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Comparison of orbital launch systems

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Falcon 9 Block 5, the most prolific active orbital launch system in the world.

This comparison of orbital launch systems lists the attributes of all current and future individual rocket configurations designed to reach orbit. A first list contains rockets that are operational or have attempted an orbital flight attempt as of 2024; a second list includes all upcoming rockets. For the simple list of all conventional launcher families, see: Comparison of orbital launchers families. For the list of predominantly solid-fueled orbital launch systems, see: Comparison of solid-fueled orbital launch systems.

Spacecraft propulsion[note 1] is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. Orbital launch systems are rockets and other systems capable of placing payloads into or beyond Earth orbit. All launch vehicle propulsion systems employed to date have been chemical rockets falling into one of three main categories:

  • Solid-propellant rockets or solid-fuel rockets have a motor that uses solid propellants, typically a mix of powdered fuel and oxidizer held together by a polymer binder and molded into the shape of a hollow cylinder. The cylinder is ignited from the inside and burns radially outward, with the resulting expanding gases and aerosols escaping out via the nozzle.[note 2]
  • Liquid-propellant rockets have a motor that feeds liquid propellant(s) into a combustion chamber. Most liquid engines use a bipropellant, consisting of two liquid propellants (fuel and oxidizer) which are stored and handled separately before being mixed and burned inside the combustion chamber.
  • Hybrid-propellant rockets use a combination of solid and liquid propellant, typically involving a liquid oxidizer being pumped through a hollow cylinder of solid fuel.

All current spacecraft use conventional chemical rockets (solid-fuel or liquid bipropellant) for launch, though some[note 3] have used air-breathing engines on their first stage.[note 4]

Current rockets

[edit]

Orbits legend:

Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Height Maximum payload mass
(kg) 		Reusable / Expendable Orbital
launches
including
failures[a] 		Launch site(s) Dates of flight
LEO GTO Other First Latest
Angara A5 / Briz-M  Russia Khrunichev 48.7 m 24,500[1] 5,400[1] 3,000 to GEO[1] Expendable 2[1] Russia Plesetsk,
Russia Vostochny 		2014 2020
Angara-1.2  Russia Khrunichev 42.7 m 3,700[2] N/A 2,400 to SSO[3]
3400 to polar[2] 		Expendable 3[2] Russia Plesetsk,
Russia Vostochny 		2022 2024
Ariane 6 A62  Europe ArianeGroup 63 m 10,350[4]: 45  4,500[5]: 33  7,200 to SSO
7,000 to polar
3,300 to HEO
3,500 to TLI[5]: 35–37  		Expendable 1[6] France CSG 2024 2024
Atlas V 551  United States ULA 58.3 m 18,850[7] 8,900[7] 13,550 to SSO[8]
3,850 to GEO[7] 		Expendable 14[8] United StatesVAFB,
United States CCSFS 		2006 2024
Atlas V N22[b]  United States ULA 52.4 m 13,000[10] N/A N/A Expendable 3[10] United States Cape Canaveral 2019[11] 2024
Ceres-1 (3)[c]  China Galactic Energy 20 m 400[13] N/A 300 to SSO[13] Expendable 10[12] China JSLC 2022 2024
Ceres-1S[d]  China Galactic Energy 20 m 400[13] N/A 300 to SSO[13] Expendable 3[12] China OMSP 2023 2024
Chollima-1  North Korea NADA > 38 m > 300[14] N/A N/A Expendable 3[15] North Korea Sohae 2023 2023
Electron  United States
 New Zealand 		Rocket Lab 18 m 300[16] N/A 200 to SSO[17] Partially reusable 53[18] New Zealand Mahia,
United States MARS 		2017 2024
Epsilon (2)  Japan IHI[19] 24.4 m 1,500[20] N/A N/A Expendable 1[20] Japan KSC 2016 2016
Epsilon (2) / CLPS  Japan IHI[19] 24.4 m N/A N/A 590 to SSO[20] Expendable 4[20] Japan KSC 2018 2022
Falcon 9 Block 5  United States SpaceX 70 m 13,000 1,800 1,000 to BLT Partially reusable (launch site) 341[21] United StatesVandenberg,
United States Cape Canaveral,
United States Kennedy 		2018 2024
17,500[22] 5,500[21] 4,500 to MEO Partially reusable (drone ship)
22,000[21] 8,300[21] 4,020 to TMI[21] Expendable
Falcon Heavy[23]  United States SpaceX 70 m 30,000[24] 8,000[25] N/A Partially reusable 11[26] United States Kennedy 2018 2024
63,800[26] 26,700[26] 16,800 to TMI[26] Expendable
Firefly Alpha  United States Firefly Aerospace 29 m 1,030[27] N/A 630 to SSO[27] Expendable 5[28] United States VAFB,
United States CCSFS 		2021 2024
Gravity-1  China Orienspace 31.4 m 6,500[29] N/A 4,200 to SSO[29] Expendable 1[29] China OMSP 2024 2024
GSLV Mk II  India ISRO 49.1 m 6,000[30] 2,250[30] N/A Expendable 10[31] India SDSC 2010 2024
H-IIA 202  Japan Mitsubishi 53 m 10,000[32] 4,000[32] 5,100 to SSO[e] Expendable 34[34] Japan TNSC 2001 2024
H3-22S  Japan Mitsubishi 57 m N/A[35] 3,500 N/A Expendable 4[36] Japan TNSC 2023 2024
Hyperbola-1 (2)[f]  China i-Space 22.5 m 500[38] N/A 300 to SSO[39] Expendable 6[39] China JSLC 2021 2024
Jielong 1  China CALT 19.5 m N/A N/A 200 to SSO[40] Expendable 1[41] China JSLC 2019 2019
Jielong 3  China CALT 31.8 m N/A N/A 1,500 (500 km SSO)[42] Expendable 4[42] China OMSP 2022 2024
Kinetica 1  China CAS Space 30 m 2,000[43] N/A 1,500 (500 km SSO)[43] Expendable 5[43] China JSLC 2022 2024
Kuaizhou 1A  China ExPace 19.8 m 400[44] N/A 250 to SSO Expendable 27[44] China JSLC,
China TSLC,
China XSLC 		2013[g] 2024
Kuaizhou 11  China ExPace 25.3 m 1,500[45] N/A 1,000 to SSO[45] Expendable 3[46] China JSLC 2020 2024
Long March 2C  China CALT 38.8 m 3,850[47] 1,250[47] 1,900 to SSO[47] Expendable 72 China JSLC,
China TSLC,
China XSLC 		1982 2024
Long March 2C / YZ-1S  China CALT 38.8 m N/A N/A 2,000 to SSO[48] Expendable 8[48] China JSLC,
China XSLC 		2018 2024
Long March 2D  China SAST 41.1 m 4,000[49] N/A 1,300 to SSO[50] Expendable 89[51][52] China JSLC,
China TSLC,
China XSLC 		1992 2024
Long March 2D / YZ-3  China SAST 41.1 m N/A N/A 2,000 to SSO Expendable 3[53] China JSLC,
China XSLC 		2018 2024
Long March 2F  China CALT 62 m 8,400[54] N/A N/A Expendable 24[55][56][57] China JSLC 1999 2024
Long March 3A  China CALT 52.5 m 6,000[58] 2,600[58] 5,000 to SSO
1,420 to TLI[58] 		Expendable 27[58] China XSLC 1994 2018
Long March 3B/E  China CALT 56.3 m 11,500[59] 5,500[59] 6,900 to SSO
3,500 to TLI[59] 		Expendable 84[59] China XSLC 2007 2024
Long March 3B/E / YZ-1  China CALT 56.3 m N/A N/A 2,200 to MEO Expendable 15[60] China XSLC 2015 2024
Long March 3C  China CALT 54.8 m 9,100[61] 3,800[61] 6,500 to SSO
2,300 to TLI[59] 		Expendable 18[62][61] China XSLC 2008 2021
Long March 3C / YZ-1  China CALT 54.8 m N/A N/A N/A Expendable 2[63] China XSLC 2015 2016
Long March 4B  China SAST 44.1 m 4,200[64] 1,500[64] 2,800 to SSO[64] Expendable 52[64] China JSLC,
China TSLC 		1999 2024
Long March 4C  China SAST 45.8 m 4,200[65] 1,500[65] 2,800 to SSO[65] Expendable 55[65] China JSLC,
China TSLC,
China XSLC 		2006 2024
Long March 5  China CALT 56.9 m ~ 25,000[66] ~ 14,000[66] 15,000 to SSO
4,500 to GEO
8,200 to TLI
6,000 to TMI[67][68] 		Expendable 7[67] China WSLS 2017 2024
Long March 5 / YZ-2  China CALT 56.9 m N/A N/A 4,500 to GEO[69] Expendable 1[69] China WSLS 2016 2016
Long March 5B  China CALT 56.9 m 23,000[70] N/A N/A Expendable 4[70] China WSLS 2020 2022
Long March 6  China SAST 29 m 1,500[71] N/A 1,080 to SSO[71] Expendable 13[71] China TSLC 2015 2024
Long March 6A  China SAST 50 m 8,000[72] N/A 4,500 to SSO[73] Expendable 8[73] China TSLC 2022 2024
Long March 6C  China CALT 43 m 4,500 N/A 2,400 to SSO[74] Expendable 1[75] China TSLC 2024 2024
Long March 7  China CALT 53.1 m 13,500[76] N/A 5,500 to SSO[77] Expendable 8[78] China WSLS 2017 2024
Long March 7 / YZ-1A  China CALT 53.1 m N/A N/A 9,500 to SSO Expendable 1[79] China WSLS 2016 2016
Long March 7A  China CALT 60.13 m N/A 7,000[77] 5,000 to TLI Expendable 8[80] China WSLS 2020 2024
Long March 8 822[81]  China CALT 50.34 m 7,600[82] 2,500[82] 4,500 to SSO[82]
1,500 to TLI 		Expendable 2[82] China WSLS 2020 2024
Long March 8 820[81]  China CALT 48 m 4,500 N/A 3,000 to SSO Expendable 1[83] China WSLS 2022 2022
Long March 11  China CALT 20.8 m 700[84] N/A 350 to SSO[84] Expendable 12[84] China JSLC,
China XSLC 		2015 2023
Long March 11H  China CALT 20.8 m 700[84] N/A 350 to SSO[84] Expendable 5[84] China OMSP 2019 2023
LVM 3  India ISRO 43.4 m 10,000[85] 4,000[85] 3,000 to TLI Expendable 6[86] India SDSC 2017[h] 2023
Minotaur-C-XL-3210  United States Northrop Grumman 27.9 m 1,275[88] N/A 880 to SSO[88] Expendable 2[88] United StatesVAFB 2004 2017
Minotaur I  United States Northrop Grumman 19.2 m 580[89] N/A ~ 430 to SSO[89]
400 to Polar[90] 		Expendable 12[i][90] United States MARS,
United States VAFB 		2000 2021
Minotaur IV  United States Northrop Grumman 23.9 m 1,735[91] N/A 1,170 to Polar[91] Expendable 2[91][j] United States MARS,
United States VAFB 		2010 2020
Minotaur IV / HAPS  United States Northrop Grumman 23.9 m N/A N/A N/A Expendable 1[93] United States KLC 2010 2010
Minotaur IV / Orion 38  United States Northrop Grumman 23.9 m N/A N/A N/A Expendable 1[94] United States CCSFS 2017 2017
Minotaur

IV+

 United States Northrop Grumman 23.9 m 1,950[95] N/A 1,430 to Polar[95] Expendable 1[95] United States KLC 2011 2011
Minotaur V  United States Northrop Grumman 24.6 m N/A 678[96] 465 to HCO[96] Expendable 1[96] United States MARS 2013 2013
Nuri (KSLV-II)  South Korea KARI 47.2 m 3,300[97] N/A 1,900 to SSO[97] Expendable 3[98] South Korea Naro 2021 2023
Pegasus XL  United States Northrop Grumman 16.9 m 475[99] 125[99] ~ 325 to SSO[100]
365 to Polar[99] 		Expendable 29[99] United States CCSFS,
United States VAFB,
United States MARS,
Spain Gando,
Marshall Islands Kwajalein Atoll 		1994 2021
Pegasus XL / HAPS  United States Northrop Grumman 16.9 m 500[101] N/A N/A Expendable 6[101] United States VAFB,
United States MARS 		1997 2005
Proton-M  Russia Khrunichev 57.2 m 23,700[102] N/A N/A Expendable 1[103] Kazakhstan Baikonur 2021 2021
Proton-M / Briz-M  Russia Khrunichev 58.2 m N/A 6,300[104] 3,300 to GEO[104] Expendable 101[104] Kazakhstan Baikonur 2001 2023
Proton-M / Blok DM-03  Russia Khrunichev 57.2 m N/A 6,000[102] 3,200 to GEO[105] Expendable 7[106] Kazakhstan Baikonur 2010 2023
PSLV-CA  India ISRO 44.4 m 2,100[107] N/A 1,100 to SSO[107] Expendable 17[108][107] India SDSC 2007 2023
PSLV-DL  India ISRO 44.4 m N/A N/A 1,257 to SSO[109] Expendable 4[110] India SDSC 2019 2024
PSLV-QL  India ISRO 44.4 m N/A N/A 1,523 to SSO[109] Expendable 2[111] India SDSC 2019 2019
PSLV-XL  India ISRO 44.4 m 3,800[112] 1,300[112] 1,750 to SSO[112]
550 to TMI[113] 		Expendable 25[112] India SDSC 2008 2023
Qaem 100  Iran IRGC 15.5 m 80[114] N/A N/A Expendable 3[114][k] Iran Shahrud 2023 2024
Qased  Iran IRGC 18.8 m 40[115] N/A N/A Expendable 3[115] Iran Shahrud 2020 2023
Shavit-2  Israel IAI 22.1 m 380 in Retrograde[116] N/A N/A Expendable 6[117] Israel Palmachim 2007 2023
Simorgh  Iran Iranian Space Agency 26 m 350[118] N/A N/A Expendable 6[118][l] Iran Semnan 2017 2024
Soyuz-2.1a  Russia TsSKB-Progress 51.4 m 7,020 from Baikonur
6,830 from Plesetsk
7,150 from Vostochny[119] 		N/A N/A Expendable 49[120][m] Kazakhstan Baikonur,
Russia Plesetsk 		2013 2024
Soyuz-2.1a / Fregat  Russia TsSKB-Progress 46.9 m N/A N/A 4,450 to SSO[121] Expendable 21[121] Kazakhstan Baikonur,
Russia Vostochny 		2006 2023
Soyuz-2.1a / Volga  Russia TsSKB-Progress 46.9 m N/A N/A N/A Expendable 1[122] Kazakhstan Baikonur,
Russia Plesetsk,
Russia Vostochny 		2016 2016
Soyuz-2.1b  Russia TsSKB-Progress 44.1 m 8,200 from Baikonur
7,850 from Plesetsk
8,320 from Vostochny[119] 		N/A N/A Expendable 17[123] Kazakhstan Baikonur,
Russia Plesetsk 		2008 2024
Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat  Russia TsSKB-Progress 46.7 m 5,500[124] 3,060[124] 4,900 to SSO
1,200 to HCO[124] 		Expendable 55[124] Kazakhstan Baikonur,
Russia Plesetsk,
Russia Vostochny 		2006 2024
Soyuz-2.1v  Russia TsSKB-Progress 44.1 m 2,800[125] N/A 2,630 to polar[125] Expendable 5[125] Russia Plesetsk 2018 2024
Soyuz-2.1v / Volga  Russia TsSKB-Progress 44.1 m N/A N/A 1,400 to SSO[126] Expendable 7[126] Russia Plesetsk 2013 2022
SLS Block 1  United States NASA Boeing
Northrop Grumman 		98 m 95,000[127] N/A 27,000+ to TLI[127] Expendable 1[128] United States KSC 2022 2022
SSLV  India ISRO 34 m 500[129] N/A 300 to SSO[130] Expendable 3[130] India SDSC 2022 2024
Tianlong-2  China Space Pioneer 32.8 m 2,000[131] N/A 1,500 to SSO[131] Expendable 1[131] China JSLC 2023 2023
Vega-C  EuropeItaly Italy ArianeGroupAvio 36.2 m 3,300[132] N/A 2,470 to SSO[133] 2,300 to polar[132] Expendable 2[134] France CSG 2022 2022
Zhuque-2 B1  China LandSpace 49.5 m 4,000 N/A 1,500 to SSO[135] Expendable 3[136] China JSLC 2022 2023
  1. ^ Suborbital flight tests and on-pad explosions are excluded, but launches failing en route to orbit are included.
  2. ^ for Starliner[9]
  3. ^ Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[12]
  4. ^ Sea-launched version of the third unofficial iteration of the Ceres-1 launch vehicle.
  5. ^ 5,100 kg to a 500-km Sun-synchronous orbit; 3,300 kg to 800 km[33]: 64–65 
  6. ^ Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[37]
  7. ^ A suborbital test flight was conducted in March 2012.[44]
  8. ^ A suborbital test flight was conducted in 2014 (designated LVM-3/CARE) without the cryogenic upper stage (CUS).[87]
  9. ^ A suborbital mission was conducted in 2024.
  10. ^ Additionally, two suborbital missions were conducted in 2010 and 2011.[92]
  11. ^ A suborbital test flight succeeded in 2022.
  12. ^ A suborbital test flight succeeded in 2016.[118]
  13. ^ Suborbital test flight in 2004, without Fregat upper stage.[120]

Rockets in flight testing

[edit]
Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Height Maximum payload mass
(kg) 		Reusable / Expendable Orbital
launches
including
failures[a] 		Suborbital test flights Launch site(s) Dates of flight
LEO GTO Other First Latest
Starship Block 1[137]  United States SpaceX 121 m 40,000–50,000[138] N/A N/A Reusable 0 6 United States Starbase 2023 2024
Angara A5 / Orion  Russia Khrunichev 54.9 m N/A 6,500[1] 3,700 to GEO[1] Expendable 1[1] Russia Plesetsk,
Russia Vostochny 		2024 2024
Angara A5 / Persei  Russia Khrunichev 54.9 m N/A 6,500[1] 3,700 to GEO[1] Expendable 1[1] Russia Plesetsk,
Russia Vostochny 		2021 2021
GYUB TV2 South Korea South Korea MND 19.5 m 100[139] N/A N/A Expendable 1[139] South Korea Jeju sea launch platform 2023 2023
KAIROS  Japan Space One 18 m 250[140] N/A 150 to SSO[140] Expendable 1[141] Japan Spaceport Kii 2024 2024
New-type satellite carrier rocket[142]  North Korea
 Russia 		NADA

Khrunichev

N/A N/A N/A N/A Expendable 1[143][142] North Korea Sohae 2024 2024
Vulcan Centaur VC2  United States ULA 61.6 m 19,000[144] 8,400[144] 15,200 to polar 3,900 to MEO 2,600 to GEO 6,300 to TLI[144] Expendable 2[145] United States CCSFS 2024 2024

Upcoming rockets

[edit]

Upcoming launch vehicles

Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Height Payload mass to ... (kg) Reusable / Expendable Launch Site (s) Date of first flight
LEO GTO Other
Agnibaan  India AgniKul Cosmos 18 m 150 N/A 90 to SSO Expendable India SDSC 2025
Angara A5 / KVTK  Russia Khrunichev N/A N/A 7,500 N/A Expendable Russia Plesetsk,
Russia Vostochny 		2028
Angara A5M  Russia Khrunichev N/A 26,800 4,100-5,200 N/A Expendable Russia Plesetsk,
Russia Vostochny 		2027
Angara A5P  Russia Khrunichev N/A 18,800 N/A N/A Expendable Russia Vostochny 2028
Angara A5V  Russia Khrunichev N/A 37,500[146] N/A N/A Expendable Russia Vostochny 2028
Antares 330  United States Northrop Grumman

Firefly Aerospace[b]

47 m 10,800[147] N/A N/A Expendable United States MARS 2025[148]
Ariane 6 A64  Europe ArianeGroup 63 m 21,650[4]: 46  11,500+ [4]: 33  14,900 to SSO
5,000 to GEO
8,400 to HEO
8,500 to TLI [4]: 40–49  		Expendable France CSG 2024[149]
Aurora Canada Canada Reaction Dynamics 18 m 200 N/A TBA Expendable Canada Nova Scotia 2025
Aventura 1 Argentina Argentina TLON Space 10 m 25 N/A N/A N/A Uruguay Launch platform 2025
Blue Whale 1  South Korea Perigee Aerospace 21 m 165[150] N/A 185 to SSO Partially reusable South Korea CETACEA 1 sea launch platform[151]Sweden Esrange 2024[152]
195[150] 220 to SSO Expendable
Cosmos  Russia SR space 18.5 m 390 N/A 310 to SSO N/A Russia Vostochny,
Russia Yasny 		TBA
Cyclone-4M  Ukraine Yuzhnoye
Yuzhmash 		38.7 m 5,000[153] 1,000[154] 3,350 to SSO[153] Expendable Canada Nova Scotia 2025[155]
Dauntless  United States Vaya Space 35 m 1,100[156] N/A 600 to SSO Expendable United States CCSFS,
United States The Spaceport Company Launch Platform 		2026[156]
Daytona I  United States Phantom Space 18 m 180 N/A 53 to SSO Expendable United States VSFB,
United States CCSFS,
Australia ASC 		2025[157]
Epsilon S Japan Japan JAXA 27.2 m 1,400 N/A 600 to SSO Expendable Japan KSC 2025[158]
Eris Block 1  Australia Gilmour Space Technologies 25 m 305[159] N/A N/A Expendable Australia Bowen 2024[160]
Gravity-2  China Orienspace 60 m 8,600–16,000 5,800 10,900 to SSO Partially reusable China WSLS 2025[161]
Hanbit-Nano South Korea South Korea Innospace 17 m[162] 150 N/A 90 Expendable Brazil CEA,
Norway Andøya,
Australia ASC 		2025[163]
Hyperbola-3  China i-Space 69 m 8,500 N/A N/A Partially reusable China JSLC 2025[164]
13,400 Expendable
H3-22L  Japan Mitsubishi 63 m N/A[35] N/A N/A Expendable Japan TNSC TBA
H3-24L  Japan Mitsubishi 63 m N/A N/A 6,500 to TLI Expendable Japan TNSC 2024[165]
H3-30S  Japan Mitsubishi 57 m N/A[35] N/A 4,000 to SSO Expendable Japan TNSC TBA
Jielong 4  China CALT N/A N/A N/A N/A Expendable N/A TBA
KSLV-III South Korea South Korea KARI 54 m 10,000 3,500 7,000 to SSO

1,800 to TLI

Expendable South Korea Naro 2030
Long March 8A  China CALT 50.3 m N/A N/A 6,800 to SSO Expendable China WSLS TBA
Long March 9  China CALT 114 m 80,000–150,000[166] 66,000 53,000 to TLI[166]
40,000 to TMI[167] 		Partially/fully reusable China WSLS 2033[168]
Long March 10  China CALT 89[c]–93.2 m[d] 70,000 N/A 27,000 to TLI Expendable China WSLS TBA
Long March 10A  China CALT 67 m 14,000 N/A N/A Partially reusable China WSLS TBA
18,000 Expendable
Long March 12  China CALT 59 m 10,000 N/A 6,000 to SSO Expendable China WSLS 2024[169]
Maia France France MaiaSpace 50 m N/A N/A N/A Partially reusable France CSG 2025[170]
Miura 5  Spain PLD Space 35.7 m 840 N/A 540 to SSO Partially reusable France CSG 2026[171]
MLV  United States Firefly Aerospace 55.7 m 16,300 3,200 2,300 to TLI[172] Expendable United States CCSFS,
United States MARS,
United States VSFB 		2026[173]
Nebula-1  China Deep Blue Aerospace N/A 1,000 N/A N/A Partially reusable China WSLS 2024[174]
Nebula-2  China Deep Blue Aerospace TBA 20,000 N/A N/A Partially reusable China WSLS 2025[174]
Neutron  United States
 New Zealand 		Rocket Lab 42.8 m 8,000[e]–13,000 N/A N/A Partially reusable United States MARS 2025[175]
15,000 Expendable
New Glenn  United States Blue Origin 98 m 45,000[176] 13,000 N/A Partially reusable United States CCSFS

United States VSFB

2024[177]
NGLV LEO  India ISRO 88 m 7,700[f] N/A N/A Partially reusable India SDSC TBA
9,900 Partially reusable
16,900 Expendable
NGLV GEO  India ISRO 92 m N/A 5,200 N/A Partially reusable India SDSC TBA
25,000 8,900 Expendable
Nova  United States Stoke Space 28.5 m 1,500 N/A N/A Fully reusable United States CCSFS TBA
OB-1 Mk1 France France HyPrSpace 11 m 200 N/A N/A Expendable France CSG 2026[178]
Pallas-1  China Galactic Energy 42 m 5,000 N/A 3,000 to SSO Partially reusable China WSLS / TSLC 2024[179]
Prime  United Kingdom Orbex 19 m 180 N/A 100 to SSO[g][180] Expendable United Kingdom Sutherland 2025[181]
RFA One  Germany RFA 30 m 1,600[182] 450[182] 1,300 to SSO Expendable United Kingdom SaxaVord,
Norway Andøya,
France CSG,
Australia Whalers Way 		2025[183]
Rokot-M  Russia Khrunichev N/A 1,950 N/A N/A Expendable Russia Plesetsk 2024[184]
ŞİMŞEK-1 Turkey Turkey Roketsan N/A 400 N/A N/A Expendable Turkey İğneada 2027
Siraya Taiwan Taiwan TASA 25 m 200 N/A N/A Expendable N/A TBA
Sirius 1 France France Sirius Space 24.7 m N/A N/A 175 to SSO Expendable N/A 2025
Skyrora XL  United Kingdom Skyrora 22.7 m 315 N/A 315 to SSO[185] Expendable United Kingdom SaxaVord,
Canada Nova Scotia 		2025[186]
GYUB[187] South Korea South Korea MND 26.8 m 500[188] N/A N/A Expendable South Korea Jeju sea launch platform N/A
SLS Block 1B[h]  United States NASA / Boeing
Northrop Grumman 		111 m 105,000[189] N/A 37,000 to TLI[190] Expendable United States KSC 2028
SLS Block 2[i]  United States NASA / Boeing
Northrop Grumman 		111 m 130,000[191] N/A 45,000 to HCO[190] Expendable United States KSC 2033
SL1  Germany HyImpulse 30 m 500 N/A N/A Expendable United Kingdom SaxaVord,
France CSG,
Australia Whalers Way 		2025
Soyuz-5 (Irtysh)  Russia TsSKB-Progress
RSC Energia 		61.87 m 18,000[192] N/A 2,500 to GEO Expendable Kazakhstan Baikonur 2025[193]
Soyuz-7 (Amur)  Russia JSC SRC Progress 55 m 10,500[194] 2,600 4,700 to SSO Partially reusable Russia Vostochny 2028
13,600[194] Expendable
Spectrum  Germany Isar Aerospace 28 m 1,000[195] N/A 700 to SSO[195] Expendable France CSG,
Norway Andøya 		2025[196]
Starship Block 2[137]  United States SpaceX 124.4 m[138] 100,000[138] N/A N/A Fully reusable[138][197] United States Starbase 2025
Starship Block 3[138]  United States SpaceX 150 m[138] 200,000[138] N/A N/A Fully reusable[138][197] United States Starbase TBA
Terran R  United States Relativity Space 82 m 23,500 5,500[198] N/A Partially reusable United States CCSFS 2026[198]
33,500 Expendable
Tianlong-3  China Space Pioneer 71 m 17,000 N/A 14,000 to SSO Partially reusable China JSLC,
China WSLS 		2024[174]
Tronador II-250 Argentina Argentina CONAE 27 m 500 N/A N/A Expendable Argentina BNPB 2030
Vega-E  Europe ESA ASI 36.2 m 3,000[199] N/A N/A Expendable France CSG 2026
Vikram 1[200]  India Skyroot Aerospace[201] 20 m 315 to 45º inclination 500 km LEO N/A 200 to 500 km SSPO Expendable India SDSC 2024[202]
Vikram 2[200]  India Skyroot Aerospace N/A 520 to 45º inclination 500 km LEO N/A 410 to 500 km SSPO Expendable India SDSC TBA
Vikram 3[200]  India Skyroot Aerospace N/A 720 to 45º inclination 500 km LEO N/A 580 to 500 km SSPO Expendable India SDSC TBA
Volans V500 Singapore Singapore Equatorial Space Systems N/A 150 N/A N/A Expendable N/A 2026
Vulcan Centaur VC0  United States ULA 61.6 m 10,800 3,500 2,300 to TLI Expendable United States VSFB,
United States CCSFS 		TBA
Vulcan Centaur VC4  United States ULA 61.6 m 24,600 11,700 4,900 to GEO
9,200 to TLI 		Expendable United States VSFB,
United States CCSFS 		2024[203]
Vulcan Centaur VC6  United States ULA 61.6 m 27,200[204] 14,400[204] 6,500 to GEO
11,500 to TLI 		Expendable United States VSFB,
United States CCSFS 		2025
Zephyr France France Latitude 19 m 100 N/A 80 to SSO Expendable United Kingdom SaxaVord 2025
Zero  Japan Interstellar Technologies 32 m 800 N/A 250 to SSO Expendable Japan Taiki 2025
Zhuque-2 B2  China LandSpace 49.5 m 6,000[136] N/A 4,000 to SSO[136] Expendable China JSLC TBA
Zhuque-3  China LandSpace 76.6 m 12,500 (RTLS)[174] N/A N/A Partially reusable China JSLC,
China WSLS 		2025[174]
18,300 (barge)[174] Partially reusable
21,000[205] Expendable
Zuljanah  Iran Iranian Space Agency 25.5 m 220[206] N/A N/A Expendable Iran Semnan TBA
  1. ^ Suborbital flight tests and on-pad explosions are excluded, but launches failing en route to orbit are included.
  2. ^ provides the first stage, including engines
  3. ^ Height for uncrewed version
  4. ^ Height for crewed version
  5. ^ When first stage returned to launch site
  6. ^ When first stage returned to launch site
  7. ^ Reference altitude 500 km
  8. ^ with EUS
  9. ^ with EUS and
    advanced boosters

Retired rockets

[edit]
Main article: Comparison of retired orbital launch systems

Launch systems by country

[edit]

The following chart shows the number of launch systems developed in each country, and broken down by operational status. Rocket variants are not distinguished; i.e., the Atlas V series is only counted once for all its configurations 401–431, 501–551, 552, and N22.

10
20
30
40
50
AUS
BRZ
CHN
EUR
ESP
FRA
IND
IRN
ISR
JPN
NKR
NZL
RUS
SKR
TWN
UKR
UK
USA
  •   Operational
  •   In development
  •   Retired

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ There are many different methods. Each mestylethod has drawbacks and advantages, and spacecraft propulsion is an active area of research. However, most spacecraft today are propelled by forcing a gas from the back/rear of the vehicle at very high speed through a supersonic de Laval nozzle. This sort of engine is called a rocket engine.
  2. ^ The first medieval rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered by gunpowder; they were used by the Chinese, Indians, Mongols and Arabs, in warfare as early as the 13th century.
  3. ^ Such as the Pegasus rocket and SpaceShipOne.
  4. ^ Most satellites have simple reliable chemical thrusters (often monopropellant rockets) or resistojet rockets for orbital station-keeping and some use momentum wheels for attitude control. Soviet bloc satellites have used electric propulsion for decades, and newer Western geo-orbiting spacecraft are starting to use them for north–south stationkeeping and orbit raising. Interplanetary vehicles mostly use chemical rockets as well, although a few have used ion thrusters and Hall effect thrusters (two different types of electric propulsion) to great success.

References

[edit]
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