Jump to content

Zhurong (rover)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Zhurong rover)
This article is about the CNSA rover. For other uses, see Zhurong (disambiguation).

Zhurong
祝融
Part of Tianwen-1
Zhurong selfie with lander, taken by the deployable Tianwen-1 remote camera.
TypeMars rover
EponymZhurong
OwnerCNSA
ManufacturerChina Academy of Space Technology
Specifications
Dimensions2.6 m × 3 m × 1.85 m
(8 ft 6 in × 9 ft 10 in × 6 ft 1 in)
Launch mass240 kilograms (530 lb)
PowerSolar arrays
RocketLong March 5
Instruments
  • MarSCoDe
  • MCS
  • MSCam
  • NaTeCam
  • RoMAG
  • RoPeR
History
Launched
  • 23 July 2020, 23:18 UTC (2020-07-23UTC23:18)
  • from Wenchang LC-101
Deployed
  • 22 May 2021, 02:40 UTC (2021-05-22UTC02:40)
  • from Tianwen-1 lander
Location25°06′07″N 109°54′50″E / 25.102°N 109.914°E / 25.102; 109.914 (Zhurong rover)[1]
Utopia Planitia, Mars
Travelled1,921 m (6,302 ft) on Mars as of 5 May 2022[2]

Zhurong (Chinese: 祝融; pinyin: Zhùróng) is a Chinese rover on Mars, the country's first to land on another planet after it previously landed two rovers on the Moon. The rover is part of the Tianwen-1 mission to Mars conducted by the China National Space Administration (CNSA).

The spacecraft was launched on 23 July 2020 and inserted into Martian orbit on 10 February 2021. The lander, carrying the rover, performed a soft landing on Mars on 14 May 2021,[3] making China the third country to successfully soft-land a spacecraft on Mars and the second one to deploy a rover on Mars, after the United States.[4][N 1] Zhurong was deployed on 22 May 2021, 02:40 UTC.[6]

Designed for a lifespan of 90 sols (93 Earth days),[7] Zhurong was active for more than 347 sols (358 days) after its deployment on Mars's surface.[8][9] The rover became inactive on 20 May 2022 due to approaching sandstorms and Martian winter, pending its self-awakening with appropriate temperature and sunlight conditions.[10][11]

Zhurong was expected to wake up in December 2022[12] but never did due to excessive dust accumulation, according to the rover's chief designer.[13]

Name

[edit]

Zhurong is named after a Chinese mytho-historical figure usually associated with fire and light, as Mars is called "the Planet of Fire" (Chinese: 火星) in China and some other countries in East Asia. It was selected by a public online vote held between 20 January 2021 and 28 February 2021, with Zhurong ranking first with 504,466 votes.[14] The name was chosen with the meanings of "igniting the fire of interstellar exploration in China" and "to symbolize the Chinese people's determination to explore the stars and to uncover unknowns in the universe".[15]

History

[edit]

China began its first interplanetary exploration attempt in 2011 by sending Yinghuo-1, a Mars orbiter, in a joint mission with Russia. It did not leave Earth orbit due to a failure of the Russian launch vehicle.[16] As a result, CNSA then embarked on its independent Mars mission.

The first early model of the future Mars rover was on display in November 2014 at the 10th China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition. It had an appearance similar to the Yutu lunar rover, which had deployed on the Moon.[17]

On 22 April 2016, Xu Dazhe, head of the CNSA, announced that the Mars mission had been approved on 11 January 2016. A probe would be sent to Martian orbit and attempt to land on Mars in 2020.[18]

On 23 August 2016, CNSA revealed the first images of the final version of the Mars mission spacecraft, which confirmed the composition of a Mars orbiter, lander, and rover in one mission.[19]

The scientific objectives and payloads of the Mars mission were declared in a paper published in Journal of Deep Space Exploration in December 2017.[20]

On 24 April 2020, China's interplanetary exploration program was formally announced by CNSA, along with the name Tianwen and an emblem of the program.[21] The first mission of the program, the Mars mission to be carried out in 2020, was named Tianwen-1.[22]

On 24 April 2021, in anticipation of the upcoming landing attempt, CNSA formally announced that the rover would be named Zhurong (Chinese: 祝融号).[23]

  • Mockup of the Zhurong rover at the 69th International Astronautical Congress
    Mockup of the Zhurong rover at the 69th International Astronautical Congress
  • Full-scale mockup of Zhurong rover and Tianwen-1 lander.
    Full-scale mockup of Zhurong rover and Tianwen-1 lander.
  • Artist's Rendering of Tianwen-1 mission components
    Artist's Rendering of Tianwen-1 mission components

Test Rover

[edit]

To design and test the rover and simulate conditions at Utopia Planitia, CNSA kept a test bed rover in a Mars yard at the China Academy of Space Technology in Beijing. The Field Test Rover (FTR) was made two years before the actual Zhurong was built, and some of the FTR components were used in the vehicle flown to Mars. The FTR completed thousands of tests on the ground before the start of the mission. The twin remained in service to help scientists and engineers determine the path for Zhurong by testing maneuvers in the Mars yard.[24][25]

Landing area selection

[edit]

The landing area was determined based on two criteria:[26]

  • Engineering feasibility, including latitude, altitude, slope, surface condition, rock distribution, local wind speed, visibility requirements during the EDL process.
  • Scientific objectives, including geology, soil structure and water ice distribution, surface elements, mineral, and rock distribution, magnetic field detection.

Two areas were preselected in the next stage: Chryse Planitia and Utopia Planitia.

The two landing site candidates of Tianwen-1 mission.
The two landing site candidates of Tianwen-1 mission are enclosed by red lines on Martian map. The one on the left is located in Chryse Planitia and the one on the right in Utopia Planitia.

The candidate in Utopia Planitia was favored by the team due to higher chances of finding evidence for whether an ancient ocean existed on the northern part of Mars.[26] It was eventually selected as the final landing area of the mission.

Mission timeline

[edit]

Tianwen-1, along with Zhurong rover, was launched at 12:41 UTC+8 on 23 July 2020, from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site by a Long March 5 heavy-lift rocket.[27]

After a 202-day journey through interplanetary space, Tianwen-1 inserted itself into Martian orbit on 10 February 2021, thereby becoming China's first Mars orbiter.[28] Subsequently, it performed several orbital maneuvers and began surveying target landing sites on Mars in preparation for the coming landing attempt.

Entry, descent and landing (EDL) sequence of Tianwen-1 lander and Zhurong rover

On 14 May 2021, the lander and Zhurong rover separated from Tianwen-1's orbiter. After performing a Mars atmospheric entry that lasted about nine minutes, the lander and rover made a successful soft landing in the Utopia Planitia, using a combination of aeroshell, parachute, and retrorocket.[29] With the landing, China became the second country to operate a fully functional spacecraft on Martian surface, after the United States.

After establishing stable communication with the rover, CNSA released its first pictures from the surface of Mars on 19 May 2021.[30]

On 22 May 2021, at 10:10 a.m. Beijing time (0240 GMT), Zhurong drove from its landing platform to the surface of Mars, starting its exploration mission.[31][32]

On 11 June 2021, CNSA released the first batch of scientific images from the surface of Mars including a panoramic image taken by Zhurong, and a colored group photograph of Zhurong and the Tianwen-1 lander taken by a wireless camera placed on Martian soil. The panoramic image was composed of 24 single shots taken by the Navigation and Topography Camera before the rover was deployed to the Martian surface. The image revealed that the topography and rock abundance near the landing site was consistent with previous anticipations from the scientist on typical south Utopia Planitia features with small but widespread rocks, white wave patterns, and mud volcanoes.[33]

Rover and lander captured by HiRISE from NASA's MRO on June 6, 2021
Rover and lander captured by HiRISE from NASA's MRO on 6 June 2021

On 27 June 2021, CNSA released images and videos of Zhurong's atmospheric entry, descent, and landing (EDL) process and movement on Martian surface, including a clip of sounds made by Zhurong recorded by its instrument, Mars Climatic Station (MCS).[34]

As of 11 July 2021, CNSA announced that Zhurong had travelled more than 410 m (1,350 ft) on the Martian surface.[35]

On 12 July 2021, Zhurong visited the parachute and backshell dropped onto the Martian surface during its landing on 14 May.[36][37]

Operation records of Zhurong
Date Operational time Distance travelled to date Ref's
27 June 2021 42 sols 236 m (774 ft) [38]
11 July 2021 55 sols 410 m (1,350 ft) [39]
17 July 2021 61 sols 509 m (1,670 ft) [40]
30 July 2021 74 sols 708 m (2,323 ft) [41]
6 August 2021 81 sols 808 m (2,651 ft) [42]
23 August 2021 97 sols 1,000 m (3,300 ft) [43]
1 January 2022 222 sols 1,400 m (4,600 ft) [44]
6 May 2022 347 sols 1,921 m (6,302 ft) [9]
Mars surface captured by Zhurong rover
Mars surface captured by Zhurong rover

As of 15 August 2021, Zhurong had officially completed its planned exploration tasks and would continue to drive towards the southern part of Utopia Planitia where it landed.[43] On 18 August 2021, Zhurong outlived its lifespan. The Chinese scientists and engineers announced an extended expedition aiming to investigate an ancient coastal area on Mars.[45]

Path and distance travelled (~1.5km) by Zhurong on 11 Mar 2022 (293 sols)

After 20 October 2021, the rover continued, having paused and stopped in a sleeping mode around the time of the Mars conjunction of October 8. The pause was necessary due to the strong solar radiation in the line of sight with Earth, creating excessive levels of "noise" for secure radio communication to function (radio blackout) with the Chinese relay satellite orbiting Mars. The rover continued to travel in a southerly direction.[46]

By September 2022, Zhurong had returned a total of 1,480 gigabytes of data, offering evidence to support the hypothesis of a former ancient ocean in Utopia Planitia.[47]

On 27 February 2023, Chinese scientists published a Mars weather report, including surface pressure and wind changes on Mars, based on data collected by the rover in its first 325 sols.[48]

In May 2022, Zhurong was switched to hibernation mode to protect against the coming Martian winter and an approaching major sandstorm,[10] with an expected awakening date on 26 December 2022. In January 2023, the South China Morning Post reported that CNSA scientists did not receive a signal from the rover. CNSA planned to dispatch the Tianwen-1 orbiter for investigation.[12] The rover stayed in Utopia Planetia, where the temperature was extremely low at -100°C (-148°F). According to the authorities, the rover was programmed to restart when its power level reaches 140 watts with key components warmed to -15°C (5°F).[49][50]

It was speculated in the scientific journal Nature that the duststorm reduced solar radiation on the Martian surface and covered the solar panels, leading to insufficient energy to restart the solar-powered rover.[10] Zhurong was observed covered in sand and dust, hindering its ability to gather sunlight and recharge.[11] The rover is equipped with flippable butterfly-like solar panels to remove accumulated dust and debris, but the cleaning function requires the rover to be operational first.[11] The rover does not carry a radioisotope heater unit, and heating is instead provided by the chemical compound n-undecane to store energy.[51] Zhurong could possibly restart if whirlwinds cleaned the dust off the solar panels and radiation levels continued to rise in Martian summer.[10][52][53] On 21 February 2023, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter confirmed that the rover did not change its position after the hibernation, between September 2022 and February 2023,[54] and data from NASA's Perseverance rover indicated the Martian surface was still relatively cold in February, potentially below Zhurong's awakening requirement.[55]

On 25 April 2023, the mission designer Zhang Rongqiao announced that the buildup of dust from the last inactivation is greater than planned, indicating the rover could be inactive "forever".[56][57]

In July 2023, an analysis on the Zhurong rover found major climate change happened on Mars 400,000 years ago, which coincided with the end of the last ice age on Mars. Further data analysis helped scientists to simulate ancient Mars's climate and the cause behind the changes.[58]

Cooperation with European Space Agency

[edit]

In November 2021, the CNSA and European Space Agency (ESA) conducted tests to learn if an ESA orbiter, Mars Express, could serve as a relay for data sent from Zhurong. Several steps were involved: ESA commanded Mars Express to point toward Zhurong while passing overhead so it could receive a signal from the rover. CNSA commanded its Tianwen-1 orbiter to instruct Zhurong to send the data. Mars Express received data from Zhurong and transmitted it to Earth. The deep space stations of ESA received the data and sent it to CNSA. The data were then compared with the original Chinese signal. Five tests were performed, but four of them failed. A test on November 20 succeeded. The analysis found that another device aboard Mars Express caused the failures by disturbing transmission. Tianwen-1's ability to act as a relay for Zhurong has lessened because it was spending more time on its main mission of mapping Mars. As a result, CNSA and ESA agreed to the tests to determine if Mars Express could be a relay for the rover.[59]

Exploration

[edit]

Objectives

[edit]

The rover's mission planned tasks are to:[60]

  • Study the topography and geology of the local area
  • Examine the soil, and any ice content
  • Survey the elements, minerals and rocks
  • Atmospheric sampling

Instruments

[edit]
The configuration and layout of payloads on board the Zhurong rover

The six-wheeled rover weighs 240 kg, and is 1.85 m tall.[61] It is powered by four solar panels along with n-undecane stored in 10 containers under two circular windows on the deck absorbs heat and melts during the daytime and solidifies and releases heat at night.[62] It carries six scientific instruments:[32][60][26]

  • Mars Rover Penetrating Radar (RoPeR) Ground-penetrating radar (GPR), two frequencies, to image about 100 m (330 ft) below the Martian surface.[63] NASA's Perseverance rover, launched and landed in the same year, is also equipped with the ground-penetrating radar.[64]
  • Mars Rover Magnetometer (RoMAG) obtains the fine-scale structures of crustal magnetic field based on mobile measurements on the Martian surface.
  • Mars Climate Station (MCS) (also MMMI Mars Meteorological Measurement Instrument) measures the temperature, pressure, wind velocity and direction of the surface atmosphere, and has a microphone to capture Martian sounds. During the rover's deployment, it recorded the sound, acting as the second Martian sound instrument to record Martian sounds successfully after Mars 2020 Perseverance rover's microphones.
  • Mars Surface Compound Detector (MarSCoDe) combines laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and infrared spectroscopy.[60]
  • Multispectral Camera (MSCam) Combined with MarSCoDe, MSCam investigates the mineral components to establish the relationship between Martian surface water environment and secondary mineral types, and to search for historical environmental conditions for the presence of liquid water.
  • Navigation and Topography Cameras (NaTeCam) With 2048 × 2048 resolution, NaTeCam is used to construct topography maps, extract parameters such as slope, undulation and roughness, investigate geological structures, and conduct comprehensive analysis on the geological structure of the surface parameters.

Among the six scientific instruments, RoPeR works during roving; MarSCoDe, MSCam and NaTeCam work when being stationary; RoMAG and MCS work both when moving or still.[26]

Other instruments include:

  • Remote Camera A small camera dropped by the rover to take photos of the rover and the lander on 1 June 2021. Captured images are transferred to the rover via Wi-Fi.[65][33]

Plan

[edit]

The rover had a planned operational lifetime of 90 sols. Originally, every three sols were defined as one operation period. The basic process of each operation period was:[26]

  • Sol 1: NaTeCam captures images on Martian surface for analysis and operations planning.
  • Sol 2: Each payload performs scientific exploration.
  • Sol 3: The rover moves towards target location. RoMAG and MCS collect data when roving.

Acquired data is downlinked each sol. The data will be processed by teams in CNSA during an official 5–6 months' proprietary period before being released to the scientific community.[26]

In July 2021, the designer of Tianwen-1 orbiter disclosed that due to Zhurong's better-than-expected performance, the original three-day period has been merged into one, accelerating its exploration process.[66]


Map of Mars
Interactive image map of the global topography of Mars, overlaid with the position of Martian rovers and landers. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface.
Clickable image: Clicking on the labels will open a new article.
(   Active •   Inactive •   Planned)
Bradbury Landing
Deep Space 2
Mars Polar Lander
Perseverance
Schiaparelli EDM
Spirit
Viking 1

Discoveries

[edit]

Five dunes were investigated on the rover one traverse bright dunes is an eroded barchan. Bright sands make up the main barchan body; dark sands clearly overlay the bright dunes. The dark sand accumulations are characterized by small longitudinal dunes, transverse ripples and ridges. A study of dune shapes found that there was a major change in the dunes when the tilt of Mars changed. At the same time, the layers in the polar ice caps displayed a change as well.[67]

Data from the Zhurong rover suggests liquid water can exist on present day Mars. The data came from the Navigation and Terrain Camera (NaTeCam), the Multispectral Camera (MSCam), and the Mars Surface Composition Detector (MarSCoDe) aboard the Zhurong rover.

On the surface the team found crusts, cracks, granulation, polygonal ridges, and a strip-like trace. Spectral data showed that the dune surface contains hydrated sulfates, hydrated silica (especially opal-CT), trivalent iron oxide minerals (especially ferrihydrite), and possibly chlorides. The team of researchers concluded that the observed features were due to liquid saline water. This water was derived from frost/snow that melted on the dunes.

Snow and/or frost forms on dunes at times. Because of the high salt content, that snow/ice melts at a lower temperature. When the water evaporates, it leaves behind hydrated sulfate, opal, iron oxide, and other hydrated minerals. These act as cements to form a crust. As more drying happens, the crust forms cracks.[68][69]

Data from the Zhurong rover lead scientists to suggest that liquid water may have been present on at the landing site much later than was previously believed. Hydrated sulfate/silica materials were found in bright-toned rocks. The minerals formed a "duricrust." It was made either by groundwater rising or subsurface ice melting. Maybe, hot magma under the surface melted some of the abundant ice under the surface. The water could have moved to the surface and deposited minerals as it evaporated to make the duricrust.[70] [71]

Bo Wu and colleagues at Hong Kong Polytechnic University "spotted several water-related features around the rover`s landing area" these features included "crater-like pitted cones, troughs, sediment channels and mud volcano formations". These findings have interpreted this data as evidence of an ancient coastline, providing further evidence supporting the theory of a Martian ocean but also presents a "discussion on its probable evolutionary scenario".[72]

[edit]
  • The Zhurong rover and Tianwen-1 lander as seen by MRO on 11 June 2021.
    The Zhurong rover and Tianwen-1 lander as seen by MRO on 11 June 2021.
  • Scale model of the Tianwen-1 lander and Zhurong rover.
    Scale model of the Tianwen-1 lander and Zhurong rover.

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zhurong rover.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ The Soviet Mars-3 was the first spacecraft to achieve soft landing[5]
  1. ^ "Tianwen-1 Lander and Zhurong Rover in Southern Utopia Planitia (ESP_069665_2055)". hirise.lpl.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  2. ^ ""祝融号"火星车准备越冬 环绕器持续开展环绕探测" (in Simplified Chinese). 人民网. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  3. ^ Myers, Steven Lee; Chang, Kenneth (14 May 2021). "China's Mars Rover Mission Lands on the Red Planet". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  4. ^ Fitzsimons, Tim (15 May 2021). "China becomes only second nation in history to land a rover on Mars". NBC News.
  5. ^ Balint, Tibor. "Summary of Russian Planetary Lander Missions" (PDF). NASA-JPL.
  6. ^ Zhao, Lei (22 May 2021). "China's Zhurong rover moves onto Martian surface to begin scientific operations". China Daily. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  7. ^ Jones, Andrew (30 July 2021). "China's Zhurong Mars rover scopes out dunes on journey south". Space.com.
  8. ^ "China breaks silence over status of Mars rover Zhurong". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  9. ^ a b "China's Mars rover Zhurong is hunkering down for its 1st Red Planet winter". Space.com. 11 May 2022.
  10. ^ a b c d Mallapaty, Smriti (20 January 2023). "What's happened to China's first Mars rover?". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-00111-3. PMID 36670252. S2CID 256056375. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  11. ^ a b c Cheung, Rachel (13 March 2023). "China's Mars Rover Has Not Moved Since September, NASA Images Revealed". Vice News.
  12. ^ a b Ling, Xin; Zheng, William (6 January 2022). "Chinese scientists scramble to wake Mars rover, plan to send probe to investigate, sources say". South China Morning Post.
  13. ^ "China finally admits its hibernating Mars rover may never wake up". Live Science. 27 April 2023.
  14. ^ ""祝融号"荣登榜首！中国首辆火星车全球征名投票结束". Hunan Today (in Chinese). 2 March 2021. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021.
  15. ^ Cui, Xia; Xu, Jing; Li, Chen; Cai, Jinman (24 April 2021). Qiu, Jing (ed.). "定了！"祝融号"——中国首辆火星车有名字了！" [Deal! "Zhurong"—China's first Mars rover has a name!]. CCTV News (in Chinese). Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  16. ^ Brown, Mark (7 February 2012). "Programming glitch, not radiation or satellites, doomed Phobos-Grunt". Wired UK. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  17. ^ Wei, Yan; Ma, Li, eds. (11 November 2014). "高清：中国火星探测器首秀 火星车神似"玉兔"". People's Daily (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  18. ^ Zhao, Lei (23 April 2016). "Probe of Mars set for 2020". China Daily. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  19. ^ "China shows first images of Mars rover, aims for 2020 mission". Reuters. 23 August 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  20. ^ Zhu, Yan; Bai, Yunfei; Wang, Lianguo; Shen, Weihua; Zhang, Baoming; Wang, Wei; Zhou, Shengyu; Du, Qingguo; Chen, Chunhong (December 2017). "中国首次火星探测工程有效载荷总体设计" [Integral Technical Scheme of Payloads System for Chinese Mars-1 Exploration]. Journal of Deep Space Exploration (in Chinese). 4 (6): 510–514, 534. doi:10.15982/j.issn.2095-7777.2017.06.002.
  21. ^ 官宣 | 中国首次火星探测任务名称和图形标识正式发布 (in Chinese). China National Space Administration. 24 April 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2021 – via Bilibili.
  22. ^ Zhao, Lei (24 April 2020). "China's first Mars mission named Tianwen 1". China Daily. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  23. ^ "China's first Mars rover named Zhurong". Xinhua News Agency. 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  24. ^ "Tour China's 'Mars yard' for its Tianwen-1 rover mission (Video)". Space.com. 21 August 2020.
  25. ^ @CNDeepSpace (3 January 2022). "Do you know #Zhurong rover got an older brother on earth? It has completed thousands of tests to clear the path for..." (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  26. ^ a b c d e f Li, Chunlai; Zhang, Rongqiao; Yu, Dengyun; Dong, Guangliang; Liu, Jianjun; Geng, Yan; Sun, Zezhou; Yan, Wei; Ren, Xin; Su, Yan; Zuo, Wei; Zhang, Tielong; Cao, Jinbin; Fang, Guangyou; Yang, Jianfeng; Shu, Rong; Lin, Yangting; Zou, Yongliao; Liu, Dawei; Liu, Bin; Kong, Deqing; Zhu, Xinying; Ouyang, Ziyuan (June 2021). "China's Mars Exploration Mission and Science Investigation". Space Science Reviews. 217 (4): 57. Bibcode:2021SSRv..217...57L. doi:10.1007/s11214-021-00832-9.
  27. ^ Jones, Andrew (23 July 2020). "Tianwen-1 launches for Mars, marking dawn of Chinese interplanetary exploration". SpaceNews. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  28. ^ Jones, Andrew (10 February 2021). "China's Tianwen-1 enters orbit around Mars". SpaceNews. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  29. ^ Jones, Andrew (14 May 2021). "China's Zhurong Mars rover lands safely in Utopia Planitia". SpaceNews. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  30. ^ Amos, Jonathan (19 May 2021). "China on Mars: Zhurong rover returns first pictures". BBC News. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  31. ^ "China's Mars rover drives across planet a week after landing". The Guardian. Associated Press. 22 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  32. ^ a b Webb, Sara; Allen, Rebecca (18 May 2021). "On its first try, China's Zhurong rover hit a Mars milestone that took NASA decades". The Conversation. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  33. ^ a b "天问一号探测器着陆火星首批科学影像图揭幕". cnsa.gov.cn (in Chinese). China National Space Administration. 11 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  34. ^ An, Puzhong; Wang, Lingshuo (28 June 2021). Liu, Shangjing (ed.). "国家航天局发布天问一号任务着陆和巡视探测系列实拍影像". mod.gov.cn (in Chinese). Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  35. ^ Zhang, Rachel (12 July 2021). "China's Zhu Rong rover zooms in on rocks in Mars space mission". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  36. ^ ""祝融号"近距离"看"降落伞与背罩". cnsa.gov.cn (in Chinese). China National Space Administration. 16 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  37. ^ Jones, Andrew (15 July 2021). "China's Zhurong Mars rover visits own parachute". SpaceNews. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  38. ^ "天问一号任务着陆和巡视探测系列实拍影像发布". cnsa.gov.cn (in Chinese). China National Space Administration. 27 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  39. ^ Xu, Jing; Tao, Jiashu (11 July 2021). Ye, Pan (ed.). ""祝融号"火星车行驶超400米". China News Service (in Chinese). CCTV News. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  40. ^ Wang, Mengmeng, ed. (18 July 2021). "祝融号火星车行驶里程突破509米" (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  41. ^ "Chinese rover Zhurong captures new unpublished images of Mars". Newsy Today. 3 August 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  42. ^ Jiao, Peng, ed. (6 August 2021). "祝融号累计行驶里程突破800米" (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  43. ^ a b "China's rover travels over 1 km on Mars". China Daily. Xinhua News Agency. 23 August 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  44. ^ "元旦问候——国家航天局发布天问一号探测器传回图像". card.weibo.com (in Chinese). 1 January 2022.
  45. ^ Kooser, Amanda (20 August 2021). "China's Mars Rover Outlasts Its Life Expectancy, Keeps on Going". CNET.
  46. ^ Jones, Andrew (22 October 2021). "At Mars, China's Tianwen 1 orbiter and Zhurong rover are back in action after a radio blackout". Space.com. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  47. ^ Waldek, Stefanie (20 September 2022). "China Mars mission data offers evidence for ancient ocean". Space.com.
  48. ^ Jones, Andrew (14 March 2023). "China's Zhurong Mars rover reveals seasonal wind changes in Red Planet weather report". Space.com.
  49. ^ Atkinson, Nancy. "China unable to reestablish contact with its Zhurong Mars rover". phys.org. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  50. ^ Dobberstein, Laura. "China's Mars rover hibernates for a scarily long time". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  51. ^ Jones, Andrew (21 February 2023). "NASA Mars orbiter reveals China's Zhurong rover has not moved for months". SpaceNews.
  52. ^ Kooser, Amanda. "China's First Mars Rover May Have Run Into Trouble on the Dusty Planet". CNET. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  53. ^ Jones, Andrew (17 March 2023). "Chinese scientists hold out hope for silent Zhurong Mars rover". Space.com.
  54. ^ "HiRISE | HiPOD: 21 Feb 2023". Uahirise.org.
  55. ^ Waldek, Stefanie (23 February 2023). "NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter confirms that China's Zhurong rover has been stationary for months". Space.com.
  56. ^ Hart, Robert (25 April 2023). "China's Mars Rover Is Stuck Sleeping after Harsh Martian Winter". Forbes.
  57. ^ "China Breaks Silence over Status of Mars Rover Zhurong". Aljazeera. 25 April 2023.
  58. ^ Cooper, Keith (9 July 2023). "The Climate of Mars Changed Dramatically 400,000 years Ago, Chinese Rover Finds". Space.com.
  59. ^ Jones, Andrew (12 December 2021). "Europe's Mars orbiter relays data from Chinese rover back to Earth". Space.com. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  60. ^ a b c Zou, Yongliao; Zhu, Yan; Bai, Yunfei; Wang, Lianguo; Jia, Yingzhuo; Shen, Weihua; Fan, Yu; Liu, Yang; Wang, Chi; Zhang, Aibing; Yu, Guobin; Dong, Jihong; Shu, Rong; He, Zhiping; Zhang, Tielong; Du, Aimin; Fan, Mingyi; Yang, Jianfeng; Zhou, Bin; Wang, Yi; Peng, Yongqing (2021). "Scientific objectives and payloads of Tianwen-1, China's first Mars exploration mission". Advances in Space Research. 67 (2): 812–823. Bibcode:2021AdSpR..67..812Z. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2020.11.005. ISSN 0273-1177.
  61. ^ Jones, Andrew (29 March 2021). "Here's What You Need to Know About China's Mars Rover". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  62. ^ @CNDeepSpace (5 January 2022). "The secret keeping #Zhurong warm during freezing night is under the two circular windows: N-undecane stored in 10 c..." (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  63. ^ Zhou, Bin; Shen, Shaoxiang; Ji, Yicai; Lu, Wei; Zhang, Feng; Fang, Guangyou; Su, Yan; Dai, Shun (2016). "The subsurface penetrating radar on the rover of China's Mars 2020 mission". 2016 16th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). 2016 16th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). Hong Kong, China. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1109/ICGPR.2016.7572700. ISBN 978-1-5090-5181-6. S2CID 306903.
  64. ^ Jones, Andrew (22 July 2020). "China raises the stakes with second Mars attempt". SpaceNews. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  65. ^ 火星之后我们会去哪里？| 《火星来了》第三季第⑨集 (in Chinese). China National Space Administration. 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021 – via Bilibili.
  66. ^ Yu, Zhanyi (14 July 2021). Li, Yusu (ed.). "专访天问一号火星环绕器总体主任设计师：未来将把火星表面样品带回地球" (in Chinese). China News Service. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  67. ^ Liu, Jianjun; Qin, Xiaoguang; Ren, Xin; Wang, Xu; Sun, Yong; Zeng, Xingguo; Wu, Haibin; Chen, Zhaopeng; Chen, Wangli; Chen, Yuan; Wang, Cheng; Sun, Zezhou; Zhang, Rongqiao; Ouyang, Ziyuan; Guo, Zhengtang; Head, James W.; Li, Chunlai (5 July 2023). "Martian dunes indicative of wind regime shift in line with end of ice age". Nature. 620 (7973): 303–309. Bibcode:2023Natur.620..303L. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06206-1. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 10412455. PMID 37407822.
  68. ^ Qin, Xiaoguang; Ren, Xin; Wang, Xu; Liu, Jianjun; Wu, Haibin; Zeng, Xingguo; Sun, Yong; Chen, Zhaopeng; Zhang, Shihao; Zhang, Yizhong; Chen, Wangli; Liu, Bin; Liu, Dawei; Guo, Lin; Li, Kangkang; Zeng, Xiangzhao; Huang, Hai; Zhang, Qing; Yu, Songzheng; Li, Chunlai; Guo, Zhengtang (28 April 2023). "Modern water at low latitudes on Mars: Potential evidence from dune surfaces". Science Advances. 9 (17): eadd8868. Bibcode:2023SciA....9D8868Q. doi:10.1126/sciadv.add8868. PMC 10146874. PMID 37115933.
  69. ^ Sciences, Chinese Academy of (29 April 2023). "China's Zhurong Mars Rover Finds Evidence of Water in Martian Sand Dunes". SciTechDaily. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  70. ^ Liu, Yang; Wu, Xing; Zhao, Yu-Yan Sara; Pan, Lu; Wang, Chi; Liu, Jia; Zhao, Zhenxing; Zhou, Xiang; Zhang, Chaolin; Wu, Yuchun; Wan, Wenhui; Zou, Yongliao (2022). "Zhurong reveals recent aqueous activities in Utopia Planitia, Mars". Science Advances. 8 (19): eabn8555. Bibcode:2022SciA....8N8555L. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abn8555. PMC 9094648. PMID 35544566.
  71. ^ Liu, Y., et al. 2022. Zhurong reveals recent aqueous activities in Utopia Planitia, Mars. Science Advances. VOL. 8, NO. 19
  72. ^ Sharmila Kuthunur (12 November 2024). "China's Mars rover Zhurong finds possible shoreline of ancient Red Planet ocean". Space.com. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhurong_(rover)&oldid=1257630655"