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Long March 3B

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Long March 3B
Rendering of Long March 3B
FunctionLaunch vehicle
ManufacturerChina Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT)
Country of originChina
Cost per launchUS$50-70 million [1][2][3]
Size
Height
  • 3B: 54.8 m (180 ft) [4]
  • 3B/E: 56.3 m (185 ft) [5]
Diameter3.35 m (11.0 ft) [4]
Mass
  • 3B: 425,800 kg (938,700 lb)
  • 3B/E: 458,970 kg (1,011,860 lb) [5]
Stages3 / 4
Capacity
Payload to LEO
Mass11,500 kg (25,400 lb) [6][7]
Payload to SSO
Mass7,100 kg (15,700 lb) [6][7]
Payload to GTO
Mass
  • 3B: 5,100 kg (11,200 lb) [6][7]
  • 3B/E: 5,500 kg (12,100 lb) [5]
Payload to GEO
Mass2,000 kg (4,400 lb) [7]
Payload to HCO
Mass3,300 kg (7,300 lb) [6][7]
Associated rockets
FamilyLong March
Derivative workLong March 3C
Comparable
Launch history
Status
  • 3B: Retired (have opportunity to launch TianWen-2 in 2025)
  • 3B/E: Active
Launch sitesXichang LC-2, LC-3
Total launches
  • 99
    • 3B: 12
    • 3B/E: 87
Success(es)
  • 95
    • 3B: 10
    • 3B/E: 85
Failure(s)
Partial failure(s)
First flight
Last flight
  • 3B: 18 September 2012 (Compass M5, M6)
  • 3B/E: 10 October 2024
    (Weixing Hulianwang Gaogui-03)
Type of passengers/cargo
Chang'e 3, Chang'e 4, BeiDou, ChinaSat
Boosters (3B)
No. boosters4
Height15.33 m (50.3 ft)
Diameter2.25 m (7 ft 5 in)
Propellant mass37,700 kg (83,100 lb)
Powered by1 × YF-25
Maximum thrust740.4 kN (166,400 lbf)
Specific impulse2,556.2 m/s (260.66 s)
Burn time127 seconds
PropellantN2O4 / UDMH
Boosters (3B/E)
No. boosters4
Height16.1 m (53 ft)
Diameter2.25 m (7 ft 5 in)
Propellant mass41,100 kg (90,600 lb)
Powered by1 × YF-25
Maximum thrust740.4 kN (166,400 lbf)
Specific impulse2,556.2 m/s (260.66 s)
Burn time140 seconds
PropellantN2O4 / UDMH
First stage (3B)
Height23.27 m (76.3 ft)
Diameter3.35 m (11.0 ft)
Propellant mass171,800 kg (378,800 lb)
Powered by4 × YF-21C
Maximum thrust2,961.6 kN (665,800 lbf)
Specific impulse2,556.5 m/s (260.69 s)
Burn time145 seconds
PropellantN2O4 / UDMH
First stage (3B/E)
Height24.76 m (81.2 ft)
Diameter3.35 m (11.0 ft)
Propellant mass186,200 kg (410,500 lb)
Powered by4 × YF-21C
Maximum thrust2,961.6 kN (665,800 lbf)
Specific impulse2,556.5 m/s (260.69 s)
Burn time158 seconds
PropellantN2O4 / UDMH
Second stage
Height12.92 m (42.4 ft)
Diameter3.35 m (11.0 ft)
Propellant mass49,400 kg (108,900 lb)
Powered by
Maximum thrust
  • 742 kN (167,000 lbf) (Main)
  • 47.1 kN (10,600 lbf) (Vernier)
Specific impulse
  • 2,922.57 m/s (9,588.5 ft/s) (Main)
  • 2,910.5 m/s (9,549 ft/s) (Vernier)
Burn time185 seconds
PropellantN2O4 / UDMH
Third stage
Height12.38 m (40.6 ft)
Diameter3.0 m (9.8 ft)
Propellant mass18,200 kg (40,100 lb)
Powered by2 × YF-75
Maximum thrust167.17 kN (37,580 lbf)
Specific impulse4,295 m/s (438.0 s)
Burn time478 seconds
PropellantLH2 / LOX
Fourth stage (optional) – YZ-1
Powered by1 × YF-50D
Maximum thrust6.5 kN (1,500 lbf)
Specific impulse315.5 s (3.094 km/s)
PropellantN2O4 / UDMH
[edit on Wikidata]

The Long March 3B (Chinese: 长征三号乙; pinyin: Chángzhēng sānhàoyǐ), also known as the CZ-3B and LM-3B, is a Chinese orbital launch vehicle. Introduced in 1996, it is launched from Launch Area 2 and 3 at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in Sichuan. A three-stage rocket with four strap-on liquid rocket boosters, it is the heaviest variant of the Long March 3 rocket family, and is mainly used to place communications satellites and navigation satellites into geosynchronous orbits.

An enhanced version, the Long March 3B/E or G2, was introduced in 2007 to increase the rocket's geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) cargo capacity and lift heavier geosynchronous orbit (GEO) communications satellites. The Long March 3B also served as the basis for the medium-capacity Long March 3C, which was first launched in 2008.

As of 10 October 2024, the Long March 3B, 3B/E and 3B/G5 have conducted 95 successful launches, plus 2 failures and 2 partial failures, accumulating a success rate of 96%.

History

[edit]

The development of the Long March 3B began in 1986 to meet the needs of the international GEO communications satellite market. During its maiden flight, on 14 February 1996 carrying the Intelsat 708 satellite, the rocket suffered a guidance failure two seconds into the flight and destroyed a nearby town, killing at least six people,[8] but outside estimates suggest that anywhere between 200 and 500 people might have been killed.[9] However, the author of the report[9] later ruled out large casualties, because evidence suggest that the crash site was evacuated before the launch.[10]

The Long March 3B and 3B/E rockets conducted ten successful launches between 1997 and 2008.[5]

In 1997, the Agila 2 satellite was forced to use onboard propellant to reach its correct orbit because of poor injection accuracy on the part of its Long March 3B launch vehicle.[11] In 2009, a Long March 3B partially failed during launch due to a third stage anomaly, which resulted in the Palapa-D satellite reaching a lower orbit than planned.[12] Nonetheless, the satellite was able to maneuver itself into the planned orbit. The Long March 3B and its variants remain in active use as of January 2021, having conducted a total of 26 consecutive successful launches, since 19 June 2017 until 9 March 2020.

In December 2013, a Long March 3B/E successfully lifted Chang'e 3, China's first Lunar lander and rover into the projected lunar-transfer orbit.

In April 2020, the third stage of the Long March 3B/E failed during a Palapa-N1 communications satellite mission; this was the first total failure of the Long March 3B/E.[13]

Design and variants

[edit]

The Long March 3B is based on the Long March 3A as its core stage, with four liquid boosters strapped on the first stage. It has a low Earth orbit (LEO) cargo capacity of 11,200 kg (24,700 lb) and a GTO capacity is 5,100 kg (11,200 lb).

Long March 3B/E

[edit]

The Long March 3B/E, also known as 3B/G2, is an enhanced variant of the Long March 3B, featuring an enlarged first stage and boosters, increasing its GTO payload capacity to 5,500 kg (12,100 lb).[14] Its maiden flight took place on 13 May 2007, when it successfully launched Nigeria's NigComSat-1, the first African geosynchronous communications satellite. In 2013, it successfully launched China's first lunar lander Chang'e 3 and lunar rover Yutu.

Since 2015, the Long March 3B and 3C can optionally accommodate a YZ-1 upper stage, which has been used to carry dual launches or BeiDou navigation satellites into medium Earth orbit (MEO).

Long March 3C

[edit]
Main article: Long March 3C

A modified version of the Long March 3B, the Long March 3C, was developed in the mid-1990s to bridge the gap in payload capacity between the Long March 3B and 3A. It is almost identical to the Long March 3B, but has two boosters instead of four, giving it a reduced GTO payload capacity of 3,800 kg (8,400 lb). Its maiden launch took place on 25 April 2008.


Launch statistics

[edit]
2.5
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
1996
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
  •   Failure
  •   Partial failure
  •   Success
  •   Planned

List of launches

[edit]
Main article: List of Long March launches
Flight number Serial number Date (UTC) Launch site Version Payload Orbit Result
1 Y1 14 February 1996
19:01 		XSLC, LA-2 3B Intelsat 708 GTO Failure
2 Y2 19 August 1997
17:50 		XSLC, LA-2 3B Agila-2 GTO Success
3 Y3 16 October 1997
19:13 		XSLC, LA-2 3B APStar 2R GTO Success
4 Y5 30 May 1998
10:00 		XSLC, LA-2 3B Chinastar 1 GTO Success
5 Y4 18 July 1998
09:20 		XSLC, LA-2 3B SinoSat 1 GTO Success
6 Y6 12 April 2005
12:00 		XSLC, LA-2 3B APStar 6 GTO Success
7 Y7 28 October 2006
16:20 		XSLC, LA-2 3B SinoSat 2 GTO Success
8 Y9 13 May 2007
16:01 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E NigComSat-1 GTO Success
9 Y10 5 July 2007
12:08 		XSLC, LA-2 3B ChinaSat 6B GTO Success
10 Y11 9 June 2008
12:15 		XSLC, LA-2 3B ChinaSat 9 GTO Success
11 Y12 29 October 2008
16:53 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Venesat-1 GTO Success
12 Y8 31 August 2009
09:28 		XSLC, LA-2 3B Palapa-D GTO Partial Failure
13 Y13 4 September 2010
16:14 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E SinoSat 6 GTO Success
14 Y20 20 June 2011
16:13 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E ChinaSat 10 GTO Success
15 Y19 11 August 2011
16:15 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Paksat-1R GTO Success
16 Y16 18 September 2011
16:33 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E ChinaSat 1A GTO Success
17 Y18 7 October 2011
08:21 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Eutelsat W3C GTO Success
18 Y21 19 December 2011
16:41 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E NigComSat-1R GTO Success
19 Y22 31 March 2012
10:27 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E APStar 7 GTO Success
20 Y14 29 April 2012
20:50 		XSLC, LA-2 3B Compass-M3
Compass-M4 		MEO Success
21 Y17 26 May 2012
15:56 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E ChinaSat 2A GTO Success
22 Y15 18 September 2012
19:10 		XSLC, LA-2 3B Compass-M5
Compass-M6 		MEO Success
23 Y24 27 November 2012
10:13 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E ChinaSat 12 GTO Success
24 Y25 1 May 2013
16:06 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E ChinaSat 11 GTO Success
25 Y23 1 December 2013
17:30 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Chang'e 3 TLI Success
26 Y27 20 December 2013
16:42 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Túpac Katari 1 GTO Success
27 Y26 25 July 2015
12:29 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E + YZ-1 BeiDou M1-S
BeiDou M2-S 		MEO Success
28 Y32 12 September 2015
15:42 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E TJS-1 GTO Success
29 Y33 29 September 2015
23:13 		XSLC, LA-3 3B/E BeiDou I2-S GTO Success
30 Y36 16 October 2015
16:16 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E APStar 9 GTO Success
31 Y34 3 November 2015
16:25 		XSLC, LA-3 3B/E ChinaSat 2C GTO Success
32 Y38 20 November 2015
16:07 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E LaoSat-1 GTO Success
33 Y31 9 December 2015
16:46 		XSLC, LA-3 3B/E ChinaSat 1C GTO Success
34 Y37 28 December 2015
16:04 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Gaofen 4 GTO Success
35 Y29 15 January 2016
16:57 		XSLC, LA-3 3B/E Belintersat-1 GTO Success
36 Y35 5 August 2016
16:22 		XSLC, LA-3 3B/E Tiantong 1-01 GTO Success
37 Y42 10 December 2016
16:11 		XSLC, LA-3 3B/E Fengyun-4A GTO Success
38 Y39 5 January 2017
15:18 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E TJS-2 GTO Success
39 Y43 12 April 2017
11:04 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Shijian 13 GTO Success
40 Y28 19 June 2017
16:11 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Chinasat 9A GTO Partial failure
41 Y46 5 November 2017
11:45 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E + YZ-1 BeiDou-3 M1
BeiDou-3 M2 		MEO Success
42 Y40 10 December 2017
16:40 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Alcomsat-1 GTO Success
43 Y45 11 January 2018
23:18 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E + YZ-1 BeiDou-3 M7
BeiDou-3 M8 		MEO Success
44 Y47 12 February 2018
05:03 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E + YZ-1 BeiDou-3 M3
BeiDou-3 M4 		MEO Success
45 Y48 29 March 2018
17:56 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E + YZ-1 BeiDou-3 M9
BeiDou-3 M10 		MEO Success
46 Y55 3 May 2018
16:06 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Apstar 6C GTO Success
47 Y49 29 July 2018
01:48 		XSLC, LA-3 3B/E + YZ-1 BeiDou-3 M5
BeiDou-3 M6 		MEO Success
48 Y50 24 August 2018
23:52 		XSLC, LA-3 3B/E + YZ-1 BeiDou-3 M11
BeiDou-3 M12 		MEO Success
49 Y51 19 September 2018
14:07 		XSLC, LA-3 3B/E + YZ-1 BeiDou-3 M13
BeiDou-3 M14 		MEO Success
50 Y52 15 October 2018
04:23 		XSLC, LA-3 3B/E + YZ-1 BeiDou-3 M15
BeiDou-3 M16 		MEO Success
51 Y41 1 November 2018
15:57 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E BeiDou-3 G1 GTO Success
52 Y53 18 November 2018
18:07 		XSLC, LA-3 3B/E + YZ-1 BeiDou-3 M17
BeiDou-3 M18 		MEO Success
53 Y30 7 December 2018
18:23 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Chang'e 4 TLI Success
54 Y56 10 January 2019
17:11 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E ChinaSat 2D GTO Success
55 Y54 9 March 2019
16:28 		XSLC, LA-3 3B/E ChinaSat 6C GTO Success
56 Y44 31 March 2019
15:51 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Tianlian 2-01 GTO Success
57 Y59 20 April 2019
14:41 		XSLC, LA-3 3B/E BeiDou-3 I1 GTO Success
58 Y60 24 June, 2019
18:09 		XSLC, LA-3 3B/E BeiDou-3 I2 GTO Success
59 Y58 19 August 2019
12:03 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E ChinaSat 18 GTO Success
60 Y65 22 September 2019
21:10 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E + YZ-1 BeiDou-3 M23
BeiDou-3 M24 		MEO Success
61 Y57 17 October 2019
15:21 		XSLC, LA-3 3B/E TJS-4 GTO Success
62 Y61 4 November 2019
17:43 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E BeiDou-3 I3 GTO Success
63 Y66 23 November 2019
00:55 		XSLC, LA-3 3B/E + YZ-1 BeiDou-3 M21
BeiDou-3 M22 		MEO Success
64 Y67 16 December 2019
07:22 		XSLC, LA-3 3B/E + YZ-1 BeiDou-3 M19
BeiDou-3 M20 		MEO Success
65 Y62 7 January 2020
15:20 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E TJS-5 GTO Success
66 Y69 9 March 2020
11:55 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E BeiDou-3 G2 GTO Success
67 Y71 9 April 2020
11:46 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Palapa-N1 (Nusantara Dua) GTO Failure [15]
68 Y68 23 June 2020
01:43 [16] 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E BeiDou-3 G3 GTO Success
69 Y64 9 July 2020
12:11 [17] 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Apstar 6D GTO Success
70 Y63 11 October 2020
16:57 [18] 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Gaofen-13 GTO Success
71 Y73 12 November 2020
15:59 [19] 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Tiantong 1-02 GTO Success
72 Y70 6 December 2020
03:58 		XSLC, LA-3 3B/E Gaofen-14 SSO Success
73 Y74 19 January 2021
16:25 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Tiantong 1-03 GTO Success
74 Y77 4 February 2021
15:36 		XSLC, LA-3 3B/E TJS-6 GTO Success
75 Y72 2 June 2021
16:17 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Fengyun 4B GTO Success
76 Y76 5 August 2021
16:30 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E ChinaSat 2E GTO Success
77 Y78 24 August 2021
15:41 		XSLC, LA-3 3B/E TJS-7 GTO Success
78 Y86 9 September 2021
11:50 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E ChinaSat 9B GTO Success
79 Y81 27 September 2021
08:20 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Shiyan 10 GTO Success[20]
80 Y83 24 October 2021
01:27:03 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Shijian-21 GTO Success
81 Y79 26 November 2021
16:40:04 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E ChinaSat 1D GTO Success
82 Y82 13 December 2021
16:09 		XSLC, LA-3 3B/E Tianlian II-02 GTO Success
83 Y84 29 December 2021
16:43 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E TJS-9 GTO Success
84 Y89 15 April 2022
12:00 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E ChinaSat 6D GTO Success
85 Y85 12 July 2022
16:30 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Tianlian II-03 GTO Success
86 Y91 5 November 2022
11:50 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E ChinaSat 19 GTO Success
87 Y88 29 December 2022
04:43 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Shiyan 10-02 GTO Success
88 Y93 23 February 2023
11:49 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E ChinaSat 26 GTO Success
89 Y90 17 March 2023
08:33 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Gaofen 13-02 GTO Success
90 Y87 17 May 2023
02:49 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E BeiDou-3 G4 GTO Success
91 Y92 12 August 2023
17:26 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Ludi Tance-4 01A GTO Success
92 Y94 9 November 2023
11:23 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E ChinaSat 6E GTO Success
93 Y75 26 December 2023
03:26 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E + YZ-1 BeiDou-3 M26
BeiDou-3 M28 		MEO Success
94 Y95 29 February 2024
13:03 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Weixing Hulianwang Gaogui-01 GTO Success
95 Y96 9 May 2024
01:43 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Zhihui Tianwang 1-01A
Zhihui Tianwang 1-01B 		MEO Success
96 Y98 30 May 2024
12:12 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Paksat-MM1R GTO Success
97 Y97 1 August 2024
13:14 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Weixing Hulianwang Gaogui-02 GTO Success
98 Y80 19 September 2024
01:14 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E + YZ-1 BeiDou-3 M25
BeiDou-3 M27 		MEO Success
99 Y99 10 October 2024
13:50 		XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Weixing Hulianwang Gaogui-03 GTO Success
100 Y? 23 December 2024
 XSLC, LA-2 3B/E TBA GTO Planned
Y? May 2025
 XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Tianwen-2 Heliocentric Planned
Y? September 2025
 XSLC, LA-2 3B/E Fengyun 4C GTO Planned
Y? 2025
 XSLC, LA-2 3B/E ChinaSat 9C GTO Planned
Y? 2027
 XSLC, LA-2 3B/E ChinaSat 27 GTO Planned

Flight mishaps and anomalies

[edit]

Intelsat 708 launch failure

[edit]
Main article: Intelsat 708

On 14 February 1996, the launch of the first Long March 3B with Intelsat 708 failed just after liftoff when the launch vehicle veered off course and exploded when it hit the ground at T+23 seconds.

The Xinhua news agency reported that six people were killed and 57 injured. However, the Americans on hand for the launch have testified that "dozens, if not hundreds", of people were seen to gather outside the centre's main gate near the crash site the night before launch.[21] When reporters were being taken away from the site, they found that most buildings had sustained serious damage or had been flattened completely.[21] Other eyewitnesses were noted as having seen dozens of ambulances and many flatbed trucks, loaded with what could have been human remains, being taken to the local hospital.[21]

The cause of the accident was traced to short-circuiting of the vehicle's guidance platform at liftoff.[22]

The participation of Space Systems/Loral in the accident investigation caused great political controversy in the United States. In 1997, the U.S. Defense Technology Security Administration found that China had obtained "significant benefit" from the Review Committee, results of which would improve their "launch vehicles ... ballistic missiles and in particular their guidance systems".

As a result, the U.S. Congress reclassified satellite technology as a munition and placed it back under the restrictive International Traffic in Arms Regulations in 1998.[23] No license to launch United States spacecraft on Chinese rockets has been approved by the U.S. State Department since then, and an official at the Bureau of Industry and Security emphasized in 2016 that "no U.S.-origin content, regardless of significance, regardless of whether it's incorporated into a foreign-made item, can go to China".[24]

Palapa-D partial launch failure

[edit]

On 31 August 2009, during the launch of Palapa-D, the third stage engine under-performed and placed the satellite into a lower than planned orbit. The satellite was able to make up the performance shortfall using its own engine and reach geosynchronous orbit, but with its lifetime shortened to 10.5 years from the originally projected 15–16 years. The investigation found that the failure was due to burn-through of the engine's gas generator, and that "the most likely cause of the burn-through was a foreign matter or humidity-caused icing in the engine's liquid-hydrogen injectors".[25]

ChinaSat-9A partial launch failure

[edit]

On 19 June 2017, a Long March 3B/E mission carrying ChinaSat-9A ended in partial failure. Officials did not release details regarding the status of the mission for at least 4 hours after liftoff.[26] Two weeks later, on 7 July 2017, officials confirmed that the mission had been anomalous, with Space Daily reporting that "an anomaly was found on the carrier rocket's rolling control thruster, part of the attitude control engine, during the third gliding phase". The failure in the rocket's third stage left the payload in a lower than intended orbit, and the payload was forced to spend two weeks reaching its intended orbit under its own power.[27]

Palapa-N1 (Nusantara Dua) launch failure

[edit]

On 9 April 2020, a Long March 3B launcher failed after lifting off from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in the southwestern Sichuan province at 11:46 UTC during the launch of an Indonesian communications satellite, Palapa-N1 (Nusantara Dua) of a mass of 5500 kg and was expected to enter service in geostationary orbit at 113.0° East, replacing the Palapa-D satellite. But one of the two YF-75 third stage engines failed to ignite, preventing the Palapa-N1 (Nusantara Dua) satellite from reaching orbit.[28] Wreckage from the third stage and the Palapa-N1 spacecraft re-entered the atmosphere, leading to sightings of fiery debris in the skies over Guam. With the Long March 3B failure, Chinese rockets have faltered on two missions in less than a month. A Long March 7A rocket failed to place a satellite in orbit on 16 March 2020 after taking off from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site on Hainan Island, located in southern China.[29] After two Chinese launch failures in less than a month, further Chinese launches will be likely delayed until it is sure that the quality control is satisfactory.[30]

Rocket debris

[edit]

Debris from Long March 3B launches have fallen on nearby villages due to the inland location of China's launch sites. Grid fins for guiding boosters down to Earth more accurately have been tested on Long March 2C and 4B, but not yet on 3B.[31]

Notable payloads

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Cheap, reusable space launchers are still years away for Chinese military". 24 March 2021.
  2. ^ "How GSLV compares in the international launch market?". 29 July 2019.
  3. ^ "Long March 3B".
  4. ^ a b Mark Wade. "CZ-3B". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 19 March 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
  5. ^ a b c d "LM-3B". China Great Wall Industry Corporation. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
  6. ^ a b c d "LM-3A Series Launch Vehicle User's Manual - Issue 2011" (PDF). China Great Wall Industries Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d e Gunter Krebs. "CZ-3B (Chang Zheng-3B)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
  8. ^ Select Committee of the United States House of Representatives (3 January 1999). "Satellite Launches in the PRC: Loral". U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 23 May 2012. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  9. ^ a b Lan, Chen. "Mist around the CZ-3B disaster". The Space Review. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  10. ^ Lan, Chen. "Mist around the CZ-3B disaster (part 2)". The Space Review. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  11. ^ International reference guide to space launch systems. Fourth edition. p. 243. ISBN 1-56347-591-X
  12. ^ ""帕拉帕－Ｄ"通信卫星未能进入预定轨道". Xinhuanet. 31 August 2009. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
  13. ^ Barbosa, Rui C. (9 April 2020). "Long March 3B fails during Indonesian satellite launch". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  14. ^ "LM-3B". China Great Wall Industry Corporation. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
  15. ^ Jing, Zhan (9 April 2020). "PALAPA-N1卫星发射失利". xinhuanet.com.
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