Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war
Since the beginning of the Israel–Hamas war in 2023, the Israeli military and authorities have been charged with committing war crimes, such as indiscriminate attacks on civilians in densely populated areas (including bombings of hospitals and medical facilities, refugee camps, schools and educational institutions, and municipal services); genocide; forced evacuations; the torture and executions of civilians; sexual violence; destruction of cultural heritage; collective punishment; and the mistreatment and torture of Palestinian prisoners. Humanitarian organizations such as Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, B'tselem, and Oxfam, as well as human rights groups and experts, including the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry and United Nations special rapporteurs, have documented these actions.[1]
Israel has faced legal charges for its conduct in the war. At the International Court of Justice, Israel was charged with committing genocide in Gaza.[2][3] In May 2024, the Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) stated that he was seeking arrest warrants against Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Israeli defence minister Yoav Gallant for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including using starvation as a weapon of war.[4]
While Israel has faced international condemnation for its alleged war crimes, it has also maintained continued support from the United States.[5] In October 2023, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken indicated the Biden administration had no red lines for Israeli actions.[6][7] As Israel's largest supplier of military support, the U.S. has been accused of complicity in Israel's war crimes.[8]
Proportionality and distinction
Israel's adherence to the principles of discrimination and proportionality as required by the laws of war has been questioned.[9][10] Human Rights Watch has stated that the overall civilian death toll, and Israel's use of powerful weapons in Gaza's densely-populated neighbourhoods, raised "serious questions" about the legality of Israel's conduct.[10] Human Rights Watch further argued that a higher proportion of casualties among women and children is indicative of a lack of proportionality, demonstrating what they describe as "a disregard toward Palestinian lives".[10] Amnesty International accused Israel of war crimes in a report where it analyzed five incidents between 7 and 12 October where the IDF targeted residential areas in Gaza. It found that in several cases the IDF struck targets with no evidence of military activity and that these attacks were "indiscriminate" in nature. Anonymous IDF officials cited in a report by +972 Magazine indicated a "loosening of constraints" in the rules of engagement, and that in numerous cases the IDF struck targets despite no evidence of military activity. The report claims that the rationale behind such attacks was "to harm Palestinian civil society" and, according to one source cited by the report, to "lead civilians to put pressure on Hamas".[11]
Experts cited by The Washington Post argue that certain Israeli airstrikes show that Israel has a tolerance for civilian casualties "orders of magnitude greater" than that of the US in its war against ISIS.[12] United Nations officials and human rights groups have argued that Israel has not done enough to protect civilians.[10] In March 2024, the United Nations said that more children were killed in Gaza in four months than in four years of worldwide wars.[13] Philippe Lazzarini, head of the UN’s agency for Palestinian refugees, declared: "This war is a war on children".[13]
Emanuela-Chiara Gillard, an associate fellow at Chatham House, argued that, given the size and nature of the 7 October attacks, Israel has a right of self-defence that could include its stated military aim of destroying Hamas, which has threatened to repeat its assault and eradicate the state of Israel.[10] According to The Economist, the law of armed conflict (LOAC) and international humanitarian law (IHL) grant Israel flexibility when it comes to taking military action against Hamas, but in its view, Israel's "definition of military targets is being stretched to breaking-point".[9]
Amichai Cohen, an Israeli lawyer, alleges that Israel does not deliberately target civilians but that Hamas's tactics make it hard to take action without affecting civilians.[9] Jill Goldenziel, a professor at the United States National Defense University and Marine Corps University, states that if Israel conducted every strike legally and with utmost precision, civilian casualties in war would remain, and the goal of a proportionality analysis is to decide whether they are excessive.[14] Israeli security officials state that their proportionality criteria in this conflict are unchanged and that they receive legal advice in relation to strikes.[10] Other Israeli officials, speaking anonymously, acknowledged that Israel has struck "private residences and public structures, like the Gaza Parliament and the Islamic University", which would not previously have been considered valuable enough to justify the risk to civilian life.[10]
In April 2024, Human Rights Watch found that Israel violated international law by launching an airstrike on an apartment building in Gaza, killing 106 people, including 54 children, as there were no viable military targets in the area.[15] In June 2024, the UN Human Rights Office described possible violations of the rules of proportionality and distinction during the Nuseirat refugee camp massacre.[16] Later the same month, the UN Human Rights Office released a report on six Israeli attacks in which the IDF may have "systematically violated the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precautions in attack".[17] Following the Al-Tabaeen school attack, Tariq Kenney-Shawa, a policy fellow at Al-Shabaka suggested the attack violated the laws of proportionality.[18] In response to an Israeli social media campaign that stated "there are no innocent civilians" in Gaza, Mark Kersten, a professor at University of the Fraser Valley, stated, "It is exactly what atrocity perpetrators say".[19] In June 2024, a UN Commission of Inquiry found the scale of Israel's killing of Palestinians constituted a crime against humanity.[20] By August 2024, reported data from Gaza indicated the war was one of the deadliest of the twenty-first century.[21] Pope Francis suggested Israel's attacks on Lebanon and Gaza were disproportionate.[22]
Indiscriminate attacks
In the first week of the war, the IDF carried out 6,000 airstrikes across Gaza, killing over 3,300 civilians and injuring over 12,000 people.[23][24] The strikes hit specifically protected locations, including hospitals, markets, refugee camps, mosques, educational facilities, and entire neighbourhoods.[25] A group of UN special rapporteurs asserted that Israel's airstrikes are indiscriminate, stating that the airstrikes are "absolutely prohibited under international law and amounts to a war crime".[26]
During two airstrikes on 10 and 22 October 2023, the IDF used Joint Direct Attack Munitions in attacks described by Amnesty International as "either direct attacks on civilians" or "indiscriminate attacks".[27][28] On 24 October, UN Secretary-General António Guterres called for an immediate ceasefire, after stating Israel had committed "clear violations" of international humanitarian law.[29] On 13 November 2023, Israel shelled the Gaza Reconstruction Committee, leading three Arab states to condemn the attack, with Jordan calling it "a heinous war crime to add to Israel's criminal record."[30] On 12 January 2024, the spokesperson for the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights stated Israel's attacks were failing to account for distinction, proportionality and precautions, thus leaving Israeli exposed to liability for war crimes.[31]
In February 2024, the IDF bombed and destroyed the Belgium government's Gaza development office.[32] In response, Belgium summoned the Israeli ambassador and condemned the "destruction of civilian infrastructure" as a violation of international law.[33][a] On 6 February, the UN stated an Israeli assault on Rafah could lead to war crimes.[35]
On 22 March 2024, Al Jazeera released a video retrieved from an Israeli drone showing four unarmed Palestinians in Khan Younis who were brutally killed by Israeli air attacks. Two were killed instantly, and the others were killed while trying to stumble and crawl away.[36] Al-Jazeera reported that “it is clear from the pictures that these Palestinians were unarmed and posed no threat to anything or anyone”.[37] This footage was described by the UN's special rapporteur Francesca Albanese as a part of the “colossal amount of evidence” of war crimes committed in Gaza by Israel. The IDF started the investigation of the footage and said that they had encountered militants in civilian clothes retrieving previously hidden weapons in that area.[38]
Amnesty International called Israel's indiscriminate attacks illegal and a violation of international law. Secretary General of Amnesty International Agnès Callamard said the 16-year-old "illegal blockade has made Gaza the world's biggest open-air prison", and the international community must now act to avert it from becoming a giant cemetery.[39] Human Rights Watch reported that Israel has completely shut down communications and put lives at risk in Gaza by carrying out relentless airstrikes and damage to the main communications infrastructure, electricity cuts, fuel blockades, and deliberate shutdowns through technical measures. Deborah Brown, senior technology researcher at Human Rights Watch, said a deliberate shutdown, or restriction of Internet access, is a human rights violation and can be deadly during a crisis. A complete disruption of communications, such as that experienced in Gaza, can provide cover for crimes and impunity, while further undermining humanitarian efforts and putting lives at risk.[40]
Following reports about Israel's use of automated systems for target selection, experts in international humanitarian law stated they were alarmed by accounts that the IDF was accepting "damage ratios as high as 20 civilians", even for lower-ranking militants.[41] In May 2024, Amnesty International called for war crimes investigations into three Israeli airstrikes that had killed 44 civilians.[42] The same month, Finnish Foreign Minister Elina Valtonen stated "ICJ orders and international humanitarian law must be respected" following the Al-Mawasi refugee camp attack.[43] In June 2024, UNRWA chief Philippe Lazzarini termed the destruction of UNRWA's Gaza headquarters as "blatant disregard of international humanitarian law".[44] In June 2024, Doctors Without Borders suggested Israel was violating international humanitarian law, stating, "We can no longer accept the statement that Israel is taking 'all precautions'".[45] The European Union warned Israel in August 2024 that "targeting critical life-saving infrastructure constitutes a war crime".[46] The IDF suspected a breach of international law following an Army Commanders' order to destroy a water reservoir in Rafah.[47][b]
Refugee camps
On 9 October 2023, the IDF carried out a mass-casualty airstrike on the Jabalia refugee camp market.[49] The attack resulted in the deaths of over sixty civilians and extensive damage to the market.[49] As a result of Israeli airstrikes in other areas, displaced individuals sought refuge in the camp, causing the market to be densely populated at the time of the strike.[50] An airstrike on 31 October 2023 that killed 106 civilians near the Nuseirat refugee camp was deemed an apparent war crime by Human Rights Watch.[51] On 1 November, following two airstrikes on the Jabalia refugee camp, the United Nations Human Rights Office stated, "We have serious concerns that these are disproportionate attacks that could amount to war crimes."[52]
On the same day, the IDF carried out an airstrike on the densely populated Al-Shati refugee camp.[53] Palestinian media reported that this strike resulted in numerous civilian casualties and the destruction of four mosques, including the al-Gharbi mosque, Yassin mosque, and al-Sousi mosque, all of which were confirmed destroyed by satellite footage.[54] The airstrikes in the Al-Shati camp were described as a "massacre against an entire neighborhood" by the Ministry of Health.[55][56]
On 24 December 2023, 68 people were killed in an airstrike in the Al-Maghazi refugee camp. According to Al Jazeera reporter Tareq Abu Azzoum, the vast majority of victims were civilians. Azzoum also noted that the camp was one of the areas the IDF had previously told Gazans to evacuate to. Hamas called the attack a "massacre" and a "war crime".[57] Israel later determined that incorrect munitions were used in the attack and expressed regret that non-combatants were harmed.[58]
Schools and shelters
On 17 October 2023, according to UNRWA, an Israeli airstrike hit a UNRWA school sheltering 4,000 refugees in the Al-Maghazi refugee camp, killing six and injuring dozens. Philippe Lazzarini, the UNRWA Commissioner-General, called it "outrageous" and said that it showed "a flagrant disregard for the lives of civilians".[59][60] The UN accused Israel of lethally bombing three UN shelters on 2 November 2023.[61] On 27 December 2023, the UN stated Israel had killed 142 UN employees in Gaza thus far.[62] On 12 January 2024, the UN Secretary-General for Human Rights stated that at least 319 internally displaced persons were killed and 1,135 injured in UNRWA shelters.[63]
On 24 January 2024, the UN accused Israel of firing two tank shells into a refugee facility in Khan Younis, killing nine people and wounding 75.[64][65][66] Israel denied bombing the facility.[67][c] Thomas White, a senior UN official in Gaza, called the attack part of "a consistent failure to uphold the fundamental principles of international humanitarian law".[69] The Palestinian Ministry of Education reported that 65 UN schools in Gaza had been damaged or destroyed, which the Save the Children Israel-Palestine director called "beyond unconscionable".[70]
In June 2024, the Foreign Ministry of Jordan condemned the Al-Sardi school attack, stating, "These actions and crimes… contradict all human and moral values and represent war crimes against the international community as a whole."[71] In response to the Al-Sardi school attack, UNRWA chief Philippe Lazzarini stated that attacking UN buildings showed a "blatant disregard of international humanitarian law".[72] Following the Al-Tabaeen school attack in August 2024, the foreign ministry of Jordan called it a "a flagrant violation of international law and of all humanitarian values," while the government of Turkey stated it was a "crime against humanity".[73][74] In September 2024, an Israeli airstrike killed six UN employees at a shelter for displaced people, leading UN secretary general Antonio Guterres to call it a "dramatic violation" of international humanitarian law.[75]
Analyses by CNN, The New York Times, and Sky News all found that Israel had bombed areas it had previously told civilians to evacuate to. The Sky News investigation also concluded that Israel's evacuation orders had been "chaotic and contradictory",[76] NYT found that Israel had dropped 2,000-pound bombs in those areas,[77] while CNN stated it had verified at least three locations Israel bombed after telling civilians it was safe to go there.[78] An NBC news investigation found Palestinians were killed in airstrikes in seven areas that the military had designated as safe zones.[79]
Places of worship
Under the Rome Statute, it is a war crime to intentionally attack places of worship in non-international conflict, as long as they are not "used by a party to a conflict for acts harmful to the enemy".[80] On 19 October, the Israeli Air Force damaged the Church of Saint Porphyrius in an attack which targeted a nearby command-and-control center, according to the IDF.[81] Hundreds of Christians and Muslims were sheltering in the church and the strike killed 16 people.[82] The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem condemned it as "a war crime that cannot be ignored".[83] Following an investigation, Amnesty International stated the church strike was indiscriminate and should be investigated as a war crime.[84]
On 16 December 2023, the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem stated the Israeli army had killed two women sheltering at the Holy Family Parish, stating, "They were shot in cold blood inside the premises of the Parish, where there are no belligerents."[85] Pope Francis described the Israeli attack on the church as terrorism.[86]
Residential areas
An independent United Nations expert said that Israel's widespread bombing of homes and civilian sites in Gaza and the indiscriminate firing of rockets by Hamas are "war crimes". Balakrishnan Rajagopal stated Israeli strikes had destroyed or damaged 45% of homes in the Palestinian territory, causing "enormous cost in human lives". The UN Special Rapporteur stated targeting of residential areas is strictly prohibited under international law. He further stated that engaging in military actions with the knowledge that it will result in the deliberate destruction of civilian residences and infrastructure, leading to the uninhabitability of an entire city like Gaza City, constitutes a violation of international law.[87]
A +972 Magazine investigation found the IDF had expanded authorization for bombing non-military targets.[11] Research conducted by Dr. Yagil Levy at the Open University of Israel confirmed the +972 report, stating Israel was "deliberately targeting residential blocks to cause mass civilian casualties".[88]
Lebanon
On 5 November, an Israeli airstrike hit a car near Ainata, Lebanon, killing three children and their grandmother, and injuring their mother. The Israeli military admitted to striking the vehicle.[89] Human Rights Watch stated that their killings should be investigated as an apparent war crime.[90] Najib Mikati, Lebanon's caretaker prime minister, called the attack a "heinous crime" and said that Lebanon would file a complaint to the U.N. Security Council.[89] Following an Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus, the Lebanese Foreign Ministry called it a "breach of international law and a serious violation of the Vienna agreements for diplomatic and consular relations".[91] The UN Human Rights Office said the attack "violated the prohibition on the use of armed force against another state".[92]
Humanitarian aid
From 7 October to 17 December 2023, 135 United Nations relief workers were killed in the Gaza Strip, making it the deadliest conflict for UN workers in world history.[93][94] By March 2024, at least 165 United Nations staff had been killed in Gaza since 7 October and more than 150 facilities attacked.[95]
Following the death of one of their aid workers — the fifth American aid worker killed in Gaza — the American Near East Refugee Aid released a statement: "We demand an independent investigation into his death, which threatens our team’s ability to function safely and deliver aid to civilians facing starvation".[96] In March 2024, Israel bombed a United Nations food distribution center, killing one UN staff member and wounding 22 others.[97][d] It was one of the UN's last remaining distribution centers, leading UN humanitarian aid chief Martin Griffiths to state the UN's aid teams "must be protected".[99][100]
A New York Times investigation showed six Western aid groups had humanitarian sites hit by Israeli strikes, even though the locations were shared with the IDF.[101][102] In April 2024, Belgium recalled its ambassador to Israel after an Enabel aid worker and his son were killed by an Israel airstrike, with Foreign Minister Hadja Lahbib stating, "Bombing civilian areas and populations is contrary to international law."[103] A report by the Quincy Institute found fourteen incidents where Israel attacked humanitarian aid workers, despite being identified as civilians.[104]
Flour massacre
On 29 February 2024, more than 100 people seeking aid were killed in Gaza City during an incident that became known as the flour massacre.[105] Belgian Deputy Prime Minister Petra de Sutter stated the massacre was a "flagrant violation of international humanitarian law".[106] Josep Borrell stated it was a serious violation of international humanitarian law.[107] The Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs called the attack a crime against humanity.[108] The Omani Foreign Ministry called the attack a violation of international law.[109] Amnesty International announced it was launching an investigation.[110] The United Nations Human Rights Office also called for an investigation, stating it had "recorded at least 14 incidents involving shooting and shelling of people gathered to receive desperately needed supplies".[111]
World Central Kitchen drone strikes
On 1 April 2024, an Israeli drone fired three consecutive missiles at three cars belonging to the World Central Kitchen (WCK), killing seven aid workers who had been distributing food in the northern Gaza Strip.[112] According to UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, the strikes brought the total number of aid workers killed since 7 October to 196 people.[113] The president of Refugees International called the killings "part of a clear pattern" and a war crime.[114] Doctors Without Borders stated the killings were an example of how "international humanitarian law is not respected".[115] The Polish Foreign Ministry stated, "Poland objects to the disregard for international humanitarian law".[116] The Cyprus Foreign Ministry stated, "[International humanitarian law] principles are absolute: humanitarian aid workers must always be respected and protected."[117] Ben Saul, a UN special rapporteur, stated, "It could well be a violation of international humanitarian law".[118] Jose Andres, the founder of World Central Kitchen, stated Israel needed "to stop this indiscriminate killing."[119]
Summary executions
OHCHR stated on 20 December it had received allegations of Israeli soldiers summarily killing at least eleven unarmed men in Rimal.[120] Al Jazeera reported that the number summarily executed was 15, killed during an apartment raid. The execution was witnessed by the families of the men.[121] Middlesex University professor William Schabas stated, "It's not really important to demonstrate that they're civilians. Summary executions even of fighters, even of combatants is a war crime."[122] Euro-Med Monitor told Al Jazeera they believe there is a pattern of "systematic" killing, that "In at least 13 of field executions, we corroborated that it was arbitrary on the part of the Israeli forces."[123] On 26 December 2023, Euro-Med Monitor submitted a file to the International Criminal Court and United Nations special rapporteurs documenting dozens of cases of field executions carried out by Israeli forces and calling for an investigation.[124][125][126] In March 2024, video of an IDF soldier bragging about killing an elderly deaf man hiding under his bed was released, leading the Council on American-Islamic Relations to condemn the killing as an execution and war crime.[127][128] The Israeli military stated they would begin a probe into the incident.[129]
Defense officials told Haaretz that the Israeli army had created kill zones in Gaza, in which any person who crossed an "invisible line" was killed.[130] Israeli soldiers gave testimony to +972 Magazine stating soldiers were given authorization to shoot Palestinian civilians at will.[131] Dr. Mark Perlmutter, an American doctor working in Gaza, stated Israeli snipers were targeting children, stating, "No toddler gets shot twice by mistake by the 'world's best sniper.' And they're dead-center shots."[132] In a letter addressed to Joe Biden, a group of U.S. doctors and nurses returning from Gaza stated, "Every one of us on a daily basis treated pre-teen children who were shot in the head and chest".[133]
In October 2024, The New York Times reported compiled testimony from 44 doctors, nurses, and paramedics who treated multiple cases of preteen children with gunshot wounds to the head or chest in Gaza. Inquiries sent to the IDF regarding the experiences of these health care workers received a statement from a spokesperson that did not directly confirm whether investigations into the shootings of preteen children had been conducted or if any soldiers faced disciplinary action for firing at them.[134] In response to claims alleging that the report was based on "fabricated evidence", The New York Times issued a statement defending the integrity of the piece, emphasizing that it had undergone rigorous editing and verification, including consultations with experts and the use of supporting photographs, which they deemed "too horrific for publication."[135] In an interview with Mother Jones, Dr. Feroze Sidhwa explained the circumstances of the childrens' death, stating, "On the occasion when the child survived long enough and there was family... to ask what happened—they would say, the kids were just playing. I never heard from a family that they were in a crossfire".[136]
Mass graves
A mass grave with 283 bodies was uncovered in April 2024 at Khan Younis's Nasser medical complex in the southern Gaza city. 30 bodies were buried in two graves in the courtyard of Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza City.[137][138] Reportedly, bodies were found with their hands and feet tied.[139] Following the discovery of the mass graves, UN human rights chief Volker Türk called for an independent investigation on the intentional killing of civilians by the IDF and stated the "intentional killing of civilians, detainees, and others who are hors de combat is a war crime."[140][141] A spokesperson for the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights described the discoveries, stating, "Some of them had their hands tied, which of course indicates serious violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law, and these need to be subjected to further investigations".[142] William Schabas, a Canadian expert on international human rights law, stated mass graves have "always been an indication that war crimes have been committed".[143]
Assassinations
Following the assassination of Ismail Haniyeh, the Iraqi foreign ministry stated the killing was a "flagrant violation of international law and a threat to security and stability in the region".[144]
Israeli destruction of mosques, churches, cultural and historic sites
.jpg)
_-_interior.jpg)
A report in early November 2023 listed over 100 significant archeological and antiquities sites, libraries, religious sites and places of ancient historical importance that Israel had partly or completely destroyed.[145][146][147][148][149]
In January 2024, The Ministry of Awqaf and Religious Affairs in Gaza estimated that 104 mosques had been damaged or destroyed since the start of the conflict.[150] BBC has verified 74 cases where religious sites were damaged or destroyed, of which 72 were mosques and two were churches.[151] In October 2024 the Ministry of Awqaf and Religious Affairs in Gaza stated that 814 mosques and three churches were destroyed since the war started and a further 148 mosques damaged with the repair costs of over 350 million dollars.[152]
The Nation wrote that the destruction of the Great Omari Mosque in particular, originally a fifth-century Byzantine church, was "a crime against cultural heritage. But more importantly... part of a campaign of total annihilation... a deliberate element of the Israeli campaign to erase all traces of Palestinian life.".[153]
Some notable places that Israel destroyed or damaged are:[148][154]
| Name | Type | Dated to | Damage | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmed Yassin mosque Al-Shati, Gaza City |
mosque | destroyed | 9 October 2023[155] | |
| Al Amin Muhammad Mosque, Khan Yunis | mosque | destroyed | 20 October 2023[156] | |
| Anthedon Harbour | historic | 800 BCE | destroyed | unknown date |
| Ard-al-Moharbeen Roman cemetery, northern Gaza discovered 2022 containing 125+ tombs and two rare lead sarcophagi |
historic | 1st c. CE | Almost completely destroyed (bombardment) | |
| Deir al-Balah museum | cultural | |||
| Gaza Municipal Library[146] | cultural | 1999 | destroyed | |
| Al-Gharbi mosque, Gaza City | mosque | destroyed | 9 October 2023[155] | |
| Great Omari Mosque | cultural/mosque | 1277 | destroyed | 8 December 2023 |
| Holy Family Church | church | 1974 | Damaged | 4 November 2023 |
| Jabalia Byzantine Church | church | 444 CE | destroyed | Oct. 2023 |
| Jaffa Mosque in Deir al-Balah | mosque | Destroyed | Dec. 2023[157][158] | |
| Al-Mathaf al-Funduq museum | cultural | 2008 | destroyed | 3 November 2023 |
| Othman bin Qashqar mosque | mosque | 1220 | damaged | 7 December 2023 |
| Qalaat Barquq[145] Mamluk Sultan Barquq's Fort, Khan Yunis |
historic | 1387 | ||
| Al-Qarara Cultural Museum | cultural | 2016 | destroyed | Oct. 2023 |
| Qasr al-Basha (Radwan Castle, Pasha's Palace Museum) | historic | 1200s | damaged | 11 December 2023 |
| Rashad El Shawa Cultural Center | cultural | 1988 | destroyed | unknown date |
| Al-Sammara Hamam | historic | pre-Islam | destroyed | 8 December 2023 |
| Sayed al-Hashim Mosque | mosque | 1100s | Damaged | Oct. 2023 |
| St. Hilarion Monastery (Tell Umm Amer) | church | ca. 340 CE | Damaged | unknown date |
| St. Porphyrius Church | church | 425 CE | Damaged | 18 October 2023 |
| Tell el-Ajjul fortified city | historic | 2000–1800 BCE | Damaged | unknown date |
Destruction of cemeteries
Israel has damaged or destroyed at least sixteen cemeteries across the Gaza Strip,[159] in some cases, creating dirt roads across them or establishing military positions. The intentional destruction of religious sites without military necessity is a possible war crime.[160][161] In October 2024 the Ministry of Awqaf and Religious Affairs in Gaza stated that 19 cemeteries were destroyed since the start of the war, the ministry also stated that the IDF was guilty of desecrating graves, exhuming bodies and committing acts of violence against those who died, such as stealing their remains and mutilating them.[162]
On 21 December, bulldozers destroyed a cemetery in the Al-Saha neighborhood in eastern Gaza.[163][164] On 6 January 2024, Palestinians in Tuffah reburied bodies after the Israeli army reportedly exhumed them and smashed their graves.[165] Gazans in Khan Younis reported the Israeli army raided a cemetery and took corpses.[166][167] The Khan Younis cemetery was reportedly bulldozed over, tombstones crushed, and human remains were visible.[168] Muna Haddad, a lawyer on the treatment of the dead, stated, "What is happening is... considered a war crime of 'committing outrages upon personal dignity' under the Rome Statute."[159] On 27 January 2024, Israeli forces escorted CNN into Gaza in an attempt to explain the destruction of Bani Suheila cemetery, through which a tunnel ran, according to the IDF; but during the three hour visit, Israeli commanders failed to prove their claim.[169] Moreover, the IDF did not permit CNN to see any alleged entrance to the tunnel inside the cemetery, and later provided drone footage of two tunnel entrances, both located outside the cemetery. CNN broadcast footage of completely destroyed, and dug-up cemetery grounds.[170]
On 3 of October 2024, the Israeli air force bombed a cemetery in Lebanon's Bashoura neighbourhood, destroying it.[171]
Collective punishment
It is an entire nation out there that is responsible. It is not true this rhetoric about civilians not being aware, not involved. It's absolutely not true. They could have risen up. They could have fought against that evil regime which took over Gaza in a coup d'etat.
Several actions taken by the Israeli army, including its blockade on electricity, food, fuel and water, were characterized as collective punishment, a war crime prohibited by treaty in both international and non-international armed conflicts, more specifically Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol II.[173][174] Israel's president Isaac Herzog accused the residents of Gaza of collective responsibility for the war.[175][e][177] Doctors Without Borders international president Christos Christou said millions of civilians in Gaza faced "collective punishment" due to Israel's blockade on fuel and medicine.[178][179]
In an interview with The New Yorker, human rights expert Sari Bashi noted the historical uniqueness of Israeli officials openly admitting they are engaging in collective punishment.[180] On 18 October, UN Secretary-General António Guterres stated Hamas' attacks "cannot justify the collective punishment of the Palestinian people."[181] On 24 October, Human Rights Watch criticized Israel's refusal to allow fuel or water into a Gaza, terming it a war crime.[182] On 29 October, Karim Ahmad Khan stated Israel's impeding aid to Gaza may constitute a crime under the International Criminal Court.[183] On 7 December, Khan again stated "wilfully impeding relief supplies" may constitute a war crime under the Rome Statute.[184] On 20 January 2024, the IDF dropped leaflets with hostages' images on Rafah, stating, "Do you want to return home? Please make the call if you recognise one of them."[185] On 25 January 2024, the Gaza Health Ministry reported that Israeli troops had fired upon and killed twenty civilians seeking humanitarian aid in Gaza City.[186][187]
On 31 January 2024, Haaretz reported that Israeli army commanders were ordering troops to burn down and destroy unoccupied buildings in Gaza.[188] According to Human Rights Watch: "Unlawful and wanton excessive destruction of property that is not militarily justified, is also a war crime."[189] On 16 April 2024, a spokesperson for the UN Human Rights Office stated, "Israel continues to impose unlawful restrictions on the entry and distribution of humanitarian assistance, and to carry out widespread destruction of civilian infrastructure".[190] The Irish foreign minister Micheál Martin called Israel's actions "fully disproportionate and... a breach of humanitarian law in terms of the destruction of Gaza".[191]
Water access
As part of Israel's blockade on Gaza, water supplies from Israel were cut off.[192][193] Article 51 of the Berlin Rules on Water Resources bars combatants from removing water or water infrastructure to cause death or force its movement.[194] The EU's chief diplomat Josep Borrell called Israel's cutting off water, electricity and food as "not in accordance with international law".[195] On 14 October, the UNRWA announced Gaza no longer had clean drinking water, and two million people were at risk of death from dehydration.[196] On 15 October, Israel announced it had resumed supplying water to a single location in southern Gaza to "encourage" movement.[197][198] Aid workers in Gaza refuted water was available.[199] By 16 October, civilians drank seawater and water contaminated with sewage to survive.[200] In July 2024, Oxfam published a report titled Water War Crimes in which it started that Israel was "systematically weaponizing water against Palestinians" in violation of international law.[201]
Starvation
Israel imposed a "complete siege" on Gaza in the first ten days of the war, due to alleged security concerns that weapons, fuel, and armaments would be transferred to Hamas in the guise of humanitarian aid.[202][203] Israel later allowed the delivery of limited humanitarian aid following security checks.[204] Israel's restriction of the flow of food, fuel, water, and other humanitarian aid was criticized as a war crime by human rights organizations and termed a "targeted starvation campaign" by United Nations rights experts.[205][206]
Tom Dannenbaum, co-director of the Center for International Law & Governance at the Fletcher School at Tufts University, wrote that the order "commands the starvation of civilians as a method of warfare, which is a violation of international humanitarian law and a war crime".[207] Oxfam issued a statement that accused Israel of using starvation as a weapon of war, saying "International Humanitarian Law (IHL) strictly prohibits the use of starvation as a method of warfare and as the occupying power in Gaza, Israel is bound by IHL obligations to provide for the needs and protection of the population of Gaza".[208] Oxfam further stated that attacks on civilian infrastructure were part of the crime of using starvation as a weapon of war.[209]
Geoffrey S. Corn, Chair of Criminal Law and Director of the Center for Military Law and Policy at Texas Tech University School of Law, and Sean Watts, professor in the Department of Law at the United States Military Academy at West Point, write that sieges are subject to the same laws of war as other military tactics such as distinction and proportionality.[210] Watts previously wrote that Article 23 of the Fourth Geneva Convention "requires that parties to a conflict allow passage of a limited class of relief supplies for civilians...only if the parties are satisfied no advantage will result 'to the military efforts or economy of the enemy'", but that if the law is interpreted to allow "incidental" starvation of civilians proportional to anticipated military advantage, it "reduces the rule's humanitarian effect, perhaps to the vanishing point".[211]
In March 2024, the European Union's top diplomat, Josep Borrell, stated Israel was using starvation as a weapon of war.[212] Similarly, the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights, Volker Türk, stated, "The extent of Israel’s continued restrictions on entry of aid into Gaza, together with the manner in which it continues to conduct hostilities, may amount to the use of starvation as a method of war, which is a war crime".[213]
Human Rights Watch stated Israel was committing a war crime by using starvation as a method of warfare.[214] Alex de Waal stated it was the worst man-made famine in 75 years.[215] Luis Moreno Ocampo, the former chief prosecutor for the ICC, stated, "Stopping aid in particular to destroy civilian life – with intention to destroy a historical community – is genocide."[216] In April 2024, the United Nations human rights office stated Israel was placing "unlawful restrictions" on humanitarian aid.[217]
EuroMed Monitor described the situation as a war of starvation against civilians in the Gaza Strip. EuroMed noted living conditions had reached catastrophic levels by Israel cutting off all food supplies to the Northern half, and bombing and destroying factories, bakeries, food stores, water stations, and tanks throughout the entire enclave. EuroMed additionally noted Israel deliberately focused its attacks on targeting electrical generators and solar energy units, on which commercial facilities and restaurants depend, to maintain the minimum possible level of their work. Israel also targeted the agricultural areas east of Gaza, flour stores, and fishermen's boats, as well as relief organizations' centers, including those belonging to the UNRWA. As a result, over 90% of the children in Gaza suffered from varying health issues, including malnutrition, anemia, and weakened immunity.[218] Israeli snipers reportedly targeted people waiting for humanitarian aid.[219]
The ICJ ruled as part of the interim measures that Israel facilitate the flow of aid and lessen humanitarian suffering in Gaza.[220] In its March 2024 interim ruling, the ICJ stated, "The court observes that Palestinians in Gaza are no longer facing only a risk of famine (...) but that famine is setting in."[221]
Aid groups complain about the level of aid, blaming harsh war conditions, strict inspections and limits on the number of crossing points while Israel says that the restrictions are necessary to ensure that weapons and supplies do not fall into the hands of Hamas.[222] Three reports, a leaked internal State Department memorandum, an internal assessment by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and the report of the Independent Task Force on the Application of National Security Memorandum-20 to Israel, confirm that Israel's blocking of humanitarian aid has triggered the legal requirement to halt military aid.[223] A report from Refugees International revealed that Israeli authorities have "erected unnecessary hurdles, complicated logistical processes, and an unpredictable vetting system, rendering the inspection regime overwhelmingly burdensome with layers of bureaucracy and inspection and limited working hours".[220] Israeli professor Neve Gordon wrote of Israel’s history of restricting food access in the Gaza Strip "controlling and managing the population through food insecurity."[224] The UN and Human Rights Watch said the Israeli government is using starvation of civilians as a method of warfare in the Gaza Strip, a war crime.[225][226]
Violations of medical neutrality
Israel is alleged to have broken medical neutrality, a war crime under the Geneva Conventions as hospitals are given special protection under international humanitarian law.[227][228] These attacks have been carried out in a manner that aid groups and international bodies are increasingly referring to as systematic.[229] According to Gaza officials, the IDF deliberately targeted ambulances and health facilities with airstrikes.[230][231] In a statement, the Palestine Red Crescent demanded "accountability for this war crime".[232] The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, UNRWA, and Medecins Sans Frontieres reported the deaths of their medical personnel.[233][234] On 14 October, the World Health Organization said the killing of health care workers and the destruction of health facilities "denies civilians the basic human right of life-saving health" and is prohibited by International Humanitarian Law.[235][236] On 17 October, WHO stated 51 health facilities had been attacked by Israel.[237][238] On 4 November, the Gaza Health Ministry stated 105 medical facilities had been deliberately targeted.[239]
On 21 October, the Ministry of Health noted Israel had attacked 69 health facilities, 24 ambulances, put 7 hospitals out of commission, and killed 37 medical staff.[240] Health workers and aid groups said several hospitals in Gaza were hit by airstrikes and shelling. The Palestine Red Crescent Society accused Israel of "deliberately" carrying out airstrikes "directly around" Gaza's second-largest hospital, al-Quds Hospital, in north Gaza, to force them to evacuate the facility. The World Health Organization (WHO) found it impossible to evacuate the hospital. According to CNN, even those who evacuated south have not been safe.[241] On 30 October 2023, a Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital, located in the south of Gaza, was struck by a "direct hit", causing damage and injuries.[242]
On 3 November, an Israeli airstrike hit an ambulance convoy departing from al-Shifa Hospital carrying, according to a Palestinian Health Ministry spokesman, 15-20 critically injured patients.[243] The Israeli military confirmed the strike, saying one of the ambulances was being used by a "Hamas terrorist cell", and was close to their position.[244] In response, Yanis Varoufakis noted, "Even if the ambulance was carrying a Hamas overlord, bombing it violates the Geneva Convention."[245] UN chief António Guterres stated he was "horrified" by the attack.[246] In prior weeks, Israel had released an animated video stating Al-Shifa hospital contained a hidden, top-secret underground military center.[247] This was flatly denied, with Hamas stating Israel was using "prefabricated" evidence to pre-empt a military strike on a hospital.[248] Laws of war provide limited protections to medical facilities used in such capacities.[249] HRW stated the strikes were apparently unlawful and should be investigated as a possible war crime.[250]
During the Siege of Gaza City, Israeli snipers reportedly fired on the intensive care unit in Al-Quds Hospital, killing one person and wounding 28.[251] Doctors in Al-Shifa Hospital reported snipers at the outskirts of the complex were firing at "any moving person".[252] Fabrizio Carbone, the Middle East regional head of the International Committee of the Red Cross, stated Israel's attacks on al-Shifa Hospital could not continue, stressing patients and hospital staff should be "protected in line with the laws of war".[253] In response to the Al-Shifa Hospital siege, Human Rights Watch stated Israel's actions against hospitals need to be investigated as war crimes.[254] Jennifer Cassidy, a legal expert at University of Oxford, stated Israel's siege on al-Shifa was a war crime "plain and simple".[255] Following an Israeli attack on Indonesia Hospital, the Indonesian Foreign Minister called it a clear violation of international humanitarian law.[256]
.jpg)
On 18 November 2023, two people were killed while traveling in a clearly identified Doctors Without Borders evacuation convoy in Gaza City.[257] Doctors Without Borders termed it a "deliberate attack."[258] On 16 December, the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor called for an international investigation into Israeli war crimes at the Kamal Adwan Hospital.[259] On 17 January 2024, Israeli fire damaged the Jordanian field hospital, leading the Jordanian army to call it a "flagrant breach of international law".[260] On 19 January, Jordan stated Israel had "deliberately" targeted the hospital.[261] The World Health Organization stated on 24 January it had recorded 660 Israel attacks on healthcare facilities, calling them "a flagrant violation of international humanitarian law".[262] On 31 January, Doctors Without Borders stated Israel had conducted "systematic attacks on health facilities" which they stated was unprecedented for their organization.[263]
On 8 February 2024, the Palestinian Red Crescent accused the IDF of deliberately killing one of their paramedics.[264] On 11 February, the Red Crescent accused the IDF of deliberately targeting and killing two of their paramedics sent to rescue Hind Rajab, calling the killing a war crime.[265][266] In response to an Israeli attack at the Al-Aqsa Hospital on 31 March 2024, WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus stated, "The ongoing attacks and militarisation of hospitals must stop. International humanitarian law must be respected."[267] In May 2024, the Palestinian Red Crescent stated an Israeli attack on their ambulances near Rafah was a war crime.[268] Following the attack, WHO stated, "Health workers are protected under international humanitarian law".[269] In June 2024, the UN Human Rights Office discussed the killing of health workers in Gaza, stating, "These killings have occurred against the backdrop of systematic attacks on hospitals and other medical facilities in violation of the laws of war".[270] In July 2024, the government of Turkey stated that images showing Israel using the Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital as a military base indicated violations of international humanitarian law and threatened to take Israel to court.[271]
In October 2024, a UN inquiry accused Israel of "committing war crimes and the crime against humanity of extermination with relentless and deliberate attacks on medical personnel and facilities", as well as accusing the IDF of deliberately killing and torturing medical personnel, targeting medical vehicles, and restricting patients from leaving Gaza.[272] The chair of the UN Human Rights Council-appointed team, Navi Pillay, stated that Israel's destruction and targeting was part of an Israeli policy to destroy Gaza's healthcare system.[273]
Protected status
Israel alleges medical facilities are used to store weapons and have been used as a base of fire, and that hospitals' special protection is lost if that is the case.[274] However, the IDF has not presented hard evidence to support their claims.[275] Israel also does not have the power to unilaterally decide if a hospital has lost protected status.[275] According to International Criminal Court prosecutor Karim Khan, the bar for evidence that a hospital, school, or place of worship is being used for military purposes is very high.[276] The burden of proof also lays with the Israelis.[277] Jessica Wolfendale, an expert in military ethics at Case Western Reserve University, stated that even if Israel had been able to prove Shifa concealed a military operation, international law remains in place, as, "Steps need to be taken to protect the innocent."[277] A hospital attack is also still illegal under international law if it harms civilians disproportionately to the military objective.[277]
Ardi Imseis, an international law expert at Queen's University at Kingston, stated, "Until such time that the Israelis provide proof that it has been converted into a military object, the civilian nature of the object does not change."[278] Human Rights Watch stated, "The Israeli government has put forward no evidence that would justify stripping hospitals of their special protections."[279][280][281] The OHCHR stated, "Even if Israel contends that a medical facility has lost its protection... it must nevertheless comply with the principles of precautions and proportionality."[282]
Targeting of journalists
On 1 November 2023, Reporters Without Borders asked the International Criminal Court to begin a priority war crimes investigation into the killing of nine journalists.[283] RSF noted that of the 41 journalists killed in the first month of the conflict, 36 among them were Palestinian reporters killed by Israeli strikes in the Gaza Strip.[284]
In an interview with NPR, Jodie Ginsberg, the president of the Committee to Protect Journalists, called for an ICC investigation into the killing of journalists in Gaza, stating the killings "appear to have been targeted".[285] On 27 January 2024, the International Federation of Journalists wrote an open-letter to Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant stating they would take Israel to court if it did not comply with the ICJ's order to avoid targeting journalists.[286] In February 2024, the deputy director of the International Federation of Journalists stated, "There appears to have been a systematic campaign to kill and terrify and maim journalists in Gaza".[287]
On 13 February 2024, the Al Jazeera Media Network stated Israel had attacked two of its journalists in Gaza, calling it "a full-fledged crime added to Israel's crimes against journalists, and a new part in the series of the deliberate targeting of Al Jazeera's journalists".[288] A representative from Media Defence stated, "Journalists are civilians so they are entitled to all the protections that civilians should have in times of conflict".[289] The director of the International Press Institute stated, "We see journalists clearly targeted… Our organisation has been monitoring press freedom for almost 75 years and this is the worst attack we have seen on journalists in any conflict".[290]
Following the Israeli killing of Samer Abu Daqqa, Al Jazeera stated it was referring the incident to the International Criminal Court.[291] In June 2024, an journalistic investigation into Israel's killing of journalists suggested that some of the killings were deliberate.[292] The investigation further found that Israeli tanks were likely responsible for an attack on the Agence France Press building in Gaza, described by investigators as "likely targeted".[293] In September 2024, Reporters Without Borders stated there were 31 credible cases where journalists were directly targeted by the Israeli army.[294]
Killing of Issam Abdallah
Reporters Without Borders conducted a preliminary investigation into the killing of Issam Abdallah, a Reuters photojournalist killed in Lebanon, and found that the strike on a clearly marked vehicle marked "Press" was purposely targeted and that the fire had come from Israel.[295] An investigation by the Agence France Press found Abdallah's killing was used with tank shells of Israeli origin and were deliberate and targeted.[296] Amnesty International stated the attack was a likely war crime and that "Israel must not be allowed to kill and attack journalists with impunity."[297] Human Rights Watch stated the attack was apparently deliberate and a war crime.[298] A study by the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research found it likely "that a Merkava tank, after firing two tank rounds, also used its machine gun against the location of the journalists".[299]
A February 2024 report by the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon concluded that an Israeli tank killed Abadallah when it fired at "clearly identifiable journalists", and that this broke international law.[300] The report "assessed that there was no exchange of fire across the Blue Line at the time of the incident", with no records of any exchange of fire across the border for the 40 minutes before the tank firing.[300] The Israel Defense Forces responded to the United Nations report by claiming that Hezbollah attacked them, so tank fire was used to retaliate.[300] The report concluded that the attack was a violation of UNSCR 1701 and international law.[301]
Forced evacuation
On 13 October, the Israeli army ordered the evacuation of 1.1 million people from north Gaza, saying that they needed to separate the civilian population from the militants embedded among them, and that the population would be allowed to return after the war.[302] Gazan officials initially asked residents to ignore the order, with the Interior Ministry stating Israel sought to "displace us once again from our land".[303] The evacuation was characterized as a forcible transfer by Jan Egeland, a Norwegian diplomat involved with the Oslo Accord.[304] Egeland stated, "There are hundreds of thousands of people fleeing for their life — [that is] not something that should be called an evacuation. It is a forcible transfer of people from all of northern Gaza, which according to the Geneva Convention is a war crime."[304] UN Special rapporteur Francesca Albanese warned of a mass ethnic cleansing in Gaza.[305] Israeli historian Raz Segal termed it a "textbook case of genocide."[306] The action was condemned by the UN, Doctors Without Borders, UNICEF, and the IRC.[307]
On 14 October, the World Health Organization issued a statement condemning Israel's order to evacuate 22 hospitals in northern Gaza, calling it a "death sentence".[308][309] Doctors noted both the southern Gaza Strip's lack of hospital beds and the impossibility of transporting patients, such as newborns in incubators and patients on ventilators.[310] Nevertheless, on 22 October, the IDF dropped leaflets in northern Gaza stating anyone who did not comply with the evacuation would be considered a "terrorist".[311] On 20 December, Human Rights Watch stated the risk of forced displacement was growing.[312] On 12 January, the Assistant Secretary General for Human Rights stated that Israel's compelled evacuations had failed to ensure protections required under international law, thus constituting a potential war crime.[63] In March 2024, Forensic Architecture stated that Israel's "humanitarian evacuations" might amount to the war crime of forced displacement.[313]
In March 2024, Paula Gaviria Betancur, the UN Special Rapporteur on the rights of internally displaced persons, stated ahead of Israel's planned Rafah offensive: "Any evacuation order imposed on Rafah under the current circumstances, with the rest of Gaza reduced to rubble, would be a flagrant violation of international humanitarian and human rights law."[314] French president Emmanuel Macron told Netanyahu that a forced transfer of the population from Rafah would be a war crime.[315] In May 2024, Volker Türk condemned Israel's evacuation orders in Rafah, stating, "This is inhumane. It runs contrary to the basic principles of international humanitarian and human rights laws".[316] A UNOCHA spokesperson said of the Rafah evacuation: "There are strong indications that this is being conducted in violation of international humanitarian law".[317]
Buffer zone
Israel sought to create an expanded buffer zone in Gaza. Satellite analysis by researchers at Hebrew University found the buffer zone was already in advanced stages.[318] By January 2024, Israel had destroyed more than 1,000 buildings for the planned zone.[319] In April 2024, UNOSAT found that around 90 percent of the 4,000 buildings on Gaza's eastern border had been damaged or destroyed.[320] The Palestinian Center for Human Rights stated such civilian properties were protected under international humanitarian law.[321] Shaul Arieli, a former IDF colonel and expert on Israeli borders, stated that the creation of a permanent buffer zone was illegal, since Israel is prohibited from altering the boundaries of Gaza as an occupying power.[322] Geoffrey Nice, a war crimes prosecutor, stated, "It is unjustified, by any view, under international law."[323] Volker Türk, the UN human rights chief, stated, "Extensive destruction of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly, amounts to a grave breach of the Fourth Geneva Convention, and a war crime."[324] An analysis by Haaretz found the buffer zone could occupy as much as 16 percent of Gaza's overall territory.[325] A May 2024 Al Jazeera investigation found the buffer zone had taken 32 percent of Gaza's territory.[326]
Looting
During the war, soldiers looted Palestinian homes in Gaza, reportedly taking "whatever is easy and accessible".[327] On 21 February 2024, Yifat Tomer-Yerushalmi, the IDF's Military Advocate General, stated that some soldiers' actions — including looting and the removal of private property — had "crossed the criminal threshold".[328] Tomer-Yerushalmi stated such cases were under investigation.[329] The Council on American-Islamic Relations called the looting a war crime and demanded the Biden administration to condemn them.[330] The Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 explicitly prohibits the looting of civilian property during wartime.[331][332][333] In August 2024, Yuval Green, an IDF paratrooper returning from Gaza, stated he had witnessed widespread abuses against Palestinians in Gaza, including looting and the destruction of homes.[334]
Additional theaters of war
In July 2024, Israel bombed the Hodeidah port during its conflict with the Houthis. Human Rights Watch termed the strikes a possible war crime, as they appeared to be an indiscriminate or disproportionate attack on civilians.[335]
Lebanon
In October 2024, Israel bombed financial institutions it stated were affiliated with Hezbollah, leading Amnesty International to state the strikes should be investigated as possible war crimes.[336]
Attacks on UNIFIL positions
On October 2024, Israel attacked the UNIFIL peacekeeping bases in southern Lebanon. In response, UNIFL stated, "Any deliberate attack on peacekeepers is a grave violation of international humanitarian law and of Security Council resolution 1701".[337] According to the Israeli Ambassador to the UN, "Hezbollah terrorists are using UNIFIL outposts as hiding places and as places of ambushes."[338]
Killing of Lebanese civilians
On 5 November 2023, an Israeli airstrike hit a car near Ainata, Lebanon, killing three children and their grandmother, and injuring their mother. The IDF admitted to striking the vehicle.[339] Human Rights Watch stated that their killings should be investigated as an apparent war crime.[340] Najib Mikati, Lebanon's caretaker prime minister, called the attack a "heinous crime" and said that Lebanon would file a complaint to the UN Security Council.[339]
In September 2024, thousands of wireless communication devices exploded throughout Lebanon and Syria in an attack attributed to Israel, killing dozens of people, including civilians and Hezbollah militants. Lama Fakih, a director of the Human Rights Watch, said that the explosions would constitute an indiscriminate attack if the IDF had no way of accurately determining the location of the explosive devices since there would be no distinction between civilians and military targets. UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk said that the attacks violated international human rights since the IDF did not have knowledge regarding the users of the devices or their location and surroundings during the explosions.[341]
According to the Syrian Observatory for Human rights, 232 Syrian refugees were killed by the IDF in Lebanon since the start of the Israel-Hamas war.[342]
Targeting of journalists
According to the Council of Europe, the intentional targeting of journalists constitutes a war crime.[343] During the conflict, Reporters Without Borders (RSF) claimed that the Israeli army had deliberately targeted journalists.[344][345][346] An RSF investigation said that Israel had targeted journalists in two missile strikes on 13 October 2023 that killed Reuters reporter Issam Abdallah and injured four others. These two strikes, 30 seconds apart, hit a group of seven journalists in southern Lebanon who were reporting on the border fighting between Israel and Hezbollah. In a video, the journalists are seen wearing vests and helmets identifying them as "PRESS". The marking was also present on the roof of their car, which exploded after being hit by the second missile.[347] The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, which tests and analyses munitions and weapons, assisted Reuters by examining the material collected at the site of the explosion and found that a piece of metal was the fin of a 120 mm tank round fired 1.34 km away from the border from a smoothbore tank gun.[348]
On 26 December 2023, a Hezbollah anti-tank missile impacted near a Channel 13 News team while they were interviewing a farmer at Dovev for an article following a prior Hezbollah assault that killed a 56-year-old employee of the Israel Electric Corporation, and injured five workers who were repairing electric lines.[349]
IDF's use of white phosphorus
On 31 October 2023, after an investigation, Amnesty International stated that an Israeli white phosphorus attack on 16 October was indiscriminate, unlawful, and "must be investigated as a war crime", due to its use on the populated Lebanese town of Dhayra, which injured at least nine civilians.[350][351] On 2 November, Amnesty International stated its investigations into four incidents on 10, 11, 16 and 17 October showed Israel had used white phosphorus munitions.[352] The claim was confirmed by the Washington Post, which identified two white phosphorus shell casings made in the U.S.[353] Human Rights Watch verified IDF's use of white phosphorus in at least 17 municipalities in Lebanon, including five municipalities where airburst munitions were used over residential areas.[354] It also called on the Lebanese government to file a declaration to enable investigations in the International Criminal Court.[354]
In southern Lebanon, Israel's white phosphorus bombs have destroyed over 4,500 hectares (45,000,000 m2) of forest with economic loses being valued at US$20 million.[355] The American University of Beirut estimated use of white phosphorus has led to more than 134 forest fires as of June 2024 burning 1,500 hectares (15,000,000 m2) of land.[356] As of 28 May 2024, the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health said that exposure to white phosphorus had injured at least 173 people.[354]
Targeting of medical and religious sites
The targeting of hospitals, as well as religious sites, constitutes a war crime.[357] Lebanese health minister Firass Abiad said that 163 rescuers and health workers were killed and 273 others were injured in Lebanon since the start of Israel-Hezbollah conflict.[358] Human Rights Watch stated that Israel's "repeated" attacks on medical workers and healthcare facilities were apparent war crimes.[359]
The IDF shelled Meiss Ej Jabal Hospital, injuring a doctor on 10 November 2023. The missiles did not explode but caused damage to the emergency department and several cars. Lebanon's Ministry of Public Health condemned the attack, saying that "Israeli authorities were fully responsible for this unjustifiable act, which would have led to catastrophic results", and called for an investigation.[360] Days before, four people were reportedly injured after an Israeli bombing that hit two ambulances. The Lebanese National News Agency said that an Israeli drone strike hit two ambulances belonging to the Risala Scout Association, which is affiliated with the Amal Movement.[361]
On 26 December 2023, an anti-tank missile shot by Hezbollah fighters from Lebanon damaged a shed in a church compound in Iqrit, but not the church itself, wounding an elderly civilian.[362] As IDF troops and medical services were working to evacuate him, they were hit by further missiles, which resulted in nine soldiers being wounded, one of them seriously.[363][364]
On 11 January 2024, the IDF conducted strikes in the town of Hanine and targeted an emergency center affiliated with the Hezbollah-linked Islamic Health Authority. The attack killed two workers from the rescue force and destroyed an ambulance.[365] Other attacks on Islamic Health Authority centers occurred in Kafr Kila, Odaisseh and Blida killed 7 paramedic and rescue workers and destroyed 17 ambulances.[366]
On 27 March 2024, an Israeli airstrike targeted a paramedic center affiliated with the Islamic Group in Hebbariye, killing seven volunteer paramedics. The airstrike was condemned by the Lebanese Ministry of Health.[367] Later in the day, Israeli airstrikes in Tayr Harfa killed two paramedics from the Islamic Health Society, while strikes in Naqoura killed one from the Amal Movement-affiliated Islamic Risala Scout Association.[368] On 7 May 2024, Human Rights Watch declared the 27 March incident as an unlawful attack on civilians and said that they did not find any evidence of military targets at the site that was targeted. Investigations also showed that the IDF used an MPR 500 missile to conduct the raid.[369]
On 27 May 2024, an Israeli airstrike near Salah Ghandour Hospital in Bint Jbeil killed three civilians. WHO in Lebanon condemned the attack and called for the protection of hospitals and healthcare workers.[370] In October 2024, the head of Lebanon's Civil Defence in the south said Israel was specifically attacking health workers, stating, "We have had 40 ambulances which have been completely destroyed. On top of that 24 rescuing stations have been hit - just in this area."[371] Lebanese health officials stated on 5 October 2024 that fifty health officials had been killed in the prior 72 hours.[372] Lebanon's health minister Firas Abiad stated the attacks were war crimes and part of Israel's systematic targeting of Lebanon's healthcare system.[373] A November 2024 investigation found Israel had struck in "lethal proximity" to nineteen different hospitals in Lebanon.[374]
Use of booby-trapped devices
Experts warned the 2024 Lebanon pager explosions potentially violated international humanitarian law.[375] Josep Borrell, the European Union's High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, questioned the legality of the pager attacks due to their high collateral damage among civilians, including the deaths of children. Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert, the United Nations Special Coordinator for Lebanon, also raised concerns that the attacks were illegal. Belgian deputy prime minister Petra De Sutter went further, calling it a "terror attack."[376] Volker Turk, the UN human rights chief, stated, "International humanitarian law prohibits the use of booby-trap devices in the form of apparently harmless portable objects".[377]
Booby traps are mostly outlawed under the Protocol on Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices ("Amended Protocol II") of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons,[378] to which Israel is a party.[379] Article 7, paragraph 2 of Amended Protocol II prohibits the use of "booby-traps or other devices in the form of apparently harmless portable objects which are specifically designed and constructed to contain explosive material."[378][380][381] The rules of engagement of some countries, such as the United Kingdom, also ban explosive devices disguised as harmless items.[382] The United States Department of Defense Law of War Manual gives watches, cameras, tobacco pipes, and headphones as examples of such items,[380] which are prohibited to "prevent the production of large quantities of dangerous objects that can be scattered around and are likely to be attractive to civilians, especially children".[378][383]
On 22 September 2024, Israeli President Isaac Herzog denied any Israeli involvement in the explosions.[384]West Bank
During the war, the Israeli military was increasingly active in the West Bank. According to Amnesty International, Israel violated international humanitarian law by using disproportionate force during arrest raids, blocking medical assistance to people with life-threatening injuries, attacking paramedics, and conducting unlawful killings.[385] Erika Guevara Rosas, Amnesty's director of global research, stated, "These unlawful killings are in blatant violation of international human rights law and are committed with impunity".[386] Ben Saul, UN special rapporteur on human rights, stated that a November 2023 IDF killing of two boys appeared to be a war crime.[387] On 5 March 2024, the Palestinian Red Crescent stated that it had recorded 427 violations against its medical mission by Israel in the West Bank, terming these a violation of international humanitarian law.[388]
Following the demolition of a Palestinian activist's family home in East Jerusalem — part of a broader wave of forced displacement in the West Bank[f] — the European Union External Action Service stated, "Such acts are in violation of International Humanitarian Law".[390] George Noll, head of the U.S. Office of Palestinian Affairs, condemned the demolition.[391] Following the Israeli approval of around 3,500 new illegal settlements in the West Bank, UN human rights chief Volker Türk stated the transfer of Israel's population into the occupied territories was a "war crime under international law".[392][393] Following the announcement that Israel was seizing 800 hectares of Palestinian land in the West Bank, the Federal Foreign Office stated, "The settlements violate international law and fuel further tensions in this extremely fragile situation."[394] French president Emmanuel Macron condemned the expanded settlements, stating they "are contrary to international law".[395] The UN Human Rights Office stated they were "alarmed" by Israel's expanded settlements and stated they "fly in the face of international law".[396]
BBC News reported in May 2024 that 11 soldiers of the Kfir Brigade (which is primarily active in the West Bank) posted on social media 45 photos and videos showing detained Palestinians; the Israeli Defence Forces did not respond when asked about the individual incidents or individual soldiers involved and identified, instead broadly stating: "In the event of unacceptable behavior, soldiers were disciplined and even suspended from reserve duty."[397] BBC News further reported that the soldiers did not obscure their identities, with some of them posting under names of Yohai Vazana, Ofer Bobrov, Sammy Ben, and Ori Dahbash.[397] According to BBC News, the "detained Palestinians are frequently shown blindfolded and restrained, having been forced to either lie on the floor, or squat, with their hands bound behind their backs", with some detainees being covered in Israeli flags.[397] Jan Egeland, the head of the Norwegian Refugee Council, stated, "The failure to hold Israel accountable has allowed its forces to violate IHL [international humanitarian law] without consequence".[398]
In September 2024, Israeli soldiers pushed three corpses from a rooftop during a raid on Qabatiya.[399]
Use of white phosphorus on civilians
Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International's Crisis Evidence Lab shared evidence that Israeli military units striking in Gaza and Lebanon have employed white phosphorus artillery rounds; Israel denied the report, calling the accusation "unequivocally false", although it has since admitted to its use.[400][401] White phosphorus munitions are allowed on battlefields for specific purposes such as creating smokescreens, generating illumination, and marking targets. They are not banned as chemical weapons under international conventions due to these legitimate uses.[400][402] However, white phosphorus is also considered an incendiary weapon, and Protocol III of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons prohibits their use against military targets located among civilians, although Israel is not a signatory.[403] White phosphorus ignites when exposed to atmospheric oxygen, and on contact can cause deep and severe injuries, potentially leading to multiple organ failure, and even minor burns can be fatal. According to Human Rights Watch, the use of white phosphorus is "unlawfully indiscriminate when airburst in populated urban areas, where it can burn down houses and cause egregious harm to civilians", and "violates the requirement under international humanitarian law to take all feasible precautions to avoid civilian injury and loss of life".[404] According to Amnesty International weapons investigator Brian Castner, whether employing white phosphorus constitutes a war crime depends on the intended target and intended use, but that "generally, any attacks that fail to discriminate between civilians and military forces can potentially be a violation of the laws of war".[405]
On 31 October, after an investigation, Amnesty International stated that an 16 October Israeli white phosphorus attack was indiscriminate, unlawful, and "must be investigated as a war crime", due to its use on the populated Lebanese town of Dhayra, which injured at least nine civilians.[406][407] On 2 November, Amnesty International stated its investigations into four incidents on 10, 11, 16 and 17 October showed Israel had used white phosphorus munitions.[408] In Lebanon, Israel's white phosphorus bombs have destroyed over 4.5 million sq m of forest in southern Lebanon with the economic loses being valued at nearly 20 million dollars.[409] An investigation by the Washington Post uncovered that white phosphorus used in an October attack that injured 9 people in Lebanon were supplied by the US.[410] In June 2024, Human Rights Watch verified the unlawful use of white phosphorus munitions over five populated residential municipalities.[411] According to the Lebanese Health Ministry, at least 173 people have needed medical intervention for white phosphorus exposure.[401] In October 2024, a leaked UN report stated the Israeli military entered a Unifil base and used white phosphorus, injuring 15 peacekeepers.[412]
Killing of surrendered people
Surrendered Palestinians
On 10 October, the Israeli Defence Force published a video that appeared to show IDF soldiers shooting four surrendering Palestinians.[413][414] Footage analysis indicated the men appeared to be surrendering, with three men getting on the ground with their arms raised, one waving a piece of white clothing. None of them appeared to be armed at the time of the shooting, while a subsequent video showed the bodies had been moved, with weapons placed near them on the ground. The analysis concluded the four men were unarmed Palestinians who left Gaza through a breach in the separation wall.[413] An IDF spokesman said he had no comment.[413] Killing surrendered civilians or combatants is a war crime.[415][416]
In video footage dated 8 December 2023, the Israeli military is seen killing two Palestinians from the West Bank's Far'a refugee camp in what B'Tselem described as "illegal executions". One man holding a canister was shot, and was then gunned down while he laid bleeding on the ground. A second man, who was completely unarmed and hiding under a car, was shot and killed instantly. The Israeli military later said they would investigate the attacks.[417]
Human rights groups documented multiple instances of civilians in Gaza being shot by Israeli soldiers while waving white flags.[418] The Human Rights Watch Israel-Palestine director stated Israel had a "track record of unlawfully firing at unarmed people who pose no threat with impunity – even those waving white flags".[419][g] In early January, a video surfaced dating to 12 November showing displaced Palestinians evacuating Gaza City, including a woman and her child. Despite the group clearly carrying white flags, the woman was reportedly shot and killed by an Israeli sniper.[421]
On 24 January 2024, British network ITV released footage of an Israeli sniper shooting and killing a man carrying a white flag whom the journalist had interviewed only moments before his death.[422] Both the Norwegian Refugee Council and Amnesty International termed it a possible war crime.[423] An IDF senior commander later stated, "There are mistakes, it is war."[424]
According to a witness interviewed by Al Jazeera, the corpses of 30 people were found on 31 January 2024 inside a schoolyard in northern Gaza, with the bodies reportedly blindfolded, and their legs and hands tied.[425][426][427] The Council on American-Islamic Relations said the incident should be probed and added to South Africa's ICJ case against Israel.[428] The Palestinian Ministry of Foreign Affairs called it a "violation of all relevant international norms and laws".[429] The Canadian-Palestinian former peace negotiator Diana Buttu stated the incident was "clearly a war crime".[430] In March 2024, a man in Zeitoun was deliberately run over by an Israeli tank while handcuffed, according to the Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor.[431][432]
Footage obtained by Al Jazeera English showed two men waving white flags being killed by Israeli forces, then buried by army bulldozers.[433] The IDF confirmed the killing of the two men, stating they had been acting in a "suspicious manner" and didn't respond to warning shots; they said they buried them with bulldozers as they feared they were carrying explosives.[434] The Palestine Red Crescent Society condemned Israel's actions as "extrajudicial killings".[435] The Council on American-Islamic Relations called the killings a "heinous war crime".[436]
Surrendered Israeli hostages
On 15 December, the IDF released a statement announcing that they had killed three of their own hostages by friendly fire. According to the Israeli military, they "mistakenly identified three Israeli hostages as a threat" during operations in Shuja'iyya and subsequently fired at them, killing them.[437][438][439] According to an Israeli military official on 16 December, the three hostages were shirtless and waving a white flag. The official claimed that one soldier responded to this by "open[ing] fire" and "declar[ing] that they're terrorists"; more Israeli forces fired, killing two hostages "immediately" and wounding the third hostage, who appealed for help in Hebrew.[440] The wounded hostage was pursued into a nearby building by IDF soldiers, where he was killed despite continued pleas for help.[441] Though he claimed that the soldiers were "under pressure" when this happened, Lieutenant General Herzi Halevi also stated that "It is forbidden to shoot at someone who raises a white flag and seeks to surrender", a sentiment echoed by the former head of Mossad, Danny Yatom.[442] Nahum Barnea wrote that the killing of the hostages, unarmed and waving a white flag, was a "war crime" and that "international law is very clear on the issue".[443][444] A preliminary IDF investigation found the soldiers were told to open fire on all fighting-age men who approached them, after a number of incidents where militants disguised themselves as civilians to approach soldiers.[445]
Perfidy by the IDF
Israeli forces disguised as civilians
On 30 January 2024, Israeli forces entered the Ibn Sina hospital in Jenin disguised as medics and civilians while carrying concealed rifles.[446] After entering the hospital they drew their weapons and killed three militants — one member of Hamas and two members of Palestinian Islamic Jihad — one of whom was a patient.[447][448][449] The International Committee of the Red Cross expressed concern that the raid was a violation of international humanitarian law.[450] Aurel Sari, a professor at the University of Exeter, stated, "By disguising themselves as civilians and as medical personnel, the Israeli forces involved in the operation appear to have resorted to perfidy in violation of the applicable rules."[451] Tom Dannenbaum, a professor of international law, stated, "Someone who is paralyzed is incapacitated in that respect, so an attack on that individual would be prohibited. Violating that prohibition would be a war crime."[452] The Palestinian Ministry of Foreign Affairs called the shootings a crime against humanity.[453] The Independent Commission for Human Rights called the attack "an assault on an institution protected by international law".[454] OHCHR stated it was a "seemingly planned extrajudicial execution."[455]
The IDF initially said the raid had been a "joint IDF, ISA, and Israel Police counterterrorism activity", and later said that none of their soldiers were physically present during the raid.[456] A panel of human rights experts appointed by the UN Human Rights Council stated the raid could constitute a war crime and recommended an investigation.[457]
In June 2024, UN experts condemned Israel's use of perfidy during the Nuseirat refugee camp massacre, stating Israeli forces "entered Nuseirat disguised as displaced persons and aid workers in a humanitarian truck. They violently raided the area, assaulting residents with intense ground and air attacks that spread terror, death and despair."[458]
Use of human shields
On 17 January 2024, Israeli soldiers were recorded using a Palestinian shop-owner in Dura, Hebron, West Bank, as a human shield.[459][460] In an interview with Reuters, the shop-owner stated, "He (the first soldier) told me that he will use me as a human shield, that young people shouldn't hurl stones."[461] On 9 February, the Palestinian Red Crescent Society stated that an ambulance crew in Beita, Nablus, West Bank had been detained by Israeli forces and used as human shields.[462] A 21-year-old man from Gaza City stated to Al Jazeera that he had been used as a human shield by Israeli forces.[463] In June 2024, Israeli forces tied a wounded man to the front of their jeep, eliciting condemnation for the IDF's use of Palestinian human shields.[464] In July 2024, footage showed Israeli soldiers apparently using Palestinian human shields to enter buildings.[465]
In August 2024, sources stated that Israeli forces were using Palestinians as human shields when they entered tunnels and buildings in Gaza.[466] An investigation found that Israeli regularly used Palestinian human shields in the Gaza Strip to avoid putting Israeli soldiers in danger.[467]
Abuse and humiliation of detainees
Video evidence surfaced of what was described as a "flagrant violation of international laws related to the protection of civilians" by Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor. Israeli soldiers were shown surrounding detainees in Yatta, Hebron who were being dragged and assaulted by the Israeli soldiers. Many of the detainees had been stripped naked, having both their arms and feet bound, and beaten with the butts of rifles and trampled.[468] Video evidence depicting degradation towards detainees shows Israeli soldiers transporting Palestinians from Ofer prison, all of whom are blindfolded and stripped completely naked.[469] In another video uploaded by an Israeli soldier, a blindfolded and bound Palestinian is shown kneeling on the ground. The soldier taunts him in Arabic, telling him "صباح الخير يا قحبة" (Good morning, whore) before repeatedly kicking and spitting on him.[470] On 11 December, Human Rights Watch director, Omar Shakir, stated the blindfolding and stripping of Palestinian detainees represented a war crime.[471][472]
On 20 December 2023, Amnesty International called for an investigation into mass detentions, disappearances, inhumane treatment, and detainee deaths.[473] In February 2024, the BBC published a report detailing documented instances of Israeli soldiers abusing and humiliating Palestinian detainees, which Mark Ellis, an expert on international criminal tribunals, said showed possible violations of laws regarding prisoners of war.[474] After the IDF dismissed one of the reservists shown in the video, Sir Geoffrey Nice, an expert on war crimes, stated a wider investigation was needed beyond the dismissal.[475] In March 2024, the United Nations stated that Israel had detained and tortured its employees in Gaza, extracting forced confessions.[476][477] A Bellingcat analysis found instances of a collection of images and videos showing the IDF degrading Palestinian detainees, which Queen’s University Belfast war crimes professor Luke Moffett stated showed potential war crimes.[478] CNN reported of an Israeli military base in the Negev desert that functions as a detention center for Palestinians.[479] In July 2024, Amnesty International stated Israel needed to end the indefinite detention of Palestinian prisoners without trial, stating it was a "flagrant violation of international law".[480]
Sexual violence
On 19 February 2024, a report co-authored by Francesca Albanese and Reem Alsalem, United Nations special rapporteurs, urged an inquiry into allegations of serious human rights violations against Palestinian women and girls in Gaza and the West Bank by Israeli forces.[481] The allegations involve rape and sexual violence. The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a press release on 19 February, citing those claims and referring to photos allegedly taken by Israeli troops showing female detainees in degrading circumstances posted online.[482] In an interview, Alsalem described the allegations as based on "reasonably credible information" and cited Euro-Med Monitor as their source.[481]
The report stated, "Palestinian women and girls in detention have also been subjected to multiple forms of sexual assault, such as being stripped naked and searched by male Israeli army officers. At least two female Palestinian detainees were reportedly raped".[483] In response to the report, a spokesman for the U.S. Department of State said, "Civilians and detainees must be treated humanely, and in accordance with international humanitarian law."[484] Physicians for Human Rights-Israel also described the sexual humiliation of detainees, including sexual insults and urination on prisoners.[485] The Palestinian Prisoner's Society stated men had been subjected to severe sexual assault, including attempted rape and violating strip searches.[486] A story originally reported by Al Jazeera of alleged rape of Palestinian women by IDF soldiers at Al-Shifa Hospital was later retracted as a fabrication.[487]
A June 2024 The New York Times investigation detailed allegations stating that Israeli interrogators in the Sde Teiman detention camp had inserted hot metal sticks inside detainee's anuses. One detainee reportedly died from the resultant injuries.[488] An April 2024 Haaretz investigation found that prisoners in Ktzi'ot Prison were routinely stripped and humiliated, and they were also deliberately struck in the testicles while undergoing naked checks with a metal detector.[489]
Reem Alsalem, the UN special rapporteur on violence against women and girls, criticized the underreporting of sexual violence against Palestinians, stating, "Rape and other forms of sexual violence can constitute war crimes, crimes against humanity or a constitutive act with respect to genocide! It must stop!"[490]
Genocide
Experts, governments, United Nations agencies, and non-governmental organisations have accused Israel of carrying out a genocide against the Palestinian people during its invasion and bombing of the Gaza Strip in the ongoing Israel–Hamas war.[491][492] Various observers, including Francesca Albanese (the United Nations Special Rapporteur),[493] have cited statements by senior Israeli officials that may indicate an "intent to destroy" (in whole or in part) Gaza's population, a necessary condition for the legal threshold of genocide to be met.[491][494][495] A majority of mostly US-based Middle East scholars believe Israel's actions in Gaza were intended to make it uninhabitable for Palestinians, and 75% of them say Israel's actions in Gaza constitute either "major war crimes akin to genocide" or "genocide".[496]
In June 2024, the UN Human Rights Office condemned the reported killing of 500 health workers.[497] As of August 2024, only 17 of Gaza's 36 hospitals were partially functional;[498] 84% of health centers in the region have been destroyed or suffered damage.[499] An enforced Israeli blockade heavily contributed to starvation and the threat of famine in the Gaza Strip, while Israeli forces prevented humanitarian supplies from reaching the Palestinian population, blocking or attacking humanitarian convoys. Early in the conflict, Israel cut off water and electricity supply from the Gaza Strip. Israel has also destroyed numerous culturally significant buildings, including 13 libraries,[500][501] all of Gaza's 12 universities and 80% of its schools,[502][503] dozens of mosques, three churches, and two museums.[504][505][506] By mid-August 2024, after nine months of attacks, Israeli military action had resulted in over 40,000 confirmed Palestinian deaths—1 out of every 59 people in Gaza—averaging 148 deaths per day. Most of the victims are civilians,[507][508] of whom at least 50% are women and children,[509][510] and more than 100 journalists.[511][512][513] Thousands more dead bodies are thought to be under the rubble of destroyed buildings.[508][514]
The government of South Africa has instituted proceedings, South Africa v. Israel, against Israel at the International Court of Justice (ICJ), alleging a violation of the Genocide Convention.[515] In an initial ruling, the ICJ held that South Africa was entitled to bring its case against Israel, while Palestinians were recognised to have "a plausible right to be protected from genocide"[516] that faced a real risk of irreparable damage. The court ordered Israel to observe its obligations under the Genocide Convention by taking all measures within its power to prevent the commission of acts of genocide, to prevent and punish incitement to genocide, and to allow basic humanitarian services into Gaza.[517][518][519] The court also later ordered Israel to increase humanitarian aid into Gaza and to prevent genocidal acts during the Rafah offensive.[520][521] The Israeli government rejected South Africa's allegations.[519] Israel's supporters say that accusing Israel of genocide is antisemitic,[522][523] but others argue that this is a weaponization of antisemitism, intended to shield Israel from such allegations.[524][525]Arms transfers
States transferring weapons to Israel faced charges of violations of international law. In February 2024, a group of more than a dozen United Nations special rapporteurs stated that any export of weapons or munitions to Israel was "likely to violate international humanitarian law."[526] The UN experts stated that parties signed to the Arms Trade Treaty have additional obligations to deny arms exports if the weapons could be used for serious violations of international humanitarian law.[527] The group called for an arms embargo.[528] In a statement, Human Rights Watch stated that the United Kingdom's refusal to suspend arms transfer to Israel put it "at risk of failing to prevent and being complicit in serious violations of international law, including war crimes and crimes against humanity".[529] In March 2024, Nicaragua filed a lawsuit at the International Court of Justice against Germany, stating that its financial and military support to Israel was facilitating genocide in Gaza.[530]
Canadian Foreign Minister Melanie Joly was sued by the Canadian Lawyers for International Human Rights group for authorizing the export of weapons used by Israel to violate international law.[531] Soon after, Joly stated the Canadian government was no longer issuing new weapons export licenses to the Israeli military.[532] The Government of Denmark was sued by Oxfam, Amnesty International, Action Aid, and Al-Haq for their arms transfers to Israel, with the organizations stating, "Denmark violates international rules on arms trade and risks becoming complicit in violations of international humanitarian law – including war crimes – and a plausible genocide."[533] In March 2024, Human Rights Watch and Oxfam stated that Israel was committing violations of international humanitarian law with weapons provided by the United States.[534]
After the UK Foreign Office minister Andrew Mitchell stated Israeli compliance with international humanitarian law was under review, the UK shadow foreign secretary David Lammy stated arms export licenses should be denied if "there is a clear risk that the items might be used to commit or facilitate a serious violation of international humanitarian law".[535] 600 UK lawyers, including three former justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, stated the UK's arming of Israel was a breach of international law.[536] Following reports the UK Foreign Office found Israel had violated international humanitarian law, Geoffrey Nice stated, "Countries supplying arms to Israel may now be complicit in criminal warfare."[537]
In May 2024, Amnesty International called on all states to cease weapons transfers to Israel and Palestine while there is "a risk they could be used to commit or facilitate serious violations of international law".[538] In June 2024, a group of thirty UN experts stated arms and ammunitions manufacturers transferring weapons to Israel may be complicit in violations of international law.[539]
International reactions
Governments
Heads of state
Numerous heads of state criticized Israel's war crimes. Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan criticized Western countries for their complicity as Israel committed war crimes.[540] Colombian President Gustavo Petro termed Israel's campaign as a genocide.[541] Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi and King Abdullah II of Jordan both condemned the collective punishment of Gaza.[542] Irish President Michael D. Higgins demanded the al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion be investigated as a war crime.[h][546] Chilean President Gabriel Boric condemned Israel's "collective punishment" the Gazan civilian population[547][548] South African President Cyril Ramaphosa condemned the collective punishment of Gaza.[549] Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva stated, "It's not a war, it's a genocide."[550]
Belgian deputy Prime Minister Petra De Sutter called for sanctions against Israel and an EU ban on countries responsible for war crimes.[551] On 10 November 2023, Norwegian prime minister Jonas Gahr Støre stated Israel's actions violated international laws of war.[552] Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez described the Israeli actions in Gaza as "indiscriminate killing" and stated he had "serious doubts" Israel was following international law.[553][554] Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas called Israel actions in Gaza a genocide.[555] Irish PM Leo Varadkar stated Israel was committing collective punishment.[556] Qatari prime minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani called for an international investigation into Israeli war crimes.[557][558] On 12 December 2023, Joe Biden described Israel's attacks as "indiscriminate".[559]
Foreign ministers
Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi stated Israel was collectively punishing Gaza.[560] Indonesian Foreign Minister Retno Marsudi described Israeli actions in Gaza as crimes against humanity.[561] Abdulla Shahid, Foreign Minister of the Maldives, warned the evacuation of northern Gaza could amount to the "war crime of forcible transfer".[562] Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amirabdollahian described the events as genocide and a crime against humanity.[563] Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov criticized Israel's "indiscriminate" force and "flagrant" violations of international humanitarian law, stating the conflict risked creating a crisis that would last "many decades, if not centuries".[564][565]
Syrian Foreign Minister Faisal Mekdad termed Israeli actions as a genocide.[566] In a joint statement, the Foreign Ministers of nine Arab countries — the United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Egypt and Morocco — described Israeli actions as collective punishment.[567] Oman's Foreign Minister, Sayyid Badr Albusaidi, called for a war crimes investigation into Israeli action in Gaza.[568] Qatari foreign minister, Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani, stated Israel's Al-Shifa Hospital siege was a "war crime and a blatant violation of international laws".[569] Ayman Safadi, the Jordanian foreign minister, stated Israel's actions fit within the legal definition of genocide.[570] The Egyptian Foreign Ministry stated Israel was engaged in collective punishment through its sieges, indiscriminate targeting of civilians, and starvation.[571]
On 9 January 2024, David Cameron, the British foreign secretary, stated he was "worried" Israel had breached international law in Gaza.[572] On 14 January 2024, Cameron said that "Israel is acting in self-defence" and denied that Israel is committing war crimes in Gaza.[573] On 14 February, Italian foreign minister Antonio Tajani described Israel's attack on Gaza as disproportionate.[574] Pietro Parolin, the Vatican's Secretary of State, described Israel's response as disproportionate.[575] Quoting Giora Eiland, the EU's top diplomat Josep Borrell stated Israel's objective appeared to be to "turn Gaza into a place that is temporarily or permanently impossible to live in".[576] Borrell later suggested the EU should consider sanctions on Israeli ministers Bezalel Smotrich and Itamar Ben-Gvir for "incitement to war crimes".[577] Micheál Martin, the Irish foreign minister, stated the 7 October attacks and Israel's actions in Gaza both "represents the blatant violation of international humanitarian law on a mass scale".[578]
Other officials
Ione Belarra, the Spanish minister of social rights, accused the EU and the US of "being complicit in Israel's war crimes."[579] Belarra further called for Israel to be denounced before the International Criminal Court for genocide in the Gaza Strip.[580] The Workers Party of Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva officially classified Israeli actions in Gaza as genocide.[581] The Parliament of Sri Lanka sent a letter to the UN secretary general, stating, Israel's "indiscriminate bombings in hospitals, amounts to a war crime under international law and the Geneva Convention."[582] U.S. officials reported alarm at Israeli claims of the "inevitability" of civilian deaths, after they used the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as historical examples.[583] On 20 December 2023, HuffPost reported US officials were urging Switzerland against a Geneva Convention conference.[584] Eran Etzion, the former deputy head of Israel's National Security Council, stated, "If a soldier or an officer is expected to commit something that might be suspected as a war crime, they must refuse."[585]
U.S. Senator Chris Van Hollen accused Israel of committing "textbook war crimes".[586] French Senator Guillaume Gontard stated that the Israeli prime minister was "using hunger as a weapon" in Gaza.[587] Australian Senator Mehreen Faruqi stated, "Israel is committing war crime after war crime in broad daylight and is getting away with it."[588]
Vanessa Frazier, the Maltese ambassador to the UN, stated Israel's blocking of humanitarian aid "may amount to a crime against humanity and a war crime".[589] Qatari diplomat Sheikha Alya Ahmed Saif Al-Thani stated the Al-Shifa Hospital siege was a war crime.[590] Nicolas de Rivière, the French ambassador to the United Nations, called for an immediate ceasefire, stating, "It has to stop. What’s happening right now is totally contrary to the Geneva Conventions."[591] In a confidential memo, the Dutch defense attaché stated Israel was violating international law by "deliberately causing massive destruction to the infrastructure and civilian centers" of Gaza to restore deterrence against Iran and Hezbollah.[592]
Humanitarian organizations
On 6 December, Oxfam stated the international community, and in particular, Israel's allies, were "complicit in the mass death, forcible displacement, starvation and deprivation being inflicted upon more than 2 million people."[593] The International Federation for Human Rights stated Israel's actions in Gaza constituted an unfolding genocide and called for the arrest of Israeli government officials.[594] A group of 31 Palestinian human rights organizations, led by Al-Haq, wrote to UN chief António Guterres stating UN aid agencies were in breach of international law by aiding Israel's war objectives.[595] The Norwegian Refugee Council stated any push of Gazans into Egypt would be a war crime or crime against humanity.[596] The Non-Aligned Movement, a body of 120 countries, issued a statement calling Israel's war on Gaza "illegal".[597]
In February 2024, Amnesty International warned that states arming Israel risked violating international law, stating, "By providing arms to Israel, EU states and the US are violating their responsibility to prevent genocide and contributing to war crimes and crimes against humanity."[598] Agnes Callamard, the head of Amnesty, wrote for Foreign Affairs, stating international law was in its "death throes" due to the "culmination of years of erosion of the international rule of law and global human rights system".[599] The Israel-Palestine director for Human Rights Watch stated that years of no accountability for Israel had led to "this flagrant disregard for the most basic principles" of international law.[600] In March 2024, the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights stated that Europe and the U.S. were allowing Israel to commit crimes "with the absence of mechanisms that would compel it to abide by the rules of international humanitarian law".[601] Physicians for Human Rights–Israel stated it was preparing to take the Israeli military to court for its "indiscriminate" bombing of Gaza, stating Israel was failing to fulfill its "obligation according to international humanitarian law".[602]
In May 2024, the World Council of Churches condemned Israel's "violations of international humanitarian law".[603] The International Committee of the Red Cross urged adherence to the Geneva Conventions in August 2024, stating they were being ignored in Gaza and elsewhere.[604]
United Nations
Independent United Nations experts[i] condemned the IDF's actions in Gaza, saying Israel had resorted to "indiscriminate military attacks" and "collective punishment".[606] Israeli authorities said that the airstrikes are intended to degrade the military infrastructure that is frequently constructed in close proximity to residential areas and civilian establishments.[607] They also denounced the "deliberate and widespread killing and hostage-taking of innocent civilians" by Hamas, calling them "heinous violations of international law and international crimes".[605] Israel's forced evacuation of northern Gaza also drew international condemnation. On 13 October 2023, Paula Gaviria Betancur, UN Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons, called it a "crime against humanity".[608] On 14 October, Francesca Albanese, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories, characterized it as a "repeat of the 1948 Nakba", noting Israeli public officials' open advocacy for another Nakba.[609] On 16 November, UN experts reported that "grave violations" committed by Israeli forces against the Palestinians of Gaza "point to a genocide in the making" and called on the international community to prevent this unfolding genocide.[610] The OHCHR expressed concern regarding reports of "mass detentions, ill-treatment and enforced disappearances of possibly thousands of Palestinians" in the north of Gaza.[611][612]
On 23 February 2024, the OHCHR stated that any transfer of weapons to Israel must be halted immediately as their use in Gaza is "likely to violate international humanitarian law".[613] On 27 March, Albanese stated that there are "reasonable grounds" to believe that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza through the use of unlawful weaponry, the destruction of civilian infrastructure and man made starvation, which has been accompanied by "a pervasive anti-Palestinian narrative and dehumanization emanating from the uppermost tiers of Israeli society."[614] In March 2024, Betancur stated the world "must abandon the fiction that Israel will respect the principles of international humanitarian and human rights law in its military operations".[615] Balakrishnan Rajagopal, the UN special rapporteur on the right to adequate housing, stated Israel's destruction of housing and civilian infrastructure amounted to a war crime and crime against humanity.[616][j] UN Human Rights chief Volker Türk stated Israel's collective punishment and forcible evacuation of Gazans were both war crimes.[618]
According to UNRWA, its staff faced "torture, ill-treatment, abuse, and sexual exploitation" at the hands of Israeli authorities. The organization also accused Israel of extracting forced confessions from its staff of being involved with Hamas through torture.[619][620][621]
A group of UN experts warned of "a genocide in the making" in Gaza.[622] Pedro Arrojo-Agudo, the UN special rapporteur on water and sanitation, stated that under Article 7 of the Rome Statute, cutting off basic supplies, such as water, was a crime against humanity.[623] Martin Griffiths stated the humanitarian crisis in Gaza was intolerable and that "international humanitarian law appears to have been turned on its head".[624] Philippe Lazzarini called Israel's killing of United Nations workers a "blatant disregard of international humanitarian law".[625] The United Nations special rapporteurs on extrajudicial executions and torture signed a joint statement urging a war crimes investigation.[626] The OHCHR stated it had "serious concerns" about Israel's compliance with international law.[627] Tlaleng Mofokeng, the special rapporteur on health, stated Israel had violated special medical protections in an "unrelenting war" on health.[628]
Speaking about Israel's planned Rafah offensive, the UN secretary-general Antonio Guterres stated, "International humanitarian law lies in tatters".[629] A week later, Guterres condemned Israel's blocking of humanitarian aid, stating, "Nothing justifies the collective punishment of the Palestinian people".[630] In September 2024, Guterres stated Israel had committed "very dramatic violations of the international humanitarian law" and described a "total absence of an effective protection of civilians."[631]
On 8 June 2024, the United Nations added Israel, Hamas, and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad to a blacklist of countries and organizations that have committed abuses against children in armed conflict.[632] Regarding Israel being put on the list, President Netanyahu said the United Nations had put itself on the "blacklist of history".[633] Israel-UN Reperesentative Gilad Erdan also condemned the designation, describing it as "simply outrageous and wrong", despite Israel being responsible for overwhelming majority of civilian fatalities in the war, and having killed over 15,500 children by June.[634][635] Chris Sidoti, a member of the independent United Nations Commission of Inquiry, stated, "The only conclusion you can draw is that the Israeli army is one of the most criminal armies in the world".[636]
Lawsuits and investigations
Investigations
The UK's Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office opened an investigation into Israeli violations of international humanitarian law.[637] Court documents cited by Amnesty International indicated the UK office was unable to determine if Israel was in compliance with international law, but concluded there were "serious concerns" about legal breaches.[638] In February 2024, the U.S. State Department announced it was investigating the 31 October 2023 Jabalia refugee camp airstrike and Israel's possible use of white phosphorus in Lebanon.[639] Alice Jill Edwards, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture, stated she was investigating torture and mistreatment of Palestinian detainees by the Israeli army.[640]
Following the release of footage showing airstrikes killing five Palestinian men walking along a dirt road in Gaza, the IDF announced the incident was being investigated by its "fact finding" body for potential crimes by its forces.[641] A US State Department official said, "Israel has an obligation to investigate credible allegations of law of war violations".[642] In April 2024, the U.S. Secretary of State denied it had "double-standards" regarding Israel, stating the U.S. was "looking at" alleged violations of international humanitarian law.[643] In an internal U.S. State Department memo, senior officials stated they did not find Israel's assurances that it's using U.S. weapons in accordance with international humanitarian law "credible or reliable".[644] On 29 April, the United States reported a finding that five Israeli units committed human rights violations before the Gaza war.[645] In May 2024, the U.S. State Department found it was "reasonable to assess" that U.S. made weapons had been used by Israel "in instances inconsistent" with international humanitarian law.[646] In June 2024, Israel's top military lawyer stated 70 possible legal violations were under investigation.[647] The military did not disclose the full list of investigations.[648]
In July 2024, Israeli state prosecutors stated they were seeking a probe into National Security minister Itamar Ben-Gvir, as a measure to show the International Court of Justice it was complying with its orders to investigate individuals responsible for inciting genocide.[649] In September 2024, Behadrei Haredim, an Israeli Orthodox news site, reported that Israeli officials had shared its investigatory findings related to 7 October with the United States, except for evidence collected from IDF soldiers, fearing the evidence could be used in The Hague.[650] In October 2024, Belgium opened an investigation of one of its dual citizens suspected of committing war crimes in the Gaza Strip.[651]
Lawsuits
ICC lawsuits
On 9 November 2023, three Palestinian civil rights groups filed a lawsuit against Israel with the International Criminal Court.[652] The groups charged Israel with war crimes, apartheid, and genocide, calling for the ICC to issue arrest warrants for top Israeli officials.[653] On 10 November, President Gustavo Petro announced Colombia was cosponsoring an Algerian ICC suit charging Israel with war crimes.[654] On 14 November, Human Rights Watch called on the ICC to investigate Israeli attacks on hospitals and ambulances.[655] A group of lawyers representing victims of Israeli attacks filed a suit in the ICC, charging Israel with genocide.[656] South African foreign minister Naledi Pandor called on the ICC to speed up its investigation of Israeli war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide, and stated warrants of arrest should be issued for Benjamin Netanyahu.[657] On 16 November, South African president Cyril Ramaphosa stated South Africa had referred Israel to the ICC for war crimes.[658] On 17 November, Karim Ahmad Khan stated the ICC had received a joint request by South Africa, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Comoros, and Djibouti to investigate alleged Israeli war crimes.[659] On 28 November, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan stated Israeli officials should stand trial in international courts for war crimes.[660] On 20 December, DAWN provided the ICC prosecutor with a list of 40 Israeli commanding officers to be charged with war crimes.[661]
On 22 December 2023, Reporters Without Borders filed an ICC complaint against Israel for "probable war crimes".[662] On 6 January, a group of 100 Chilean lawyers filed a complaint at the ICC accusing Netanyahu of committing war crimes.[663] On 18 January, the foreign ministries of Mexico and Chile referred Israel to the ICC for potential war crimes.[664][665][k] In October 2024, a Dutch lawyer submitted the names of 1,000 IDF soldiers to the ICC, stating they had participated in war crimes.[666]
In April 2024, the government of Israel indicated concern that the ICC might soon issue arrest warrants for senior Israeli officials for alleged violations of international humanitarian law in Gaza.[667] In May 2024, prosecutors from the ICC reportedly interviewed two medics from Al-Shifa Hospital and Nasser Hospital about possible crimes committed in Gaza.[668] Later the same month, Reporters Without Borders filed its third Gaza complaint at the ICC.[669] The ICC chief prosecutor requested arrest warrants for Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu and defense minister Yoav Gallant in May 2024; however, the court accepted amicus curiae observations on jurisdictional issues.[670]
ICJ lawsuit
South Africa has instituted proceedings at the International Court of Justice pursuant to the Genocide Convention, to which both Israel and South Africa are signatories, accusing Israel of committing genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity against Palestinians in Gaza.[671][515][672] South African president Cyril Ramaphosa compared Israel's actions to apartheid.[673] South Africa's application was brought pursuant to Article IX of the convention.[515] Several human rights organisations, international organisations, and other nations[l][m] supported South Africa's suit.[734][735][736]
In an application filed on 29 December 2023, South Africa argued that Israel's actions "are genocidal in character because they are intended to bring about the destruction of a substantial part of the Palestinian national, racial and ethnical group".[515][737] South Africa requested that the ICJ issue a legal order on an interim basis (i.e., before hearing the merits of the application) requiring Israel to "immediately suspend its military operations in and against Gaza".[515][737] Adjudication of the merits of the case may take years, but such an order could be issued within weeks.[672] In a statement to the ICJ during the proceedings, the South African ambassador to the Netherlands argued that the current assault on Gaza is not an individual event but the escalation of "Israel's 25-year apartheid, 56-year occupation, and 16-year siege imposed on the Gaza Strip".[738]
Balkees Jarrah, associate international justice director at Human Rights Watch, notes that the ICJ case is not a prosecution of individuals, and does not involve the International Criminal Court, which is a separate body.[672] Jarrah said that the case presents an opportunity to "provide clear, definitive answers on the question of whether Israel is committing genocide against the Palestinian people".[672]
On 6 March 2024, South Africa asked the ICJ to order additional measures against Israel because Gazans are facing mass starvation.[739]In May 2024, the ICJ ordered Israel to avoid any attack on Rafah which threatened the people of Gaza in whole or in part. After Israel continued with its offensive on Rafah, Norway’s Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide stated it was in "material breach" of the ICJ ruling and international humanitarian law.[740]
CCR lawsuit against Joe Biden
On 13 November 2023, the New York-based Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) sued Joe Biden for allegedly failing in his duties, defined under national and international laws, to prevent Israel committing genocide in Gaza.[741] The complaint, filed on behalf of Palestinians in Gaza and the US, alleged that Israel's "mass killings", targeting of civilian infrastructure and forced expulsions amounted to genocide.[741][742] The CCR said that the US and other countries had a duty to do all they could to stop the killing. "As Israel's closest ally and strongest supporter, being its biggest provider of military assistance by a large margin and with Israel being the largest cumulative recipient of US foreign assistance since World War II, the United States has the means available to have a deterrent effect on Israeli officials now pursuing genocidal acts against the Palestinian people in Gaza," the complaint argued.[741]
The suit, filed in federal court in California, asked the court to bar the US from providing weapons, money and diplomatic support to Israel.[741] It also sought a declaration that the president, the secretary of state, Antony Blinken, and the defense secretary, Lloyd Austin, were required "to take all measures within their power to prevent Israel's commission of genocidal acts against the Palestinian people of Gaza." Genocide scholar William Schabas said in a declaration in the lawsuit that in his view there was a "serious risk of genocide" and that the US was "in breach of its obligation" under the 1948 Genocide Convention and international law.[742][743]
On 31 January 2024, the case was dismissed. The judge said that the US Constitution limited his actions, that he would have preferred to have issued the injunction and urged President Biden to rethink U.S. policy, writing "it is plausible that Israel's conduct amounts to genocide."[744]
Hague lawsuit
On 4 December 2023, Human rights organisations Oxfam Novib, PAX Nederland, and The Rights Forum had taken the Dutch State to court to stop the export of parts for F-35 fighter jets arguing that they contribute to violations of international law in Gaza. Oxfam argued that the export "made the Netherlands complicit in violations of the laws of war and the collective punishment of the civilian population of Gaza".[745] On 15 December 2023, The Hague ruled that the state could keep exporting arms to Israel.[746] On 12 February 2024, the court of appeal in The Hague ruled that "There is a clear risk that Israel's F-35 fighter jets might be used in the commission of serious violations of international humanitarian law." The judges wrote, "Israel does not take sufficient account of the consequences of its attacks for the civilian population. Israel's attacks on Gaza have resulted in a disproportionate number of civilian casualties, including thousands of children" and that, " The Netherlands is a party to several international regulations which stipulate that if a clear risk of serious violations of international humanitarian law exists, the Netherlands has the obligation to prevent the export of military equipment." The court ordered that deliveries must stop within seven days.[747]
High Court lawsuit
On 6 December 2023, Palestinian human rights organisation Al-Haq and UK-based Global Legal Action Network (GLAN) have commenced legal proceedings against the UK after written requests to suspend arms sales to Israel, citing alleged breaches of international law and UK rules, were repeatedly ignored. The filed papers detail allegations of indiscriminate attacks on civilians, starvation, forced displacement, and the serious risk of genocide, including statements from members of the Knesset and military leaders. The action is supported by the International Centre of Justice for Palestinians (ICJP) and a press briefing was held with GLAN, Al-Haq and ICJP and with Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) and a member from Oxfam.[748][749] The NGOs' lawyers submitted more than 100 pages of witness statements to the High Court in August 2024.[750]
Federal Court of Australia lawsuit
On 5 December 2023, Palestinian human rights groups, Al-Haq, Al Mezan Center for Human Rights and the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR) have launched legal action in the Federal Court of Australia. The human rights groups seek access to all permits allowing the export of arms and weapons to Israel that have been granted by the Minister for Defence since 7 October 2023. The application is supported by the Australian Centre for International Justice (ACIJ).[751][752]
Canadian Global Affairs Ministry lawsuit
On 5 March 2024, Canadian Lawyers for International Human Rights (CLIHR), Al-Haq and a group of Palestinian-Canadians, have sued the Global Affairs Ministry for exporting military goods and technology to Israel during the Gaza conflict. They argue that the exports could be used in alleged human rights violations against Palestinians. The legal action accuses Canada's Foreign Minister Mélanie Joly of authorising the export of military goods and technology to Israel, amounting to at least at least C$28.5m ($21m), that could be used to commit violations of international law.[753]
Other
In June 2024, a group of South Korean civil society organizations sued top Israeli government officials for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.[754]
See also
Notes
- ^ Two weeks after the bombing, the Belgian Minister of Development Cooperation Caroline Gennez stated Israel had still not responded to a request for an investigation.[34]
- ^ Mark Zeitoun, the director of Geneva Water Hub, stated the destruction of the Canada water reservoir was "certainly a breach of international humanitarian law".[48]
- ^ The following day, Thomas White, the affairs director of UNRWA, stated, "This is not an isolated incident. This is happening all across Khan Younis and has been a pattern in other parts of Gaza."[68]
- ^ In reaction to news of the bombing, the US Secretary of State said that Israel should not bomb "clearly marked" humanitarian facilities.[98]
- ^ The Financial Times later silently deleted Herzog's quote from its article, cf. archive copy of the article from the evening of 13 October.[176]
- ^ On 27 December 2023, UNOCHA stated that since 7 October, 1,208 people had been displaced due settler violence, 393 due to lacking Israeli building permits, 95 on punitive grounds, and 483 due to army demolitions.[389]
- ^ The director stated that in prior cases, "There were statements that they would be investigated but no one was held into account".[420]
- ^ The perpetrator of this alleged war crime is disputed. While not a definitive conclusion, as of 23 October 2023, independent analysts asserted the explosion was caused by an errant rocket fired from within Gaza.[543][544][545]
- ^ Francesca Albanese, Pedro Arrojo-Agudo, Balakrishnan Rajagopal, Aua Baldé, Gabriella Citroni, Angkhana Neelapaijit, Grażyna Baranowska, Ana Lorena Delgadillo Pérez, Reem Alsalem, Mama Fatima Singhateh, Morris Tidball-Binz, Ian Fry, Javaid Rehman, Siobhán Mullally, Ashwini K. P., Tomoya Obokata, Fernand de Varennes, Michael Fakhri, Irene Khan, Mary Lawlor, Dorothy Estrada-Tanck, Ivana Radačić, Elizabeth Broderick, Meskerem Geset Techane, Melissa Upreti, Farida Shaheed, Mohamed Abdelsalam Babiker, Clément Nyaletsossi Voule, Attiya Waris, Vitit Muntarbhorn, Barbara G. Reynolds, Bina D'Costa, Catherine S. Namakula, Dominique Day, Miriam Ekiudoko, Isha Dyfan, Alexandra Xanthaki, José Francisco Calí Tzay, Richard Bennett, Obiora C. Okafor, David Richard Boyd, Livingstone Sewanyana, Alice Jill Edwards, Muluka-Anne Miti-Drummond, Ravindran Daniel, Sorcha MacLeod, Chris Kwaja, Carlos Salazar Couto, and Surya Deva.[605]
- ^ Rajagopal stated, "If the International Criminal Court does not act very soon, we need a special tribunal for Gaza and action by States".[617]
- ^ Both countries representatives stated the referral was in part due to the increased violence and previous numerous reports from the United Nations.
- ^ South Africa's case has been supported by the following states and international organisations:
- Algeria[674]
- Bangladesh[675]
- Bolivia[676][677]
- Brazil[678][679][680]
- Chile[681]
- China[682][683]
- Colombia[678][684]
- Comoros[685]
- Cuba[686]
- Djibouti[685]
- Egypt[687]
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Iraq[688]
- Ireland[689]
- Jordan[690]
- Lebanon[691]
- Libya[692]
- Malaysia[693]
- Maldives[694]
- Mexico[695]
- Namibia[675]
- Nicaragua[675]
- Pakistan[696]
- Palestine[675]
- Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic[697]
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[698]
- Slovenia[699][700]
- Spain[701]
- Syria[702]
- Turkey[693]
- Venezuela[675]
- Zimbabwe[703][704]
- African Union[705][706][707]
- Arab League[708]
- Organisation of Islamic Cooperation[709][710]
- Non-Aligned Movement[711][712]
- ^ The lawsuit has also been supported by hundreds of activist groups, NGOs, political parties, unions, and other organisations, with (as of mid-January 2024) over 1,400 showing support in the form of a letter organized by the newly-formed International Coalition to Stop Genocide in Palestine.[713][714][715] Some of that letter's signatories, and other supportive organisations, include:
- Al-Haq[716]
- Al-Mezan Center for Human Rights[716]
- Amnesty International[717][718]
- Boycott from Within[714][715][719]
- CodePink[720][721][722]
- De-Colonizer[723][714][715]
- Democratic Socialists of America[714]
- Human Rights Watch[724][725][675]
- International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network[714]
- International Peoples' Assembly[726]
- Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions[714][715][727]
- Israelis Against Apartheid[714][728][729]
- Jewish Voice for Peace[714]
- La Via Campesina[726]
- National Lawyers Guild[721]
- Nelson Mandela Foundation[730]
- New Zealand Labour Party[731][732]
- Palestinian Centre for Human Rights[716]
- Palestinian General Federation of Trade Unions[726]
- Palestinian NGO Network[726]
- Progressive International[720][721][722]
- RootsAction[720][721][722]
- People's Forum[720][721][722]
- Women's International League for Peace and Freedom[733]
- World Beyond War[720][721][722]
- World March of Women[726]
References
- ^
- Murphy, Matt. "Israel, Hamas accused of war crimes in new UN report". BBC News. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
- "Israel/Palestine: Devastating Civilian Toll as Parties Flout Legal Obligations". Human Rights Watch. 9 October 2023. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- "Revenge policy in motion; Israel committing war crimes in Gaza". B'tselem. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- Robertson, Nick. "UN experts condemn attacks on civilians in Israel, Gaza as 'war crimes'". The Hill. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- Speri, Alice. "Israel Responds to Hamas Crimes by Ordering Mass War Crimes in Gaza". The Intercept. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- "Northern Gaza is being erased – global leaders must act now to end Israel's atrocities". Oxfam International. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
- Nashed, Mat (2024-04-17). "The thousands of Palestinians Israel arrests, tortures, holds even in death". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
- Pillay, Navi. "Presentation by the Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in Israel". OHCHR. United Nations. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
- ^ Powell, Anita (January 5, 2024). "South Africa to Take Israel to Top UN Court on Genocide Claim in Gaza". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
- ^ "Which countries have joined South Africa's case against Israel at the ICJ?". Al Jazeera. 2024-06-06. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
South Africa brought its case against Israel in December, accusing it of committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza. The death toll from Israel's war there, which began in October, has surpassed 36,500, according to health officials in the besieged and bombarded territory.
- ^ Bubola, Emma. "What to Know About the I.C.C. Prosecutor's Request for Warrants for Israeli and Hamas Leaders". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
- ^ Schneider, Elena. "Biden: What's happening in Gaza 'is not genocide'". Politico. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
- ^ "White House says 'not drawing red lines for Israel'". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
- ^ Eid, Osama (6 December 2023). "Israeli War Crimes in the Gaza Strip During the Year 2023". SSRN 4656038.
- ^ Kane, Alex. "Building the Case for US Complicity". Jewish Currents. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
- ^ a b c "Is Israel acting within the laws of war?". The Economist. 14 October 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g Erlanger, Steven (13 December 2023). "Under Rules of War, 'Proportionality' in Gaza Is Not About Evening the Score". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- ^ a b Abraham, Yuval (30 November 2023). "'A mass assassination factory': Inside Israel's calculated bombing of Gaza". +972 Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- ^ "As Gaza death toll soars, secrecy shrouds Israel's targeting process". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
- ^ a b Vasilyeva, Nataliya (13 March 2024). "More children killed in Gaza in four months than in four years of worldwide wars, says UN". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ Goldenziel, Jill. "Proportionality Doesn't Mean What You Think It Means In Gaza". Forbes. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- ^ "Gaza: Israeli Strike Killing 106 Civilians an Apparent War Crime". Human Rights Watch. 4 April 2024. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
- ^ Keaten, Jamey. "UN says Israeli forces and Palestinian armed groups may have committed war crimes in a deadly raid". Associated Press. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
- ^ Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Farge, Emma. "Israel may have violated laws of war in Gaza, UN rights office says". Reuters. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
- ^ Salhani, Justin. "Israel, civilian deaths and the question of proportionality". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
- ^ Ingram, David. "Israeli government sparks outcry with X videos saying 'there are no innocent civilians' in Gaza". NBC News. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
- ^ Farge, Emma. "'Immense' scale of Gaza killings amount to crime against humanity, UN inquiry says". Reuters. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
- ^ Hasson, Nir. "The Numbers Show: Gaza War Is One of the Bloodiest in the 21st Century". Haaretz. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
- ^ Winfield, Nicole. "Pope Francis suggests Israel's actions in Gaza and Lebanon are disproportionate and immoral". Associated Press. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
- ^ Abdel-Baqui, Omar. "Israeli Air Force Says It Has Dropped 6,000 Bombs on Gaza". WSJ. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ Ott, Haley; Reals, Tucker; Breen, Kerry (19 October 2023). "Israel-Hamas war: More airstrikes on Gaza today as aid remains stuck in Egypt; Israeli troops told to "be ready" to invade". CBS News. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
- ^ Baker, Elise (16 October 2023). "Hamas's actions are war crimes. Israel should not respond with further war crimes". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
- ^ "UN experts say Israel's strikes on Gaza amount to 'collective punishment'". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ "US-made munitions killed 43 civilians in two documented Israeli air strikes in Gaza – new investigation". ReliefWeb. Amnesty International. 6 December 2023. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ Hammer, Matthias (5 December 2023). "U.S. Military Equipment Traced to Possible War Crimes in Gaza, Report Finds". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ "'Clear violations' of international law in Gaza: UN chief". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
- ^ "Oman, Saudi Arabia and Jordan condemn Israeli shelling of Qatari organisation in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle. "UN deplores Israel's 'systematic' refusal to grant access to north Gaza". Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ "Belgium Summons Israeli Ambassador After Agency Hit In Gaza". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
- ^ "Belgium summons Israeli ambassador and strongly condemns bombing of Belgian development agency Enabel". Kingdom of Belgium. 2 February 2024. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
- ^ "Belgium receives no clarification from Israel on Gaza building bombing". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ^ "War crimes fears over Israeli ground invasion of Rafah". UN News. United Nations. 6 February 2024. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ "Gaza drone video shows killing of Palestinians in Israeli air attack". Al Jazeera. 22 March 2024. Archived from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
- ^ "IDF probes video of 'unarmed' Palestinians gunned down by drone in Gaza". The Jerusalem Post. 22 March 2024. Archived from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
- ^ "Israel to investigate drone attack on unarmed Palestinians". The Telegraph. 22 March 2024. Archived from the original on 24 May 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ "Damning evidence of war crimes as Israeli attacks wipe out entire families in Gaza". Amnesty International. 20 October 2023. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ "Gaza: Communications Blackout Imminent Due to Fuel Shortage". Human Rights Watch. 18 December 2023. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ McKernan, Bethan; Davies, Harry (3 April 2024). "'The machine did it coldly': Israel used AI to identify 37,000 Hamas targets". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 May 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
- ^ "Israeli air strikes that killed 44 civilians further evidence of war crimes – new investigation". Amnesty International. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ "Finland 'devastated' by deaths from Israel's attack on Rafah tent camp". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ "Unrwa head says agency's headquarters in Gaza was 'turned into a battlefield'". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
- ^ "Latest massacres in Gaza illustrate the complete dehumanisation of Palestinians". ReliefWeb. Doctors Without Borders. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
- ^ "Gaza:Statement by the High Representative on the destruction of critical civilian infrastructure and worsening humanitarian situation". The Diplomatic Service of the European Union. European Union. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
- ^ Kubovich, Yaniv. "Israeli Army Commanders Gave Order to Blow Up Rafah Reservoir. IDF Suspects Breach of Int'l Law". Haaretz. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
- ^ Stockwell, Billy; Haq, Sana Noor. "Children are drinking from puddles and wading through sewage pools, as Israel pummels water systems in Gaza". CNN. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
- ^ a b Abdulrahim, Raja; Harouda, Ameera (9 October 2023). "Israeli Airstrike Hits Marketplace in Gazan Refugee Camp, Killing Dozens". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
- ^ Abdulrahim, Raja; Harouda, Ameera (9 October 2023). "Israeli Airstrike Hits Marketplace in Gazan Refugee Camp, Killing Dozens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
- ^ "Gaza: Israeli Strike Killing 106 Civilians an Apparent War Crime". Human Rights Watch. 4 April 2024. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
- ^ "UN Human Rights office says Jabalia strikes 'could amount to war crimes'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
- ^ Abdulrahim, Raja; Harouda, Ameera (9 October 2023). "Israeli Airstrikes Hit Marketplace and Mosques in Gaza, Killing Dozens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ "Maps: Tracking the Attacks in Israel and Gaza". The New York Times. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ "Masscre of Shati refugee camp". wafa English. 9 October 2023. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ Dahman, Ibrahim (8 October 2023). "'Nowhere to go': Ordinary Palestinians live in fear as Israel retaliates against Hamas". CNN. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ "'Massacre' as Israel steps up Gaza bombardment for Christmas". aljazeera.com. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
- ^ "Improper munition said cause of high death toll in strike on Gaza's Maghazi". timesofisrael.com. Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
- ^ "Gaza: UNRWA School Sheltering Displaced Families is Hit". unrwa.org. 17 October 2023. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
- ^ "At least 6 people killed in Israeli air strike on UNRWA school in Gaza". Reuters. 17 October 2023. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
- ^ Regan, Helen (2 November 2023). "Airstrikes blast UN shelters, official says, as Israel announces complete encirclement of Gaza city". CNN. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ Cornish, Chloe. "Israel-UN relations plunge to new low as Gaza war rages". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ a b "ASG Brands Kehris briefs Security Council on situation in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territory". United Nations. OHCHR. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ Yazbek, Hiba (25 January 2024). "U.N. Shelter in Besieged Gaza City Is Struck, and at Least 9 Die". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ "UN shelter reportedly hit as fighting escalates in southern Gaza". ABC News. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ "Nine killed in direct hit on UNRWA shelter in Gaza". UN News. United Nations. 24 January 2024. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal. "Israel denies attack on UN refuge in Gaza that drew rebuke from Washington". Reuters. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ "UNRWA official: Israeli assurances 'not followed up'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
- ^ "Senior UN official in Gaza: civilians trapped amid intensified attacks in Khan Youni". UNOCHA. United Nations. 25 January 2024. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
- ^ "How Israel has destroyed Gaza's schools and universities". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ "Jordan: Israeli attack contradicts 'all human and moral values'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
- ^ Shotter, James. "Dozens killed in Israeli strike on UN school in Gaza". Financial Times. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ "Egypt: 'Deliberate Killing' of Gazans Shows Israel Lacks Political Will to End War". Haaretz. Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 August 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
- ^ "Turkey Brands Gaza School Strike A 'New Crime Against Humanity'". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
- ^ Shotter, James. "Israeli air strikes kill 6 UN staff at Gaza school sheltering homeless". Financial Times. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
- ^ van der Merwe, Ben; Olive, Michelle Inez; Enokido-Lineham, Simon. "Israel said Gazans could flee to this neighbourhood - then it was hit". Sky News. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
- ^ Stein, Robin; Willis, Haley; Jhaveri, Ishaan; Miller, Danielle; Byrd, Aaron; Reneau, Natalie (22 December 2023). "Visual Evidence Shows Israel Dropped 2,000-Pound Bombs Where It Ordered Gaza's Civilians to Move for Safety". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
- ^ Tacchi, Jake (21 December 2023). "Israel struck some areas it directed civilians to in Gaza, CNN analysis shows". CNN. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
- ^ "NBC News investigation reveals Israel strikes on Gaza areas it said were safe". NBC News. 26 April 2024. Archived from the original on 24 May 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
- ^ "Attacks against protected objects" (PDF). UN OHCHR. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ Ditmars, Hadani (20 October 2023). "Historic Greek Orthodox church in Gaza hit by deadly missile strikes". The Art Newspaper - International art news and events. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal (20 October 2023). "Hamas frees U.S. hostages Judith and Natalie Raanan held in Gaza". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ "The Patriarchate of Jerusalem condemns Israeli airstrikes targeting humanitarian institutions in Gaza". Patriarchate of Jerusalem. 20 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ "'Nowhere safe in Gaza': Unlawful Israeli strikes illustrate callous disregard for Palestinian lives". Amnesty International. 20 November 2023. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ^ Berger, Miriam. "IDF kills two women taking shelter at Gaza church, Catholic authorities say". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
- ^ Pullella, Philip. "Pope Francis deplores Israeli killings of civilians in Gaza church". Reuters. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ UN expert denounces 'war crimes' in Gaza and Israel Archived 26 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 12 February 2024
- ^ Borger, Julian (9 December 2023). "Civilians make up 61% of Gaza deaths from airstrikes, Israeli study finds". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ a b "A woman and 3 children are killed by an Israeli airstrike in south Lebanon, local officials say". apnews.com. AP News. 5 November 2023. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ "Lebanon: Israeli Strike an Apparent War Crime". hrw.org. Human Rights Watch. 14 November 2023. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ "Lebanon denounces Israeli attack on Iranian consulate in Syria". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 April 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
- ^ "Israel and Iran must de-escalate conflict to protect human rights, warn UN experts". United Nations. United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
- ^ "Complete communication blackout for four days and counting makes aid distribution in Gaza near impossible". ReliefWeb. Save the Children. 17 December 2023. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ Atay Alam, Hande (14 November 2023). "UN mourns the deaths of more than 100 aid workers in Gaza, the highest number killed in any conflict in its history". CNN. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ "UNRWA spokeswoman says aid operation ongoing at targeted Rafah aid centre". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "US charity demands independent probe into staff member's killing in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ Besheer, Margaret (13 March 2024). "UN: Israeli Strike on Gaza Food Distribution Center Kills 1, Injures 22". VOA. Archived from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Blinken comments on Israeli attack on UNRWA facility". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "Scenes of the aftermath of Israeli bombing of UNRWA distribution centre". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "Gaza: Aid missions constantly under threat, warns UN humanitarian chief". UN News. United Nations. 14 March 2024. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ Willis, Haley; Stein, Robin; Tiefenthäler, Ainara; Reneau, Natalie; Byrd, Aaron; Patil, Anushka (25 April 2024). "Video: 'We're Aware of the Location': Aid Groups in Gaza Coordinated With I.D.F. but Still Came Under Fire". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2024 – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ Alam, Anam (26 April 2024). "Aid groups in Gaza targeted by Israel despite coordination". New Arab. Archived from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
- ^ "Belgium Summons Israeli Ambassador Over Aid Worker's Death". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Archived from the original on 30 April 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
- ^ Semler, Stephen. "Is Israel intentionally attacking aid workers?". Responsible Statecraft. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
- ^ "'Massacre': Dozens killed by Israeli fire in Gaza while collecting food aid". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
- ^ "'Heinous': Deadly Israeli attack on Gaza aid-seekers condemned". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
- ^ "Deaths of Palestinians seeking aid 'unacceptable': EU top diplomat". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
- ^ "Turkey says Israel committed 'yet another crime against humanity'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
- ^ "Israeli attack on aid seekers continuation of 'extermination' policy: Oman". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
- ^ "Amnesty says investigating deadly Israeli attack on aid seekers". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
- ^ "UN Human Rights Office strongly deplores killing of at least 112 Palestinians during food aid distribution in Gaza City". ReliefWeb. OHCHR. March 2024. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ Talmazan, Yuliya (2 April 2024). "Israeli strike kills 7 aid workers in Gaza, World Central Kitchen halts operations". NBC News. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
- ^ Nichols, Michelle. "UN chief to Israel: 196 aid workers have been killed, why?". Reuters. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ "'A clear war crime': President of Refugees International on killed aid workers". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ "Aid workers 'part of collective punishment faced by Gaza civilians'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 April 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
- ^ "Poland's Foreign Ministry reacts to killing of Polish aid volunteer". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 April 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
- ^ "Cyprus condemns killings of World Central Kitchen workers". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
- ^ "Targeting of aid workers a violation of international humanitarian law: Expert". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 April 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
- ^ Frazier, Kierra. "José Andrés calls on Israel to 'stop killing civilians and aid workers' after airstrike kills staff". Politico. Archived from the original on 10 April 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
- ^ "UN Human Rights Office - OPT: Unlawful killings in Gaza City". ReliefWeb. OHCHR. 20 December 2023. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
- ^ "Video shows aftermath of a summary execution of 15 men in a Gaza apartment". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ "'Summary execution is a war crime'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ "Palestinians accuse Israeli forces of executing 19 civilians in Gaza". Al Jazeera. 20 January 2024. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ^ "Euro-Med submits findings on Israeli army executions in Gaza to ICC, UN, calling them 'genocide' – Middle East Monitor". Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- ^ "Watchdog Submits Evidence of Israeli Executions of Gaza Civilians to UN, ICC". www.commondreams.org. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- ^ "جريدة القدس". Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- ^ "Video of Israeli soldier bragging about killing elderly Palestinian condemned". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ "Palestinian killed by Israeli soldier identified as elderly deaf man". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ Khan, Laura. "Israeli military to probe killing of unarmed, elderly and disabled Palestinian". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ Kubovich, Yaniv (31 March 2024). "Israel Created 'Kill Zones' in Gaza. Anyone Who Crosses Into Them Is Shot". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 1 April 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
- ^ Ziv, Oren. "'I'm bored, so I shoot': The Israeli army's approval of free-for-all violence in Gaza". +972 Magazine. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
- ^ Smith, Tracy. "Children of Gaza". CBS News. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
- ^ Akbarzai, Sahar. "'We cannot remain silent about what we saw.' US doctors who volunteered in Gaza demand ceasefire in letter to White House". CNN. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
- ^ Sidhwa, Feroze (9 October 2024). "65 Doctors, Nurses and Paramedics: What We Saw in Gaza". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 October 2024. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
- ^
- "NYT rebuts pro-Israeli denial of scans showing Gaza children shot in head by soldiers". The New Arab. 16 October 2024. Archived from the original on 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
- Dickey, Josh (16 October 2024). "New York Times Stands By Report of Child Gunshot Wounds in Gaza: 'Rigorously Edited' and Double-Vetted". The Wrap. Archived from the original on 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
- ^ Hurwitz, Sophie. "The Doctor Who Saw Children Shot in the Head in Gaza—and Tried to Tell the World". Mother Jones. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
- ^ "Nearly 300 bodies found in mass grave at Gaza hospital, authorities say". Cbc.ca. Archived from the original on 22 April 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
- ^ "Nearly 200 bodies found in mass grave at hospital in Gaza's Khan Younis". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 22 April 2024. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
- ^ Salman, Abeer; Dahman, Ibrahim; Lister, Tim (22 April 2024). "Nearly 300 bodies found in mass grave at Gaza hospital, says Gaza Civil Defense". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
- ^ "Mass graves in Gaza show victims' hands were tied, says UN rights office | UN News". news.un.org. 23 April 2024. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
- ^ Gritten, David (24 April 2024). "UN rights chief 'horrified' by mass grave reports at Gaza hospitals". Yahoo! News. BBC News. Archived from the original on 4 May 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
- ^ Farge, Emma. "UN rights chief 'horrified' by mass grave reports at Gaza hospitals". Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
- ^ "Mass graves 'an indication that war crimes have been committed'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
- ^ "Iraq Says Hamas Chief Killing Could Threaten Region's Stability". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
- ^ a b "Report on the Impact of the Recent War in 2023 on the Cultural Heritage in Gaza Strip - Palestine" (PDF). Heritage for Peace. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ a b Chamaa, Mohamad El (4 December 2023). "Gazans mourn loss of their libraries: Cultural beacons and communal spaces". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ "Bombing of Gaza has damaged or destroyed more than 100 heritage sites, NGO report reveals". The Art Newspaper - International art news and events. 28 November 2023. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ a b Gilad, Moshe (26 December 2023). "Bombing Historical Sites in Gaza:'Israel Is Destroying Everything Beautiful': The 13th century Great Omari Mosque, the Church of Saint Porphyrius, the excavation site at the ancient port: Alongside thousands of dead and hundreds of thousands of displaced, dozens of heritage sites in the Gaza Strip have been destroyed by Israeli bombardment". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ "New report details 104 Gaza cultural landmarks destoyed or damaged". NPR. 3 December 2023. Archived from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ Saber, Indlieb Farazi. "A 'cultural genocide': Which of Gaza's heritage sites have been destroyed?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ^ Kansara, Reha; Nour, Ahmed (30 January 2024). "Israel-Gaza war: Counting the destruction of religious sites". BBC. Archived from the original on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
- ^ "Israeli army destroys 814 mosques, 3 churches, 19 cemeteries". Al Jazeera. 5 October 2024.
- ^ Wagner, Kate (24 January 2024). "What Israel's Destruction of the Great Omari Mosque Means". Archived from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ Saber, Indlieb Farazi. "A 'cultural genocide': Which of Gaza's heritage sites have been destroyed?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ a b "Before and after images show Gaza mosque devastation". CNN. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ Werbeck, Nicole; Batrawy, Aya; Kenyon, Peter; Rizkallah, Jawad; Mitre, Estefania; Widyatmadja, Grace (15 October 2023). "Photos: Scenes from the Israel-Hamas War". NPR. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ^ Beaule, Victoria (25 January 2024). "As Israel warned Gaza civilians to evacuate, IDF bombs struck city described as sanctuary". ABC News. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ "Mosque in central Gaza destroyed in Israeli attacks". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ a b Diamond, Jeremy (20 January 2024). "At least 16 cemeteries in Gaza have been desecrated by Israeli forces, satellite imagery and videos reveal". CNN. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
- ^ "Satellite Imagery and Video Shows Some Gazan Cemeteries Razed by Israeli Forces". The New York Times. 14 December 2023. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
- ^ "Destruction of Cemeteries" (PDF). United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
- ^ "Israeli army destroys 814 mosques, 3 churches, 19 cemeteries". Al Jazeera. 5 October 2024.
- ^ "Israeli forces bulldoze cemetery in eastern Gaza, crushing the dead". MSN. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
- ^ Allison, Ismail. "CAIR Calls Israel's New Ethnic Cleansing, Bulldozing of Bodies in Cemetery, Forced Starvation of Gaza Children the Latest 'Israeli War Crimes of the Day'". Council on American Islamic Relations. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
- ^ "Palestinians Rebury Bodies Exhumed From Gaza Cemetery". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
- ^ Talmazan, Yuliya (18 January 2024). "Gazans in Khan Younis allege Israeli soldiers raided cemetery". NBC News. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ^ "Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel Flash Update #95". UNOCHA. United Nations. 17 January 2024. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
- ^ "Israeli military indicates it searched Gaza cemetery for bodies of hostages". Sky News. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
- ^ Diamond, Jeremy (29 January 2024). "Israel claims a tunnel ran through this Gaza cemetery it destroyed. A visit to the site raised more questions than answers". CNN. Archived from the original on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ Diamond, Jeremy (29 January 2024). "IDF says they destroyed this Gaza graveyard because of Hamas activity. CNN can't find the evidence | CNN". CNN. Archived from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
- ^ "Bashoura cemetery damaged due to Israeli attack". Al Jazeera. 3 October 2024.
- ^ "'No Innocent Civilians in Gaza', Israel President Says as Northern Gaza Struggles to Flee Israeli Bombs". The Wire. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
- ^ Garner, Bryan A., ed. (2007). Black's Law Dictionary (8th ed.). St. Paul, MN: Thomson West. p. 280. ISBN 978-0314151995.
Collective punishment was outlawed in 1949 by the Geneva Convention.
- ^ Klocker, Cornelia. Collective Punishment and Human Rights Law: Addressing Gaps in International Law. Routledge.
- ^ Reed, John; Srivastava, Mehul. "Israel tells 1.1mn people to leave northern Gaza". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ El-Kurd, Mohammed (20 October 2023). "Western Journalists Have Palestinian Blood on Their Hands". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ Blumenthal, Paul. "Israeli President Says There Are No Innocent Civilians In Gaza". Y! News. HuffPost. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ Regan, Helen. "Israel calls on 1.1 million Gazans to evacuate south in order UN warns is 'impossible'". CNN. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ "Indiscriminate violence and the collective punishment of Gaza must cease". Doctors Without Borders. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ Chotiner, Isaac (15 October 2023). "The Humanitarian Catastrophe in Gaza". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ "UN's Guterres Says Hamas Attacks Do Not Justify 'Collective Punishment' Of Palestinians". Barron's. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- ^ "HRW slams Israel for committing war crimes against Palestinians". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
- ^ "Impeding aid to Gaza may constitute crime under ICC jurisdiction". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
- ^ Wintour, Patrick (7 December 2023). "Washington faces UN showdown over fresh resolution for Gaza ceasefire". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ^ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal. "Fighting across Gaza as Israel drops leaflets seeking its hostages". Reuters. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
- ^ Jobain, Najib (25 January 2024). "Gaza's Health Ministry blames Israeli troops for deadly shooting as crowd waited for aid". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
- ^ "U.N. slams Israel for deadly strike on Gaza shelter as war with Hamas leaves hospitals under siege". CBS News. 25 January 2024. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
- ^ Kubovich, Yaniv (31 January 2024). "Israeli Army Occupies Gaza Homes – Then Burns Them Down". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
- ^ "Deadly Attacks Kill, Injure Civilians, Destroy Homes". Human Rights Watch. 18 March 2022. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
- ^ Farge, Emma. "Israel still imposing 'unlawful' restrictions on Gaza aid, UN rights office says". Reuters. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
- ^ Henderson, Cameron (22 April 2024). "Ireland accuses Israel of war crime in Gaza". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- ^ Shurafa, Wafaa; Krauss, Joseph. "Gaza residents struggle to follow Israeli evacuation order amid critical water shortage". PBS Newshour. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
- ^ Mehta, Lyla; Nicol, Alan (19 October 2023). "Cutting off water to Gaza is a war crime". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
- ^ "Water and Armed Conflicts". Casebook. International Committee of the Red Cross. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
- ^ O'Leary, Naomi. "Israel's move to cut Gaza off from food and water is against international law, says EU". Irish Times. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
- ^ "Water a 'matter of life and death' for Gaza after Israeli siege, says UN". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
- ^ Spiro, Amy; Magid, Jacob (15 October 2023). "Israel says it is restarting water supply to southern Gaza Strip". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
- ^ Oliphant, Roland (15 October 2023). "Israel resumes water supply to south of Gaza to encourage evacuation". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
- ^ Jobain, Najib; Kullab, Samya. "Water runs out at UN shelters in Gaza". ABC News. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal (16 October 2023). "In Gaza, people resort to drinking salty water, garbage piles up". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ "Israel Using Water As Weapon Of War As Gaza Supply Plummets By 94%, Creating Deadly Health Catastrophe". Oxfam. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
- ^ "Israel denies humanitarian aid wasn't checked for weapons before entering Gaza". Times of Israel. 22 October 2023.
- ^ Baruch, Pnina Sharvit; Caner, Tammy (26 October 2023). "What are Israel's humanitarian obligations toward the civilians in Gaza?". The Institute for National Security Studies. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ "Live Updates: Current US assessment is Israel 'not responsible' for Gaza hospital blast, White House says". AP News. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ "Human Rights Watch: Gaza siege is a 'clear-cut war crime'". The Irish Times. 15 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ "U.N. experts say Gaza children dying in Israeli "targeted starvation campaign"". CBS News. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ Dannenbaum, Tom (11 October 2023). "The Siege of Gaza and the Starvation War Crime". Just Security. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ "Starvation used as a 'weapon of war' in Gaza amid Israeli siege: Oxfam". Al Jazeera. 25 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ^ "Oxfam condemns killing of water engineers in Gaza". Oxfam International. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
- ^ Corn, Geoff; Watts, Sean (13 October 2023). "Israel – Hamas 2023 Symposium – Siege Law and Military Necessity". Articles of War. United States Military Academy at West Point. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
- ^ Watts, Sean (4 March 2022). "Siege Law". Articles of War. United States Military Academy at West Point. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ James, Gregory (13 March 2024). "Israel Gaza war: EU says starvation being used as a weapon". BBC. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle. "Israel's restrictions to Gaza aid may be war crime, says UN rights office". Reuters. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
- ^ "Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza". Human Rights Watch. 18 December 2023. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ Nolen, Stephanie (11 January 2024). "Looming Starvation in Gaza Shows Resurgence of Civilian Sieges in Warfare". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ "Israeli incitement and aid blocking should be investigated: Former ICC prosecutor". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ "UN says Israel unlawfully restricting Gaza aid". VOA. 16 April 2024. Archived from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
- ^ "Israel is Waging an Extensive War of Starvation against Gaza's Civilian Population [EN/AR] - occupied Palestinian territory | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 5 November 2023. Archived from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
- ^ Abu Azzoum, Tareq. "Israel using starvation as 'weapon of war'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
- ^ a b Staff, Al Jazeera. "Israel's blocking of aid creating 'apocalyptic' conditions in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
- ^ "World court orders Israel to take action to address Gaza famine | Reuters". Reuters.
- ^ Kershner, Isabel; Abdulrahim, Raja; Rasgon, Adam; Closson, Troy (27 April 2024). "Aid Flows to Gaza Are Rising, U.N. Says, but More Is Needed". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024 – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ "U.S. State Department: Suspend Military Aid to Israel Under Section 620I of the Foreign Assistance Act". 27 April 2024. Archived from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
- ^ "The Road to Famine: Israel's History of Using Food Access as Weapon in Gaza". Democracy Now!. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
- ^ "Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza | Human Rights Watch". 18 December 2023. Archived from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ Beaumont, Peter (19 March 2024). "UN says Israeli restrictions on Gaza food aid may constitute a war crime". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
- ^ Le Poidevin, Olivia; Fleming-Farrell, Niamh; Jadah, Malek; Hamadi, Ghadir. "Hundreds of Palestinians killed in Israeli airstrike on Gaza hospital: Day 11 of the Hamas-Israel war". L'Orient Today. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
- ^ "Doctors observe black day against Israeli atrocities in Gaza". The Express Tribune. 19 October 2023. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
- ^ Nereim, Vivian; Bashir, Abu Bakr (26 April 2024). "Israel's Military Campaign Has Left Gaza's Medical System Near Collapse". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2024 – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ Basu, Brishti. "Health-care and relief workers killed in Gaza as humanitarian groups navigate full blockade". CBC. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^
- "Ambulances hit during Israeli air attack in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- Abu Riash, Abed; Marsi, Federica. "Gaza medics say Israel targeting ambulances, health facilities". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ Abu Riash and Marsi, Abed and Federica (12 October 2023). "Gaza medics say Israel targeting ambulances, health facilities". aljazeera. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ "Eleven workers with UN refugee agency, five IFRC members killed in Gaza". Reuters. 11 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ "Gaza medics say Israel targeting ambulances, health facilities". Aljazeera. 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ^ "Evacuation orders by Israel to hospitals in northern Gaza are a death sentence for the sick and injured". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ "Gaza: Forcing patients to flee hospitals a 'death sentence' warns WHO". United Nations. 14 October 2023. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ "In Gaza's deadliest day, hospital strike kills about 500". The Economic Times. 18 October 2023. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- ^ Ortiz, Jorge L.; Bacon, John. "After Gaza hospital bombing kills hundreds, Israel and Hamas blame each other: Updates". USA Today. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- ^ "105 medical facilities 'deliberately targeted' by Israeli forces: Health ministry". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
- ^ "250 attacks on medical staff and health facilities: Health ministry". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ Paddison, Laura; Michaelis, Tamar; Dahman, Ibrahim; Tal, Amir; McCarthy, Simone (31 October 2023). "Israeli troops advance in Gaza, hostage freed and 'impossible' hospital evacuation: What to know Monday". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ "Israel-Hamas war live: Israeli attacks near Gaza City". Al Jazeera. 31 October 2023. Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ "New Israeli airstrikes hit Al-Shifa hospital, al-Rashid road as Israel's bombardment of the Gaza Strip continues". The New Arab. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
- ^ "Israel strikes ambulance near Gaza hospital, 15 reported killed". Reuters. 3 November 2023. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023.
- ^ "Even if the ambulance was carrying a Hamas overlord, bombing it violates the Geneva Convention". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
- ^ "UN secretary-general 'horrified' by Israel's attack on ambulances". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
- ^
- Carey, Andrew; John, Tara; Flower, Kevin (3 November 2023). "Israel admits airstrike on ambulance near hospital that witnesses say killed and wounded dozens". CNN. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
- "How Hamas uses hospitals as shields during war". Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
- Bettini, Daniel (7 August 2014). "Foreign journalists reveal Hamas' false front". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
- Beaumont, Peter (30 October 2023). "What is a human shield and how has Hamas been accused of using them?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
- ^ "Hamas rejects Israeli claim over installations under al-Shifa hospital". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
- ^ "Practice relating to Rule 28. Medical Units I. Treaties". International Order of the Red Cross. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
- ^ "Gaza: Israeli Ambulance Strike Apparently Unlawful". Human Rights Watch. 7 November 2023. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ "One person killed, many children wounded after Israeli snipers target al-Quds hospital, according to Palestinian Red Crescent". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ "WHO loses contact with Gaza's al-Shifa Hospital". Business Standard. 12 November 2023. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ "'Distressing' information coming from al-Shifa Hospital: ICRC". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- ^ Moran, Mark; Godfrey, Paul. "HRW: Israeli attacks on Gaza hospitals should be investigated as war crimes". UPI. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ "Israel's hospital raid 'a war crime plain and simple'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ "Indonesia condemns Israeli 'attack' on Gaza hospital". The Jerusalem Post. 20 November 2023. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ^ Robertson, Nick (2 December 2023). "Doctors Without Borders: Attack on organization's convoy 'deliberate,' calling for investigation". The Hill. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
- ^ "MSF convoy attacked in Gaza: all elements point to Israeli army responsibility". Doctors Without Borders. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
- ^ "Urgent int'l investigation needed to probe Israeli war crimes after Palestinian civilians buried alive at Gaza's Kamal Adwan Hospital". Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
- ^ Barbakh, Arafat. "Israel presses southern Gaza assault, Jordan decries damage to hospital". Reuters. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ^ Arraf, Jane. "Jordan accuses Israel of deliberately targeting its Gaza field hospital". NPR. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ Chao-Fong, Léonie; Sedghi, Amy; Belam, Martin; Ahmad, Reged (24 January 2024). "Israel continues to target health institutions in Gaza, says WHO regional director". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ "Facing a 'massacre' in Gaza, MSF laments limited ability to help". France24. 31 January 2024. Archived from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
- ^ "PRCS: Killing of paramedic was 'deliberate'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ "Attacking paramedics a 'war crime': Red Crescent". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ "The Palestine Red Crescent Society renews its calls to the international community to ensure the protection of its personnel and facilities and to provide a safe humanitarian space". ReliefWeb. Palestine Red Crescent Society. 12 February 2024. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
- ^ Abualouf, Rushdi; Wright, George (31 March 2024). "Journalists injured in al-Aqsa hospital air strike". BBC. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ^ "PRCS says killing of medics in south Gaza 'war crime'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ "WHO mourns 2 Red Crescent paramedics slain in Rafah". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
- ^ Ngendakumana, Pierre Emmanuel. "500 medical workers killed during Israel's military assault on Gaza, UN says". Politico. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
- ^ "Turkey 'threatens' Israel with legal action after army uses Gaza hospital as base". The New Arab. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
- ^
- "UN Commission finds war crimes and crimes against humanity in Israeli attacks on Gaza health facilities and treatment of detainees, hostages" (Press release). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 10 October 2024. Archived from the original on 12 October 2024. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
- "UN inquiry accuses Israel of crime of 'extermination' in Gaza". Al Jazeera. 10 October 2024. Archived from the original on 11 October 2024. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
- Kennedy, Niamh; Darwish, Muhammad (11 October 2024). "UN inquiry accuses Israel of 'crime of extermination' through deliberate destruction of Gaza's health care system". CNN. Archived from the original on 12 October 2024. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
- Foulkes, Imogen (10 October 2024). "UN accuses Israel of war crimes over attacks on Gaza hospitals". BBC. Archived from the original on 11 October 2024. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
- Farge, Emma (10 October 2024). "UN inquiry accuses Israel of seeking to destroy Gaza healthcare system". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 October 2024. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
- ^ "Israel has 'concerted policy to destroy Gaza healthcare system': Independent UN report". UN News. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ "Israel shows CNN an underground tunnel between a school and hospital in Gaza | CNN". 14 November 2023. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ a b "Israeli military: Gaza hospitals risk losing protection". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ Khan, Karim (10 November 2023). "We are witnessing a pandemic of inhumanity: to halt the spread, we must cling to the law". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ a b c Debre, Isabel (12 November 2023). "In wars, hospitals have special protection under international law. How does that apply in Gaza?". PBS. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ "What does the Geneva Convention say about the protection of civilians inside hospitals?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ "Gaza's hospitals under 'sustained, systematic assault': HRW". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ Sullivan, Helen; Chao-Fong, Léonie; Banfield-Nwachi, Mabel; Livingstone, Helen (17 November 2023). "Human Rights Watch (HRW) have said images released by Israel showing what it said were weapons found inside Gaza's al-Shifa hospital were not sufficient to justify the hospital's status as protected by the laws of war". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
- ^ "Israel's attacks on hospitals 'should be investigated as war crimes': HRW". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ Parvaz, D. "Searching for the remains of hostages, Israeli forces raid another Gaza hospital". NPR. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
- ^ "Media watchdog files war crimes complaint with ICC". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
- ^ "Israel/Palestine war: 41 journalists, more than one a day, killed in first month of Israel-Palestine war". Reporters Without Borders. 7 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ Martin, Michel. "Number of journalists killed in Gaza since Oct. 7 attacks called unprecedented loss". NPR. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
- ^ "IFJ will take Israel to court if journalists are targeted". International Federation of Journalists. 27 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ "Israel carrying out campaign to 'terrify' journalists in Gaza: Advocate". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ "Statement: Al Jazeera condemns Israeli army's 'deliberate targeting' of its correspondent in Rafah, Ismail Abu Omar". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ "Journalists entitled to protections as civilians in times of conflict: Legal network". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ "Journalists 'clearly targeted' in Israel's war on Gaza: IPI". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ "Al Jazeera to refer journalist Samer Abudaqa's killing to ICC". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
- ^ Zerrouky, Madjid; Abreu, Mariana; Layan, Eloïse; Delpuech, Aïda. "How Israel targets journalists in Gaza: 'The press vest now puts us in danger'". Le Monde. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
- ^ "Media probe finds Israeli tank fire likely hit AFP Gaza office". France24. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
- ^ Salhani, Justin. "Israel is deliberately targeting journalists in Gaza: Experts". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
- ^ "RSF video investigation into the death of Reuters reporter Issam Abdallah in Lebanon: the journalists' vehicle was explicitly targeted". RSF. 29 October 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
- ^ "Journalists killed and injured in Lebanon: AFP investigation points to Israeli army strike". Agence France Press. 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ^ "Lebanon: Israel's attack on seven journalists was a likely war crime - new investigation". Amnesty International. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ^ "Israel: Strikes on Journalists in Lebanon Apparently Deliberate". Human Rights Watch. 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ^ "Israeli tank in 'likely scenario' fired machine gun at reporters after deadly shelling, report finds". CNBC. Reuters. 8 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ a b c Gauthier-Villars, David; Bassam, Laila; Perry, Tom (14 March 2024). "Israeli tank strike killed 'clearly identifiable' Reuters reporter - UN report". Reuters. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ "Israel broke international law with tank shelling that killed journalist, UN finds". The Guardian. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
- ^ Debre, Isabel. "Israel orders evacuation of 1 million in northern Gaza in 24 hours". PBS News. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^
- Batrawy, Aya; Sullivan, Becky. "Gazans flee their homes after an Israeli evacuation order but have few places to go". NPR. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- "Hamas tells Gaza residents to stay put as Israel ground offensive looms". Reuters. 13 October 2023. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- Sharon, Itamar (14 October 2023). "IDF says it's completing preparations to strike Gaza 'from air, sea and land'". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- ^ a b Srivastava, Mehul. "Gazans stream south to seek shelter from Israeli bombardment". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ "UN expert warns of new instance of mass ethnic cleansing of Palestinians, calls for immediate ceasefire". UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ Segal, Raz. "A Textbook Case of Genocide". Jewish Currents. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ n
- "WHO pleads for immediate reversal of Gaza evacuation order to protect health and reduce suffering". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- "MSF: Israeli order to evacuate northern Gaza 'outrageous'". Doctors Without Borders. 13 October 2023. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- "Time is running out for children in Gaza—UNICEF". www.unicef.org. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- "Occupied Palestinian Territory: The IRC calls for protection of civilians and upholding of International Humanitarian Law". www.rescue.org. 14 October 2023. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ Thomas, Steff Danielle. "WHO condemns Israel's Gaza evacuation order as 'death sentence' for sick, injured". The Hill. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ "Evacuation orders by Israel to hospitals in northern Gaza are a death sentence for the sick and injured". World Health Organization. 14 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^
- Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle (17 October 2023). "Attack on Gaza hospital 'unprecedented' in scale, WHO says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- Abdulrahim, Raja (15 October 2023). "Gaza's Hospitals Face 'Impossible' Choices With Israel Evacuation Order". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- "UN chief 'horrified' by strike on Gaza hospital, as warring sides blame each other | UN News". news.un.org. 17 October 2023. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- Abdel-Baqui, Omar; Jones, Rory; AbdulKarim, Fatima (17 October 2023). "Blast at Gaza Hospital Kills More Than 500, Palestinian Officials Say". The Wall Street Journal. New York. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- ^ Morris, Loveday; Berger, Miriam. "IDF leaflets says civilians that don't evacuate Gaza can be seen as accomplices". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ Hardman, Nadia (20 December 2023). "Most of Gaza's Population Remains Displaced and in Harm's Way". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
- ^ "Gaza 'safe zones' led to displacement, Israeli attacks on civilians: Report". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ "Israel's evacuation orders in Gaza illegal: UN special rapporteur". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ "Macron tells Israel forced displacement of people from Rafah would be 'war crime'". Le Monde.fr. AFP. 25 March 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
- ^ "Israel's Rafah Evacuation Order 'Inhumane': UN". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
- ^ "UN agencies slam Israeli offensive in Rafah as 'darkest' day". Yahoo! News. DPA. 7 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
- ^ "Almost 40% of buildings within planned Gaza buffer zone said demolished". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
- ^ Shotter, James. "Israel demolishes buildings to create buffer zone within Gaza". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
- ^ "Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel Flash Update #153". ReliefWeb. UNOCHA. 15 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
- ^ Morris, Loveday. "What to know about Israel's controversial 'buffer zone' in Gaza". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
- ^ Lieber, Dov. "Israel Builds Buffer Zone Along Gaza Border, Risking New Rift With U.S." WSJ. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
- ^ "Israel's Gaza landgrab 'unjustified, by any view, under international law'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
- ^ "Gaza 'buffer zone' possible war crime: UN human rights chief". UN News. United Nations. 8 February 2024. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ Michaeli, Yarden; Avi, Scharf (28 March 2024). "Buffer Zone and Control Corridor: What the Israeli Army's Entrenchment in Gaza Looks Like". Haaretz. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
- ^ Salhani, Justin. "Israel has encroached on 32% of Gaza, Al Jazeera investigation shows". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ Ziv, Oren (20 February 2024). "Rugs, cosmetics, motorbikes: Israeli soldiers are looting Gaza homes en masse". +972 Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
- ^ Kubovich, Yaniv (21 February 2024). "Top IDF Lawyer: Some Soldiers' Behavior in Gaza Has 'Crossed the Criminal Threshold'". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
- ^ Fabian, Emanuel. "IDF's top lawyer warns against 'cases of unacceptable conduct' by troops in Gaza". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
- ^ "US Muslim group condemns Israeli soldiers looting Gaza". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
- ^ Rule 52. Pillage is prohibited. Archived 8 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Customary IHL Database, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)/Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Hague Convention on the Law and Customs of War on Land (Hague II), article 28 Archived 4 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ E. Lauterpacht, C. J. Greenwood, Marc Weller, The Kuwait Crisis: Basic Documents Archived 24 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine, Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 154. ISBN 0521463084
- ^ Kaufman, Ami. "Palestinian homes were destroyed 'for revenge,' says Israeli soldier who served in Gaza". CNN. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
- ^ Tanios, Clauda. "Israel's July strikes on Yemen's Hodeidah port a 'possible war crime', HR Watch says". Reuters. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
- ^ "Amnesty Says Israel Strikes On Hezbollah-linked Finance Firm Warrant War Crime Probe". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
- ^ Jalabi, Raya (11 October 2024). "UN says peacekeepers wounded by Israeli fire". Financial Times. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
- ^ Weiss, Debbie (2024-10-14). "Israel Says Hezbollah Using UN Troops in Lebanon as Human Shields as UNIFIL Refuses to Leave Combat Zones". The Algemeiner. Retrieved 2024-10-28.
- ^ a b Sewell, Abby; Hatoum, Bassam (5 November 2023). "A woman and 3 children are killed by an Israeli airstrike in south Lebanon, local officials say". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ "Lebanon: Israeli Strike an Apparent War Crime". Human Rights Watch. 14 November 2023. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ Serhan, Yasmeen (18 September 2024). "6 Questions About the Deadly Pager Attacks in Lebanon, Answered". Time. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) syrianrefugeeswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Statement by the Partner Organisations to the Safety of Journalists Platform on the one-year anniversary of Russia's invasion of Ukraine". Council of Europe. 24 February 2023. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ "RSF video investigation into the death of Reuters reporter Issam Abdallah in Lebanon: the journalists' vehicle was explicitly targeted". Reporters Without Borders. 29 October 2023. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
- ^ McNeill, Zane (10 October 2023). "Palestinian Journalists Targeted, Killed Amid Israel's Onslaught on Gaza". Truthout. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ "Israeli attack in southern Lebanon kills journalist, wounds several others". Al Jazeera. 13 October 2023. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ Sallon, Hélène (29 October 2023). "Guerre Israël-Hamas: selon RSF, les journalistes victimes de frappes au Liban étaient ciblés". Le Monde (in French). Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
- ^ Gebeily, Maya; Deutsch, Anthony; Clarke, David (7 December 2023). "Reuters journalist Issam Abdallah killed by Israeli tank, investigation finds". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
- ^ Carmel Luzati (26 December 2023). ""שני מטר למעלה זה היה פוגע בנו": צוות חדשות 13 תחת אש חיזבאללה" ["Two meters up it would have hurt us": News 13 team under fire from Hezbollah]. Channel 13 (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
- ^ "Israel-Hamas War: Update from Euan Ward". The New York Times. 31 October 2023. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ "Lebanon: Evidence of Israel's unlawful use of white phosphorus in southern Lebanon as cross-border hostilities escalate". Amnesty International. 31 October 2023. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
- ^ "Amnesty International says Israel used white phosphorus in Gaza, Lebanon". Al Jazeera. 2 November 2023. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
- ^ William Christou; Alex Horton; Meg Kelly (11 December 2023). "Israel used U.S.-supplied white phosphorus in Lebanon attack". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ^ a b c "Lebanon: Israel's White Phosphorous Use Risks Civilian Harm". Human Rights Watch. 5 June 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
- ^ Baaklini, Suzanne (8 November 2023). "Israel's phosphorous bombs destroyed over 4.5 million sq m of forest in southern Lebanon". L'Orient Today. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- ^ Wildfires in northern Israel ignited by Hezbollah rockets, burns over 2,500 acres The New Arab (4 June 2024)
- ^ "Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, following the transfer of the first suspect in the Mali investigation: "Intentional attacks against historic monuments and buildings dedicated to religion are grave crimes"". International Criminal Court. 26 September 2015. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
- ^ "Over 160 rescuers killed in year-long Israel-Hezbollah clashes, Lebanon's health minister reports". WION. 2024-10-25. Retrieved 2024-10-25.
- ^ "Israeli Attacks on Medics Apparent War Crimes". Human Rights Watch. 30 October 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
- ^ "Israeli missile strike hits hospital in southern Lebanon". Arab News. 11 November 2023. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- ^ "Four wounded in Israel strike on Lebanon ambulances: rescuers". Macau Business. Agence France-Presse. 5 November 2023. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
- ^ Anti-tank Missile Fired From Lebanon at Church Wounds Nine Israeli Soldiers, One Civilian Archived 26 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Adi Hashmonai for Haaretz, posted and retrieved 26 December 2023.
- ^ Hezbollah fires anti-tank missile at church in northern Israel, wounding civilian Archived 26 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Emanuel Fabian for Times of Israel, posted and retrieved 26 December 2023.
- ^ IDF: 9 troops hurt, including 1 seriously, while evacuating wounded man from church hit by Hezbollah Archived 26 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Emanuel Fabian for Times of Israel, posted and retrieved 26 December 2023.
- ^ "Two members of Hezbollah-affiliated rescue force in Lebanon killed in Israeli strike". Al Arabiya English. 11 January 2024. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ "نعيٌ رسمي.. 3 شهداء لـالهيئة الصحية إثر غارة العديسة و الصحة تستنكر" [Official obituary.. 3 martyrs of the “Health Authority” following the Al-Adaysah raid, and the “Health Authority” condemns]. Lebanon24 (in Arabic). 3 April 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ "Hezbollah launches rocket barrage after Israeli strikes on Lebanon kill 7". Al Jazeera. 27 March 2024. Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
- ^ "Israeli strikes in Lebanon kill 16, militant rockets kill 1 Israeli as cross-border violence soars". Associated Press. 27 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
- ^ "Human Rights Watch says Israel attack on Lebanon rescuers was unlawful". Arab News. 7 May 2024. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
- ^ "Lebanon: Flash Update #19 - Escalation of hostilities in south Lebanon, as of 29 May 2024 - Lebanon". ReliefWeb. 5 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
- ^ Crawford, Alex. "Lebanese emergency workers say they are under 'specific attack' by Israelis - but won't be intimidated to leave". Sky News. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
- ^ Saleh, Heba (5 October 2024). "Lebanon says 50 medics killed in past three days as Israel extends its bombardment". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
- ^ Jalabi, Raya; Tapper, Malaika Kanaaneh (14 October 2024). "Israel accused of targeting medics in Lebanon after 150 killed". Financial Times. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
- ^ Goodwin, Allegra; Qiblawi, Tamara (2 November 2024). "Israeli military dropped bombs in 'lethal proximity' of at least 19 Lebanese hospitals, CNN analysis finds". CNN. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
- ^ Harb, Ali (18 September 2024). "Do Lebanon explosions violate the laws of war?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
- ^ Oliphant, Roland; Confino, Jotam (18 September 2024). "Israel declares new phase of war after walkie-talkie bomb attacks". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
- ^ "UN denounces Lebanon device blasts as violation of international law". Voice of America. Agence France-Presse. 20 September 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
- ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
OliphantConfinowas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Boothby, William H. (18 September 2024). "Exploding Pagers and the Law". Articles of War. Lieber Institute for Law & Warfare. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Boothbywas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Article 7 - Prohibitions on the use of booby-traps and other devices". Protocol II to the 1980 CCW Convention as amended on 3 May 1996. International Humanitarian Law Databases. 3 May 1996. Retrieved 18 September 2024 – via International Committee of the Red Cross.
- ^ "The Joint Service Manual of the Law Of Armed Conflict" (PDF). Ministry of Defence. 2004. pp. 105–107. JSP383. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
6.7.3 Where combat between ground forces is neither taking place nor appears imminent, booby-traps may not be used at all in populated areas unless ... measures are taken to protect civilians from their effects, for example, the posting of warning [signs, the posting of] sentries, the issue of warnings or the provision of fences. 6.7.4 'It is prohibited to use booby-traps in the form of apparently harmless portable objects which are specifically designed and constructed to contain explosive material.'
- ^ "Law of War Manual" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. July 2023 [June 2015]. p. 398. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
- ^ "Israel-Lebanon latest: Israel had 'no connection' with deadly exploding pager attack, president claims". The Independent. 22 September 2024.
- ^ "Israel/OPT: Israel has unleashed wave of unlawful attacks on Palestinians in West Bank - new research". Amnesty International UK. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
- ^ "Shocking spike in use of unlawful lethal force by Israeli forces against Palestinians in the occupied West Bank". Amnesty International. 5 February 2024. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
- ^ Yeung, Isabel. "Israel accused of possible war crime over killing of West Bank boy". BBC. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
- ^ "PRCS says Israel committed hundreds of violations against its medical teams in West Bank". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
- ^ "Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel Flash Update #77". ReliefWeb. UNOCHA. 27 December 2023. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ "EU condemns demolition of Abu Diab's home in occupied East Jerusalem". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
- ^ "US official condemns demolition of Palestinian activist's home". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ "Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories amount to 'war crime': UN". South China Morning Post. Agence France-Presse and Reuters. 8 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ "Israeli settlements in Palestinian areas amount to a 'war crime' says UN rights office". PBS. Associated Press. 8 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ Schrader, Adam. "German Foreign Ministry condemns illegal Israeli settlements". UPI. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
- ^ "France Threatens New Sanctions Against West Bank Settlers". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
- ^ "Israel's settlement expansion is alarming and flies in face of international law". United Nations. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
- ^ a b c Thomas, Merlyn; Ryan, Jamie; Brown, Paul (17 May 2024). "Israel troops continue posting abuse footage despite pledge to act". BBC News. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
- ^ "Lack of accountability allows Israel to use 'excessive force' in West Bank: NRC chief". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ Frankel, Julia. "Israeli soldiers pushed three apparently lifeless bodies from roofs during a West Bank raid". Associated Press. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
- ^ a b Serhan, Yasmeen (13 October 2023). "Israel Accused of Using White Phosphorus in Gaza". TIME. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ a b Chehayeb, Kareem. "Rights group accuses Israel of hitting residential buildings with white phosphorous in Lebanon". apnews.com. AP News. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
- ^
- "Israel: White Phosphorus Used in Gaza, Lebanon". Human Rights Watch. 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- "Amnesty International shares evidence that Israel used white phosphorus in Gaza". A News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- Lyon, Emmett. "Israel accused of using controversial white phosphorus shells in Gaza amid war with Hamas". CBS News. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ "Human Rights Watch says Israel used white phosphorus in Gaza, Lebanon". Reuters. 13 October 2023. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- ^ "Israel: White Phosphorus Used in Gaza, Lebanon". Human Rights Watch. 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ Kelly, Meg. "Israel appears to use white phosphorus in Gaza, video shows". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- ^ null (31 October 2023). "Israel-Hamas War: Update from Euan Ward". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ "Evidence of Israel's unlawful use of white phosphorus in southern Lebanon as cross-border hostilities escalate". Amnesty International. 31 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ "Amnesty International says Israel used white phosphorus in Gaza, Lebanon". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
- ^ Baaklini, Suzanne (8 November 2023). "Israel's phosphorous bombs destroyed over 4.5 million sq m of forest in southern Lebanon". L'Orient Today.
- ^ Christou, William (11 December 2023). "Israel used U.S.-supplied white phosphorus in Lebanon attack". The Washington Post.
- ^ "Lebanon: Israel's White Phosphorous Use Risks Civilian Harm". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ Jalabi, Raya. "Israel launched a dozen attacks on UN troops in Lebanon, says leaked report". Financial Times. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ a b c Naffakh, Mahmoud (13 October 2023). "Israeli army tweets video that appears to show soldiers shooting Palestinians who surrendered". The Observers. France24. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ "X post by Al Jazeera English". X. Al Jazeera English. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ Gadzo, Mersiha; Rasheed, Zaheena; Rowlands, Lyndal; Regencia, Ted; Mohamed, Hamza; Pietromarchi, Virginia (10 October 2023). "Israel-Hamas war updates: Hamas claims release of woman and children". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ @EuroMedHR (October 11, 2023). "The crime scene has then been doctored & assault rifles appear to have been added to the bodies. These individuals may have been civilians who crossed the fence after its collapse. Their killing as they surrendered is an act of extrajudicial execution that constitutes a war crime" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ Frankel, Julia (15 December 2023). "Israeli military opens probe after videos show Israeli forces killing 2 Palestinians at close range". AP News.
- ^ Srivastava, Mehul; England, Andrew. "Israeli soldiers kill hostages waving white flag after mistaking them for Hamas fighters". Financial Times. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
- ^ Madani, Doha. "Hostage killings underscore IDF's shoot-first practice, HRW director says". NBC News. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
- ^ "Gaza shooting video shows 'flagrant disregard for Palestinian life'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
- ^ "Video shows Israeli sniper killing a Palestinian woman with white flag". Jordan News. 8 January 2024.
- ^ Irvine, John. "Moment innocent civilian brandishing white flag in Gaza 'safe zone' is shot dead in the street". ITV. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ "'It's a war crime': ITV News' Gaza clip sparks outrage from charities, US officials and Westminster". ITV. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ "'There are mistakes, it is war': Israeli commander indicates IDF were behind white flag shooting". ITV. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
- ^ "Shocked to find dozens of dead bodies: Witness". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
- ^ ""30 Palestinian Bodies Found In Gaza", Six-Week Ceasefire In New Israel-Hamas Hostage Deal?". News18. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
- ^ "Palestinian ngo calls for inquiry into forced disappearance after mass grave found in Gaza". La Prensa. EFE. Archived from the original on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
- ^ Allison, Ismail. "CAIR Says ICJ Should Probe Israeli Massacre of Bound Palestinians Dumped in Mass Grave". Council on American-Islamic Relations. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
- ^ "Palestinian foreign affairs ministry calls for investigation after discovery of mass grave". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
- ^ Zhang, Sharon. "Palestinians Uncover Dozens Killed Execution-Style in Schoolyard in Gaza". Truthout. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
- ^ "Israeli tanks have deliberately run over dozens of Palestinian civilians alive". ReliefWeb. Euro-Med Monitor. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ^ "Euro-Med Monitor: Israeli tanks ran over dozens of Palestinians". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ^ "More on shooting of two men in Gaza by Israeli forces". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
- ^ Lister, Tim; Goodwin, Allegra; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Salman, Abeer; Stambaugh, Alex; Murphy, Paul P. "Israel admits killing 2 Palestinians and then burying them with a bulldozer after shocking video surfaces". CNN. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
- ^ "PRCS says Israel must be held accountable after unarmed Palestinians shot in Gaza". Retrieved 2 April 2024.
- ^ "CAIR calls for UN probe of unarmed Palestinians killed by Israeli army". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
- ^ Tabachnick, Cara (15 December 2023). "3 hostages in Gaza were killed by friendly fire, Israeli military says - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Israel-Hamas war live updates: IDF says it mistakenly killed 3 Israeli hostages during fighting". NBC News. 15 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "IDF troops mistakenly open fire and kill 3 hostages in northern Gaza battlefield". Times of Israel.
- ^ Lubell, Maayan (16 December 2023). "Israeli hostages killed in Gaza were holding white flag, official says". Reuters. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
- ^ Beaumont, Peter (16 December 2023). "IDF says Israeli hostages it killed in Gaza were bare chested and waving white flag". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712.
- ^ Said, Summer; Cloud, David S.; Keller-Lynn, Carrie (16 December 2023). "Israel Says Its Soldiers Killed Israeli Hostages as They Held Up White Flag". WSJ.
- ^ Erlanger, Steven (17 December 2023). "Gaza Hostage Deaths Weaken Netanyahu's Grip on Power". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ ברנע, נחום (16 December 2023). "בשג'אעיה זו לא הייתה רק טרגדיה". ynet (in Hebrew). Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ Bohbot, Amir (25 December 2023). "IDF troops who killed hostages told to shoot fighting-age men in Gaza - report". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ Tufaha, Aref. "Israeli forces dressed as women and medics kill 3 militants in West Bank hospital". Associated Press. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
- ^ "IDF Storms Jenin Hospital, Killing 3 Palestinian Militants". TIME. 30 January 2024. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ "Israeli Security Forces may have violated international law in West Bank hospital raid, experts say". ABC News. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ Al-Shalchi, Hadeel. "Israeli forces raid a West Bank hospital, killing three Palestinians". NPR. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
- ^ Berg, Raffi. "Israeli forces kill three Palestinian fighters in West Bank hospital raid". BBC. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
- ^ Fahim, Kareem. "Israeli agents disguised as doctors, patients kill 3 at West Bank hospital". The Washington Post. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
- ^ Kaufman, Ellie. "IDF may have violated international law in West Bank hospital raid, experts say". ABC News. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
- ^ "Israel undercover agents kill 3 Palestinians in West Bank hospital". France24. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
- ^ Nobani, Ayman. "Assassination in Jenin hospital a 'war crime': Palestinian rights group". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
- ^ "Israeli Forces Strike Northern and Southern Gaza Amid Push for New Halt in Fighting". VOA. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
- ^ "Israeli Security Forces may have violated international law in West Bank hospital raid, experts say". ABC News. 30 January 2024.
- ^ "Israel Undercover Killings In West Bank Hospital May Be War Crime: UN Experts". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ "UN experts condemn outrageous disregard for Palestinian civilians during Israel's military operation in Nuseirat". United Nations. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ "Palestinian shop-owner used as human shield by Israeli forces". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ Shawer, Mosab. "West Bank human shield describes '100 breathless minutes' held by Israel". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
- ^ Holton, Kate. "Palestinian says Israeli soldiers used him as human shield in West Bank". Reuters. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ Nobani, Ayman. "Palestinian ambulance crew 'detained' while trying to help victims of Israeli West Bank shooting". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ Humaid, Maram. "'Beaten, stripped, used as human shield': Gaza victim recalls Israel terror". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
- ^ Rahaman Sarkar, Alisha. "Israeli troops strap injured Palestinian to jeep in West Bank as strikes kill 39 in Gaza". The Independent. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
- ^ Khoury, Jack. "Israeli Soldiers Filmed Using Detainees in Gaza as 'Human Shields'". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 2 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
- ^ Kobowitz, Yaniv; Hauser, Michael. "תחקיר "הארץ": צה"ל מפעיל אזרחים פלסטינים כמגינים אנושיים לסריקת מנהרות ומבנים בעזה". Haaretz (in Hebrew). Retrieved 17 August 2024.
- ^ Odenheimer, Natan; Shbair, Bilal; Kingsley, Patrick. "How Israel's Army Uses Palestinians as Human Shields in Gaza". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
- ^ "Egregious acts of torture, abuse committed by Israeli army against Palestinian civilians in the West Bank". Euromed. 1 November 2023.
- ^ "ت الاحتلال ينقل أسرى من سجن عوفر وهم عراة". Ajeel.
- ^ Pacchiani, Gianluca (1 November 2023). "IDF soldiers film themselves abusing, humiliating West Bank Palestinians". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- ^ "HRW says inhumane treatment of Palestinian detainees amounts to 'war crime'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
- ^ Northam, Jackie (12 November 2023). "Both sides of the Israeli-Hamas war are being accused of war crimes". NPR. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
- ^ "Urgently investigate inhumane treatment and enforced disappearance of Palestinians detainees from Gaza". Amnesty International. 20 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
- ^ Thomas, Merlyn. "Israeli soldier videos from Gaza could breach international law, experts say". BBC. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ Thomas, Merlyn. "Israel to act on soldier misconduct after BBC investigation". BBC. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ "UN Agency For Palestinians Says Israel Authorities Tortured Detained Staff". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ^ Diamond, Jeremy. "UN agency accuses Israel of detaining, coercing staffers into false confessions about ties to Hamas". CNN. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ^ Tirawi, Younis. "Social Media Posts Show Off Blindfolded and Bound Palestinian Detainees". Bellingcat. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
- ^ Qiblawi, Tamara (10 May 2024). "Israeli whistleblowers detail horror of shadowy detention facility for Palestinians". CNN. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
- ^ "Amnesty calls for end to Israel's 'incommunicado' detention of Gazans". The New Arab. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ a b Greyman-Kennard, Danielle; Joffre, Tzvi (6 March 2024). "UN Special Rapporteur 'unaware' of rocket attacks on Israel". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
- ^ "UN experts demand investigation into claims Israeli forces killed, raped and sexually assaulted Palestinian women and girls". CNN. 20 February 2024. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
- ^ "UN experts appalled by reported human rights violations against Palestinian women and girls". Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. United Nations. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
- ^ Lewis, Simon; Pamuk, Humeyra. "US reviewing reports of civilian harm by Israel, State Dept says". Reuters. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
- ^ "Cruel and systematic violations of Palestinian rights in Israeli prisons: Report". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
- ^ Al Tahhan, Zena. "Palestinian groups share testimonies of sexual assault, rape of prisoners". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
- ^ "Al Jazeera Says Its Story That IDF Soldiers are Raping Gazans Was Fabricated". The New York Sun. 25 March 2024. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ^ Kingsley, Patrick; Shbair, Bilal. "Inside the Base Where Israel Has Detained Thousands of Gazans". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ Levy, Gideon; Levac, Alex. "Palestinian Released From Israeli Prison Describes Beatings, Sexual Abuse and Torture". haaretz.com. Haaretz. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ "UN special rapporteurs decry underreporting of sexual violence against Palestinians". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people". OHCHR. 16 November 2023. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
Grave violations committed by Israel against Palestinians in the aftermath of 7 October, particularly in Gaza, point to a genocide in the making, UN experts said today. They illustrated evidence of increasing genocidal incitement, overt intent to "destroy the Palestinian people under occupation", loud calls for a 'second Nakba' in Gaza and the rest of the occupied Palestinian territory, and the use of powerful weaponry with inherently indiscriminate impacts, resulting in a colossal death toll and destruction of life-sustaining infrastructure.
- ^ Burga 2023; Corder 2024; Quigley 2024
- ^ Francesca Albanese (26 March 2024), Anatomy of a Genocide – Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese (PDF), Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Wikidata Q125152282, archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2024
- ^ Burga 2023; Soni 2023, p. 81
- ^ "International Expert Statement on Israeli State Crime". statecrime.org. International State Crime Initiative. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
- ^ Lynch, Marc; Telhami, Shibley (20 June 2024). "Gloom about the 'day after' the Gaza war pervasive among Mideast scholars". Brookings. Archived from the original on 26 June 2024. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
- ^ "UN Human Rights Office - OPT: Statement on the killing and arbitrary detention of health workers in Gaza - occupied Palestinian territory". ReliefWeb. 25 June 2024. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
- ^ "Reported impact snapshot | Gaza Strip, 28 August 2024 at 15:00". OCHA. 28 August 2024. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024.
- ^ Neuman, Scott; Baba, Anas; Wood, Daniel (1 June 2024). "In Gaza, months of war have left Palestinians with barely the necessities to survive". NPR. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024.
- ^ El Chamaa, Mohamad (1 December 2023). "Gazans mourn loss of their libraries: Cultural beacons and communal spaces". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023.
- ^ Moutafa, Laila Hussein (12 December 2023). "Opinion: When libraries like Gaza's are destroyed, what's lost is far more than books". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 August 2024.
- ^ "UN experts deeply concerned over 'scholasticide' in Gaza". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. United Nations. 18 April 2024. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024.
- ^ Stack, Liam; Shbair, Bilal (6 May 2024). "With Schools in Ruins, Education in Gaza Will Be Hobbled for Years". New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024.
- ^ "In Gaza, Palestinians hold Ramadan prayers by ruins of mosque". Reuters. 15 March 2024. Archived from the original on 18 August 2024.
- ^ Kansara, Reha; Nour, Ahmed (29 January 2024). "Israel-Gaza war: Counting the destruction of religious sites". BBC News. Archived from the original on 14 August 2024.
- ^ Saber, Indlieb Farazi (14 January 2024). "A 'cultural genocide': Which of Gaza's heritage sites have been destroyed?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 13 August 2024.
- ^ Schwarz, Franziska (16 August 2024). ""Düsterer Meilenstein": UN benennt Zahl der täglichen Toten im Gazastreifen" ["Gloomy milestone": UN names number of daily deaths in the Gaza Strip]. Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). Archived from the original on 23 August 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- ^ a b Tantesh, Malak A.; Graham-Harrison, Emma (15 August 2024). "Gaza rubble likely to conceal untold horrors to swell 40,000 death toll". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- ^ Spagat, Mike (28 May 2024). "Gaza Ministry of Health releases detailed new casualty data amidst confusion of UN's death numbers in Gaza". Action On Armed Violence. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
- ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma (25 February 2024). "Gaza death toll set to pass 30,000, as Israel prepares assault on Rafah". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024.
- ^ "Journalist casualties in the Israel-Gaza war". Committee to Protect Journalists. 22 June 2024. Archived from the original on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
- ^ Buschek, Christo; Christoph, Maria; Kalisch, Muriel; Kollig, Dajana; Obermaier, Frederik; Retter, Maria (25 June 2024). "(S+) The Gaza Project: Sie berichten aus der Todeszone – viele kostet das ihr Leben" [(S+) The Gaza Project: They report from the death zone – many lose their lives]. Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- ^ "Gaza war 'most dangerous ever' for journalists, says rights group". Reuters. 21 December 2023. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023.
- ^ Massoud, Bassam; Fick, Maggie (23 December 2023). "Gaza death toll: why counting the dead has become a daily struggle". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Application Instituting Proceedings (PDF), Application of Convention on Prevention and Punishment of Crime of Genocide (S. Afr. v. Isr.), No. 192 (ICJ 29 December 2023), archived from the original on 5 January 2024.
- ^ Donoghue 2024, 5:10 ("The court decided that the Palestinians had a plausible right to be protected from genocide, and that South Africa had the right to present that claim in the court."); Order, S. Afr., No. 192 (ICJ 26 January 2024), ¶ 54 ("In the Court's view, the facts and circumstances mentioned above are sufficient to conclude that at least some of the rights claimed by South Africa and for which it is seeking protection are plausible. This is the case with respect to the right of the Palestinians in Gaza to be protected from acts of genocide and related prohibited acts identified in Article III, and the right of South Africa to seek Israel's compliance with the latter's obligations under the Convention.").
- ^ Order, S. Afr., No. 192 (ICJ 26 January 2024).
- ^ Simon, Scott; Peralta, Eyder (27 January 2024). "ICJ finds genocide case against Israel 'plausible', orders it to stop violations". NPR. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ a b Casciani, Dominic (16 May 2024). "Israel-Gaza: What did the ICJ ruling really say?". BBC. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
- ^ Casciani, Dominic (28 May 2024). "Israel-Gaza: What does ICJ ruling on Israel's Rafah offensive mean?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024.
- ^ Marsi, Federica; Siddiqui, Usaid; Motamedi, Maziar (28 March 2024). "ICJ orders Israel to stop preventing 'delivery of urgently needed' aid". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
- ^ "'Not only false, it's outrageous': Netanyahu rejects Gaza genocide charges". NBC News. 26 January 2024. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ Pollard, Stephen (10 May 2024). "No, Israel isn't committing genocide". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
- ^ Segal, Raz (14 May 2024). "How Weaponizing Antisemitism Puts Jews at Risk". Time. Archived from the original on 14 September 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
- ^ Cook, Jonathan (7 March 2024). "How the 'fight against antisemitism' became a shield for genocide". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
- ^ "UN rights officials call for Israel arms embargo; FM: They're cooperating with Hamas". Times of Israel. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ "Arms exports to Israel must stop immediately: UN experts". United Nations. OHCHR. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ "UN Experts Call for Arms Embargo Against Israel Over Gaza War". Haaretz. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ "UK Government's Public Position on Weapons Licences to Israel Inconsistent, Explanation Requested". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ "Nicaragua says Germany facilitates genocide by aiding Israel". DW. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ Yousif, Nadine. "Canada faces lawsuit over military exports to Israel". BBC. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
- ^ Ljunggren, David. "Canadian freeze on new arms export permits to Israel to stay". Reuters. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ "Denmark: NGOs sue the Danish state to stop arms exports to Israel". Amnesty International. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Israeli Assurances to Use US Arms Legally Are Not Credible". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
- ^ Wintour, Patrick. "Cameron urged to publish Foreign Office legal advice on Israel's war in Gaza". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ Siddique, Haroon; Courea, Eleni; Wintour, Patrick. "Former supreme court judges say UK arming Israel breaches international law". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
- ^ Helm, Toby. "UK government lawyers say Israel is breaking international law, claims top Tory in leaked recording". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
- ^ "Amnesty calls on 'all states' to halt weapons transfers to Israel, Palestinian groups". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
- ^ Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle. "UN experts say firms sending arms to Israel could be complicit in abuses". Reuters. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
- ^ "Türkiye slams US, West over complicity in Israeli war crimes in Gaza". Daily Sabah. 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
- ^ Rueda, Manuel. "Israel suspends military exports to Colombia over its president's criticism of Gaza siege". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
- ^ "Egypt's Sisi, Jordan King Condemn 'Collective Punishment' In Gaza". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ Danner, Chas (23 October 2023). "Everything We Know About the Gaza City Hospital Blast". Intelligencer. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ^ Logan, Nick (26 October 2023). "Why open-source intelligence can help and hinder understanding of what's happening in Gaza, Israel". CBC. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ^ "Ep 38 - Fog of War". Media Watch. abc.net.au. 23 October 2023. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ^ O’Leary, Naomi; McGreevy, Ronan. "Gaza hospital explosion should be 'investigated as a war crime' - Michael D Higgins". The Irish Times. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
- ^ "Chile recalls its ambassador to Israel over 'unacceptable' violations in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
- ^ Dogan, Sinan. "Chile's president denounces Israeli attack on Gaza hospital". AA. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
- ^ Ramaphosa, Cyril. "Peace will not be possible until Palestinians are free". The Presidency of the Republic of South Africa. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
- ^ Verdélio, Andreia (25 October 2023). "President Lula says war in the Middle East is genocide". Agência Brasil. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- ^ "Deputy PM calls on Belgian government to sanction Israel". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ "Norwegian prime minister questions how Gaza war will create long-term security". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
- ^ "Spain PM Sanchez angers Israel with comments on Gaza again". Reuters. 30 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- ^ "Spain PM urges Israel to end 'indiscriminate killing' in Gaza". The Business Standard. 15 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ "Abbas: Israel's war on Gaza is 'genocide'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ Everett, Mariamne. "As Israel bombs Gaza, Ireland's enduring support of Palestine gets stronger". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ Barber, Harriet (3 December 2023). "Qatar PM demands investigation into Israeli 'crimes'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
- ^ "Qatar PM demands investigation into Israeli 'crimes'". Ynetnews. 3 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
- ^ Kim, Victoria (13 December 2023). "The U.S. criticizes Israel for 'indiscriminate' bombing in Gaza". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ^ Burke, Jason. "China and Russia harden positions on Gaza as war stirs geopolitical tensions". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
- ^ "Indonesia Urges UN Security Council to Immediately End War in Gaza". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
- ^ Shahid, Abdulla. "X post by Abdulla Shahid". X. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
- ^ "Iranian FM writes to UN Human Rights Chief, calls for measures to stop "Gaza genocide"". Islamic Republic of Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- ^ "Russia says Israeli bombardment of Gaza is against international law". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
- ^ "Russia calls for 'immediate end to bloodshed'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ "Syria denounced Western support for Israel's massacre in Gaza". Prensa Latina. 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- ^ Magid, Jacob. "9 Arab nations – including Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Morocco – accuse Israel of 'collective punishment'". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- ^ "Oman calls for war crimes investigation into Israel". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
- ^ "Qatar Calls For International Probe Into Israeli Raids On Gaza Hospitals". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ "Jordan's foreign minister: events in Gaza qualify as genocide". Ynetnews. Reuters. 27 November 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
- ^ "Egypt warns of Rafah invasion dangers". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ Francis, Sam (9 January 2024). "David Cameron worried Israel may have broken international law in Gaza". BBC. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
- ^ "Lord Cameron denies suggesting Israel has committed war crimes in Gaza". The Independent. 14 January 2024.
- ^ "Italy says Israeli response to Hamas 'disproportionate'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ "Israel complains after Vatican denounces 'carnage' and disproportionate response". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ^ Borrell, Josep. "Gaza: starvation and bloodbath". European Union External Action. European Union. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ "EU's Borrell: Consider sanctions on Ben Gvir, Smotrich for 'incitement to war crimes'". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
- ^ Specia, Megan (28 March 2024). "Ireland to Intervene in South Africa's Genocide Case Against Israel at the World Court". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
- ^ "Spanish Minister suggests taking Israel to ICC for 'war crimes'". Middle East Monitor. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
- ^
- Johnson, Jake (16 October 2023). "Spanish Minister Says Netanyahu Should Be Brought Before ICC for War Crimes". Common Dreams. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- "Belarra: Netanyahu debe ser juzgado en la Corte Penal Internacional" [Belarra: Netanyahu must be tried at the International Criminal Court]. TRT Español (in Spanish). 16 October 2023. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- Cabanillas, Ana (16 October 2023). "Belarra pide a Sánchez llevar a Netanyahu a la Corte Penal Internacional para juzgarle por crímenes de guerra" [Belarra asks Sánchez to take Netanyahu to the International Criminal Court to try him for war crimes]. Sport.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ "PT classifica como "genocídio" ação de Israel na Faixa de Gaza". Poder360 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 16 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- ^ "'Brutal Israeli onslaught': Sri Lankan MPs call for ceasefire in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ Jobain, Najib; Kullab, Samya; Nessman, Ravi (19 October 2023). "Gaza awaits aid from Egypt as Israel readies troops for ground assault". AP News. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ Shahid Ahmed, Akbar (20 December 2023). "Amid U.N. Security Council Intrigue, U.S. Privately Moves To Block Another Option For International Accountability For Gaza". HuffPost. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
- ^ Keane, Fergal. "IDF soldiers should refuse orders that may be war crimes, Israeli ex-security adviser tells BBC". BBC News. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ Suter, Tara (13 February 2024). "Senate Democrat accuses Israel of 'textbook war crime' in Gaza". The Hill. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ "Netanyahu will go down in history for 'using hunger as a weapon' in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ "'Israel committing war crime after war crime in broad daylight': Australian senator". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
- ^ "Malta: denying aid 'may amount to crime against humanity'". The New Arab. 19 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
- ^ "Qatar affirms bombing of Qatar Committee for Reconstruction of Gaza Headquarters will not deter it from providing assistance to the Strip". Gulf Times. 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
- ^ "Israel's Rafah operation a 'red line'; must be in UN resolution: France". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ Chiappa, Claudia. "Israel wants to obliterate Gaza to deter Iran, Hezbollah, says Dutch memo". Politico. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
- ^ "Abject failure to forge ceasefire means international community complicit in unfolding catastrophe in Gaza". Oxfam. 6 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ^ "The unfolding genocide against the Palestinians must stop immediately". International Federation for Human Rights. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ^ "Aiding Israel's War Objectives Practices of UN Aid Agencies in Gaza in Breach of International Humanitarian Law". Al-Haq. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
- ^ "Pushing people from Gaza into Egypt would constitute an 'atrocity crime': NRC". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ Kasasira, Risdel (20 January 2024). "The Non-Aligned Movement calls Israel's war in Gaza illegal and condemns attacks on Palestinians". Associated Press. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
- ^ "Amnesty says countries sending arms to Israel contributing to war crimes". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ^ Callamard, Agnès (15 February 2024). "Gaza and the End of the Rules-Based Order". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
- ^ "Human Rights Watch says international law being 'demolished' in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ "US, European nations allow Israel to act with impunity: Rights group". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
- ^ "Despite ICJ measures, Israel continues 'indiscriminate' bombings". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "World Council of Churches condemns Israel's conduct in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ "Red Cross urges adherence to Geneva Conventions, 75 years on". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
- ^ a b "Israel/occupied Palestinian territory: UN experts deplore attacks on civilians, call for truce and urge international community to address root causes of violence". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 12 October 2023.
- ^ "UN experts say Israel's strikes on Gaza amount to 'collective punishment'". Reuters. 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ^ "Israel's Strikes on Gaza Are Some of the Most Intense This Century". The New York Times. 25 October 2023.
- ^ "Israel must rescind evacuation order for northern Gaza and comply with international law: UN expert". OHCHR. 13 October 2023. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ "UN expert warns of new instance of mass ethnic cleansing of Palestinians, calls for immediate ceasefire". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 14 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
- ^ "Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people". OHCHR. 16 November 2023. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
Grave violations committed by Israel against Palestinians in the aftermath of 7 October, particularly in Gaza, point to a genocide in the making, UN experts said today. They illustrated evidence of increasing genocidal incitement, overt intent to "destroy the Palestinian people under occupation", loud calls for a 'second Nakba' in Gaza and the rest of the occupied Palestinian territory, and the use of powerful weaponry with inherently indiscriminate impacts, resulting in a colossal death toll and destruction of life-sustaining infrastructure.
- ^ "Urgently investigate inhumane treatment and enforced disappearance of Palestinians detainees from Gaza". Amnesty International. 20 December 2023. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
- ^ "UN Human Rights Office – OPT: Disturbing reports from the north of Gaza of mass detentions, ill-treatment and enforced disappearances of possibly thousands of Palestinians – occupied Palestinian territory". ReliefWeb. 16 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
- ^ "Arms exports to Israel must stop immediately: UN experts". OHCHR. 23 February 2024. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
- ^ Mian, Louis (27 March 2024). "'Reasonable grounds' to believe Israel is committing genocide in Gaza, UN rights expert says". CNN. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
- ^ "Gaza: Israel's dehumanisation of displaced persons must end, says UN expert". OHCHR. United Nations. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ "'War crimes' as Gaza homes 'systematically destroyed': UN expert". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ "Events in Gaza stem from 'institutionalised impunity'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ "At Rafah crossing, Türk says both Israel and Hamas have committed war crimes". UN News. United Nations. 8 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
- ^ Massoud, Adla (4 March 2024). "Israel accuses UNRWA of hiring hundreds of 'terrorists' as agency claims torture of staff". The National. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ "UNRWA report says Israel coerced some agency employees to falsely admit Hamas links". Reuters. 9 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
- ^ "Israel abused Gaza war detainees, UN report alleges". BBC News. 8 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ "Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people". OHCHR. United Nations. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ "Cutting off clean water is crime against humanity: UN expert". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ Griffiths, Martin (17 November 2023). "Mr. Martin Griffiths, Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator - Informal Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Humanitarian Situation in the Gaza Strip - Virtual, Friday, 17 November 2023". UNOCHA. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ "Transcript: Phillippe Lazzarini, UNRWA commissioner general, on "Face the Nation," Nov. 26, 2023". CBS News. Face the Nation. 26 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
- ^ "UN Experts Urge War Crimes Probe In Israel, Palestinian Territories". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
- ^ "UN's Türk urges probe into alleged sexual violence during Hamas terror attacks". UN News. United Nations. 6 December 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ "UN expert condemns 'unrelenting war' on health system amid airstrikes on hospitals and health workers". UNHRC. United Nations. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ^ Nichols, Michelle. "UN chief calls for Gaza truce, massive lifesaving aid deliveries". Reuters. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ "UN Chief Assails Israel for Blocking Gaza Aid Trucks". VOA. 24 March 2024. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ^ Nichols, Michelle. "UN chief says lack of accountability on UN staff killings in Gaza 'unacceptable'". Reuters. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
- ^ "UN will describe Israel and Hamas as violating children's rights in armed conflict". Politico. Associated Press. June 7, 2024. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
- ^ "Israel military on UN failing to protect children list". BBC News. June 7, 2024. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
- ^ Al Jazeera staff (7 June 2024). "UN adding Israel to 'blacklist' of countries harming children in conflict". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ "UN spokesman blasts Erdan for 'shocking' decision to release video of call informing him Israel on 'list of shame'". June 7, 2024. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
- ^ "Independent rights probe highlights Israeli 'destruction and dislocation' tactics in Gaza". UN News. United Nations. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
- ^ "UK unable to conclude Israel followed international law in Gaza, court documents show". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
- ^ Wintour, Patrick (19 January 2024). "Foreign Office lawyers 'unable to conclude if Israeli bombing was lawful'". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
- ^ Nissenbaum, Dion. "U.S. Probes Israeli Strikes That Killed Civilians in Gaza, Possible Use of White Phosphorus in Lebanon". WSJ. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ^ Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle. "U.N. expert on torture examines treatment of Palestinian detainees". Reuters. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ "Israel to investigate airstrike that killed five men walking in Gaza". Sky News. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ "US says video showing Israeli drone killing 4 Palestinians 'disturbing'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ^ Pamuk, Humeyra; Landay, Jonathan. "Blinken denies US double standard over alleged Israeli rights abuses". Reuters. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
- ^ Pamuk, Humeyra. "Some US officials say in internal memo Israel may be violating international law in Gaza". Reuters. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
- ^ Borger, Julian (29 April 2024). "US finds Israeli units committed human rights abuses before Gaza war". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
- ^ Pamuk, Humeyra. "US says Israel's use of weapons may have violated international law". Reuters. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
- ^ Maanit, Chen. "Top Israeli Military Lawyer Investigating About 70 Possible Legal Violations During Gaza War". Haaretz. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
- ^ Frankel, Julia; Jeffery, Jack. "The Israeli army says it investigates itself. Where do those investigations stand?". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
- ^ "State prosecutor seeking probe of Ben Gvir for anti-Gazan incitement". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
- ^ לפקוביץ, ישראל. "ישראל העבירה לארה"ב עדויות מהטבח, מלבד של החיילים". Behadrei Haredim (in Hebrew). Retrieved 13 September 2024.
- ^ Giordano, Elena. "Belgium opens war crime probe into Brussels man fighting for Israel in Gaza". Politico. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
- ^ "Three rights groups file ICC lawsuit against Israel over Gaza 'genocide'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
- ^ "ICC suit filed against Israel over 'genocide'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
- ^ El-Assasy, Ahmad. "Colombia Confirms Support Algeria's Lawsuit against Netanyahu". Sada El-Balad. Archived from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
- ^ Iordache, Ruxandra (14 November 2023). "Human Rights Watch calls for investigation into Israeli hostilities against Gaza Strip hospitals". CNBC. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ "Lawyers for Gaza victims file case at International Criminal Court". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ "Netanyahu should be arrested: South Africa's foreign minister". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ Magome, Mogomotsi (16 November 2023). "South Africa refers Israel to ICC over Gaza attacks as pressure mounts to cut diplomatic ties". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ "Israel is committing war crimes in Palestinian territories, five nations charge". Jerusalem Post. 17 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ Gumrukcu, Tuvan. "Erdogan tells UN chief Israel must be tried in international courts for Gaza crimes". Reuters. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
- ^ "DAWN submits to ICC Prosecutor List of 40 Israeli Commanding Officers Executing and Planning Gaza Assault". DAWN. 20 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
- ^ "Reporters Without Borders files second Gaza complaint to ICC". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
- ^ "100 Chilean lawyers accuse Netanyahu of war crimes, file complaint at ICC: Report". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ Madry, Kylie. "Mexico, Chile refer Israel-Hamas conflict to ICC over potential crimes". Reuters. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
- ^ "Mexico and Chile ask International Criminal Court to investigate possible crimes in Gaza". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
- ^ "Dutch lawyer submits case against 1,000 Israeli soldiers to ICC". The New Arab. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
- ^ Macaskill, Andrew. "Israel concerned over possible ICC arrest warrants related to Gaza war". Reuters. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ van den Berg, Stephanie. "Gaza hospital staff questioned by ICC war crimes prosecutors". Reuters. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
- ^ "RSF files third complaint with ICC about Israeli war crimes against journalists in Gaza". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ Haque, Adil Ahmad. ""With Utmost Urgency": Arrest Warrants and Amicus Observations at the International Criminal Court". Just Security. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
- ^ Chao-Fong, Léonie; Belam, Martin; Ahmad, Reged (29 December 2023). "Israel-Gaza war live: Israel hits back at South Africa after it launches genocide case at UN's top court". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
- ^ a b c d "South Africa launches case at top UN court accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza". AP News. 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ^ Carl, Traci (29 December 2023). "South Africa accuses Israel of genocide in a U.N. court". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
- ^ "kalimat alwazir 'ahmad eataaf fi alaijtimae alwizarii altahdirii lilqimat altaasieat eashar liharakat eadam alainhiaz" كلمة الوزير أحمد عطاف في الاجتماع الوزاري التحضيري للقمة التاسعة عشر لحركة عدم الانحياز [Minister Ahmed Attaf's speech at the ministerial preparatory meeting for the nineteenth Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement] (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Human Rights Watch 2024.
- ^ "Bolivia to support South Africa's ICJ genocide case against Israel". The Jerusalem Post. 8 January 2024. Archived from the original on 8 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
- ^ "Bolivia backs South Africa's 'historic' ICJ action against Israeli regime". Islamic Republic News Agency. 8 January 2024. Archived from the original on 8 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
- ^ a b "Israel to face Gaza genocide charges at World Court". CNBC. 11 January 2024. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ^ "Brazil's Lula expresses support for South Africa ICJ submission". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
- ^ "What to Know About South Africa's Genocide Case Against Israel". TIME. 10 January 2024. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ^ "Chile apoya demanda de Sudáfrica contra Israel por genocidio ante la CIJ" [Chile supports South Africa's lawsuit against Israel for genocide before the ICJ] (in Spanish). 11 January 2024. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ "China tells ICJ justice 'must not be denied' to Palestinians". Al Jazeera. 22 February 2024. Archived from the original on 21 April 2024.
- ^ "China wants Israel to end 'collective punishment' of Palestinians in Gaza". Middle East Monitor. 10 January 2024. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024.
- ^ "Comunicado sobre la demanda presentada por Sudáfrica contra Israel en la Corte Internacional de Justicia" [Statement on the lawsuit filed by South Africa against Israel at the International Court of Justice]. www.cancilleria.gov.co (in Spanish). 10 January 2024. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ a b "ma hi alduwal alati tadeam qadiat al'iibadat aljamaeiat alati rafaeatha janub 'afriqia dida 'iisrayiyl fi mahkamat aleadl alduwaliati?" ما هي الدول التي تدعم قضية الإبادة الجماعية التي رفعتها جنوب أفريقيا ضد إسرائيل في محكمة العدل الدولية؟ [Which countries support South Africa's genocide case against Israel at the International Court of Justice?] (in Arabic). 9 January 2024. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ^ Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2024.
- ^ Motamedi, Maziar; Adler, Nils. "Drone attack kills three US service members at Jordan base near Syria". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ "Iraq backs South Africa's case against Israel at ICJ". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- ^ "UN rapporteur welcomes Ireland joining South Africa in ICJ case". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
- ^ "Jordan backs South Africa ICJ genocide file against Israel". The New Arab. 5 January 2024. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ "alkharijiat tuelin tayidaha lidaewaa janub 'iifriqia dida 'iisrayiyl 'amam mahkamat aleadl alduwalia" الخارجية تعلن تأييدها لدعوى جنوب إفريقيا ضد إسرائيل أمام محكمة العدل الدولية [The Foreign Ministry announces its support for South Africa's lawsuit against Israel before the International Court of Justice] (in Arabic). 11 January 2024. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ "Libya Supports South Africa In Case Against Israel At International Court Of Justice – OpEd". 14 January 2024. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ a b Conley, Julia (3 January 2024a). "Turkey, Malaysia Back South Africa's ICJ Genocide Case Against Israel". Common Dreams. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
- ^ "Maldives supports ICJ inquiry into alleged Israeli genocide". PSM News. 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
- ^ Stepansky, Joseph; Kestler-D'Amours, Jillian (29 May 2024). "Israel's war on Gaza updates: 'Rafah is on fire' - Mexico seeks to join South Africa's genocide case against Israel". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024.
- ^ Shamim 2024.
- ^ "SADR Government Welcomes the ICJ Ruling on South Africa vs. Israel". Sahara Press Service. 27 January 2024. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
- ^ "St Vincent backs South Africa at ICJ against Israel". Trinidad & Tobago Guardian. 12 January 2024. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ "Minister Fajon: Slovenia one of the few EU Member States in the ICJ advisory opinion proceedings against Israel | GOV.SI". Portal GOV.SI. 11 January 2024. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
Slovenia supports the proceedings regarding the violation of the Genocide Convention, both in the case of Ukraine and Palestine.
- ^ "Slovenia to join UN General Assembly case against Israel". Slovenia Times. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
Fajon hopes the court will call on Israel at an early stage of procedure to end the military operation because it could take several years for a final decision to be reached on the genocide accusation.
- ^ "España se suma al procedimiento contra Israel iniciado por Sudáfrica en la Corte Internacional de Justicia" [Spain joins the proceeding against Israel initiated by South Africa at the International Court of Justice] (in Spanish). 6 June 2024. Archived from the original on 6 June 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
- ^ "Syria condemns US-British aggression on Yemen". 12 January 2024. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ "Zanu PF hails SA suit against Israeli genocide". The Herald. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ "Zanu PF wades into Gaza conflict". Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ "African Union chief 'welcomes' UN court Gaza ruling". L'Orient Today. Agence France-Presse. 27 January 2024. Archived from the original on 24 August 2024.
- ^ Gadzo, Mersiha; Osgood, Brian (27 January 2024). "African Union chief reacts to UN court Gaza ruling". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ "Gaza Ruling". Barron's. 27 January 2024. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ "League of Arab States endorses South Africa's legal action against Israel". www.leagueofarabstates.net. 10 January 2024. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ Cooperation, Organization of Islamic (30 December 2023). "OIC Welcomes South Africa's International Court of Justice Suit against Israel Over Genocide". The Fifth Islamic Conference of Labour Ministers. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ Palestine Chronicle Staff (5 January 2024). "Türkiye, Malaysia, OIC Back South Africa's Case Against Israel at ICJ". The Palestine Chronicle. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
- ^ Rédaction Africanews; Adu-Gyamfi, Kwabena (20 January 2024). "African leaders criticize Israel's military campaign in Gaza, call for an immediate cease-fire". Africa News. Archived from the original on 24 August 2024.
- ^ Harb, Ali (21 January 2024). "'End Israel's colonialism': Palestine welcomes ceasefire call". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
- ^ Jimoh 2024; Conley 2024b; The Palestine Chronicle 2024b
- ^ a b c d e f g h "We Support South Africa's Genocide Convention Case Against Israel". Progressive International. 8 January 2024. Archived from the original on 8 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d "Organizational Sign-on Letter Calling on States to Support South Africa's Genocide Convention Case Against Israel at the ICJ". Google Forms. 30 December 2023. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ a b c "Welcoming South Africa's Principled Move to Pursue Justice for Israel's Genocide against Palestinians in Gaza at the International Court of Justice". Al-Haq. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ "International court hearings: A crucial step for protecting Palestinian civilians, says Amnesty". Helsinki Times. 12 January 2024. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024.
- ^ Alsaafin, Linah; Osgood, Brian; Harb, Ali (11 January 2024). "Amnesty International calls ICJ hearings 'vital step' to protect Palestinians". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- ^ "Boycott from Within Twitter Page: Likes". Twitter. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Garriga, Melissa (2 January 2024). "Peace Groups Urge Countries to Join South Africa in Charging Israel With Genocide" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: CodePink. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Jimoh 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Conley 2024b.
- ^ De-Colonizer (16 January 2024). "N/A". Facebook. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ^ "South Africa launches case at top UN court accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza". Associated Press. 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ "Genocide Case against Israel at World Court". Human Rights Watch. 10 January 2024. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Weller, Marc (10 January 2024). "Does the ICJ have the Legal Authority to Pronounce itself on the Right to Self-Defence?". EJIL: Talk!. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ^ Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions (4 January 2024). "N/A". Facebook. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ Neiman, Ofer (12 January 2024). "N/A". Twitter. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ Soussi, Alasdair (11 January 2024). "Who is Israeli MP Ofer Cassif, why is he backing South Africa at the ICJ?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ Heinrich, Mark. "Reaction to South Africa's UN court case against Israel's war in Gaza". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ "Labour urges government to back Gaza genocide case at International Court". Radio New Zealand. 10 January 2024. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ New Zealand Labour Party (10 January 2024). "Release: Labour calls on Govt to intervene in case against Israel". Labour. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
- ^ "Nothing Justifies Genocide: ICJ Hearings – South Africa v. Israel". Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. 11 January 2024. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ Roelf, Wendell; Sterling, Toby (29 December 2023). "South Africa files genocide case against Israel at World Court". Reuters. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
- ^ "South Africa launches case at top UN court accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza". AP News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
- ^ Rifai, Sulaiman Lebbe (24 January 2024). "The Genocide in Gaza and the Contempt of International Law: Some Reflections". doi:10.2139/ssrn.4704652. S2CID 267982579. Archived from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ a b Corder, Mike. "South Africa's genocide case against Israel sets up a high-stakes legal battle at the UN's top court". ABC News. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ^ Tanielian 2024, p. 2.
- ^ "South Africa asks World Court for more measures against Israel". Reuters. 6 March 2024. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024.
- ^ "Continued attacks on Rafah are 'in breach of international humanitarian law': Norway's FM". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ a b c d McGreal, Chris (13 November 2023). "US rights group sues Biden for alleged 'failure to prevent genocide' in Gaza". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
- ^ a b Mansoor, Sanya (21 November 2023). "Pro-Palestinian Americans Are Pushing Biden to Pivot". TIME. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
- ^ Hanson, Natalie (23 November 2023). "Palestinians file lawsuit accusing Biden administration of violating Genocide Convention". Courthouse News Service.
- ^ Hubler, Shawn (1 February 2024). "A federal judge dismisses a suit to block U.S. support of Israel — but urges Biden to re-examine his approach". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ "Rights orgs sue Netherlands over F-35 parts to Israel". France 24. 4 December 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
- ^ "Netherlands can keep delivering F-35 parts to Israel, court rules | NL Times". nltimes.nl. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
- ^ "Appeals court orders Netherlands to stop delivering F-35 fighter jet parts to Israel | NL Times". nltimes.nl. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
- ^ "Legal and human rights groups take UK government to High Court over arms exports to Israel". Al-Haq | Defending Human rights in Palestine since 1979. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
- ^ Abdul, Geneva (6 December 2023). "UK government faces legal challenge over arms exports to Israel". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
- ^ Wintour, Patrick. "Lawyers seeking arms export ban submit claims of Israeli war crimes to UK court". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
- ^ "Joint Media Release: Palestinian human rights organisations launch court action to reveal 'secret' arms exports from Australia to Israel". Australian Centre for International Justice. 5 November 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
- ^ Canales, Sarah Basford (5 November 2023). "Legal action attempts to force Australia to reveal if arms exports are supporting Israel assault on Gaza". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
- ^ "Canada faces lawsuit over military exports to Israel". 5 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- ^ Benson, Chris. "South Korean lawsuit levels charges against Israeli officials for alleged war crimes in Gaza". UPI. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
Sources
- Investigating war crimes in Gaza (YouTube). Al Jazeera Investigations. 3 October 2024.
- Burga, Solcyré (13 November 2023). "Is What's Happening in Gaza a Genocide? Experts Weigh In". Time. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- Conley, Julia (3 January 2024b). "100+ Global Rights Groups Urge Support for South Africa's Genocide Case Against Israel at ICJ". Common Dreams. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- Corder, Mike (2 January 2024). "South Africa's genocide case against Israel sets up a high-stakes legal battle at the UN's top court". ABC News. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- "Cuba apoya la demanda de Sudáfrica ante la Corte Internacional de Justicia contra el genocidio de Israel en Palestina" [Cuba supports South Africa's lawsuit before the International Court of Justice against Israel's genocide in Palestine]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in Spanish). 11 January 2024. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024.
- Donoghue, Joan (25 April 2024). "Joan Donoghue – Former President of the International Court of Justice". HARDtalk (Interview). Interviewed by Stephen Sackur. BBC. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
- "World Court to hear Genocide Case Against Israel". Human Rights Watch. 10 January 2024. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
- Jimoh, Abdullahi (4 January 2024). "Over 100 Global Organisations Rally for South Africa's Genocide Case Against Israel at ICJ". News Central TV. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- "South Africa's ICJ Case Against Israel Backed by Over 1,000 Organizations". The Palestine Chronicle. 10 January 2024. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- Quigley, John (3 July 2024). "The Lancet and Genocide By "Slow Death" in Gaza". Arab Center Washington DC. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
- Shamim, Sarah (11 January 2024). "Which countries back South Africa's genocide case against Israel at ICJ?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- Soni, S. (December 2023). "Gaza and international law: The global obligation to protect life and health". South African Journal of Bioethics and Law. 16 (3): 80–81. doi:10.7196/SAJBL.2023.v16i3.1764.
- Tanielian, Melanie S. (5 February 2024). "The Silent Slow Killer of Famine: Humanitarian Management and Permanent Security". Journal of Genocide Research: 1–9. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2310866.
External links
- "A Cartography of Genocide" via Forensic Architecture (25 October 2024)
