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Hans Beißwenger

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Hans Beißwenger
The head of a young man, shown in semi-profile. He wears a military uniform with a military decoration displayed at the front of his shirt collar.
Beißwenger as a Leutnant
Nickname(s)Beißer—biter
Born(1916-11-08)8 November 1916
Mittelfischach, Schwäbisch Hall
Died6 March 1943(1943-03-06) (aged 26)
MIA south of Staraya Russa, Soviet Union
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branchLuftwaffe
Years of service1937–1943
RankOberleutnant (first lieutenant)
UnitJG 54
Commands6./JG 54
Battles / wars
See battles

World War II

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Hans Beißwenger[Note 1] (8 November 1916 – 6 March 1943) was a German Luftwaffe fighter ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves during World War II. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat.[1] In 500 combat missions, Beißwenger was credited with 152 victories, making him the 34th highest-scoring Luftwaffe fighter pilot of World War II. He was "ace-in-a-day" twice, shooting down five aircraft on a single day. All but one of his victories were claimed over the Eastern Front.[2] He was reported missing in action in March 1943.

Early life and career

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Beißwenger was born on 8 November 1916 at Mittelfischach über Sulzbach in the district of Schwäbisch Hall in Württemberg.[3] He was the son of Volksschule, a combined primary and lower secondary school, teacher.[4] Following his graduation, he volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe on 2 November 1937, initially serving with the Flak artillery. He was assigned to the 8th battery of Flak-Regiment 25 in Göppingen, where he received his basic military training. On 1 April 1938, he was posted to a Jagdfliegerschule for flight and fighter pilot training. In October 1940, more than one year after the start of World War II, Beißwenger was transferred to the II. Gruppe (2nd group) of Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing).[Note 2] He was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) of the Reserves on 1 November 1940.[4]

World War II

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Assigned to 6. Staffel (6th squadron) of JG 54 based in France,[5] Beißwenger's posting fell into a period of recuperation following the costly Battle of Britain. I. Gruppe had been the first to leave France and was sent to Jever on 27 September 1940. His II. Gruppe was moved to an airfield at Delmenhorst on 3 December 1940. On 29 March 1941, the Geschwaderstab (headquarters unit), II. And III. Gruppe were ordered to relocate to Austria in preparation of the Invasion of Yugoslavia. The Geschwaderstab and II. Gruppe were then both located at Graz.[4]

The order for the invasion had been put forward in "Führer Directive No. 25", which Adolf Hitler issued on 27 March 1941, following the pro-British Yugoslav coup d'état in Belgrade.[6][7] He claimed his first aerial victory on 7 April 1941, when he shot down a Yugoslav Royal Air Force Hawker Hurricane fighter.[8][5] JG 54 continued flying ground support missions during the Balkans Campaign. Following the surrender of the Royal Yugoslav Army on 17 April 1941, while stationed at an airfield at Zemun near Belgrade, the Geschwader received orders on 3 May 1941 to turn over all Messerschmitt Bf 109-Es to Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) so they could receive the new Bf 109-F variant. Transition training was completed at Airfield Stolp-Reitz in Pomerania. [9] Following the Balkans Campaign, Beißwenger was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse) on 6 May 1941.[3]

War against the Soviet Union

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On the Eastern Front, serving with 3./JG 54 (3rd squadron), Beißwenger became a leading scorer in I./JG 54 (1st group). Although he was shot down on 17 July 1941 behind enemy lines, he escaped capture and returned to his base. He claimed his 20th aerial victory over an I-18 fighter on 24 August 1941. By the end of 1941, his total stood at 32 aerial victories. He claimed his 40th victory on 6 April 1942, on 8 May, he achieved his 50th victory, and the following day, he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 9 May 1942 for 50 victories claimed.[Note 3] Beißwenger and Leutnant Horst Hannig received the Knight's Cross from General der Flieger Helmuth Förster at Siverskaya.[3][11] On 10 August 1942, Beißwenger was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 6./JG 54. He succeeded Hauptmann Carl Sattig who was posted as missing in action, assumed killed in action that day.[12]

On 15 August 1942, he claimed his 75th aerial victory and his 100th on 30 September,[13] for which he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) on 30 September.[14] He was the 25th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[15] He became "ace-in-a-day" on 23 August during three combat missions, when for the first time he achieved five aerial victories in one day. On 4 September 1942, Hauptmann Dietrich Hrabak, his group commander, filed an officer efficiency report requesting a preferential promotion to Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant).[3] The report highlighted that he "has excelled in action as a fighter pilot" and that "during 449 combat flights, he has 97 kills because of his audacity". The report further described Beißwenger as having "good leadership talent" and being "positive as a National Socialist".[3] His promotion was approved and, after a short vacation, Beißwenger returned to combat duty and by the end of 1942, his victory total stood at 119. He claimed his 125th aerial victory on 23 January 1943, 135th by 11 February 1943 and five more on 5 March 1943 (146th – 150th aerial victories).[5]

He did not return to base after an air combat south of Lake Ilmen near Staraja Russa on 6 March 1943 and Oberleutnant Hans Beißwenger, flying Bf 109 G-2 (Werknummer 14236—factory number) "yellow 4", was posted as missing. His Schwarm had been engaged in a combat with four Soviet fighters. Beißwenger claimed his last two victories, numbers 151 and 152, over Lavochkin LaGG-3 fighters that day.[5] The Messerschmitt Bf 109 of Unteroffizier Georg Munderloh was damaged in a midair collision, and Munderloh reported that he would try to reach his base. Eventually, he had to land in enemy territory. Taken prisoner, he was later told by Soviet pilots involved in the action that they had shot down another German fighter, which could have been Beißwenger. Another German pilot observed Beißwenger's aircraft flying at low altitude, clearly suffering from engine problems, attempting to return to friendly territory. After that, there was no trace of him. Beißwenger was later listed as missing in action.[16] It may be that Beißwenger was brought down by Starshiy Leytenant Ivan Kholodov of 32 GvIAP (Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment—Gvardeyskiy Istrebitelny Aviatsionny Polk). Kholodov rammed the Bf 109—probably Beißwenger's—that was attacking his wingman, Leytenant Arkadiy Makarov, and managed to bail out of his own damaged craft before it crashed.[17]

Summary of career

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Aerial victory claims

[edit]

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Beißwenger was credited with 152 aerial victories.[18] Obermaier also lists Beißwenger with shooting down 152 enemy aircraft, all but one on the Eastern Front. In addition, he claimed the destruction of one tethered balloon. He flew over 500 combat missions during his career.[5] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces – Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 150 aerial victory claims. This number includes one claim during the Balkans Campaign and 149 on the Eastern Front.[19]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 18262". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3x4km in size.[20]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Beißwenger an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the ! (exclamation mark) indicates those aerial victories listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.
  This and the # (hash mark) indicates those aerial victories listed by Mathews and Foreman.
Claim! Claim# Date Time Type Location Claim! Claim# Date Time Type Location
– 6. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[21]
1 1 7 April 1941 17:50 Hurricane south of Neusatz[22] 27 27 17 September 1941 17:00 I-18 (MiG-1)[23]
2 2 22 June 1941 09:50 I-16[24] 28 28 17 September 1941 17:09 I-18 (MiG-1)[23]
3 3 26 June 1941 09:30 SB-2[24] 29 29 23 September 1941 10:33 I-16[25]
4 4 30 June 1941 13:17 SB-2[26] 30 23 September 1941 10:33 tethered balloon[25]
5 5 2 July 1941 18:29 SB-2[27] 31 30 2 October 1941 09:10 I-18 (MiG-1)[25]
6 6 2 July 1941 18:30 SB-2[27] 32 31 27 October 1941 13:00 SB-3[28]
7 7 2 July 1941 18:35 SB-2[27] 33 32 6 November 1941 07:35 I-18 (MiG-1)[28]
8 8 6 July 1941 18:31 DB-3[29] 34 33 16 March 1942 11:45 Pe-2[30]
9 9 7 July 1941 10:55 SB-3[29] 35 34 20 March 1942 09:00 P-40[30]
10 10 17 July 1941 09:37 SB-2[31] 36 35 26 March 1942 09:05 Il-2[30]
11 11 20 July 1941 18:50 I-18 (MiG-1)[32] 37 36 29 March 1942 12:55 P-40[33]
12 12 25 July 1941 08:00 DB-3[32] 38 37 1 April 1942 08:54 I-18 (MiG-3)[33]
13 13 30 July 1941 11:20 I-18 (MiG-1)[34] 39 38 1 April 1942 08:56 I-18 (MiG-3)[33]
14 14 31 July 1941 09:12 SB-2[34] 40 39 6 April 1942 14:05 MiG-3[35]
15 15 31 July 1941 19:15 SB-2[34] 41 40 6 April 1942 14:10 MiG-3[35]
16 16 3 August 1941 12:22 I-16[34] 42 41 18 April 1942 06:26 MiG-3[35]
17 17 18 August 1941 18:36 I-18 (MiG-1)[36] 43 42 19 April 1942 18:15 LaGG-3[35]
18 18 18 August 1941 18:59 I-18 (MiG-1)[36] 44 43 20 April 1942 10:35 Yak-1[35]
19 19 20 August 1941 07:35 I-16[36] 45 44 25 April 1942 10:45 Pe-2[35]
20 20 24 August 1941 17:35 I-18 (MiG-1)[36] 46 45 27 April 1942 16:45 Yak-1[35]
21 21 7 September 1941 11:02 I-16[23] 47 46 29 April 1942 07:25 MiG-3[35]
22 22 7 September 1941 18:35 I-18 (MiG-1)[23] 48 47 29 April 1942 07:28 MiG-3[35]
23 23 8 September 1951 18:35 I-18 (MiG-1)[23] 49 48 7 May 1942 10:19 Il-2[37]
24 24 11 September 1941 18:30 I-18 (MiG-1)[23] 50 49 8 May 1942 16:10 Il-2[37]
25 25 14 September 1941 12:30 I-16[23] 51 50 8 May 1942 16:20 MiG-3[37]
26 26 14 September 1941 16:40 I-18 (MiG-1)[23]
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[38]
52 51 11 May 1942 11:53 P-40[39] 46 55 28 May 1942 15:10 Pe-2[40]
53 52 13 May 1942 17:38 P-40[39] 57 56 3 June 1942 05:47 MiG-3[40]
54 53 13 May 1942 17:45 MiG-3[39] 58 57 5 June 1942 07:20 MiG-3[40]
55 54 13 May 1942 17:45 MiG-3[39]
– 6. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[41]
59 58 7 June 1942 14:53 MiG-3[42] 107 106 4 December 1942 10:12 Il-2 southwest of Solzy[43]
60 59 18 July 1942 10:53 MiG-3 Bol Maljestanki[44]
Malyushki train station 		108 107 4 December 1942 13:05 La-5 south of Strelitzky[43]
61 60 19 July 1942 14:58 MiG-3 Samosche[44]
Lamosche 		109 108 5 December 1942 07:50 Il-2 north of Strelitzky[43]
62 61 20 July 1942 07:05 Yak-1 Maljutschi[44]
Malijutuji 		110 109 6 December 1942 11:58 La-5 PQ 18262[43]
30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa
63 62 27 July 1942 20:25 MiG-3 west of Lake Werschina[45]
west of Vershinaskoye 		111 110 12 December 1942 13:58 LaGG-3 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Lake Werchne[43]
64 63 30 July 1942 18:44 Yak-1 Malaja Nowyje Gorki[45]
Malaya Kovejebovki 		112 111 25 December 1942 12:12 Il-2 PQ 18292[46]
40 km (25 mi) southeast of Staraya Russa
65 64 2 August 1942 16:15 Yak-1 southwest of Zaluchye[45] 113 112 29 December 1942 12:35 LaGG-3 PQ 18292[46]
40 km (25 mi) southeast of Staraya Russa
66 65 4 August 1942 12:23 Yak-1 Lawatitzy[45]
vicinity of Lovapischty 		114 113 29 December 1942 12:53 P-39 PQ 18261[46]
30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa
67 66 6 August 1942 15:26 Pe-2 east-southeast of Gzhatsk[45] 115 114 30 December 1942 11:45[Note 4] LaGG-3 PQ 18153[46]
25 km (16 mi) northwest of Demyansk
68 67 6 August 1942 19:20 Yak-1 east of Zubtsov[45] 116 115 30 December 1942 12:15 La-5 PQ 18264[48]
30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa
69 68 6 August 1942 19:26 Yak-1 east of Zubtsov[45] 117 116 30 December 1942 14:05 LaGG-3 PQ 28113[48]
40 km (25 mi) northwest of Demyansk
70 69 8 August 1942 16:13 Yak-1 south of Pogarelje[45]
southeast of Pogorskoje 		118 117 30 December 1942 14:12 LaGG-3 PQ 19677[48]
30 km (19 mi) east-northeast of Staraya Russa
71 70 9 August 1942 09:36 Yak-1 southwest of Nowaja-Alexandrowka[45]
southwest of Kowaja-Alekandrovka 		119 118 5 January 1943 09:55 La-5 PQ 18231[48]
30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa
72 71 9 August 1942 09:39 Yak-1 southwest of Nowaja-Alexandrowka[45]
southwest of Kowaja-Alekandrovka 		120 119 5 January 1943 10:15 La-5 PQ 28121[48]
40 km (25 mi) northwest of Demyansk
73 72 9 August 1942 09:42 Yak-1 west of Nikolskaya[45] 121 7 January 1943 09:23 LaGG-3 PQ 18231[48]
74 73 9 August 1942 09:46 Yak-1 west of Nikolskaya[45] 122 120 7 January 1943 10:39[Note 5] Il-2 PQ 19891[48]
30 km (19 mi) east-northeast of Staraya Russa
75 74 10 August 1942 18:40 Yak-1 northwest of Rzhev[49] 123 121 14 January 1943 12:15 La-5 PQ 10411[50]
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Mga
76 75 10 August 1942 18:41 Yak-1 northwest of Rzhev[49] 124 122 14 January 1943 12:45 P-40 PQ 00254[50]
15 km (9.3 mi) west-southwest of Schlüsselburg
77 76 11 August 1942 09:36 Pe-2 southeast of Ssosnedowo[49]
southeast of Tsossedowo 		125 123 15 January 1943 09:50 LaGG-3 PQ 18263[50]
30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa
78 77 11 August 1942 09:37 Pe-2 southeast of Ssosnedowo[49]
east of Tsossedowo 		126 124 15 January 1943 09:55 LaGG-3 PQ 18244[50]
30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa
79 78 12 August 1942 17:30 Il-2 north-northwest of Rzhev[49] 127 125 15 January 1943 10:05 P-39 PQ 28142[50]
30 km (19 mi) northwest of Demyansk
80 79 14 August 1942 18:30 Yak-1 PQ 47554[49]
15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Rzhev 		128 126 24 January 1943 08:25 P-40 PQ 00262[50]
10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Schlüsselburg
81 80 15 August 1942 05:47 Yak-1 PQ 47344[49]
20 km (12 mi) east-northeast of Zubtsov 		129 127 24 January 1943 10:30 LaGG-3 PQ 10182[50]
east of Mga
82 81 15 August 1942 10:20 Yak-1 PQ 47592[49]
north of Rzhev 		130 128 25 January 1943 10:05 PS-40 PQ 00233[50]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Schlüsselburg
83 82 19 August 1942 12:23 LaGG-3 PQ 54162[51]
25 km (16 mi) south of Sukhinichi 		131 129 26 January 1943 08:55 MiG-3 PQ 00293[50]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Mga
84 83 21 August 1942 06:10 Yak-1 PQ 55853[51]
25 km (16 mi) east of Sukhinichi 		132 130 26 January 1943 11:05 LaGG-3 PQ 10142[50]
south of Schlüsselburg
85 84 21 August 1942 06:23 Yak-1 PQ 55853[51]
25 km (16 mi) east of Sukhinichi 		133 131 27 January 1943 14:05 LaGG-3 PQ 10153[50]
southeast of Schlüsselburg
86♠ 85 23 August 1942 06:10 Pe-2 PQ 54253[52]
25 km (16 mi) west-northeast of Belyov 		134 132 27 January 1943 14:10 LaGG-3 PQ 10142[50]
south of Schlüsselburg
87♠ 86 23 August 1942 06:10 Yak-1 PQ 54234[52]
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Belyov 		135 133 11 February 1943 10:15 La-5 south of Senino[53]
south of Lenin
88♠ 87 23 August 1942 11:48 Yak-1 PQ 54234[52]
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Belyov 		136 134 18 February 1943 10:20 La-5 PQ 36 Ost 10644[54]
20 km (12 mi) east of Luban
89♠ 88 23 August 1942 11:53 Yak-1 PQ 55894[52]
30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Sukhinichi 		137 135 19 February 1943 12:07[Note 6] LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 18423[54]
40 km (25 mi) southeast of Staraya Russa
90♠ 89 23 August 1942 14:50 Yak-1 PQ 5426[52]
15 km (9.3 mi) west-northeast of Belyov 		138 136 20 February 1943 12:15 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 18463[54]
30 km (19 mi) west of Demyansk
91 90 24 August 1942 14:52 Yak-1 PQ 28131[52]
30 km (19 mi) north of Demyansk 		139 137 21 February 1943 08:35 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 18451[54]
45 km (28 mi) west-southwest of Demyansk
92 91 25 August 1942 11:50 Yak-1 PQ 47863[56]
20 km (12 mi) east-southeast of Zubtsov 		140 138 21 February 1943 08:38 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 18483[54]
45 km (28 mi) west-southwest of Demyansk
93 92 26 August 1942 09:35 Pe-2 PQ 47683[56]
15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Zubtsov 		141 139 21 February 1943 08:40 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 18453[54]
40 km (25 mi) west of Demyansk
94 93 26 August 1942 14:40 Il-2 PQ 37663[56]
25 km (16 mi) west-northwest of Rzhev 		142 140 21 February 1943 08:45 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 18414[54]
30 km (19 mi) south-southeast of Staraya Russa
95 94 28 August 1942 05:10 Yak-1 PQ 47552[56]
15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Rzhev 		143 27 February 1943 15:14 Pe-2 PQ 35 Ost 18442[54]
96 95 2 September 1942 18:15 Yak-1 PQ 10242[56]
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Schlüsselburg 		144 141 27 February 1943 15:24 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 18367[54]
40 km (25 mi) south of Staraya Russa
97 96 3 September 1942 11:30 LaGG-3 PQ 00244[56]
20 km (12 mi) southeast of Leningrad 		145 142 27 February 1943 15:35 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 18452[54]
20 km (12 mi) east of Krassnyj
98 97 5 September 1942 11:10[Note 7] Yak-1[Note 7] PQ 28433[57]
25 km (16 mi) east-northeast of Demyansk 		146 143 2 March 1943 08:38 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 18192[54]
20 km (12 mi) south-southeast of Staraya Russa
99 98 26 September 1942 16:17[Note 8] Yak-1 PQ 28212[57]
30 km (19 mi) north-northeast of Demyansk 		147♠ 144 5 March 1943 06:48 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 29773[54]
40 km (25 mi) east-northeast of Staraya Russa
100 99 30 September 1942 08:47 LaGG-3 PQ 29783[58]
40 km (25 mi) north-northwest of Demyansk 		148♠ 145 5 March 1943 09:42 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 18221[54]
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa
101 100 6 October 1942 07:10 Hurricane PQ 38751[58]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Ostraschkow 		149♠ 146 5 March 1943 09:43 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 18222[54]
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa
102 101 6 October 1942 07:13 Yak-1 PQ 28862[58]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Ostraschkow 		150♠ 147 5 March 1943 13:50 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 18213[54]
20 km (12 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa
103 102 6 November 1942 07:20 Pe-2 PQ 28112[43]
40 km (25 mi) northwest of Demyansk 		151♠ 148 5 March 1943 13:57 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 18223[54]
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa
104 103 7 November 1942 08:58 LaGG-3 PQ 3874[43]1
vicinity of Ostraschkow 		152 149 6 March 1943 14:53 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 18364[59]
40 km (25 mi) south of Staraya Russa
105 104 3 December 1942 12:35 Yak-1 southwest of Weretenj[43]
southwest of Lake Nevatina 		153 150 6 March 1943 14:57 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 18443[59]
40 km (25 mi) south-southeast of Staraya Russa
106 105 3 December 1942 13:09 LaGG-3 6 km (3.7 mi) southeast of the airfield Bryansk[43]

Awards

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See also

[edit]

Notes

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  1. ^ His name, in German, is spelled with a "sharp S"; see ß.
  2. ^ For an explanation of Luftwaffe unit designations see Organization of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
  3. ^ According to Weal for 47 aerial victories, but according to Obermaier he had achieved his 50th aerial victory was achieved the previous day on 8 May.[10]
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:40.[47]
  5. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 10:50.[47]
  6. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 12:09.[55]
  7. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a LaGG-3 at 11:40.[47]
  8. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 16:58.[47]
  9. ^ According to Scherzer as Leutnant (war officer).[65]
  10. ^ According to Scherzer as Oberleutnant (war officer).[65]

References

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Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Spick 1996, pp. 3–4.
  2. ^ MacLean 2007, p. 61.
  3. ^ a b c d e MacLean 2007, p. 60.
  4. ^ a b c Stockert 2012, p. 88.
  5. ^ a b c d e Obermaier 1989, p. 54.
  6. ^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 55.
  7. ^ Weal 2001b, p. 38.
  8. ^ Weal 2001b, p. 39.
  9. ^ Stockert 2012, pp. 88–89.
  10. ^ Weal 2001b, p. 57.
  11. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 209.
  12. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 140.
  13. ^ Weal 2001a, p. 44.
  14. ^ Weal 2001b, p. 60.
  15. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  16. ^ Weal 2001b, pp. 78–79.
  17. ^ Christer Bergström. "Comments to Part 2 of Dymich's Article". Black Cross-Red Star. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  18. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 329.
  19. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 77–80.
  20. ^ Planquadrat.
  21. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 77–78.
  22. ^ Prien et al. 2003a, p. 245.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2003b, p. 237.
  24. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003b, p. 228.
  25. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003b, p. 238.
  26. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 229.
  27. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003b, p. 230.
  28. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003b, p. 239.
  29. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003b, p. 231.
  30. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2005, p. 222.
  31. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 232.
  32. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003b, p. 233.
  33. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2005, p. 223.
  34. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003b, p. 234.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2005, p. 224.
  36. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003b, p. 235.
  37. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 144.
  38. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 78.
  39. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 85.
  40. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 86.
  41. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 78–80.
  42. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 145.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2006, p. 155.
  44. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 146.
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Prien et al. 2006, p. 147.
  46. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 156.
  47. ^ a b c d Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 79.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2006, p. 157.
  49. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2006, p. 148.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Prien et al. 2006, p. 158.
  51. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 149.
  52. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 150.
  53. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 268.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Prien et al. 2012, p. 269.
  55. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 80.
  56. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 151.
  57. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 152.
  58. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 154.
  59. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 270.
  60. ^ a b c d MacLean 2007, p. 63.
  61. ^ a b Thomas 1997, p. 39.
  62. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 34.
  63. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 128.
  64. ^ Von Seemen 1976, p. 81.
  65. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 213.
  66. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 62.
  67. ^ Von Seemen 1976, p. 30.

Bibliography

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