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A plate of testaroli with pesto, as served at a trattoria in Pontremoli, Italy
A plate of testaroli, an ancient dish, served with pesto at a trattoria in Pontremoli, Italy

This is a list of ancient dishes, prepared foods and beverages that have been recorded as originating in ancient history. The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000 years, beginning with Sumerian cuneiform script, the oldest discovered form of coherent writing from the protoliterate period around 3,000 to 2,900 years BCE.[a][1]

Ancient history can be defined as occurring from the beginning of recorded human history to:

Although the end date of what constitutes ancient history is disputed, some Western scholars use the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE (the most used),[8][9] the closure of the Platonic Academy in 529 CE,[10] the death of the emperor Justinian I in 565 CE,[11] the spread of Islam in 610 CE[12] or the rise of Charlemagne[13] as the end of ancient and Classical European history. This list does not contain entries that originated after this period.

Archeologists and food historians have recreated some dishes using ancient recipes.[14]

Beginning of recorded history to 476 CE

[edit]

This section is limited to dishes that originated during the time of ancient history (the beginning of recorded human history) up to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE.

Congee
Ruins of a garum factory in Baelo Claudia, Spain
Papadzules may be "one of the most ancient traditional dishes of Yucatán, Mexico."[15]
Various chutneys in Bangalore, India
Sauerkraut

Beverages

[edit]
  • Beer is recorded in the written history of Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt and is one of the world's oldest prepared beverages.[75]
  • Kykeon was a common beverage of sustenance in ancient Greece, most often consisting mainly of a barley gruel mixture with various additives, sometimes written as having psychoactive properties associated with religious visions.[76]
  • Kombucha originated in what is now Northeastern China around 220 BCE [77][78]
  • Mead consumption's earliest surviving written record is possibly contained in the hymns of the Rigveda, one of the sacred books of the historical Vedic religion and (later) Hinduism dated around 1700–1100 BCE.
  • Soy milk has been consumed in China since ancient times.[79]
  • Wine consumption and production has been found through archaeological evidence as early as c. 6000 BCE.[80][81]

Dairy products

[edit]
Quark

Cheeses

[edit]
Pecorino Romano is one of the world's most ancient cheeses

477–1500 CE

[edit]

This section includes dishes, foods and beverages that originated during the time of ancient history from 477 CE to 1500 CE (prior to the Postclassical Era).

  • Börek – known from 14th century Persia in a poem by Bushaq-i-Atima, although it may be far older.[106][107]
  • Hummus – first mentioned in a cookbook from Cairo, Egypt from the 13th century.
  • Kinilaw - raw fish marinated in citrus juices, vinegar, spices, coconut milk, and tabon-tabon fruit extracts from the Philippines. The Balangay archaeological excavation site in Butuan (dated c. 10th to 13th century AD) has uncovered remains of halved tabon-tabon fruits and fish bones cut in a manner suggesting that they were cubed, thus indicating that the cooking process is at least a thousand years old.[108]
  • Kuluban – an ancient Javanese dish of boiled vegetables served in spices, similar to modern-day urap. Mentioned in the Rukam inscription, dated to 829 Saka (907 CE) and originating from the Mataram Kingdom.[109]
  • Lalab – a similar vegetable dish called rumwah-rumwah was mentioned in the Panggumulan (Kembang Arum) inscription, dated to 824 Saka (902 CE) and originating from the Mataram Kingdom.[110]
  • Rawon – a meat stew, called rarawwan in an ancient Javanese Taji inscription (901 CE).[111]
  • Rujak – a spicy fruit dish, called rurujak in an ancient Javanese Taji inscription (901 CE).[111]
  • Krupuk – a traditional cracker made from rice flour, called kurupuk in ancient Javanese Taji inscription (901 CE).[111]
  • Popcorn – an ancient food used by people of the Inca civilization.[112] The food is still commonly used in both regions.[112]
  • Philippine adobo – a dish and cooking process originating during the pre-colonial Philippines.[113]
  • Tapuy – rice wine originating from the pre-colonial Philippines.[113]
  • Tempeh – high-protein fermented soy product from Indonesia. First known as kadêlê, and mentioned in an old Javanese manuscript Serat Sri Tanjung dating to the 12th to 13th century.

Lacking time frame

[edit]
A bowl of poi showing a typical consistency

Likely ancient in origin

[edit]
Nattō is typically consumed atop rice.
  • Nattō – prepared using fermented soybeans, nattō has been described as likely being an ancient food.[115] Its origins have been described as unknown,[115] and it may have been developed independently in different areas that have the same ingredients, such as Japan, China, and Korea.[115]
  • Abgoosht – also referred to as Dizi or Mesopotamian Meat Stew, was a stew originally made up of remnants of leftover vegetables and meats.

Different areas in the world have now spun this dish into numerous different variations – including, Armenia, Iran, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Georgia, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Russia, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary – the dish and its origins, however, come from ancient Mesopotamia and the recipe can be dated as far back as at the very least 400 BCE as it was mentioned on Cuneiform Tablets during the Babylonian period.[14] Abgoosht and its variants with localised recipes are the national dishes of a number of countries worldwide.

Oldest preserved foods

[edit]

Honey and alcohols, among others, have been one of the oldest found edible foods. For example, ancient Egyptian honey has been found and consumed.[116][117][118]

See also

[edit]

Ancient cuisines

List articles

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Years 7,000-7,100 HE"
  2. ^ "The origin of sausage goes back to ancient times."[58]
  3. ^ "An ancient food, soup is prepared by cooking meat, fish or vegetables and the like in such fluids as water or milk; it is then consumed as a liquid."[63]
  4. ^ "Smy, or thickened milk, both human and animal, is often mentioned in medical prescriptions."[86]
  5. ^ "Cheese is represented in the tomb art of ancient Egypt and in Greek literature"[88]
  6. ^ "In the Pacific Islands, poi, made from taro root, is an ancient food that is preserved through fermentation."[114]

References

[edit]
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