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Planetary Exploration of China

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Planetary Exploration of China
中国行星探测
Zhōngguó Xíngxīng Tàncè
Emblem of Planetary Exploration of China
Reaching for the Planets
Program overview
Country China
OrganizationChina National Space Administration (CNSA)
PurposeRobotic Interplanetary mission
StatusOngoing
Program history
Duration2016–present
First flightTianwen-1, July 23, 2020, 04:41 (2020-07-23UTC04:41Z) UTC
Last flightTianwen-1, July 23, 2020, 04:41 (2020-07-23UTC04:41Z) UTC
Successes1
Failures0
Launch site(s)Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site
Vehicle information
Launch vehicle(s)Long March rockets

The Planetary Exploration of China (PEC; Chinese: 中国行星探测; pinyin: Zhōngguó Xíngxīng Tàncè), also known as Tianwen (Chinese: 天问; pinyin: Tīanwèn; lit. 'Questions to Heaven'), is the robotic interplanetary spaceflight program conducted by the China National Space Administration (CNSA). The program aims to explore planets of the Solar System, starting from Mars, and will be expanded to Jupiter and more in the future.[1]

The program was initially known as the Mars mission of China at the early stage.[2] It was later announced as Planetary Exploration of China in April 2020. The series of missions was named Tianwen.[3]

The first mission of the program, Tianwen-1 Mars exploration mission, began on July 23, 2020. A spacecraft, which consisted of an orbiter, a lander, and a rover, was launched by a Long March 5 rocket from Wenchang.[4] The Tianwen-1 was inserted into Mars orbit in February 2021 after a seven-month journey, followed by a successful soft landing of the lander and Zhurong rover on May 14, 2021,[5] making China the second country in the world to successfully soft-land a fully operational spacecraft on Mars surface after the United States.

Future missions, including near-Earth asteroid sample return, Mars sample return and Jupiter system exploration, have been planned by PEC.[6]

History

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Model of Fobos-Grunt presented at the Paris Air Show in 2011. The Chinese satellite Yinghuo-1 is in the center, marked with the label 3.

China began its first interplanetary exploration attempt in 2011 by sending Yinghuo-1, a Mars orbiter, in a joint mission with Russia. Yet it failed to leave Earth orbit due to the failure of Russian launch vehicle.[7]

4179 Toutatis asteroid captured by Chang'e 2

On December 13, 2012, the Chinese lunar probe Chang'e 2 made a flyby of the asteroid 4179 Toutatis in an extended mission.[8] With a distance of over 7 million kilometers away from Earth, Chang'e 2 became China's first interplanetary probe which tested the limit of China's deep space communication capability.[9]

On April 22, 2016, Xu Dazhe, head of the CNSA, announced that the Mars mission had been approved on January 11, 2016. A probe would be sent to Martian orbit and attempt to land on Mars in 2020.[2]

On November 14, 2019, CNSA invited some foreign embassies and international organizations to witness hovering and obstacle avoidance test for Mars Lander of China's first Mars exploration mission at the extraterrestrial celestial landing test site. It was the first public appearance of China's Mars exploration mission.[10]

On April 24, 2020, Planetary Exploration of China was formally announced by CNSA, along with the name "Tianwen" and emblem of the program.[11] The first mission of the program, the Mars mission to be carried out in 2020, was named Tianwen-1.[3]

The first mission of the program, Tianwen-1 Mars exploration mission, was launched on July 23, 2020.[4] The Tianwen-1 was inserted into Mars orbit in February 2021 after a seven-month journey, followed by a successful soft landing of the lander and Zhurong rover on May 14, 2021.[5] The Zhurong rover was deployed onto the Martian surface from its landing platform and began its exploratory mission on May 22. On June 1, CNSA released multiple high-resolution images taken on Martian surface, confirming the success of the mission.[12]

On June 12, 2021, CNSA announced the future plans for near-Earth asteroid sample return, Mars sample return and Jupiter system exploration.[13]

Name and emblem

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The program's name "Tianwen", which literally means "questions to heaven", derived from the eponymous poem by the famous ancient poet Qu Yuan of the state of Chu during the Warring States period (475–221 BC). The name represents the Chinese people's relentless pursuit of truth, the country's cultural inheritance of its understanding of nature and universe, as well as the unending explorations in science and technology.[3]

The emblem of PEC and its missions consist of eight planets in the Solar System and their orbits in the shape of the Latin letter 'c', referring to China, cooperation, and the cosmic velocity required to undertake planetary exploration.[1]

Launch facilities

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Launch of Tianwen-1 from Wenchang on July 23, 2020.
Launch of Tianwen-1 from Wenchang on July 23, 2020

Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site

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Main article: Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site

Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site is China's newest space vehicle launch facility. It is the only launch site in China capable of launching China's most powerful rocket Long March 5, which offers the maximum payload capacity into deep space.

Tianwen-1, the first mission of PEC, was launched from Wenchang.

Supporting facilities

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Neuquén ground station of the Chinese Deep Space Network.
Neuquén ground station of the Chinese Deep Space Network

Monitoring and control center

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Chinese deep space network

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The Chinese Deep Space Network provides tracking, telemetry and command (TT&C) capability to the interplanetary spaceflights. Participating facilities include:[15][16]

  • Xi'an Satellite Control Center is the facility that manages and operates the Chinese Deep Space Network.
  • Jiamusi ground station with one 66-meter antenna located in Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, the easternmost of China, operational since 2012.
  • Kashgar ground station with four 35-meter antenna array located in Kashgar, Xinjiang, the westernmost of China, operational since 2012 and upgraded in 2020.
  • Neuquén ground station with one 35-meter antenna located in Neuquén, Argentina, operational since 2017.
Landing test undergoing in extraterrestrial celestial landing test site.
Landing test undergoing in extraterrestrial celestial landing test site

Extraterrestrial celestial landing test site

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Located in Huailai County, Hebei, the extraterrestrial celestial landing test site is the largest facility of this kind in Asia.[10]

The facility consists of six 140-meter tall cranes and one central platform, which is connected with the cranes by 36 cables. The movement of the platform provides simulation of the Mars gravity environment to the lander hung below it. The ground of is paved with special material, which can be manipulated to form pits or slopes.[17]

The extraterrestrial celestial landing test site is used to test the lander's capability of hovering, obstacle avoidance and slowing down.

Current and future missions

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Tianwen-1

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Main article: Tianwen-1
Zhurong selfie with lander, taken by the deployable Tianwen-1 Remote Camera.

As China's first independent Mars exploration mission, Tianwen-1 set out to accomplish three major goals simultaneously: orbiting, landing on, and roving Mars via a single set of spacecraft.[18] On July 23, 2020, the Tianwen-1 spacecraft stack, consisting of an orbiter, a lander, a rover, deployable and remote cameras launched from Wenchang, marking the beginning of the mission.[4]

After a 202-day journey through interplanetary space, Tianwen-1 inserted itself into Martian orbit on February 10, 2021, thereby becoming China's first Mars orbiter. During this long journey, it deployed a deployable camera in September 2020 whose imagery confirmed the successful launch and Mars transit phase of the spacecraft.[19] Subsequently, it performed several orbital maneuvers and began surveying target landing sites on Mars in preparation for the coming landing attempt.

On May 14, 2021, the lander and the Zhurong rover separated from Tianwen-1's orbiter. After experiencing Mars atmospheric entry that lasted about nine minutes, the lander and rover made a successful soft landing in the Utopia Planitia region of Mars.[5] With the landing, China became the second country to operate a fully functional spacecraft on Martian surface, after the United States.

On May 22, 2021, the Zhurong rover deployed onto the Martian surface from its landing platform and began its exploratory mission. During its deployment, the Rover's instrument, Mars Climatic Station (MCS), recorded the sound, acting as the second Martian sound instrument to record Martian sounds successfully after Mars 2020 Perseverance rover's microphones. During this journey it deployed the remote selfie camera on June 1, 2021, whose imagery confirmed the successful landing of the rover and lander.[12] Later on, the orbiter released another deployable camera in Mars Orbit on 31 December 2021 who imaged the orbiter and Utopia Planitia where Zhurong rover is operating and an unknown selfie stick payload was deployed to working position on orbiter to image orbiter's key components and Chinese flag on orbiter on January 30, 2022, for Chinese New Year.

Near-Earth asteroid sample-return and main-belt comet orbiter mission (planned)

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Main article: Tianwen-2

The mission to return samples from a near-Earth asteroid and to orbit a main-belt comet is planned to be conducted around 2025, according to CNSA announcement on June 12, 2021.[6]

Mars sample-return mission (planned)

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Main article: Tianwen-3

In December 2020, the CNSA announced plans for a Mars sample-return mission to be carried out later in the decade.[20] In a June 2022 announcement, the mission's name was revealed to be Tianwen-3 and further details were announced, including a 2028 launch date for a 2031 return to Earth.[21] One spacecraft would land on the martian surface to collect samples and send the material back to Martian orbit. A second spacecraft would take the samples which would then be carried by a return capsule back to earth.[22][23]

Venus exploration mission (planned)

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In 2022, the CNSA revealed VOICE (Venus Volcano Imaging and Climate Explorer), an orbiter mission to launch in 2026 and arrive at Venus in 2027. This mission is expected to last 3-4 years and include the following payloads, a Microwave Radiometric Sounder (MRS), Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR), and Ultraviolet-Visible-Near Infrared Multispectral Imager (UVN-MSI). VOICE would return images of the surface with one-meter resolution and search the clouds for habitability and biosignatures.[24][25]

According to the National Space Science Medium- and Long-Term Development Plan (2024-2050), the mission was not selected for development. It was replaced by a Venus atmosphere sample return mission, but no details or timelines were announced.[26]

Jupiter system exploration mission (planned)

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Main article: Tianwen-4

China is planning a mission to Jupiter and possibly to the Jovian moon Callisto. One of two possible mission architectures ("Jupiter Callisto Orbiter" and "Jupiter System Observer") will likely be launched in 2029 and arrive at the Jovian system in 2035, after one Venus flyby and two Earth flybys.[27] The mission will also include an additional probe that will conduct a flyby of Uranus sometime after 2040.[28][29]

Mars crewed mission (planned)

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According to Wang Xiaojun, head of the state-owned China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, China plans to send its first crew to Mars and planning base for regular crewed missions, primary launches to Mars are planned for 2033, 2035, 2037, 2041.[30]

List of missions

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Mars missions

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Mission Launch date
(UTC) 		Launch site Launch vehicle Spacecraft Orbital insertion date
(UTC) 		Landing date
(UTC) 		Landing location Operational time Status Notes
Tianwen-1 July 23, 2020
04:41:15 		Wenchang Long March 5 Tianwen-1 orbiter February 10, 2021
11:52 		– – 1368 days Operational
Tianwen-1 lander May 14, 2021
23:18 		Utopia Planitia
25°06′N 109°54′E / 25.1°N 109.9°E / 25.1; 109.9 		3 hours Success No payload except a black box was on the lander. Reached end of designed lifespan after landing.
Zhurong rover 358 days[31] Success Deployed onto the Martian surface on May 22, 2021. Stopped communicating on 20 May 2022 after entering winter hibernation.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Jones, Andrew (April 24, 2020). "China's Mars mission named Tianwen-1, appears on track for July launch". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
  2. ^ a b Zhao, Lei (April 23, 2016). "Probe of Mars set for 2020". China Daily. Archived from the original on April 23, 2016. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c Zhao, Lei (April 24, 2020). "China's first Mars mission named Tianwen 1". China Daily. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Jones, Andrew (July 23, 2020). "Tianwen-1 launches for Mars, marking dawn of Chinese interplanetary exploration". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
  5. ^ a b c Jones, Andrew (May 14, 2021). "China's Zhurong Mars rover land safely in Utopia Planitia". SpaceNews. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
  6. ^ a b "China making plans for future space exploration: official". China Daily. June 13, 2021. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  7. ^ Brown, Mark (7 February 2012). "Programming glitch, not radiation or satellites, doomed Phobos-Grunt". Wired UK. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  8. ^ David, Leonard (December 17, 2012). "Chinese Spacecraft Flies by Asteroid Toutatis". Space.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  9. ^ "嫦娥二号再现"神奇" 人类首次近距离拍摄"图塔蒂斯"". Guangming Daily (in Chinese). December 16, 2012. Archived from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021 – via Xinhua News Agency.
  10. ^ a b "CNSA invited embassies and media to witness hovering and obstacle avoidance test for Mars Lander of China's first Mars exploration mission". cnsa.gov.cn. China National Space Administration. November 14, 2019. Archived from the original on May 23, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
  11. ^ 官宣 | 中国首次火星探测任务名称和图形标识正式发布 (in Chinese). China National Space Administration. April 24, 2020. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021 – via Bilibili.
  12. ^ a b Zhao, Lei (May 22, 2020). "China's Zhurong rover moves onto Martian surface to begin scientific operations". China Daily. Archived from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  13. ^ "国家航天局举办新闻发布会 介绍我国首次火星探测任务情况" (Press release) (in Chinese). China National Space Administration. June 12, 2021. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021 – via gov.cn.
  14. ^ "北京航天飞行控制中心周密做好我国首次火星探测飞控任务准备" (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. July 20, 2020. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
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  17. ^ Feng, Hua (November 14, 2019). "麻辣财经：中国火星探测首亮相，咱们离火星还有多远？". hubpd.com (in Chinese). People's Daily Media Innovation. Archived from the original on May 23, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
  18. ^ Zhao, Lei (July 23, 2020). "China embarks on first independent mission to Mars". China Daily. Archived from the original on August 16, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  19. ^ Jones, Andrew (February 10, 2021). "China's Tianwen-1 enters orbit around Mars". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
  20. ^ "国务院新闻办就探月工程嫦娥五号任务有关情况举行发布会" (Press release) (in Chinese). State Council Information Office. December 17, 2020. Archived from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021 – via gov.cn.
  21. ^ Jones, Andrew (June 20, 2022). "China aims to bring Mars samples to Earth 2 years before NASA, ESA mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
  22. ^ Elizabeth Howell (June 21, 2022). "China plans to return Mars samples to Earth in 2031: report". Space.com. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  23. ^ "Tianwen-3: China's Mars sample return mission". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  24. ^ Andrew Jones published (July 14, 2022). "China's proposed Venus mission would investigate the planet's atmosphere and geology". Space.com. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  25. ^ "VOICE: Will this Chinese candidate mission to Venus fly?". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  26. ^ Jones, Andrew (October 22, 2024). "Venus atmosphere sample return noted in China's long-term space science roadmap". SpaceNews. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  27. ^ Jones, Andrew (January 12, 2021). "Jupiter Mission by China Could Include Callisto Landing". planetary.org. The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  28. ^ Jones, Andrew (July 14, 2017). "Mars, asteroids, Ganymede and Uranus: China's deep space exploration plan to 2030 and beyond". FindChinaInfo. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
  29. ^ Andrew Jones published (September 22, 2022). "China wants to probe Uranus and Jupiter with 2 spacecraft on one rocket". Space.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
  30. ^ "China plans for first manned mission to Mars in 2033". Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
  31. ^ "China finally admits its hibernating Mars rover may never wake up". Live Science. April 27, 2023.
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