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Herbert Rollwage

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Herbert Rollwage
Born24 September 1916
Gielde
Died4 January 1980(1980-01-04) (aged 63)
Gielde
Allegiance Nazi Germany (to 1945)
 West Germany
Service / branchLuftwaffe
German Air Force
Years of service1936–1945
RankOberleutnant (Wehrmacht)
Hauptmann (Bundeswehr)
UnitJG 53
Battles / warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Herbert Rollwage (24 September 1916 – 4 January 1980) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator and fighter ace during World War II. Depending on source, he is credited between 71 and 102 aerial victories achieved in 664 combat missions. This figure includes 11 aerial victories on the Eastern Front, and at least 61 victories over the Western Allies, including up to 44 four-engine heavy bombers.

Career

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Rollwage was born on 24 September 1916 in Gielde, at the time in the Province of Hanover within the German Empire, present-day part of the Schladen-Werla municipality. He was the son of a shunter who joined the military service of the Luftwaffe as an Unteroffizier (non-commissioned officer) candidate in 1936. Following flight training,[Note 1] Rollwage was posted to 4. Staffel (4th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing) in 1941 holding the rank of Feldwebel (platoon sergeant).[2]

Operation Barbarossa

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On 8 June 1941, the bulk of JG 53's air elements moved via Jever, in northern Germany, to Mannheim-Sandhofen. There the aircraft were given a maintenance overhaul prior to moving east. The II. Gruppe was transferred to Neusiedel in East Prussia, present-day Malomožaiskojė in Kaliningrad Oblast in Russia, between 12–14 June.[3] On 22 June, the Geschwader crossed into Soviet airspace in support of Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union which opened the Eastern Front. That day, Rollwage claimed his first aerial victory when he shot down a Soviet Tupolev SB-2 bomber.[4] On 5 July 1941, he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz zweiter Klasse) followed by the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz erster Klasse) on 16 September.[5]

On 5 October, Rollwage claimed his last aerial victory on the Eastern Front, his eleventh in total, when he shot down a Polikarpov I-16 fighter.[6] That day, his unit flew its final missions in the area of Shlisselburg. The Gruppe then relocated to the Western Front where it arrived at Leeuwarden in the Netherlands on 12 October.[7] On 2 December 1941, II. Gruppe moved to the Mediterranean theater and where then based at Comiso airfield during the siege of Malta.[8]

Mediterranean theater

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Rollwage was credited with his first aerial victory in the Mediterranean theater on 4 January 1942, claiming Royal Air Force (RAF) Hawker Hurricane fighter shot down.[6] On 14 April, he claimed his 13th and 14th aerial victories when he shot down two Bristol Beaufort bombers south of Qrendi.[9][10] Two Supermarine Spitfire fighters claimed on 10 May near Valletta took his total to 18 aerial victories.[11] Three days later, he claimed another Spitfire shot down near Luqa.[12] On 14 July, Rollwage participated in mission which escorted 15 Junkers Ju 88 bombers from Kampfgeschwader 54 (KG 54—54th Bomber Wing) to the RAF Luqa airfield. On this mission, he claimed a Spitfire fighter shot down.[13]

Messerschmitt Bf 109G's of JG 53 in southern Italy

On 8 August 1942, Rollwage flew his 300th combat mission and claimed a Spitfire fighter shot down.[14] His opponent may have been the Canadian fighter pilot George Beurling who managed to land his damaged aircraft.[15] For his achievements to date, Rollwage was awarded the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) on 10 August followed by the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) two days later.[2] Following the Allied invasion of French North Africa in Operation Torch, II. Gruppe relocated to Tunis on 9 November.[16] On 30 December, a number of United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighters escorted twelve Douglas A-20 Havoc bombers on their bombing mission to Gabès. 5. Staffel intercepted the formation and Rollwage claimed one of the P-38 fighters shot down, his 35th aerial victory.[17] His opponent may have been Virgil Smith of the 14th Fighter Group, who was killed in the crash landing.[18]

On 8 July 1943, the USAAF attacked Ramacca with 24 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers. Elements of II. Gruppe intercepted the bombers. During this aerial battle, Rollwage claimed a B-17 bomber shot down approximately 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) southwest of Capo Scaramia. The next day, the USAAF attacked the Luftwaffe airfield at Trapani with a formation of Martin B-26 Marauder bombers escorted by Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighters. The formation was intercepted at 10:53. In this encounter, Luftwaffe pilots claimed seven aerial victories including a P-40 shot down by Rollwage 7 kilometers (4.3 miles) northwest of Cape San Vito.[19] On 10 July during the Allied invasion of Sicily, Rollwage claimed two aerial victories, a P-38 fighter and a Ryan YO-51 Dragonfly observation aircraft. The YO-51 was likely misidentified and could have been a Vought OS2U Kingfisher observation floatplane launched form USS Birmingham and piloted by Lieutenant McGuiness.[20] Following this encounter, he was shot down and wounded in his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 18242—factory number) near San Pietro.[21]

Defense of the Reich

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In mid-October 1943, II. Gruppe of JG 53 was withdrawn Italy and ordered to relocate to Wien-Seyring near Vienna for combat in defense of the Reich. In Wien-Seyring, the Gruppe received a full complement of factory new Bf 109 G-6 aircraft. Here, Rollwage returned to his unit in November after a period of convalescence following his injuries sustained on 10 July.[22] On 7 January 1944, the USAAF targeted Vienna. The heavy bombers were escorted by P-38 fighters. II. Gruppe was scrambled at 10:41 and engaged the escorting P-38 fighters. In this 40 minute aerial battle, Luftwaffe pilots claimed 15 P-38s shot down, including two by Rollwage, taking his total to 49 aerial victories claimed.[23][24][25] On 25 February during Operation Argument, also known as Big Week, the USAAF Fifteenth Air Force attacked the ball bearing factories at Steyr. Defending against this attack, Rollwage shot down a B-17 bomber near Gmunden.[26]

On 5 April, Rollwage was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) for 53 aerial victories. He received the award from Generalleutnant Joseph Schmid, commanding 1. Jagdkorps.[2] Rollwage was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 1 May 1944.[2] On 27 May, the USAAF 3rd Bombardment Division sent 102 B-17 bombers to Strasbourg and further 98 B-17 bombers to the marshalling yard at Karlsruhe. Defending against attack, Rollwage claimed a B-17 bomber and an escorting North American P-51 Mustang fighter shot down.[27] On 15 August, Rollwage was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 5. Staffel of JG 53. He succeeded Oberleutnant Karl Paashaus who was transferred.[28]

In December 1944, Rollwage was transferred to II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 106 (JG 106—106th Fighter Wing), a fighter pilot training unit, where he served as an instructor.[29] On 21 January 1945, Rollwagen, who was en-route to the Führerbunker in Berlin to be awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) by Adolf Hitler, visited II. Gruppe of JG 53 then based at Rutesheim. The Gruppenkommandeur (group commander), Major Julius Meimberg, advised Rollwage to be at his best behavior when meeting with Hitler. Apparently, Rollwage had a problem with military discipline.[30] The Oak Leaves were awarded to him on 24 January, the 713th member of the German armed forces to be so honored.[31] Rollwage claimed his last documented aerial victory on 5 April. At the time both II. Gruppe of JG 106 and II. Gruppe of JG 53 were both based at at Rißtissen, located approximately 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) southwest of Ulm. That day, Rollwage shot down a Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighter.[32]

Later life

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Following World War II, Rollwage served in the newly established German Air Force of West Germany with the rank of Hauptmann (captain) until his retirement in 1968. He died on 4 January 1980 in his hometown Gielde.[33]

Summary of career

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Aerial victory claims

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According to Spick, Rollwage was credited with 102 aerial victories claimed in over 500 combat missions.[34] Toliver and Constable also list him with 102 aerial victories, 11 on the Eastern Front, 20 in the Mediterranean theater and 71 on the Western Front, including 44 heavy bombers.[35] Obermaier states that exact number of aerial victories remains unknown, likely to be in the range of 80 to 85, claimed in 664 combat missions.[36] Scutts lists him with 71 aerial victories, including 12 on the Eastern Front.[37] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found documentation for 66 aerial victory claims, plus six further unconfirmed claims. This number includes ten claims on the Eastern Front and 56 over the Western Allies, including ten four-engined bombers.[38] Stockert speculates that the figure of 102 aerial victories stated by some authors is likely liked to the confusion between aerial victories claimed and the Luftwaffe point system associated to shooting down a heavy bomber.[31] In 1943, the Luftwaffe had introduced a point system which accounted for the difficulties in shooting down a heavy bomber. Although a single heavy bomber shot down or damaged still counted as one aerial victory, the pilot was however credited with three points. These accumulated points earned a fighter pilot awards, medals and promotions.[39]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 15 Ost S/JA". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[40]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Rollwage did not receive credit.
  This along with the * (asterisk) indicates an Herausschuss (separation shot)—a severely damaged heavy bomber forced to separate from his combat box which was counted as an aerial victory.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews, and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[41]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 4 October 1941
1 22 June 1941 05:57 SB-2 north of Raseiniai[42] 6 27 August 1941 13:49 unspecified flying boat northwest of Szaltzo[43]
2 11 July 1941 05:45 SB-3 east of Slavkovichi[43] 7 27 August 1941 17:14 unspecified passenger aircraft?[Note 2] north of Ivanskoye[43]
—
 16 July 1941
—
 SB-2 8?[Note 3] 30 August 1941 05:09 I-16 southwest of Solugubovka[45]
3 21 July 1941 21:03 SB-3 northeast of Dno[43] 9 16 September 1941 10:31 Li-2 northeast of Babino[46]
4 25 August 1941 16:40 I-18 (MiG-1) south of Njetschanje[43] 10 30 September 1941 13:08 I-180 (Yak-7) east of Taksowo[47]
5 27 August 1941 13:48 unspecified flying boat northwest of Szaltzo[43] 11 5 October 1941 06:32 I-16 northwest of Shlisselburg[47]
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[44]
Mediterranean Theater — 25 November 1941 – 31 December 1942
12 4 January 1942 10:31 Hurricane northwest of Maltas Point[48] 24 8 July 1942 11:32 Spitfire 1 km (0.62 mi) south of Birżebbuġa[49]
13 14 April 1942 17:05 Beaufort 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Qrendi[50] 25 9 July 1942 19:25 Spitfire 7 km (4.3 mi) southwest of Dingli[49]
14 14 April 1942 17:07 Beaufort 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Qrendi[50] 26 14 July 1942 10:25 Spitfire 12 km (7.5 mi) west of Żonqor Point[49]
15 24 April 1942 07:43 Spitfire west of Ta' Vnezja[50] 27 28 July 1942 08:54 Spitfire 2 km (1.2 mi) northwest of Żonqor Point[49]
16 9 May 1942 11:05 Spitfire 1 km (0.62 mi) southeast of Luqa[50] 28 29 July 1942 10:11 Spitfire 20 km (12 mi) east of Malta[49]
17 10 May 1942 11:05 Spitfire 3 km (1.9 mi) south of La Valletta[50] 29 8 August 1942 10:02 Spitfire 5 km (3.1 mi) north of La Valletta[49]
18 10 May 1942 19:04 Spitfire 2 km (1.2 mi) south of La Valetta[50] 30 22 October 1942 16:28 Spitfire 1 km (0.62 mi) east of Malta[51]
19 13 May 1942 13:02 Spitfire 1 km (0.62 mi) northwest of Luqa[50] 31 26 October 1942 12:14 Spitfire 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of La Valletta[51]
20 1 July 1942 14:04 Spitfire St. Paul's Bay[52] 32 12 December 1942 15:11 P-38 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Limaguess[53]
21 6 July 1942 07:37 Spitfire southeast of Gozo[52] 33 15 December 1942 08:41 P-38 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Skhira[53]
22 6 July 1942 19:41 Spitfire 3 km (1.9 mi) northeast of La Valletta[52] 34 17 December 1942 09:53 P-38 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Gafsa[54]
23 7 July 1942 06:47 Spitfire 4 km (2.5 mi) northeast of Żonqor Point[52] 35 30 December 1942 11:16 P-38 30 km (19 mi) northwest of Gabès[54]
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[44]
Mediterranean Theater — 1 January – 10 July 1943
36 23 February 1943 13:05 Beaufort 60 km (37 mi) west of Trapani[55] 42 4 July 1943 11:14 Spitfire 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Catania[56]
37 24 February 1943 12:10 Spitfire 10 km (6.2 mi) west of El Aroussa[57] 43 4 July 1943 14:18 B-26 60 km (37 mi) south of Gela[56]
38 22 May 1943 18:35 Spitfire 20 km (12 mi) south of Gela[57] 44 8 July 1943 12:28 B-17 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Ragusa[56]
39 9 June 1943 12:58 B-24 7 km (4.3 mi) northwest of La Valletta[57] 45 9 July 1943 11:02 P-40 7 km (4.3 mi) northwest of Cape San Vito[56]
40 13 June 1943 12:05 Spitfire north of Mineo[57] 46 10 July 1943 10:37 P-38 1 km (0.62 mi) southwest of Gela[56]
41 20 June 1943 10:47 Spitfire 25 km (16 mi) south of Cap Passero[56] 47 10 July 1943 10:39 YO-51 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Gela[56]
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[58]
Defense of the Reich — 1 January – 6 June 1944
48 7 January 1944 12:29 P-38 35 km (22 mi) east-southeast of Graz[59] 56 11 April 1944 11:56 B-17* PQ 15 Ost S/JA, Goslar[59]
49 7 January 1944 12:32 P-38 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Graz[59] 57 13 April 1944 13:58 B-17 southeast of Aschaffenburg[59]
50?[Note 3] 22 February 1944 13:20 B-24* Altötting[59] 58 19 April 1944 10:35 B-17 PQ 05 Ost S/LU-5/6[59]
south of Münden, east of Kassel
51?[Note 3] 24 February 1944 13:05 B-17 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Gmunden[59] 59 12 May 1944 15:29 B-17 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Koblenz[60]
52 23 March 1944 10:31 B-17* PQ 15 Ost S/HA-3, southwest of Braunschweig[59] 60 27 May 1944 12:21 P-51 PQ 04 Ost S/CO/CN, south of Lunéville[60]
270° from Rambervillers
53?[Note 3] 2 April 1944 11:28 B-17 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Zeltweg[59] 61 27 May 1944 12:30 B-17 PQ 04 Ost S/BQ-9, Offenburg[60]
54?[Note 3] 8 April 1944 13:55 B-24 20 km (12 mi) north-northwest of Fallersleben[59] 62 29 May 1944 12:05 B-17 PQ 15 Ost S/JE/JF[60]
Dessau
55 11 April 1944 11:08 B-17 PQ 15 Ost S/GC, Haldensleben[59]
Halberstadt-Quedlinburg
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[61]
Invasion Front in France — 6 June – 31 December 1944
63 8 June 1944 10:43 B-26 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Cherbourg[60]
off Barfleur 		67 28 September 1944 17:28?[Note 4] P-47 40 km (25 mi) west of Haguenau[60]
north of Sarrebourg
64 17 June 1944 16:15 P-47 4 km (2.5 mi) northeast of Carentan[60] 68 28 September 1944 17:38 P-47 PQ 04 Ost N/AP-7, 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Nancy[60]
St Nichlas southwest of Nancy
65 22 August 1944 19:33 P-38 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Saint-Quentin[60]
5 km (3.1 mi) south of Péronne 		69 20 October 1944 10:48 P-47 PQ 04 Ost N/CP-2, Schirmeck[62]
southwest of Strasbourg
66 23 August 1944 09:31 P-47 20 km (12 mi) southwest of Mantes-la-Jolie[60] 70 25 November 1944 12:45 Piper L-4 PQ 04 Ost N/AQ-7, north of Mommenheim[62]
Haguenau
– II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[61]
Defense of the Reich — March – May 1945
71 5 April 1945 06:30 P-47[63]

Awards

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Notes

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  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[1]
  2. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as an unspecified flying boat.[44]
  3. ^ a b c d e According to Mathews and Foreman this claim is unconfirmed.[44]
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 17:38.[61]
  5. ^ According to Scherzer on 5 April 1944 as pilot in the 5./Jagdgeschwader 53.[68]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  2. ^ a b c d Stockert 2008, p. 19.
  3. ^ Prien 1997, p. 252.
  4. ^ Prien 1997, pp. 260–261.
  5. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 99.
  6. ^ a b Prien 1991, p. 1669.
  7. ^ Prien 1997, p. 300.
  8. ^ Prien 1997, p. 333.
  9. ^ Prien 1997, p. 371.
  10. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012, p. 204.
  11. ^ Prien 1997, p. 379.
  12. ^ Prien 1997, p. 380.
  13. ^ Prien 1998, p. 467.
  14. ^ Forsyth 2011, p. 74.
  15. ^ Rogers 2000, p. 199.
  16. ^ Prien 1998, p. 502.
  17. ^ Prien 1998, p. 515.
  18. ^ Stanaway 2014, p. 73.
  19. ^ Prien 1998, p. 631.
  20. ^ Shores et al. 2018, pp. 162–174.
  21. ^ Prien et al. 2011, p. 134.
  22. ^ Prien 1991, pp. 1269–1270, 1275.
  23. ^ Prien 1991, pp. 1278, 1282.
  24. ^ Weal 1999, p. 95.
  25. ^ Weal 2006, p. 64.
  26. ^ Prien 1991, p. 1291.
  27. ^ Forsyth 2011, p. 76.
  28. ^ Prien et al. 2019, p. 380.
  29. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 100.
  30. ^ Prien 1991, p. 1524.
  31. ^ a b Stockert 2008, p. 20.
  32. ^ Prien 1991, pp. 1585–1586.
  33. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 20.
  34. ^ Spick 1996, p. 233.
  35. ^ Toliver & Constable 1998, p. 405.
  36. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 72.
  37. ^ Scutts 1994, p. 93.
  38. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1054–1056.
  39. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 13.
  40. ^ Planquadrat.
  41. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1054–1055.
  42. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 131.
  43. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2003, p. 133.
  44. ^ a b c d Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1055.
  45. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 134.
  46. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 135.
  47. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 137.
  48. ^ Prien et al. 2004, p. 142.
  49. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2004, p. 148.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2004, p. 144.
  51. ^ a b Prien et al. 2004, p. 149.
  52. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2004, p. 146.
  53. ^ a b Prien et al. 2004, p. 150.
  54. ^ a b Prien et al. 2004, p. 152.
  55. ^ Prien et al. 2011, p. 122.
  56. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2011, p. 124.
  57. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2011, p. 123.
  58. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1055–1056.
  59. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Prien et al. 2019, p. 385.
  60. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2019, p. 386.
  61. ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1056.
  62. ^ a b Prien et al. 2019, p. 387.
  63. ^ Prien 1991, p. 1685.
  64. ^ a b Thomas 1998, p. 224.
  65. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 173.
  66. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 384.
  67. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 295.
  68. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 637.
  69. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 79.

Bibliography

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  • Prien, Jochen; Balke, Ulf; Stemmer, Gerhard; Bock, Winfried (2019). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 13/V—Einsatz im Reichsverteidigung und im Westen—1.1. bis 31.12.1944 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 13/V—Action in the Defense of the Reich and in the West—1 January to 31 December 1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-942943-21-5.
  • Rogers, Anthony (2000). Battle over Malta: Aircraft Losses and Crash sites 1940–42. Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-2392-7.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Scutts, Jerry (1994). Bf 109 Aces of North Africa and the Mediterranean. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 2. London, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-448-0.
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  • Shores, Christopher; Massimello, Giovanni; Guest, Russell; Olynyk, Frank; Bock, Winfried; Thomas, Andy (2018). A History of the Mediterranean Air War, 1940–1945, Volume Four: Sicily and Italy to the Fall of Rome, 14 May 1943 – 5 June 1944. London: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-911621-10-2.
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