Intelsat 708
 |
| Names | IS 708 |
|---|---|
| Mission type | Communications |
| Operator | Intelsat |
| Mission duration | 15 years (planned) Failed to orbit |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft type | Intelsat VII-A |
| Bus | LS-1300 |
| Manufacturer | Space Systems/Loral |
| Launch mass | 4,180 kg (9,220 lb) |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 15 February 1996 03:00 |
| Rocket | Long March 3B |
| Launch site | Xichang, LC-2 |
| Contractor | China Great Wall Industry Corporation |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric orbit (planned) |
| Regime | Geostationary orbit |
| Transponders | |
| Band | 26 C-band 14 Ku-band |
Intelsat VII | |
Intelsat 708 was a telecommunications satellite built by the American company Space Systems/Loral for Intelsat. It was destroyed on 15 February 1996 when the Long March 3B launch vehicle failed while being launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in China. The launch vehicle veered off course immediately after liftoff and struck a nearby village, killing at least six people.
The accident investigation identified a failure in the guidance system of the Long March 3B. After the Intelsat 708 accident, the Long March rockets did not experience another mission failure until 2011. However, the participation of American companies in the Intelsat 708 and Apstar 2 investigations caused political controversy in the United States. A U.S. government investigation found that the information in the report had been illegally transferred to China. Satellite technology was subsequently reclassified as a munition and placed under ITAR restrictions, blocking its export to China. In 2002, Space Systems/Loral paid US$20 million to settle charges of violating export controls.[1]
Launch failure
[edit]In 1992 and 1993, Space Systems/Loral received licenses from the United States Department of State to launch Intelsat satellites on Chinese rockets. At that time, satellite components were still under International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR); they would be transferred in stages to the U.S. Department of Commerce between 1992 and 1996.[1] The Intelsat 708 satellite was to be launched into geostationary orbit aboard a Long March 3B launch vehicle.
On 15 February 1996, the Long March 3B launch vehicle failed during launch, veering off course immediately after liftoff and crashing into a village near the launch site (probably Mayelin Village).[2] An enormous explosion destroyed most of the rocket and killed an unknown number of inhabitants.[3]
The nature and extent of the damage remain a subject of dispute. The Chinese government, through its official Xinhua news agency, reported that six people were killed and 57 injured. Western media speculated that between a few dozen and 500 people might have been killed in the crash; "dozens, if not hundreds" of people were seen to gather outside the centre's main gate near the crash site the night before launch.[4] When reporters were being taken away from the site, they found that most buildings had sustained serious damage or had been flattened completely.[4] Some eyewitnesses were noted as having seen dozens of ambulances and many flatbed trucks, loaded with what could have been human remains, being taken to the local hospital.[4] Bruce Campbell of Astrotech and other American eyewitnesses in Xichang reported that the satellite post-crash was surprisingly intact, along with the opinion that the official death toll only reflects those in the military who were caught by the disaster and not the civilian population. In the years to follow, the village that used to border the launch center has vanished, with little trace it ever existed.[5] However, Chen Lan writing in The Space Review later said the total population of the village was under 1000, and that most if not all of the population had been evacuated before launch as had been common practice since the 1980s, making it "very unlikely" that there were hundreds of deaths.[2]
Investigation
[edit]After the launch failure, the Chinese investigation found that the inertial measurement unit had failed. However, the satellite insurance companies insisted on an Independent Review Committee (IRC) as a condition of providing insurance for future Chinese satellite launches. Loral, Hughes, and other U.S. aerospace companies participated in the Review Committee, which issued a report in May 1996 that identified a different cause of the failure in the inertial measurement unit. The Chinese report was then changed to match the findings of the Review Committee.[1] The Long March rocket family did not experience another mission failure until August 2011.
In 1997, the U.S. Defense Technology Security Administration found that China had obtained "significant benefit" from the Review Committee and could improve their "launch vehicles ... ballistic missiles and in particular their guidance systems". In 1998, the U.S. Congress reclassified satellite technology as a munition that was subject to ITAR, returning export control from the Commerce Department to the State Department. In 2002, Loral paid US$20 million in fines and compliance expenses to settle allegations of violating export control regulations.[1]: 366
No export licenses to China have been issued since 1996, and an official at the Bureau of Industry and Security emphasized in 2016 that "no U.S.-origin content, regardless of significance, regardless of whether it's incorporated into a foreign-made item, can go to China".[6]
Intelsat 708 contained sophisticated communications and encryption technology. Members of the Loral security team searched the toxic environment around the crash site to recover sensitive components, returning with complaints of bulging eyes and severe headaches requiring oxygen therapy. They were initially reported by the U.S. Department of Defense monitor to have succeeded in recovering "the [satellite's] encryption-decryption equipment".[7] The most sensitive FAC-3R circuit boards were not recovered, but "were mounted near the hydrazine propellant tanks and most likely were destroyed in the explosion... Because the FAC-3R boards on Intelsat 708 were uniquely keyed, the National Security Agency (NSA) remains convinced that there is no risk to other satellite systems, now or in the future, resulting from having not recovering the FAC-3R boards from the PRC".[8]
See also
[edit]
- Nedelin disaster – a launch catastrophe at the Baikonur test range in the Soviet Union.
- Proton-M/DM-03 8K82 km/11S861-03 – a Proton launch vehicle that went out of control and flew horizontally before crashing.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Zinger, Kurtis J. (26 October 2014). "An Overreaction that Destroyed an Industry: The Past, Present, and Future of U.S. Satellite Export Controls" (PDF). University of Colorado Law Review. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2023.
- ^ a b Lan, Chen (8 July 2013). "Mist around the CZ-3B disaster, Part 2". The Space Review. Archived from the original on 31 August 2014.
- ^ Select Committee of the United States House of Representatives (3 January 1999). "Satellite Launches in the PRC". U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 10 November 2005. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b c Lan, Chen (1 July 2013). "Mist around the CZ-3B disaster, Part 1". The Space Review. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ Zak, Anatoly (February 2013). "Disaster at Xichang". Air & Space Magazine. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022.
- ^ de Selding, Peter B. (14 April 2016). "U.S. ITAR satellite export regime's effects still strong in Europe". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 1 February 2024.
- ^ "U.S. House COX report, Chapter 7 Contents". Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "U.S. House COX report, Chapter 6". Select Committee of the United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on 10 November 2005. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Select Committee of the United States House of Representatives (3 January 1999). "Satellite Launches in the PRC". U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 10 November 2005. Retrieved 30 June 2007. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. (Congressional report discussing Intelsat 708 launch failure and possible technology transfer)
- "2002 State Department Charge Letter to Hughes". Softwar. 2005. Archived from the original on 6 February 2003. Retrieved 30 June 2007. (Documents on Intelsat 708 and export controls, including State Department letter charging two companies with export law violations)
- Anatoly Zak (February 2013). "Disaster at Xichang". Air & Space Magazine. Retrieved 22 April 2013. (Article on the crash of a rocket carrying a commercial payload on 15 February 1996)
- "Cox report a complete fabrication". China Daily. 16 July 1999. Archived from the original on 28 March 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2007. (Chinese government report disputing conclusions of U.S. Congressional report)