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Wolfgang Tonne

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Wolfgang Tonne
Born(1918-02-28)28 February 1918
Moosbach in Schleiz, Thuringia
Died20 April 1943(1943-04-20) (aged 25)
Protville in Tunisia
Buried
German Military Cemetery at Bordj-Cedria
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branch Luftwaffe
Years of service1937–1943
RankMajor (major)
UnitJG 53
Commands3./JG 53
Battles / wars
See battles

World War II

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Wolfgang Tonne (28 February 1918 – 20 April 1943) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator and fighter ace during World War II. He is credited with 122 aerial victories—that is, 122 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft—achieved in 641 combat missions. This figure includes 96 aerial victories on the Eastern Front, and further 26 victories over the Western Allies, including one four-engined bomber.

Born in Moßbach, Tonne grew up in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. He joined the military service in the Luftwaffe in 1937. Following flight training, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing) in 1939. Flying with this wing, Tonne claimed his first aerial victory on 14 May 1940 on the Western Front during the Battle of France. He then fought in the Battle of Britain and Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. In late 1941, his unit was sent to Mediterranean theater. There, he was made Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of JG 53 in January 1942. In May 1942, his unit was posted to the Eastern Front were following his 101st aerial victory he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 24 September 1942. His unit was then ordered to North Africa in October 1942. Tonne was killed in a flying accident on 20 April 1943 at Protville, Tunisia.

Early life and career

[edit]

Tonne was born on 28 February 1918 in Moßbach, near Schleiz, in Thuringia of the German Empire. His father was a one-room school teacher (Dorfschullehrer). Tonne had a brother who got him interested in flying glider aircraft.[1] In November 1937, Tonne joined the Luftwaffe as an office cadet at the Luftkriegsschule 4 (LKS 4—4th Air War School) near Fürstenfeldbruck. He completed his A/B pilot license,[Note 1] and was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 1 September 1939.[1]

World War II

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World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. On 6 December 1939, Tonne was posted to 3. Staffel (3rd Squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing).[3] At the time, the Staffel was commanded by Oberleutnant Wolfgang Lippert and was subordinated to I. Gruppe (1st Group) of JG 53 headed by Hauptmann Lothar von Janson which was based at Darmstadt-Griesheim Airfield.[4] Tonne received the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse) on 18 April 1940.[1] Tonne claimed his first aerial victory over a Royal Air Force (RAF) Bristol Blenheim twin-engined bomber over Sedan from either No. 21, No. 107 or No. 110 Squadron on 14 May 1940 during the Battle of France.[5] On that mission, he was also shot down near Bouillon in combat with Hawker Hurricane fighters.[6] He bailed out of his Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-3 landing in enemy territory but was able to return to his unit uninjured.[7]

Over England and the Channel he was to gain a further three victories by the spring of 1941. I. Gruppe left the English Channel front on 6 June 1941, relocating to Mannheim-Sandhofen Airfield.[8] Following a maintenance overhaul of the aircraft, I. Gruppe moved to an airfield named Krzewicza located near Międzyrzec Podlaski, approximately 65 kilometers (40 miles) west of Brest, from 12 to 14 June.[9]

Operation Barbarossa and Malta

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On 22 June, the Geschwader crossed into Soviet airspace in support of Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, which opened the Eastern Front. I. Gruppe took off on its first mission at 3:40 am, escorting Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers.[10] On 24 June 1941, Tonne who had been appointed adjutant in I. Gruppe of JG 53, claimed his first aerial victory when he shot down a Tupolev SB bomber.[11] On 5 July, I. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Dubno.[12] On 11 July, Tonne was wounded in aerial combat when a shell casing entered the cockpit of his Bf 109 F-2 (Werknummer 6728—factory number), hitting him in the face. Following the injury, he crash landed his aircraft near Berdychiv.[13] On 1 October 1941, Tonne was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant).[1] Flying combat air patrol the next day, Tonne claimed two aerial victories.[14]

In August 1941, I. Gruppe was withdrawn from the Eastern Front and were equipped with the Bf 109 F-4 at Mannheim-Sandhofen Airfield. On 20 September, the Gruppe relocated to the Netherlands where they were based at airfields at Katwijk and Haamstede where they were tasked with patrolling the Dutch airspace.[15] In December 1941, I. Gruppe was moved to Mediterranean air bases at Gela in Sicily where they fought in the aerial battles of the Siege of Malta.[16] On 24 January 1942, Tonne was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 3. Staffel of JG 53. He succeeded Oberleutnant Ulrich Wollschläger.[17] Tonne flew 116 combat missions over Malta, without claiming aerial victories.[1] On 29 April, I. Gruppe flew its last mission over Malta before returning to Germany. In early May, the Gruppe transferred to Schwäbisch Hall for preparations to redeploy on the Eastern Front.[18]

Eastern Front

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In early May 1942, I. Gruppe was transferred back to the Eastern Front. Prior to the relocation, the Gruppe received a full complement of 41 factory new Bf 109 F-4 aircraft at Schwäbisch Hall before heading for Prague Ruzyne Airfield on 28 May. The following day, I. Gruppe flew to Kursk. There, the Gruppe supported the German 4th Panzer Army in its advance towards Voronezh during Case Blue, the 1942 strategic summer offensive in southern Russia between 28 June and 24 November 1942.[19]

From 31 May 1942 to 29 September 1942, Tonne flew 155 combat missions and shot down 88 aircraft on the Eastern Front. He received the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 21 August.[20] Tonne was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 6 September 1942 following his 54th aerial victory.[21][22] The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) were awarded on 24 September for 101 victories.[23] The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler in October at the Führerhauptquartier Werwolf, Hitler's headquarters located in a pine forest about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) north of Vinnytsia, in Ukraine. Three other Luftwaffe officers were presented with the Oak Leaves that day by Hitler, Oberleutnant Friedrich-Karl Müller, Leutant Hans Beißwenger and Feldwebel Wilhelm Crinius.[24] Following the presentation, Tonne, Müller and Crinius were ordered to Berlin where they made a propaganda appearance at the "House of the Press".[25] At the same time, I. Gruppe of JG 53 relocated from the Eastern Front to Comiso Airfiled in Sicily where they arrived on 10 October.[26]

North Africa and death

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Bf 109s of JG 53, similar to those flown byTonne.

When British forces launched the Second Battle of El Alamein on 23 October, elements of I. Gruppe of JG 53 were ordered to North Africa.[27] He claimed his first victory in this theater on 26 December 1942 shooting down a United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) P-38 Lightning twin-engine fighter. On 28 December leading a flight of six Bf 109 to the Souk-el-Arba Airfield, Tonne shot down a Supermarine Spitfire fighter near the airfield.[28] On 1 January 1943, I. Gruppe flew many missions to Bône harbor, escorting Ju 87 dive bombers. That day, Tonne claimed two Spitfire fighters shot down. The next day, I. Gruppe again escorted Ju 87 dive bombers from II. Gruppe Sturzkampfgeschwader 3 (StG 3—3rd Dive Bomber Wing) and Focke-Wulf Fw 190 ground attack aircraft from III. Gruppe of Zerstörergeschwader 2 (ZG 2—2nd Destroyer Wing) to Bône. During this mission, Tonne claimed a Spitfire fighter shot down.[29]

Tonne flew 82 combat missions and claimed 21 victories over Tunisia. On 6 March, Tonne was credited with shooting down the RAF No. 93 Squadron Spitfire fighter piloted by Sergeant W.F. Hockey.[30] On 2 April, I. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Protville located approximately 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) northwest of Raoued and 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) southwest of Kalâat el-Andalous.[31]

On 20 April 1943, Tonne claimed his 122nd aerial victory.[32] Returning from that mission, he was killed in a flying accident over the airfield at Protville in his Bf 109 G-6 /R1 (Werknummer 16523).[33] Tonne had waggled his wings to signal an aerial victory claimed. He then pulled his Bf 109 into a steep climb, while turning the aircraft, extending the undercarriage, and sideslipping the excess altitude before touching down. He had executed this risky maneuver many times before but apparently had misjudged his height and crashed at the edge of the airfield.[34] Tonne was posthumously promoted to Major (major).[35] He was temporarily succeeded by Leutnant Rupert Weninger before Oberleutnant Walter Seiz took command of 3. Staffel.[36]

Summary of career

[edit]

Aerial victory claims

[edit]

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Tonne was credited with 122 aerial victories.[37] Spick also lists him with 122 aerial victories claimed in 641 combat missions, of which 5 victories were claimed during the Battle of France and Britain, 96 on the Eastern Front and 21 over North Africa.[38] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 120 aerial victory claims, plus six further unconfirmed claims. This figure of confirmed claims includes 95 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 25 on the Western Front.[39]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 49293". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[40]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Tonne did not receive credit.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[41]
Battle of France — 10 May – 25 June 1940
1 14 May 1940 19:40 Blenheim northwest of Sedan[42] 2 9 June 1940 14:40 Hawk 36 Saint-Dizier[42]
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[41]
Action at the Channel and over England — 26 June 1940 – 7 June 1941
3 15 September 1940 15:55 Hurricane[43] 5 26 April 1941 10:30 Spitfire south of Boulogne-sur-Mer[44]
4 17 October 1940 16:37 Spitfire southeast of London[44]
– Stab I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[41]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 7 August 1941
6 24 June 1941 09:40 SB-2[45] 10 7 July 1941 09:08 DB-3 south of Ploskirov[46]
7 24 June 1941 09:45 SB-2 north of Pruzhany[45] 11 11 July 1941 13:40?[Note 2] DB-3[46]
8 6 July 1941 17:30 DB-3 Tarnopol[46] 12 12 July 1941 10:40 I-153?[47][Note 3]
9 6 July 1941 17:36 DB-3 Tarnopol[46] 13 18 July 1941 12:08 SB-3[47]
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[39]
Eastern Front — 28 May – 27 September 1942
14 31 May 1942 03:45 I-61 (MiG-3) northeast of Kursk[48] 58 18 August 1942 08:55 MiG-3 PQ 49293[49]
35 km (22 mi) east of Stalingrad
15 31 May 1942 03:48 I-61 (MiG-3)[48] 59 19 August 1942 04:21 R-5 PQ 4084[49]
30 km (19 mi) north-northeast of Stalingrad
16 31 May 1942 03:55 I-61 (MiG-3)[48] 60 19 August 1942 10:55 LaGG-3 PQ 4923[49]
35 km (22 mi) east-northeast of Stalingrad
17 5 June 1942 12:28 I-61 (MiG-3)[48] 61 21 August 1942 17:35 I-180 (Yak-7) PQ 4945[50]
30 km (19 mi) southeast of Stalingrad
18 5 June 1942 12:34 I-61 (MiG-3)[48] 62 22 August 1942 10:15 LaGG-3 PQ 4913[50]
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Grebenka
19 9 June 1942 17:09 I-61 (MiG-3)[48] 63 23 August 1942 16:05 MiG-3 PQ 49124[50]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Gumrak
20 23 June 1942 15:00 R-5[51] 64 24 August 1942 06:12 MiG-3 PQ 5914[52]
45 km (28 mi) east-northeast of Stalingrad
21 23 June 1942 15:05 R-5[51] 65 3 September 1942 05:01?[Note 4] MiG-3 PQ 49244[54]
10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Stalingrad
22 28 June 1942 18:30?[Note 5] R-10 (Seversky)[55] 66 3 September 1942 15:52 Yak-1 PQ 5089[54]
23 28 June 1942 18:32 R-10 (Seversky) east of Schatowa[55] 67 4 September 1942 07:50?[Note 6] LaGG-3 PQ 4019[54]
45 km (28 mi) north of Grebenka
24 2 July 1942 12:45 Pe-2[55] 68 5 September 1942 10:05 Yak-1 PQ 49360[54]
15 km (9.3 mi) south of Stalingrad
25 5 July 1942 13:20 Boston 30 km (19 mi) east-northeast of Voronezh[55] 69 5 September 1942 15:45 LaGG-3 PQ 4933[54]
Stalingrad
26 5 July 1942 18:50 Pe-2 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Voronezh[55] 70?[Note 7] 6 September 1942 13:55 Il-2 PQ 4913[54]
27 6 July 1942 07:40 LaGG-3 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Gnilowody[55] 71 7 September 1942 16:57 Yak-1 PQ 4929[56]
40 km (25 mi) east of Stalingrad
28 6 July 1942 17:23?[Note 8] LaGG-3[55] 72 8 September 1942 10:16?[Note 9] Yak-1 PQ 49142[56]
29 6 July 1942 17:32 LaGG-3[55] 73 8 September 1942 10:25 Yak-1 PQ 4087[56]
20 km (12 mi) north-northeast of Stalingrad
30 7 July 1942 18:15 LaGG-3[55] 74 8 September 1942 10:30 Yak-1 PQ 5054[56]
75 km (47 mi) northeast of Grebenka
31 8 July 1942 07:15 MiG-3[55] 75 8 September 1942 10:45 Yak-1 PQ 4085[56]
35 km (22 mi) north-northeast of Stalingrad
32 11 July 1942 09:57 Boston[55] 76 9 September 1942 10:43?[Note 10] Yak-1 PQ 4076[56]
25 km (16 mi) north of Grebenka
33 11 July 1942 09:59 Boston[55] 77 9 September 1942 10:49 Yak-1 PQ 4059[56]
45 km (28 mi) north of Grebenka
34 26 July 1942 04:25 LaGG-3[58] 78 11 September 1942 11:30 La-5 PQ 4922[59]
25 km (16 mi) east-northeast of Stalingrad
35 26 July 1942 12:35?[Note 11] Pe-2[58] 79 12 September 1942 16:53 Pe-2 PQ 4941[59]
15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Stalingrad
36 31 July 1942 11:40 Il-2 PQ 3915[60]
25 km (16 mi) northwest of Kalach 		80 13 September 1942 07:12?[Note 12] La-5 PQ 49282[59]
25 km (16 mi) east of Stalingrad
37 31 July 1942 13:55 Il-2 PQ 39163[60]
15 km (9.3 mi) north-northwest of Kalach 		81 13 September 1942 07:28?[Note 13] LaGG-3 PQ 49122[59]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Gumrak
38 31 July 1942 14:15 MiG-3 PQ 3919[60]
vicinity of Kalach 		82 13 September 1942 15:45 LaGG-3 PQ 4933[59]
vicinity of Stalingrad
39 31 July 1942 17:00 Hurricane PQ 3927[60]
vicinity of Kalach 		83 14 September 1942 04:45 Il-2 PQ 49413[61]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Stalingrad
40 1 August 1942 14:19 LaGG-3 PQ 3926[60]
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Pitomnik 		84 14 September 1942 16:40 Il-2 PQ 49452[61]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Stalingrad
41 2 August 1942 12:25 Il-2 PQ 3919[60]
vicinity of Kalach 		85 16 September 1942 16:48 Yak-1 PQ 5055[61]
42 2 August 1942 12:35 Il-2 PQ 3948[60]
35 km (22 mi) southeast of Kalach 		86 17 September 1942 06:29 Pe-2 PQ 49111[61]
20 km (12 mi) north-northeast of Pitomnik
43 5 August 1942 07:10 MiG-3?[Note 14] PQ 49742[62]
15 km (9.3 mi) east-northeast of Aksal 		87 17 September 1942 09:47 Yak-1 PQ 4076[61]
25 km (16 mi) north of Grebenka
44 5 August 1942 07:17 MiG-3 PQ 49751[62]
25 km (16 mi) east-northeast of Aksal 		88 18 September 1942 10:07 Yak-1 PQ 4059[63]
45 km (28 mi) north of Grebenka
45 5 August 1942 11:29 MiG-3 PQ 49783[62]
vicinity of Shutow 		89 18 September 1942 16:53 Yak-1 PQ 40750[63]
30 km (19 mi) north of Gumrak
46 5 August 1942 17:10 MiG-3 PQ 49582[62]
35 km (22 mi) east-northeast of Aksal 		90 18 September 1942 17:02?[Note 15] Yak-1 PQ 4073[63]
35 km (22 mi) north of Grebenka
47 6 August 1942 06:23 MiG-3 PQ 39891[62]
vicinity of Aksal 		91 19 September 1942 09:28 Yak-1 PQ 49124[63]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Gumrak
48 6 August 1942 06:30 MiG-3 PQ 39891[62]
vicinity of Aksal 		92 19 September 1942 09:40 Yak-1 PQ 4039[64]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Grebenka
49 6 August 1942 16:00 R-5 PQ 49321[65]
5 km (3.1 mi) south of Bassargino 		93 20 September 1942 06:53 Yak-1 PQ 49133[64]
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Grebenka
50 8 August 1942 05:35 MiG-3 PQ 49512[65]
35 km (22 mi) south-southwest of Bassargino 		94 20 September 1942 07:13 Yak-1 PQ 49422[64]
25 km (16 mi) east of Stalingrad
51 8 August 1942 06:02 Il-2 PQ 4956[65]
45 km (28 mi) south of Stalingrad 		95 20 September 1942 10:07 Yak-1 PQ 49294[64]
35 km (22 mi) east of Stalingrad
52 8 August 1942 17:04 LaGG-3 PQ 49611[65]
35 km (22 mi) south-southeast of Stalingrad 		96 21 September 1942 14:57 Yak-1 PQ 49431[64]
35 km (22 mi) east of Stalingrad
53 9 August 1942 07:04 MiG-3 PQ 4952[65]
35 km (22 mi) south-southwest of Stalingrad 		97 21 September 1942 15:12 Yak-1 PQ 49433[64]
35 km (22 mi) east of Stalingrad
54 10 August 1942 17:20 LaGG-3 PQ 39670[66]
20 km (12 mi) northwest of Shutow 		98 21 September 1942 17:20 Yak-1 PQ 4079[64]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Grebenka
55 12 August 1942 04:23 Il-2 PQ 38114[66]
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Shutow 		99 22 September 1942 06:46?[Note 16] Yak-1 PQ 49132[64]
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Grebenka
56 12 August 1942 04:33 MiG-3 PQ 39461[66]
25 km (16 mi) southwest of Bassargino 		100 22 September 1942 16:29 Yak-1 PQ 49422[64]
25 km (16 mi) east of Stalingrad
57 15 August 1942 11:40 LaGG-3 PQ 4943[49]
40 km (25 mi) east-southeast of Stalingrad 		101 22 September 1942 16:38 Yak-1 PQ 49262[64]
35 km (22 mi) east of Stalingrad
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[57]
Mediterranean Theater — 1 October – 20 April 1943
—
 26 December 1942
—
 P-38[67] 112 1 March 1943 17:45 Spitfire west of Béja[68]
102 28 December 1942 14:05 Spitfire 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Souk El Arbaa[67] 113 3 March 1943 16:05 P-38 6 km (3.7 mi) south of Majaz al Bab[68]
103 1 January 1943 11:08 Spitfire 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Bône[69] 114 6 March 1943 17:44 Spitfire 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Pont du Fahs[68]
104 1 January 1943 15:51 Spitfire 2 km (1.2 mi) southwest of Bône[69] 115 22 March 1943 13:41 P-38 20 km (12 mi) north of Bizerte[68]
105 2 January 1943 09:14 Spitfire 15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of La Calle[69] 116 31 March 1943 15:51 Spitfire 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Abiod[68]
106 15 January 1943 07:57 M.S.406[Note 17] 8 km (5.0 mi) northeast of Tébessa[69] 117 10 April 1943 16:50 Spitfire 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Oued Zarga[68]
107 15 January 1943 08:16 P-40 11 km (6.8 mi) northeast of Tébessa[69] 118 10 April 1943 17:00 Spitfire south Béja[68]
108 15 January 1943 11:08 P-40 airfield Thélepte[69] 119 13 April 1943 07:00 Spitfire 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Oued Zarga[68]
109 18 January 1943 16:32 Spitfire southwest of Bou Arada[69] 120 20 April 1943 10:04 Spitfire airfield Tunis E-21[68]
110?[Note 18] 29 January 1943 11:05 B-17 6 km (3.7 mi) west of Béja[68] 121 20 April 1943 10:11 Spitfire 8 km (5.0 mi) north of Tebourba[68]
111 25 February 1943 16:40 Spitfire 4 km (2.5 mi) northwest of Cap Rosa[68] 122 20 April 1943 16:58 Spitfire 25 km (16 mi) southwest of airfield 76[68]

Awards

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Notes

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  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[2]
  2. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 12:40.[41]
  3. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Curtiss P-40 Warhawk.[41]
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as at 05:56.[53]
  5. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 18:28.[53]
  6. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as at 07:40.[53]
  7. ^ This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[39]
  8. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 17:25.[53]
  9. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as at 10:19.[53]
  10. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as at 10:41.[57]
  11. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 10:35.[53]
  12. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as at 07:00.[57]
  13. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as at 07:38.[57]
  14. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3.[53]
  15. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as at 17:12.[57]
  16. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as at 06:49.[57]
  17. ^ Misidentified Curtiss P-40 Warhawk, claimed as a Morane-Saulnier M.S.406[69]
  18. ^ This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[39]

References

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Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Stockert 2012, p. 84.
  2. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  3. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 54.
  4. ^ Prien et al. 2001a, pp. 361, 363.
  5. ^ Goss 2017, p. 24.
  6. ^ Prien et al. 2001b, p. 329.
  7. ^ Prien 1997, pp. 103, 126.
  8. ^ Prien 1997, p. 244.
  9. ^ Prien 1997, p. 252.
  10. ^ Prien 1997, p. 260.
  11. ^ Prien 1997, p. 264.
  12. ^ Prien 1997, p. 271.
  13. ^ Prien 1997, pp. 276, 303.
  14. ^ Prien 1997, pp. 272–273.
  15. ^ Prien et al. 2003a, p. 92.
  16. ^ Prien 1997, p. 333.
  17. ^ Prien et al. 2004, p. 60.
  18. ^ Prien 1997, p. 376.
  19. ^ Prien 1998, p. 410.
  20. ^ Stockert 2012, p. 82.
  21. ^ Prien 1998, p. 424.
  22. ^ Weal 2001, p. 53.
  23. ^ Page 2020a, p. 103.
  24. ^ Stockert 2012, p. 83.
  25. ^ Prien 1998, pp. 429–430.
  26. ^ Prien 1998, pp. 431, 485.
  27. ^ Prien 1998, p. 493.
  28. ^ Prien 1998, p. 515.
  29. ^ Prien 1998, p. 516.
  30. ^ Shores & Massimello 2016, p. 376.
  31. ^ Prien 1998, p. 562.
  32. ^ Page 2020b, p. 46.
  33. ^ Prien et al. 2010, pp. 421, 475.
  34. ^ Prien 1998, p. 571.
  35. ^ Stockert 2012, p. 85.
  36. ^ Prien et al. 2010, pp. 463.
  37. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 330.
  38. ^ Spick 1996, p. 231.
  39. ^ a b c d Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1329–1331.
  40. ^ Planquadrat.
  41. ^ a b c d e Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1329.
  42. ^ a b Prien et al. 2001b, p. 327.
  43. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 203.
  44. ^ a b Prien et al. 2002, p. 204.
  45. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003b, p. 107.
  46. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003b, p. 108.
  47. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003b, p. 110.
  48. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 21.
  49. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 29.
  50. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 30.
  51. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 22.
  52. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 31.
  53. ^ a b c d e f g Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1330.
  54. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 32.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Prien et al. 2006, p. 23.
  56. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2006, p. 33.
  57. ^ a b c d e f Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1331.
  58. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 24.
  59. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 35.
  60. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2006, p. 25.
  61. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 36.
  62. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 26.
  63. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 37.
  64. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2006, p. 38.
  65. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 27.
  66. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 28.
  67. ^ a b Prien et al. 2004, p. 81.
  68. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Prien et al. 2010, p. 470.
  69. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2010, p. 469.
  70. ^ a b Thomas 1998, p. 387.
  71. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 478.
  72. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 748.
  73. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 424, 506.
  74. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 61.

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