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Horst-Günther von Fassong

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Horst-Günther von Fassong
Born(1919-04-27)27 April 1919
Kassel
Died1 January 1945(1945-01-01) (aged 25)
near Maastricht, Netherlands
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branchHeer, Luftwaffe
RankHauptmann (captain)
UnitJG 51, JG 11
Commands10./JG 51, 7./JG 11, III./JG 11
Battles / wars
See battles
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Horst-Günther von Fassong (27 April 1919 – 1 January 1945) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator and fighter ace during World War II. Depending on source, he is credited between 63 and 136 aerial victories achieved in an unknown number of combat missions. This figure includes up to 90 aerial victories on the Eastern Front, and potentially further 46 victories over the Western Allies, including up to four four-engined bombers.

Born in Kassel, Fassong grew up in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. A pre-war member of the German Army, he transferred to the Luftwaffe in 1940. Following flight training, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) in 1941. Flying with this wing, Fassong claimed his first aerial victory on 3 July 1941 during Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. He was made Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 10. Staffel (10th squadron) of JG 51 in February 1943. In May 1944, he was transferred and appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 11 (JG 11—11st Fighter Wing) fighting in Defense of the Reich. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 27 July 1944 and killed in action on 1 January 1945 during Operation Bodenplatte.

Career

[edit]

Fassong was born on 27 April 1919 in Kassel, at the time in the Province of Hesse-Nassau, a Free State of Prussia within the Weimar Republic.[1] His military career began with Aufklärungsabteilung 7, a reconnaissance battalion of the 4th Panzer Division. In May 1940, Fassong transferred to the Luftwaffe where he was trained as a fighter pilot.[Note 1] In early 1941, he was posted to 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing).[3] At the time, 3. Staffel was commanded by Oberleutnant Heinrich Krafft while I. Gruppe, to which the Staffel was subordinated, was headed by Hauptmann Hermann-Friedrich Joppien.[4] The Gruppe was based on the English Channel, fighting the Royal Air Force (RAF). On 25 May, I. Gruppe was withdrawn from the Channel Front and moved to Krefeld Airfield for preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union.[5]

Eastern Front

[edit]

JG 51 area of operation during Operation Barbarossa was over the right flank of Army Group Center in the combat area of the 2nd Panzer Group as well as the 4th Army.[6] In support of the Army crossing the Berezina, I. Gruppe was moved to an airfield at Babruysk on 2 July.[7] The following day Fassong claimed his first two aerial victories in the vicinity of Rahachow when he shot down two Polikarpov I-16 fighters.[8][9] German forces breached the Stalin Line and II. Gruppe was moved to an airfield at Stara Bychow, approximately 50 kilometres (31 miles) south of Mogilev on the Dnieper on 12 July where it stayed until 20 August.[10] Fassong was severely injured, sustaining heavy burns, on 28 July when his Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-2 (Werknummer 9650—factory number) burst into flames during takeoff.[3][11]

On 12 February 1943, Fassong was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 10. Staffel of JG 51. The Staffel was subordinated to IV. Gruppe of JG 51, initially commanded by Hauptmann Hans Knauth and as of 1 March, by Major Rudolf Resch.[12] The Gruppe had just completed conversion from the Bf 109 F-2 to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-4 and was based at Smolensk. In that combat area, Army Group Centre had launched Operation Büffel, a series of retreats eliminating the Rzhev salient.[13] On 10 June, during a Soviet attack on the Seshchinskaya and Bryansk Air Field, Fassong claimed three aerial victories in nine minutes.[14]

Operation Citadel

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On 5 July, German forces launched Operation Citadel in a failed attempt to eliminate the Kursk salient that initiated the Battle of Kursk. In preparation of this operation, IV. Gruppe was ordered to an airfield named Oryol-West and supported Generaloberst Walter Model's 9th Army on the northern pincer. That day, pilots of the Gruppe flew up to five combat missions in the combat area near Maloarkhangelsk. The Gruppe escorted bombers from Kampfgeschwader 4 (KG 4—4th Bomber Wing), KG 51 and KG 53 as well as Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers from Sturzkampfgeschwader 1 (StG 1—1st Dive Bomber Wing).[15] The Gruppe claimed 36 aerial victories that day, including two Lavochkin La-5, an Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft, and a Douglas A-20 Havoc bomber also known as a Boston, by Fassong.[16] The following day, Fassong for the first time became an "ace-in-a-day", claiming three Il-2 ground attack aircraft, two La-5 fighters and a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighter.[17]

On 11 July, IV. Gruppe lost its commanding officer, Resch, who was killed in action. He was replaced by Major Hans-Ekkehard Bob who had to be transferred and took command of the Gruppe on 1 August.[18] On 14 August, Fassong again became an "ace-in-a-day", and was credited with five Il-2 ground attack aircraft shot down west of Kharkov during the Soviet Belgorod–Kharkov offensive operation.[19] Fassong was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 17 October 1943,[3] and after 62 aerial victories was transferred to the Western Front.[9]

Group commander

[edit]

In early May 1944, Fassong was transferred to III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 11 (JG 11—11th Fighter Wing), initially serving as Staffelkapitän of 7. Staffel after his predecessor had been killed in action. The Gruppe was based at Oldenburg Airfield and was fighting in Defence of the Reich.[20] On 8 May, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) attacked Berlin and Braunschweig with 807 four-engined heavy bombers escorted by 855 fighter aircraft.[21] JG 11 intercepted the bombers of the 1st and 3rd Bombardment Division on its way to Berlin in the vicinity of Verden an der Aller. In the resulting aerial combat, Fassong shot down a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bomber.[22] Four days later on 12 May, the Eighth Army Air Force targeted the German fuel industry.[23] In total 886 four-engined bombers, escorted by 980 fighter aircraft, headed for the five main synthetic fuel factories in middle Germany in area of Leuna, Merseburg, Böhlen and Zeitz, and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and Brüx.[24] Defending against this attack, Fassong claimed a B-17 bomber shot down in a frontal attack on the bombers near Wiesbaden.[25]

On 13 May, III. Gruppe moved from Oldenburg to Reinsehlen Airfield near Schneverdingen.[26] On 22 May, 342 four-engined bombers 1st and 3rd Bombardment Division attacked Kiel.[27] JG 11 fighters intercepted the USAAF bombers west of Neumünster. In this encounter Fassong claimed a B-17 bomber destroyed.[28] In late May, Fassong succeeded Major Anton Hackl as Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of III. Gruppe of JG 11.[29][30] On 6 June, the Allies launched Operation Overlord, the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe, on 6 June. To defend against this invasion, the Luftwaffe relocated many of its fighter and bomber units to France. III. Gruppe was one of the few units not sent to France but at the time remained in Reinsehlen. In early June, the Gruppe was augmented by 2. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) led by Oberleutnant Paul-Heinrich Dähne. The Staffel then was redesignated and became the 12. Staffel of JG 11 and was subordinated to Fassong's command.[31] When on 22 June Soviet forces launched Operation Bagration, III. Gruppe was ordered to relocate to the Eastern Front where it was to be deployed in the combat area of Minsk and fought in the Minsk Offensive.[32][33] On 27 July, Fassong was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes).[34]

The Gruppe flew its last combat missions on the Eastern Front on 1 September.[35] During its ten-week tenure in the east, III. Gruppe pilots claimed approximately 125 aerial victories, including nine by Fassong,[36] for the loss of twelve pilots killed or missing and further eleven injured or wounded in combat.[37] The Gruppe then moved to an airfield at Riesa-Leutewitz for a brief period of rest and replenishment.[38] On 17 September 1944 Allied forces launched Operation Market Garden, the operation to cross the Rhine at Arnhem.[39] The following day, III. Gruppe was ordered to Achmer Airfiled to support the German defense.[40]

Operation Bodenplatte and death

[edit]

In preparation for Operation Bodenplatte, III. Gruppe was moved to an airfield at Großostheim, near Aschaffenburg on 17 December 1944. Fassong had learned of the planned operation on 5 December at a meeting held at the headquarters of the II. Jagdkorps (2nd Fighter Corps) commanded by Generalmajor Dietrich Peltz, on 5 December.[41] Fassong informed his Staffelkapitäne of the upcoming operation on 15 December without going into the specifics of the target and date.[42] At 06:30 on 1 January, Fassong briefed his pilots of the operation and that their target would be the Asch Airfield (Designated: Y-29) located north-west of Maastricht.[43] At 08:18, Fassong led a flight of 31 Fw 190 A-8 fighter aircraft to Frankfurt where they were joined by other Luftwaffe fighters.[44][45]

Fassong was last seen in aerial combat near Maastricht. Unteroffizier Armin Mehling, Fassong's wingman, reported that Fassong was shot down by two P-47 Thunderbolts over Asch flying a Fw 190 A-8 (Werknummer 682 792—factory number).[1] The flight was flying at a height of 15 to 20 meters (49 to 66 feet) when they were pounced upon by six P-47s. Fassong's aircraft was hit and burned immediately. The aircraft crashed in a big ball of flames near Opglabbeek.[46] Following his death, command of III. Gruppe was given to Oberleutnant Paul-Heinrich Dähne.[30]

Summary of career

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Aerial victory claims

[edit]

According to Spick, Fassong was credited with 136 aerial victories, 90 of which claimed over the Eastern Front and 46 in the western theater of operations, including four heavy bombers.[47] Obermaier lists him with 75, potentially about 80, aerial victories, among them 10 claimed over the Western Front, including four heavy bombers.[1] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 63 aerial victory claims. This figure includes 61 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and two heavy bombers over the Western Allies.[48]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 35 Ost 46443". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[49]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Fassong an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[50]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 28 July 1941
1 3 July 1941 10:30 I-16 southeast of Rahachow[8] 2 3 July 1941 10:35 I-16 30 km (19 mi) southeast of Rahachow[8]
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders" –[50]
Eastern Front — 1 May 1942 – 3 February 1943
3 3 May 1942 09:25 MiG-3[51] 4 13 July 1942 08:06 MiG-3[52]
According to Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock, Fassong claimed one undocumented aerial victory between 30 May and 15 September 1942.[53] This claim is not documented by Mathews and Foreman.[50]
– 10. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders" –[54]
Eastern Front — 12 February 1943 – April 1944
6 8 March 1943 09:27 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 46443[55]
20 km (12 mi) east-southeast of Dugino 		35 5 August 1943 07:39 Boston east of Trifonovka[56]
7 9 May 1943 07:55 P-39 PQ 35 Ost 63581[57]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk 		36♠ 14 August 1943 18:15 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] south of Rakitnoye[56]
8 2 June 1943 03:56 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63774[57]
15 km (9.3 mi) east-southeast of Fatezh 		37♠ 14 August 1943 18:16 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] east of Bodowka[56]
9 2 June 1943 10:30 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 62322[57]
vicinity of Kursk 		38♠ 14 August 1943 18:17 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] southeast of Belunow-Gorb[56]
10 10 June 1943 19:11 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 34281[57]
25 km (16 mi) east-northeast of Seshchinskaya 		39♠ 14 August 1943 18:21 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] south of Burinovka[56]
11 10 June 1943 19:16 Pe-2 PQ 35 Ost 34232[57]
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Kirov 		40♠ 14 August 1943 18:24 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] north of Dobropolye[56]
12 10 June 1943 19:20 Pe-2 PQ 35 Ost 35833[58]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Utrikowo 		41 18 August 1943 06:14 Yak-1 south of Krassnoye-Yar[59]
13 5 July 1943 10:06 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63564[58]
10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk 		42 18 August 1943 17:42 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] south of Jelisawetinski[59]
14 5 July 1943 10:22 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63653[58]
15 km (9.3 mi) east-southeast of Maloarkhangelsk 		43 18 August 1943 17:54 Boston southeast of Dmitriyevka[59]
15 5 July 1943 12:35 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 63573[58]
20 km (12 mi) south-southeast of Trosna 		44 22 August 1943 17:38 Pe-2 south of Bolgar[59]
16 5 July 1943 13:24 Boston PQ 35 Ost 63653[58]
15 km (9.3 mi) east-southeast of Maloarkhangelsk 		45 27 October 1943 07:34 Yak-1 north of Krivoj-Rog[60]
17♠ 6 July 1943 04:24 Il-2 m.H. PQ 35 Ost 63572[58]
20 km (12 mi) south-southeast of Trosna 		46 29 October 1943 06:03 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] northeast of Pokrowskoje[61]
18♠ 6 July 1943 04:28 Il-2 m.H. PQ 35 Ost 63544[58]
10 km (6.2 mi) south-southeast of Trosna 		47 29 October 1943 06:05 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] southeast of Mitrofanowka[61]
19♠ 6 July 1943 04:32 Il-2 m.H. PQ 35 Ost 63553[58]
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Maloarkhangelsk 		48 29 October 1943 06:06 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] south-southwest of Nova Praha[61]
20♠ 6 July 1943 10:55 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 63652[62]
15 km (9.3 mi) east-southeast of Maloarkhangelsk 		49 29 October 1943 06:08 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] southeast of Nova Praha[61]
21♠ 6 July 1943 11:09 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63712[62]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Fatezh 		50 13 November 1943 10:35 Yak-1 1 km (0.62 mi) north of Petronowo[61]
22♠[Note 3] 6 July 1943 11:37 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63363[62] 51 27 November 1943 09:15 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] 1 km (0.62 mi) northeast of Kapustjana[61]
23 9 July 1943 08:31 MiG-3 PQ 35 Ost 63591[62]
15 km (9.3 mi) south-southwest of Maloarkhangelsk 		52 29 November 1943 12:02 Il-2 2 km (1.2 mi) south-east of Annowojewka[61]
24 9 July 1943 08:36 Il-2 m.H. PQ 35 Ost 63594[62]
15 km (9.3 mi) south-southwest of Maloarkhangelsk 		53 29 November 1943 12:04 Il-2 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Dnjeprowka[61]
25 13 July 1943 07:16 Il-2 m.H. PQ 35 Ost 74773[63]
20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Verkhovye 		54 11 January 1944 14:42 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] 20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Koziatyn
26 13 July 1943 07:19 Il-2 m.H. PQ 35 Ost 74772[63]
20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Verkhovye 		55 11 January 1944 14:45 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Koziatyn
27 13 July 1943 07:53 Il-2 m.H. PQ 35 Ost 64813[63]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Mtsensk 		56 11 January 1944 14:46 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] 25 km (16 mi) south-southwest of Koziatyn
28 17 July 1943 12:01 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 63634[63]
25 km (16 mi) east-northeast of Maloarkhangelsk 		57 15 January 1944 14:33 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] 40 km (25 mi) east-northeast of Vinnytsia
29 17 July 1943 12:03 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 63631[63]
25 km (16 mi) east-northeast of Maloarkhangelsk 		58 15 January 1944 14:35 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] 45 km (28 mi) south-southeast of Koziatyn
30 22 March 1943 19:55 Il-2 m.H. PQ 35 Ost 44818[63]
15 km (9.3 mi) east-southeast of Bryansk 		59 24 January 1944 14:00 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] 40 km (25 mi) southeast of Koziatyn
31 22 July 1943 19:58 Il-2 m.H. PQ 35 Ost 44831[63]
15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Karachev 		60 25 January 1944 11:15 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] 30 km (19 mi) east-northeast of Vinnytsia
32 2 August 1943 12:05 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 53623[56]
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Trosna 		61 25 January 1944 11:18 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] 40 km (25 mi) south-southeast of Koziatyn
33 3 August 1943 17:55?[Note 4] Il-2 m.H. PQ 35 Ost 54552[56] 62 25 January 1944 11:20 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] 25 km (16 mi) south-southeast of Koziatyn
34 5 August 1943 07:36 Boston south of Jassenok[56]
– 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 11 –[64]
Defense of the Reich — April – May 1944
63 8 May 1944 09:46 B-17 PQ 05 Ost S/ES/FS, southwest of Verden[65] 65?[Note 3] 22 May 1944
—
 B-17[66]
64 12 May 1944 12:26 B-17 PQ 05 Ost S/QQ/QR, vicinity of Wiesbaden[65] 66?[Note 3] 28 May 1944
—
 B-17[67]
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 11 –[64]
Eastern Front — June – September 1944
According to Prien and Rodeike, Fassong claimed nine undocumented aerial victories between June and September 1944.[68] Only one of these claims is documented by Mathews and Foreman.[64]
73 22 July 1944 15:19 R-5 PQ 25 Ost N/32591[69]

Awards

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Notes

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  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[2]
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t The "m.H." refers to an Ilyushin Il-2 with rear gunner (mit Heckschütze).
  3. ^ a b c This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[54]
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 17:53.[50]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c Obermaier 1989, p. 109.
  2. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  3. ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 300.
  4. ^ Aders & Held 1993, pp. 247–248.
  5. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 26.
  6. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 206.
  7. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 227.
  8. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003, p. 250.
  9. ^ a b Weal 2007, p. 78.
  10. ^ Prien et al. 2003, pp. 227, 232.
  11. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 259.
  12. ^ Aders & Held 1993, pp. 134, 251.
  13. ^ Prien et al. 2012, pp. 96–97.
  14. ^ Degtev & Zubov 2021, p. 151.
  15. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 117.
  16. ^ Prien et al. 2012, pp. 117, 149.
  17. ^ Prien et al. 2012, pp. 149–150.
  18. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 143.
  19. ^ Prien et al. 2012, pp. 126, 152.
  20. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996a, p. 910.
  21. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996a, p. 914.
  22. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996a, p. 919.
  23. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996a, p. 927.
  24. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996a, p. 930.
  25. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996a, pp. 936, 1208.
  26. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996a, p. 943.
  27. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996a, p. 956.
  28. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996a, p. 958.
  29. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996a, p. 990.
  30. ^ a b Prien & Rodeike 1996b, p. 1617.
  31. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996b, p. 1230.
  32. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996b, p. 1231.
  33. ^ Barbas 2006, p. 251.
  34. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996b, p. 1243.
  35. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996b, p. 1244.
  36. ^ Weal 2007, p. 79.
  37. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996b, p. 1245.
  38. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996b, p. 1254.
  39. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996b, p. 1263.
  40. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996b, p. 1264.
  41. ^ Manrho & Pütz 2010, p. 230.
  42. ^ Manrho & Pütz 2010, pp. 231–232.
  43. ^ Manrho & Pütz 2010, p. 234.
  44. ^ Manrho & Pütz 2010, p. 235.
  45. ^ Franks 1994, p. 146.
  46. ^ Manrho & Pütz 2010, p. 269.
  47. ^ Spick 1996, p. 230.
  48. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 300–302.
  49. ^ Planquadrat.
  50. ^ a b c d Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 301.
  51. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 269.
  52. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 270.
  53. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 273.
  54. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 301–302.
  55. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 147.
  56. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2012, p. 152.
  57. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2012, p. 148.
  58. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2012, p. 149.
  59. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2012, p. 153.
  60. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 155.
  61. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2012, p. 156.
  62. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2012, p. 150.
  63. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2012, p. 151.
  64. ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 302.
  65. ^ a b Prien & Rodeike 1996a, p. 1208.
  66. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996a, p. 1209.
  67. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996a, p. 1210.
  68. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996b, p. 1651.
  69. ^ Prien et al. 2022, p. 208.
  70. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 136.
  71. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 75.
  72. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 109.
  73. ^ Fellgiebel 2000.
  74. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 302.

Bibliography

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  • Aders, Gebhard; Held, Werner (1993). Jagdgeschwader 51 'Mölders' Eine Chronik – Berichte – Erlebnisse – Dokumente [Fighter Wing 51 'Mölders' A Chronicle – Reports – Experiences – Documents] (in German). Stuttgart, Germany: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 978-3-613-01045-1.
  • Barbas, Bernd (2006). Die Geschichte der I. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 52 [The History of 1st Group of Fighter Wing 52] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-92-345779-3.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
  • Degtev, Dmitry; Zubov, Dmitry (2021). Hitler's Strategic Bombing Offensive on the Eastern Front—Blitz Over the Volga, 1943. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-5267-8992-1.
  • Dixon, Jeremy (2023). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1943–1945. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-39903-073-1.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Franks, Norman (1994). The Battle of the Airfields: 1 January 1945. London: Grub St. ISBN 978-1-898697-15-2.
  • Manrho, John; Pütz, Ron (2010). Bodenplatte: The Luftwaffe's Last Hope-The Attack on Allied Airfields, New Year's Day 1945. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-1-4617-5072-7.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2014). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 1 A–F. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-18-9.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
  • Prien, Jochen; Rodeike, Peter (1996a). Jagdgeschwader 1 und 11—Einsatz in der Reichsverteidigung von 1939 bis 1945—Teil 2—1944 [Jagdgeschwader 1 and 11—Operations in the Defense of the Reich from 1939 to 1945—Volume 2—1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-24-3.
  • Prien, Jochen; Rodeike, Peter (1996b). Jagdgeschwader 1 und 11—Einsatz in der Reichsverteidigung von 1939 bis 1945: Teil 3, 1944–1945 [Jagdgeschwader 1 and 11—Operations in the Defense of the Reich from 1939 to 1945] (in German). Vol. III 1944–1945. Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-25-0.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/II—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/II—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-64-9.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/I—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/I—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-69-4.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/II—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/II—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-77-9.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2012). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 12/II—Einsatz im Osten—4.2. bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 12/II—Action in the East—4 February to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-05-5.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Balke, Ulf; Bock, Winfried (2022). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 15/I—Einsatz im Osten—1.1. bis 31.12.1944 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 15/I—Action in the East—1 January to 31 December 1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-26-0.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces: The Jadgflieger and their Combat Tactics and Techniques. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
  • Weal, John (2007). More Bf 109 Aces of the Russian Front. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 76. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-177-9.
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