Romania Freedom of movement[193] ✓
 Russia eVisa[194][195] 16 days
  • Visa waiver available for passengers arriving by cruise only who are staying in Russia for a maximum of 72 hours.
 X
 Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival[196][197] 30 days X
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required[198] 3 months
  • Extension of stay is possible.
 ✓
 Saint Lucia Visa not required[199] 6 weeks
  • Extension of stay is possible.
 ✓
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required[200] 3 month
  • Extension of stay is possible.
 ✓
 Samoa Visa not required[201] 60 days
  • Extension of stay is possible.
 ✓
 San Marino Visa not required[202] ✓
 São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required[203] 15 days X
 Saudi Arabia eVisa / Visa on arrival[204][205] 90 days X
 Senegal Visa not required[206] 90 days X
 Serbia Visa not required[207] 90 days
  • Irish citizens may stay in Serbia for 90 days within any 6-month period.
  • Extension is possible.
 X
 Seychelles Visa not required[208][209] 3 months
  • Irish citizens can extend their stay for three months, up to a maximum of 12 months.
  • Visitor's permit is issued free of charge, subject to documentation being provided at the entry point.
 ✓
 Sierra Leone eVisa / Visa on arrival[210][211] 3 months / 30 days X
 Singapore Visa not required[212] 90 days
  • Extension of stay possible.
 ✓
 Slovakia Freedom of movement[213] ✓
 Slovenia Freedom of movement[214] ✓
 Solomon Islands Free Visitor's permit on arrival[215] 3 months
  • 3 months within a year period.
 ✓
 Somalia Visa on arrival[216] X
 South Africa Visa not required[217] X
 South Sudan eVisa[218][219]
  • Obtainable online.
  • Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel.
 X
 Spain Freedom of movement[220] ✓
 Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival[221][222] 60 days / 30 days
  • The standard visitor visa allows a stay of 60 days within any 6 month period.[223]
  • Visa fees (for Standard visitor visa):
  • e-Visa categories will be charged an additional USD 18.50 service fee.
  • If transiting from any of the Sri Lankan airports, An e-Visa is exempted (2 day transit period).
 X
 Sudan Visa required[224] ✓
 Suriname Visa not required[225][226] 90 days
  • An entrance fee of USD 25 or EUR 25 must be paid online prior to arrival.[227]
  • Multiple entry e-Visa is also available.[228]
 X
 Sweden Freedom of movement[229] ✓
  Switzerland Freedom of movement[230] ✓
 Syria eVisa[231] X
 Tajikistan Visa not required[232] 30 days
  • Visa also available online.[233]
 X
 Tanzania eVisa / Visa on arrival[234][235] 90 days X
 Thailand Visa not required[236] 60 days
  • ACMECS Single Visa issued by Cambodia and Thailand are valid for 90 days from the date of issue and are valid for a stay of 60 days in Thailand.
  • Extension of stay is possible.
  • Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air.
 X
 Timor-Leste Visa on arrival[237] 30 days
  • Irish and British citizens, unlike other EU citizens, must pay a 30 USD visa fee on arrival.[238]
 X
 Togo eVisa[239][240] 15 days
  • Extension of stay possible for an additional 90 days, subject to a fee.
 X
 Tonga Free visa on arrival[241] 31 days
  • Extension of stay for a further 5 months is possible.
 X
 Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required[242] ✓
 Tunisia Visa not required[243] 3 months X
 Turkey Visa not required[244] 90 days X
 Turkmenistan Visa required[245]
  • Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
 X
 Tuvalu Visa on arrival[246] 30 days X
 Uganda Visa not required[247]
  • Irish Citizens are not required to apply for an eVisa and are granted a fee-free visa on arrival.[248]
  • An East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Kenya or Rwanda can also be used for entry.
 X
 Ukraine Visa not required[249] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period.
 ✓
 United Arab Emirates Visa not required[250] 30 days
  • Extension of stay is possible for a further 30 days with a fee.
 ✓
 United Kingdom Freedom of movement[251] ✓
 United States Visa Waiver Program[252][253] 90 days
  • ESTA is valid for 2 years from the date of issuance.[254]
  • ESTA is also required when entering the country by cruise ship or land.[255]
  • Visa required if Nationals of VWP countries who have travelled or been present in Iraq, North Korea, Syria, Iran, Sudan, Libya, Somalia, or Yemen at any time on or after 1 March 2011 (with limited exceptions), or those who have travelled or being present in Cuba at any time on or after 12 January 2021, or nationals of VWP countries who are also nationals of Iraq, Syria, Iran, North Korea or Sudan.
 ✓
 Uruguay Visa not required[256] 90 days
  • Extension of stay is possible for a further 90 days.
 X
 Uzbekistan Visa not required[257] 30 days X
 Vanuatu Visa not required[258] 30 days[73] ✓
 Vatican City Visa not required[259] ✓
 Venezuela Visa not required[260] 90 days
  • Extension of stay is possible for a further 90 days.
 X
 Vietnam eVisa[261][262]
  • e-Visa is valid for 90 days and multiple entry.
 X
 Yemen Visa required[263] ✓
 Zambia Visa not required[264] 30 days
  • For those travelling to Zambia for business, the maximum stay is 30 days in any one-year period.
  • Tourists are allowed 90 days in any 1-year period.
 X
 Zimbabwe Visa on arrival[265] 30 days
  • For those travelling to Zimbabwe for business, a visa on arrival can also be issued for a maximum stay of 30 days.
 X

Territories and disputed areas

[edit]

Visa requirements for Irish citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognized countries and restricted zones:

Visitor to Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes (excluding departure fees)
Europe
 Abkhazia Visa required[266]
Mount Athos Special permit required
  • Special permit required (4 days: 25 euro for Orthodox visitors, 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 euro for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed.[267][268]
Belarus Brest and Grodno Visa not required[269] 15 days
 Northern Cyprus Visa not required 3 months
  • Can use Irish passport card to enter.[270]
United Nations UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Visa required
  • Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas.[271]
 Faroe Islands Visa not required[272]
 Gibraltar Visa not required[273]
 Guernsey Freedom of movement[274]
 Guernsey  Alderney Freedom of movement[275]
 Guernsey  Sark Freedom of movement[276]
 Isle of Man Freedom of movement[277][278]
Norway Jan Mayen Permit required
  • Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours[279] and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours.[280]
 Jersey Freedom of movement[281]
 Kosovo Visa not required[282] 90 days
Russia Closed cities and regions in Russia Special authorization required[283]
 South Ossetia Visa not required
  • Multiple entry visa to Russia and three-day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.[284][285]
 Transnistria Visa not required
Africa
 Eritrea (outside Asmara) Travel permit required
  • Visa covers Asmara only; to travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa).[288]
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (Western Sahara controlled territory) Visa not required[289] 3 months
 Somaliland Visa on arrival 30 days
 Sudan outside Khartoum Travel permit required
  • All foreigners traveling more than 25 km (16 mi) outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit.
Sudan Darfur Travel permit required
  • Separate travel permit is required.[292]
Asia
 Hong Kong Visa not required[293] 90 days
India Protected and restricted areas of India PAP/RAP required
 Iraqi Kurdistan eVisa[300] 30 days
Kazakhstan Baikonur and Priozersk Special permission required
Iran Kish Island Visa not required
 Macao Visa not required[303] 90 days
Malaysia Sabah and Sarawak Visa not required
  • These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them, however the same visa applies.[304]
 Maldives outside Malé Permission required
  • With the exception of the capital Malé, tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives.[305]
 North Korea outside Pyongyang Permission required
  • People are not allowed to leave the capital city, tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide (no independent moving)[citation needed]
 Palestine Visa not required
 Taiwan Visa not required[308] 90 days
Tajikistan Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required
Turkmenistan Closed cities of Turkmenistan Special permit required
China Tibet Autonomous Region TTP required
United Nations Korean Demilitarized Zone Permission required
  • Restricted zone.
United Nations UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Permission required
  • Restricted zones.
Vietnam Phú Quốc Visa not required[316] 30 days
 Yemen outside Sana’a or Aden Special permission required
Caribbean and North Atlantic
 Anguilla Visa not required[318] 3 months
 Aruba Visa not required[319] 30 days
Netherlands Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba Visa not required[320] 3 months
 Bermuda Visa not required 21 days
 British Virgin Islands Visa not required 1 month
 Cayman Islands Visa not required[325][326] 6 months
Colombia San Andrés and Leticia Tourist Card on arrival
 Curacao Visa not required[328] 3 months
 Montserrat Visa not required[329] 6 months
 Greenland Visa not required[272]
Venezuela Margarita Island Visa not required
  • All visitors are fingerprinted.[330]
 Puerto Rico Visa not required 90 days
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon Visa not required[332]
 Sint Maarten Visa not required[333] 3 months
 Turks and Caicos Islands Visa not required[334][335] 90 days
 U.S. Virgin Islands Visa not required 90 days
Oceania
 American Samoa Visa not required
  • Visa not required under the Entry Permit Waiver Program, but authorisation is required.[337]
Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands Special authorisation required[338]
France Clipperton Island Special permit required[339]
 Cook Islands Visa not required[340] 31 days
Fiji Lau Province Special permission required[341]
 French Polynesia Visa not required[342]
 Guam Visa not required 90 days
 New Caledonia Visa not required[344] 3 months
 Niue Visa on arrival 30 days
  • Visa on arrival valid for 30 days is issued free of charge.[345]
 Northern Mariana Islands Visa not required[346]
 Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days
 Tokelau Entry permit required[351]
United States United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permit required
 Wallis and Futuna Visa not required[359]
South America
Galápagos Pre-registration required
  • Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[360]
South Atlantic and Antarctica
 Falkland Islands Visa not required[361] 1 month
  • A visitor permit is normally issued as a stamp in the passport on arrival.[362]
 Ascension Island eVisa 3 months
  • e-Visa for 3 months within any year period.[363][364]
 Saint Helena Entry Permit on arrival 183 days
  • Entry Permit (£25) for 183 days is issued on arrival.[365]
 Tristan da Cunha Permission required
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required
 Antarctica Special permits required Special permits required for  French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Argentine Antarctica, Australia Australian Antarctic Territory, Antártica Chilena Province Chilean Antarctic Territory, Australia Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norway Peter I Island, Norway Queen Maud Land, New Zealand Ross Dependency.[370][371][372][373][374][375][376][377][378][379][380]

Non-ordinary passports

[edit]

Holders of diplomatic or official passports of Ireland have additional visa-free access to Kuwait. Holders of diplomatic or service passports of any country have visa-free access to Cape Verde, Ethiopia, Mali and Zimbabwe.

Non-visa restrictions

[edit]
This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions. (edit | history)

Many countries have entry restrictions on foreigners that go beyond the common requirement of having either a valid visa or a visa exemption. Such restrictions may be health related or impose additional documentation requirements on certain classes of people for diplomatic or political purposes.

Blank passport pages

[edit]

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages.[381] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being valid or available.

Vaccination

[edit]
Main articles: Vaccination requirements for international travel, International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, and Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic
Cover of the new International Certificate of Vaccination issued by the Bureau of Quarantine in the Philippines since 2021

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo, South Sudan, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers older than nine months to one year[382] to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.[383]

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently or has transited for 12 hours in those countries: Algeria, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Lesotho, Libya, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.[384][385]

Passport validity length

[edit]

Very few countries, such as Paraguay, just require a valid passport on arrival.

However many countries and groupings now require only an identity card – especially from their neighbours. Other countries may have special bilateral arrangements that depart from the generality of their passport validity length policies to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens[386][387] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).[388]

Some countries, such as Japan,[389] Ireland and the United Kingdom,[390] require a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay.

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,[391] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[392] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Peru,[393] Philippines,[394] Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[395]

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Honduras, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except Ireland) together with Switzerland also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, the Maldives[396] and South Africa.

Criminal record

[edit]

Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,[397] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record, while others impose restrictions depending on the type of conviction and the length of the sentence.

Persona non grata

[edit]

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning them from entering the country or expelling them if they have already entered. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.[398]

Israeli stamps

[edit]
Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport)

Kuwait,[399] Lebanon,[400] Libya,[401] Syria,[402] and Yemen[403] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel (unless the entry is for some work-related purposes). Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when passing into and out of Gaza.[citation needed]

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Biometrics

[edit]
See also: Countries applying biometrics

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to change planes rather than go landside.[404]

Fingerprinting countries/regions include Afghanistan,[405][406] Argentina,[407] Brunei, Cambodia,[408] China,[409] Ethiopia,[410] Ghana, Guinea,[411] India, Japan,[412][413] Kenya (both fingerprints and a photo are taken),[414] Malaysia upon entry and departure,[415] Mongolia, Saudi Arabia,[416] Singapore, South Korea,[417] Taiwan, Thailand,[418] Uganda,[419] the United Arab Emirates and the United States.

Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by its own legislation),[420][421][422] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.[423]

Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports[424] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.[425][426]

Common Travel Area

[edit]
Main article: Common Travel Area

Ireland and the United Kingdom, together with its Crown Dependencies of Guernsey, Jersey and the Isle of Man make up a Common Travel Area where:

  • No ID is required for travel by land for British or Irish citizens
  • Only photographic ID is required for travel by air or sea for British or Irish citizens (but some airlines - such as Ryanair - may mandate passports for all)

However, there are occasionally checks on coaches and trains moving between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Citizens of third countries must have passports and, if required, visas to travel between the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland.

British visas don't enable travel to Ireland for people without agreement with Ireland, and vice versa. Air and sea passengers travelling between the Common Travel Area and the Schengen Area are subject to systematic passport / identity checks.

Right to consular protection in non-EU countries

[edit]
Countries with Irish diplomatic missions

As citizens of the European Union, all Irish citizens have the right to seek consular assistance and protection from embassies of fellow EU member states when they are in a non-EU country without an Irish embassy.

See also List of diplomatic missions of Ireland.

See also

[edit]

References and notes

[edit]
References
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  2. ^ Visa information, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan.
  3. ^ Visa regime for foreign citizens, Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania.
  4. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  5. ^ Travel to Andorra, Ministry of External Affairs of Andorra.
  6. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  7. ^ Angola: Migration Service to Speed Up Visa Exemption Procedure
  8. ^ "Visa and passport". Timatic. International Air Transport Association through Emirates. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  9. ^ Countries exempt from visa, Department of Immigration of Antigua and Barbuda.
  10. ^ Visa regime, National Directorate of Migrations of Argentina (in Spanish).
  11. ^ Visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia.
  12. ^ Visitor visa options, Department of Home Affairs of Australia.
  13. ^ Schengen visa, Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration and Foreign Affairs of Austria.
  14. ^ Countries with visa-free travel regime, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan (in Azerbaijani).
  15. ^ "Azerbaijan eVisa".
  16. ^ eVISA Online Services – Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Bahamas, Government of the Bahamas
  17. ^ Bahrain eVisas, Ministry of Interior of Bahrain.
  18. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  19. ^ Barbados Visa Requirements and Reciprocal Arrangements, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Barbados, 1 July 2020.
  20. ^ "Statement of Belarus Foreign Ministry on visa-free travel to Belarus for the citizens of 35 European countries". Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  21. ^ "Statement of Belarus Foreign Ministry on visa-free travel to Belarus for the citizens of 35 European countries". Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  22. ^ "Statement of Belarus Foreign Ministry on visa-free travel to Belarus for the citizens of 35 European countries". Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  23. ^ Visa for Belgium, Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs of Belgium.
  24. ^ Do you need a visa to travel to Belize?, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade & Immigration, Belize, July 2023.
  25. ^ Visa, Emigration and Immigration Directorate of Benin.
  26. ^ "Benin eVisa".
  27. ^ Visa, Tourism Council of Bhutan.
  28. ^ "Bhutan eVisa".
  29. ^ Requirements to enter Bolivia, General Directorate of Migration of Bolivia (in Spanish).
  30. ^ Visas, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
  31. ^ Requirements for visa application, Government of Botswana.
  32. ^ Visas to travel to Brazil, Ministry of External Relations of Brazil (in Portuguese and English).
  33. ^ Country category for visa application, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Brunei.BN
  34. ^ Visa for Bulgaria, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria.
  35. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  36. ^ "Burkina Faso eVisa".
  37. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  38. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  39. ^ "Cambodia eVisa".
  40. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  41. ^ "Cameroon eVisa".
  42. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  45. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  46. ^ "Citizens of 32 European countries exempted from visas for Cape Verde from January 1". 29 December 2018.
  47. ^ "EASE".
  48. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  49. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  50. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  51. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  53. ^ "国家移民管理局推出新政进一步便利外籍人员来华". nia.gov.cn. 11 January 2024.
  54. ^ "144小时过境免签政策解读". nia.gov.cn.
  55. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  56. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  57. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  58. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  59. ^ "DR Congo eVisa".
  60. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  61. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  62. ^ "CI eVisa".
  63. ^ Visa requirements overview, Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia.
  64. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  65. ^ Visa policy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus.
  66. ^ List of states whose citizens are exempt from visa requirement, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic, 13 July 2017.
  67. ^ Countries with a visa requirement and visa-free countries, Danish Immigration Service, 8 December 2017.
  68. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  69. ^ "Djibouti eVisa".
  70. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  71. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  72. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  73. ^ a b c d e Extendable length of stay.
  74. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  75. ^ "Egypt eVisa".
  76. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  77. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  78. ^ "Equatorial Guinea eVisa".
  79. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  80. ^ Who does not need a visa to visit Estonia?, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia, 2 November 2017.
  81. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  82. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  83. ^ "Ethiopia visa on arrival". Main Department for Immigration and Nationality Affairs, Ethiopia. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  84. ^ "Ethiopia electronic visa". Main Department for Immigration and Nationality Affairs, Ethiopia. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  85. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  86. ^ Visa requirement and travel documents accepted by Finland, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland.
  87. ^ Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements, Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France, January 2016.
  88. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  89. ^ "Gabon eVisa".
  90. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  91. ^ Overview of visa requirements/exemptions for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany, Federal Foreign Office of Germany.
  92. ^ Overview of visa requirements/exemptions for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany, Federal Foreign Office of Germany.
  93. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  94. ^ Countries requiring or not requiring a visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece, 13 June 2017.
  95. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  96. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  97. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  98. ^ "Guinea eVisa".
  99. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  100. ^ "Visa entry requirements (countries)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana. 14 November 2023.
  101. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  102. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  103. ^ Countries that do not need a visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary.
  104. ^ Who does not need a visa, Directorate of Immigration of Iceland.
  105. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  106. ^ e-Visa
  107. ^ The note is under Q1(v) in the FAQs
  108. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  109. ^ "Indonesia e-VOA".
  110. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  111. ^ "Iran eVisa".
  112. ^ Iraq eVisa portal
  113. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  114. ^ "Iraq gives visa on arrival to citizens of 30 countries - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East". 16 March 2021.
  115. ^ Tourist visa table, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 23 May 2017.
  116. ^ Visa for Italy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy.
  117. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  118. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  119. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  120. ^ "Jordan E-Services".
  121. ^ "What is Jordan Pass?".
  122. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  123. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  124. ^ "Kenya eTA".
  125. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  126. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  127. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  128. ^ "K-ETA".
  129. ^ "K-ETA Application Guide".
  130. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  131. ^ "Kuwait eVisa".
  132. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  133. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  134. ^ a b "Checkpoints – ກົມຕຳຫຼວດກວດຄົນເຂົ້າ-ອອກເມືອງ". immigration.gov.la. Department of Immigration of Lao PDR. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  135. ^ "Lao Visa Online | Lao eVisa Authorization Application". laoevisa.gov.la. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lao PDR – Consular Department. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  136. ^ "Laos International Travel Information". travel.state.gov. U.S. Department of State – Bureau of Consular Affairs. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  137. ^ Countries whose citizens may enter Latvia without a visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia, 9 October 2017.
  138. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  139. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  140. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  141. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  142. ^ "Libya eVisa".
  143. ^ Visa, Government of Liechtenstein (in German).
  144. ^ Do I need a visa?, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania, 30 August 2017.
  145. ^ Staying in Luxembourg for less than 90 days, Government of Luxembourg.
  146. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  147. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  148. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  149. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  150. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  151. ^ Who requires a visa?, Identity Malta.
  152. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  153. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  154. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  155. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  156. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  157. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  158. ^ Before you leave, Monaco Government Tourist Office.
  159. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  160. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  161. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  162. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  163. ^ "Mozambique eVisa".
  164. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  165. ^ "Myanmar eVisa".
  166. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  167. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  168. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  169. ^ "Nepal Online Visa".
  170. ^ Short-stay Schengen visa (90 days or less), Government of the Netherlands.
  171. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  174. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  175. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  176. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  177. ^ "Nigeria Immigration Services".
  178. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  179. ^ Persons who do not need a visa to visit Norway, Norwegian Directorate of Immigration.
  180. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  181. ^ "Oman eVisa".
  182. ^ "List of Countries for Visa Prior to Arrival".
  183. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  184. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  185. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  186. ^ "PNG Easy Visitor Permit".
  187. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  188. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  189. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  190. ^ Visa-free countries, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland.
  191. ^ Third countries whose citizens are required to have a visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Portugal.
  192. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  193. ^ Do I need a visa?, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania.
  194. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  195. ^ "Russia eVisa".
  196. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  197. ^ "Rwanda E-Services".
  198. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  199. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  200. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  201. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  203. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  204. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  205. ^ "Saudi Arabia eVisa".
  206. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  207. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  208. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  210. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  212. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  213. ^ Consular information and travel visa, Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Slovakia.
  214. ^ Visa regimes and visas, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Slovenia.
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  216. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  230. ^ Overview of ID and visa provisions according to nationality, State Secretariat for Migration of Switzerland.
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  426. ^ "Iris Scanner Could Replace Emirates ID In UAE". SimplyDXB. 11 June 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2018. The breach of privacy is probably the biggest threat to the biometric technique of iris recognition. Secondly, a device error can false reject or false accept the identity which can also have some heinous consequences. Lastly, the method isn't the most cost-effective one. It is complex and therefore expensive. Furthermore, the maintenance of devices and data can also be relatively burdensome. However, thanks to the oil money and spending ability of Dubai, they are economically equipped to effectively embrace this system.
Notes
  1. ^ Custom procedure for 24-hour visa-free transit is required in principle, except in Beijing (both Capital and Daxing), Shanghai Pudong, Hangzhou, Xiamen, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Chengdu Tianfu and Xi'an if no leaving of international transit areas.[53]
  2. ^
  3. ^
  4. ^
    • Panghok - Taichang (Vietnam)
    • Lantui - Baka (China)
    • Meuang mom - Wan Pong (Myanmar)
    • Tanalaeng Dry Port - Nongkai (Thailand)
    • Nonghaed - Nam kanh (Vietnam)
    • Pakxan - Bungkan (Thailand)
    • Nam phao - Cau treo (Vietnam)
    • Na pao - Cha lo (Vietnam)
    • Nam ngeun - Huay konl (Thailand)
    • Namheuang - Nakaseng (Thailand)
    • Phoudou (Thailand)
    • Nam soy - Na meo (Vietnam)
    • Phoukeua - Kontoum (Vietnam)
    • Lalai (Vietnam)
    • Pangmone - Phayao (Thailand)
    • Daktaock - Nam Giang (Vietnam)
    • Savannakhet Airport
  5. ^
    • Vientiane
    • Savannakhet
    • Bokeo
  6. ^
    • Vientiane
    • Savannakhet
    • Khammouane
    • Bokeo
  7. ^
    • Samliemkham (Thailand and Myanmar)
    • Tanalaeng - Nongkai (Thailand)
    • Daensavan - Lao bao (Vietnam)
    • Veunkham - Nong nok khian (Cambodia)
    • Vang tao - Chongmek (Thailand)
    • Boten - Bo han (China)
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