2016 in reptile paleontology
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This list of fossil reptiles described in 2016 is a list of new taxa of fossil reptiles that were described during the year 2016, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to reptile paleontology that occurred in 2016.
Lepidosaurs
[edit]Lizards
[edit]Research
[edit]- Twelve specimens of lizards (including stem-gekkotans, crown-agamids, a lacertid, a putative stem-chamaeleonid and squamates of uncertain phylogenetic placement, probably stem-squamates) are described from the Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian boundary) amber from Myanmar by Daza et al. (2016);[1] however, the supposed stem-chamaeleonid is subsequently reinterpreted as an albanerpetontid amphibian by Matsumoto & Evans (2018).[2]
- A study of almost 30 specimens of Polyglyphanodon sternbergi, including almost complete skeletons, is published by Simões et al. (2016), who report the discovery of previously unrecognized ontogenetic series, sexual dimorphism and a complete lower temporal bar in the skull of members of this species.[3]
- New anatomical data on the Late Cretaceous lizard Slavoia darevskii is published by Tałanda (2016), who interprets it as a stem-amphisbaenian.[4]
- A study on the skull anatomy of the Eocene amphisbaenian Spathorhynchus fossorium is published by Müller, Hipsley & Maisano (2016).[5]
- A study on mosasaur tooth implantation and its phylogenetic implications is published by Liu et al. (2016).[6]
- A redescription of the mosasaur Hainosaurus bernardi Dollo (1885) is published by Jimenez-Huidobro & Caldwell (2016), who transfer this species to the genus Tylosaurus and synonymize genera Tylosaurus and Hainosaurus.[7]
- A revision of the species assigned to the mosasaur genus Tylosaurus is published by Jiménez-Huidobro, Simões & Caldwell (2016);[8] their conclusion that T. kansasensis is a junior synonym of T. nepaeolicus is subsequently rejected by Stewart & Mallon (2018).[9]
- Early Miocene chamaeleonid fossils, including a specimen tentatively attributed to the species Chamaeleo cf. andrusovi Čerňanský (2010), previously known only from the early Miocene of the Czech Republic, are described from the Aliveri locality (Euboea, Greece) by Georgalis, Villa & Delfino (2016).[10]
- Lizard fossils which might be the oldest known chameleon fossils from India are described from the Miocene Nagri Formation by Sankhyan & Čerňanský (2016).[11]
New taxa
[edit]| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Alifanov |
Early Cretaceous |
A member of Scincomorpha belonging to the family Hodzhakuliidae. The type species is B. primigenius. |
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|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Alifanov |
Early Cretaceous |
A member of Scincomorpha belonging to the family Hodzhakuliidae. The type species is C. eublepharus. |
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|
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Čerňanský, Klembara & Smith |
Early Miocene |
A member of Lacertidae; a new genus for "Ophisaurus" ulmensis Gerhardt (1903). |
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|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Disputed |
Apesteguía et al. |
Uncertain |
An iguanian belonging to the group Acrodonta. The type species is J. aleadonta. Originally described as coming from the Cretaceous Kem Kem Group; Vullo et al. (2022) argued that its fossil material is actually Quaternary in age, and considered it to be a fossil material of a member of the genus Uromastyx.[15] |
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|
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Čerňanský, Klembara & Műller |
Oligocene |
A member of Anguidae. A new genus for "Dopasia" coderetensis Augé (2005); genus also includes "Dopasia" frayssensis Augé (2005). |
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|
Platynotoides[12] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Junior homonym |
Alifanov |
Early Cretaceous |
A member of Scincomorpha belonging to the family Hodzhakuliidae. The type species is P. altidentatus. The generic name is preoccupied by Platynotoides Kaszab (1975). |
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Sp. nov |
Valid |
Longrich |
Late Cretaceous (late Campanian) |
A mosasaur, a species of Pluridens. |
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|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Stocker & Kirk |
Eocene |
A rhineurid amphisbaenian. The type species is Solastella cookei. |
Snakes
[edit]Research
[edit]- Lee et al. (2016) examine the limb anatomy of Tetrapodophis amplectus, which according to the authors is suggestive of aquatic habits.[19]
- A redescription of the Cenomanian snake Simoliophis rochebrunei on the basis of new fossil material from France is published by Rage, Vullo & Néraudeau (2016).[20]
- Smith & Scanferla (2016) describe a juvenile specimen of Palaeopython fischeri from the Eocene Messel pit with preserved stomach contents, including a specimen of the stem-basilisk species Geiseltaliellus maarius, which in turn preserves an unidentified insect in its stomach.[21]
- McNamara et al. (2016) describe pigment cells responsible for coloration and patterning preserved in a fossil skin of a colubrid snake from the Late Miocene Libros Lagerstätte (Teruel, Spain).[22]
- New fossil material of the viperid Laophis crotaloides is described from Greece by Georgalis et al. (2016).[23]
New taxa
[edit]| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Albino, Carrillo-Briceño & Neenan |
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) |
A snake of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is L. aquaticus. |
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Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Smith et al. |
Eocene (Ypresian) |
Cambay Shale Formation |
A member of Madtsoiidae. The type species is P. tadkeshwarensis. |
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Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Scanferla, Smith & Schaal |
Eocene |
A member of Boidae. A new genus for "Messelophis" ermannorum Schaal & Baszio (2004). |
Ichthyosauromorphs
[edit]Research
[edit]- A study of taxonomic richness, disparity and evolutionary rates of ichthyosaurs throughout the Cretaceous period is published by Fischer et al. (2016).[27]
- A restudy of "Platypterygius" campylodon is published by Fischer (2016), who transfers this species to the genus Pervushovisaurus.[28]
- A revision of the ichthyosaur material of the British Middle and Late Jurassic referable to Ophthalmosaurus icenicus is published by Moon & Kirton (2016).[29]
New taxa
[edit]| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Tyborowski |
Late Jurassic (Tithonian) |
A member of Ophthalmosauridae. Transferred to the genus Undorosaurus by Zverkov & Efimov (2019).[31] |
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Sp. nov |
Valid[33] |
Lomax & Massare |
Early Jurassic (Hettangian) |
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Sp. nov |
Valid[33] |
Lomax & Massare |
Early Jurassic (Hettangian) |
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|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Jiang et al. |
Early Triassic (Olenekian) |
A basal member of Ichthyosauriformes. The type species is S. parviceps. |
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|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[36] |
Lomax |
Early Jurassic (Hettangian) |
A member of Leptonectidae. The type species is W. massarae. |
|
Sauropterygians
[edit]Research
[edit]- A study of the histology and microanatomy of the humeri of members of the genus Nothosaurus is published by Klein et al. (2016).[37]
- A reassessment of fossils attributed to the genus Polyptychodon is published by Madzia (2016), who considers the type species of this genus, P. interruptus, to be nomen dubium, and the genus Polyptychodon to be a wastebasket taxon.[38]
- O'Gorman (2016) provides a new diagnosis for Fresnosaurus drescheri and describes additional plesiosaur material from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Moreno Formation (California, USA), which he interprets as representing the first aristonectine plesiosaur reported from the Northern Hemisphere.[39]
- A redescription of the holotype specimen of Brancasaurus brancai and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the species is published by Sachs, Hornung & Kear (2016), who consider the species Gronausaurus wegneri to be a junior synonym of B. brancai.[40]
New taxa
[edit]| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Otero et al. |
Late Cretaceous (early Maastrichtian) |
An aristonectine elasmosaurid plesiosaur. The type species is Alexandronectes zealandiensis. |
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|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Cheng et al. |
Middle Triassic (Anisian) |
A non-pistosauroid eosauropterygian of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Dawazisaurus brevis. |
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|
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
O'Gorman |
Late Cretaceous (late Campanian–early Maastrichtian) |
An elasmosaurid plesiosaur. The type species is "Trinacromerum" lafquenianum Gasparini & Goñi (1985). |
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|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Cheng in Chen et al. |
Jialingjiang Formation |
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|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Klein et al. |
Middle Triassic (Anisian) |
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|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Efimov, Meleshin & Nikiforov |
Late Cretaceous |
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|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Páramo et al.. |
Early Cretaceous (late Barremian) |
A pliosaurid plesiosaur. The type species is Stenorhynchosaurus munozi. |
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Turtles
[edit]Research
[edit]- A study on the latitudinal gradients in species diversity of Mesozoic non-marine turtles is published by Nicholson et al. (2016).[50]
- A study on the morphological diversity of the skulls of the fossil and recent turtles through time is published by Foth & Joyce (2016).[51]
- A study of the bone shell histology of Condorchelys antiqua and its implications for the lifestyle of the species is published by Cerda, Sterli & Scheyer (2016).[52]
- A study of the bone histology of shell elements of the Late Cretaceous—Paleocene chelid Yaminuechelys is published by Jannello, Cerda & de la Fuente (2016).[53]
- A review of the fossil record, taxonomy and diagnostic features of the fossil species belonging to the genus Chelus is published by Ferreira et al. (2016).[54]
- Fossils of Plesiochelys etalloni and Tropidemys langii, otherwise known from the Kimmeridgian of the Swiss and French Jura Mountains, are described from the British Kimmeridge Clay by Anquetin & Chapman (2016).[55]
- An emended diagnosis of Testudo catalaunica and a study of phylogeny of extinct members of the genus Testudo is published by Luján et al. (2016).[56]
- Giant tortoise fossils collected from the late Miocene-early Pliocene Mehrten Formation (California, USA) are identified as belonging to members of the species Hesperotestudo orthopygia by Biewer et al. (2016).[57]
New taxa
[edit]| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Pérez-García[59] |
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) |
Arenas de Utrillas Formation |
A member of Bothremydidae. The type species is A. peregrinus. |
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|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Tong et al. |
Middle Paleocene |
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|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bourque |
Early Pleistocene (late Blancan) |
A species of Clemmys. |
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|
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Pérez-García, Ortega & Jiménez Fuentes |
Early Eocene |
A tortoise; a new genus for "Achilemys" cassouleti Claude & Tong (2004). |
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|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Disputed |
Carvalho, Ghilardi & Barreto |
Paleocene (Danian) |
A member of Bothremydidae. The type species is I. pernambucensis. Its status as a valid taxon was challenged by Romano (2016), who considered the genus Inaechelys to be a junior synonym of the genus Rosasia and the species I. pernambucensis/Rosasia pernambucensis to be a nomen dubium.[65] |
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|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Szczygielski & Sulej |
Late Triassic |
A member of Proterochersidae. The type species is Keuperotesta limendorsa. The genus Keuperotesta was considered to be a junior synonym of the genus Proterochersis by Joyce (2017), though the author maintained K. limendorsa as a distinct species within the latter genus.[67] |
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|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bourque |
Miocene (Clarendonian) |
A mud turtle. |
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|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bourque |
Miocene (Clarendonian) |
A mud turtle. |
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|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bourque |
Miocene (late Barstovian) |
A mud turtle. |
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|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bourque |
Miocene (Clarendonian) |
A mud turtle. |
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|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lichtig & Lucas |
A member of Baenidae. |
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|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lyson et al. |
Paleocene (Torrejonian) |
A member of Baenidae. |
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|
Sp. nov |
Valid[72] |
López-Conde et al. |
Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) |
A member of Platychelyidae. |
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|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Disputed |
Joyce, Lyson & Kirkland |
Late Cretaceous (late Cenomanian) |
A member of Bothremydidae. The type species is P. tibert. Pérez-García (2018) considered the genus Paiutemys to be a junior synonym of the genus Algorachelus, and transferred the species P. tibert to the latter genus.[74] |
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|
Gen. et comb. nov |
Disputed |
Cadena |
Eocene |
A relative of trionychids; a new genus for "Trionyx" messelianus Reinach (1900). However, Karl (2018) considered Palaeoamyda to be a junior synonym of the genus Rafetoides, and transferred "Trionyx" messelianus to the latter genus.[76] |
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|
Gen. et sp. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Pérez-García, Ortega & Jiménez Fuentes |
Middle Eocene |
A tortoise. The type species is P. soriana; genus also includes Pelorochelon eocaenica (Hummel, 1935). |
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|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Szczygielski & Sulej |
Late Triassic |
A member of Proterochersidae. |
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|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Joyce et al. |
Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) |
A basal member of Testudinata. |
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|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Pérez-García |
Eocene (Ypresian) |
A member of Bothremydidae belonging to the group Foxemydina. The type species is T. teodorii. |
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|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Brinkman et al. |
Late Cretaceous (late Campanian and early Maastrichtian) |
A stem-kinosternid. The type species is Yelmochelys rosarioae. |
Archosauriformes
[edit]Other reptiles
[edit]Research
[edit]- A skull of a juvenile specimen of Delorhynchus cifellii is described from the Richards Spur locality (Oklahoma, United States) by Haridy et al. (2016).[80]
- A revision of the systematics of the Chinese pareiasaurs is published by Benton (2016).[81]
- A study of evolution of body size of the carnivorous and herbivorous members of Captorhinidae is published by Brocklehurst (2016).[82]
- Surmik et al. (2016) describe nothosaurid and tanystropheid bones from the Triassic of Poland preserving blood-vessel-like structures enclosing organic molecules.[83]
- Two new specimens of Atopodentatus unicus are described by Chun et al. (2016), providing new information on the skull anatomy of this species and indicating that its rostrum, rather than being downturned as originally assumed, developed a hammerhead-like shape.[84]
- Description of new material of Hemilopas mentzeli from the Middle Triassic of Silesia (Poland) and a study of the phylogenetic relationships of the species is published by Surmik (2016).[85]
- Description of the anatomy of partially articulated forelimbs and isolated forelimb bones of Drepanosaurus recovered from the Late Triassic (Norian) Hayden Quarry (Chinle Formation) of New Mexico, USA is published by Pritchard et al. (2016).[86]
- A study on the femoral and tibial histology of the rhynchosaur Stenaulorhynchus stockleyi is published by Werning & Nesbitt (2016).[87]
- A study on the maximum body size and distribution of the reptile species known to have gone extinct during the last 50,000 years, as well as the role played by these factors in recent reptile extinction events, is published by Slavenko et al. (2016).[88]
New taxa
[edit]| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Schultz, Langer & Montefeltro |
Middle Triassic (Ladinian) |
A rhynchosaur belonging to the group Stenaulorhynchinae. The type species is Brasinorhynchus mariantensis. |
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|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
MacDougall, Modesto & Reisz |
Early Permian |
A member of Lanthanosuchoidea. |
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|
Nom. nov |
Valid |
Reisz, Haridy & Müller |
Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) |
A member of Captorhinidae; a replacement name for Concordia Müller & Reisz (2005). |
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|
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Ezcurra, Montefeltro & Butler |
Middle Triassic (Anisian) |
A rhynchosaur; a new genus for "Rhynchosaurus" brodiei Benton (1990). |
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|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Dzik & Sulej |
Late Triassic (probably late Carnian) |
A relative of Sharovipteryx. The type species is O. volans. |
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|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Pinheiro et al. |
A member of Archosauromorpha closely related to Archosauriformes. The type species is Teyujagua paradoxa. |
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|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Li et al. |
Middle Triassic (Ladinian) |
A thalattosaur. |
References
[edit]- ^ Juan D. Daza; Edward L. Stanley; Philipp Wagner; Aaron M. Bauer; David A. Grimaldi (2016). "Mid-Cretaceous amber fossils illuminate the past diversity of tropical lizards". Science Advances. 2 (3): e1501080. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E1080D. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501080. PMC 4783129. PMID 26973870.
- ^ Ryoko Matsumoto; Susan E. Evans (2018). "The first record of albanerpetontid amphibians (Amphibia: Albanerpetontidae) from East Asia". PLOS ONE. 13 (1): e0189767. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1389767M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189767. PMC 5752013. PMID 29298317.
- ^ Tiago R. Simões; Gregory F. Funston; Behzad Vafaeian; Randall L. Nydam; Michael R. Doschak; Michael W. Caldwell (2016). "Reacquisition of the lower temporal bar in sexually dimorphic fossil lizards provides a rare case of convergent evolution". Scientific Reports. 6: Article number 24087. Bibcode:2016NatSR...624087S. doi:10.1038/srep24087. PMC 4829860. PMID 27071447.
- ^ Mateusz Tałanda (2016). "Cretaceous roots of the amphisbaenian lizards". Zoologica Scripta. 45 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1111/zsc.12138. S2CID 85570915.
- ^ Johannes Müller; Christy A. Hipsley; Jessica A. Maisano (2016). "Skull osteology of the Eocene amphisbaenian Spathorhynchus fossorium (Reptilia, Squamata) suggests convergent evolution and reversals of fossorial adaptations in worm lizards". Journal of Anatomy. 229 (5): 615–630. doi:10.1111/joa.12513. PMC 5068452. PMID 27329946.
- ^ Min Liu; David A. Reed; Giancarlo M. Cecchini; Xuanyu Lu; Karan Ganjawalla; Carol S. Gonzales; Richard Monahan; Xianghong Luan; Thomas G. H. Diekwisch (2016). "Varanoid tooth eruption and implantation modes in a Late Cretaceous mosasaur". Frontiers in Physiology. 7: Article 145. doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00145. PMC 4869606. PMID 27242535.
- ^ Paulina Jimenez-Huidobro; Michael W. Caldwell (2016). "Reassessment and reassignment of the early Maastrichtian mosasaur Hainosaurus bernardi Dollo, 1885, to Tylosaurus Marsh, 1872". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (3): e1096275. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E6275J. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1096275. S2CID 87315531.
- ^ Paulina Jiménez-Huidobro; Tiago R. Simões; Michael W. Caldwell (2016). "Re-characterization of Tylosaurus nepaeolicus (Cope, 1874) and Tylosaurus kansasensis Everhart, 2005: Ontogeny or sympatry?". Cretaceous Research. 65: 68–81. Bibcode:2016CrRes..65...68J. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.04.008.
- ^ Robert F. Stewart; Jordan C. Mallon (2018). "Allometric growth in the skull of Tylosaurus proriger (Squamata: Mosasauridae) and its taxonomic implications". Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. 6: 75–90. doi:10.18435/vamp29339. S2CID 91370191.
- ^ Georgios L. Georgalis; Andrea Villa; Massimo Delfino (2016). "First description of a fossil chamaeleonid from Greece and its relevance for the European biogeographic history of the group" (PDF). The Science of Nature. 103 (1–2): 12. Bibcode:2016SciNa.103...12G. doi:10.1007/s00114-016-1336-5. PMID 26820299. S2CID 14299869.
- ^ Anek R. Sankhyan; Andrej Čerňanský (2016). "A first possible chameleon from the late Miocene of India (the hominoid site of Haritalyangar): a tentative evidence for an Asian dispersal of chameleons". The Science of Nature. 103 (11–12): 94. Bibcode:2016SciNa.103...94S. doi:10.1007/s00114-016-1419-3. PMID 27796428. S2CID 16508393.
- ^ a b c V. R. Alifanov (2016). "Lizards of the family Hodzhakuliidae (Scincomorpha) from the lower Cretaceous of Mongolia". Paleontological Journal. 50 (5): 504–513. doi:10.1134/S0031030116050038. S2CID 132972679.
- ^ Andrej Čerňanský; Jozef Klembara; Krister T. Smith (2016). "Fossil lizard from central Europe resolves the origin of large body size and herbivory in giant Canary Island lacertids". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 176 (4): 861–877. doi:10.1111/zoj.12340. S2CID 83941741.
- ^ Sebastián Apesteguía; Juan D. Daza; Tiago R. Simões; Jean Claude Rage (2016). "The first iguanian lizard from the Mesozoic of Africa". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (9): 160462. Bibcode:2016RSOS....360462A. doi:10.1098/rsos.160462. PMC 5043327. PMID 27703708.
- ^ Romain Vullo; Salvador Bailon; Yannicke Dauphin; Hervé Monchot; Ronan Allain (2022). "A reappraisal of Jeddaherdan aleadonta (Squamata: Acrodonta), the purported oldest iguanian lizard from Africa" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 143. 105412. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105412. S2CID 253349389.
- ^ Andrej Čerňanský; Jozef Klembara; Johannes Műller (2016). "The new rare record of the late Oligocene lizards and amphisbaenians from Germany and its impact on our knowledge of the European terminal Palaeogene". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 96 (4): 559–587. doi:10.1007/s12549-015-0226-8. S2CID 130146233.
- ^ Nicholas R. Longrich (2016). "A new species of Pluridens (Mosasauridae: Halisaurinae) from the upper Campanian of Southern Nigeria". Cretaceous Research. 64: 36–44. Bibcode:2016CrRes..64...36L. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.03.013.
- ^ Michelle R. Stocker; E. Christopher Kirk (2016). "The first amphisbaenians from Texas, with notes on other squamates from the middle Eocene Purple Bench Locality". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (3): e1094081. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E4081S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1094081. S2CID 53623435.
- ^ Michael S.Y. Lee; Alessandro Palci; Marc E.H. Jones; Michael W. Caldwell; James D. Holmes; Robert R. Reisz (2016). "Aquatic adaptations in the four limbs of the snake-like reptile Tetrapodophis from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil". Cretaceous Research. 66: 194–199. Bibcode:2016CrRes..66..194L. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.06.004.
- ^ Jean-Claude Rage; Romain Vullo; Didier Néraudeau (2016). "The mid-Cretaceous snake Simoliophis rochebrunei Sauvage, 1880 (Squamata: Ophidia) from its type area (Charentes, southwestern France): Redescription, distribution, and palaeoecology". Cretaceous Research. 58: 234–253. Bibcode:2016CrRes..58..234R. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.10.010.
- ^ Krister T. Smith; Agustín Scanferla (2016). "Fossil snake preserving three trophic levels and evidence for an ontogenetic dietary shift". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 96 (4): 589–599. doi:10.1007/s12549-016-0244-1. S2CID 88869050.
- ^ Maria E. McNamara; Patrick J. Orr; Stuart L. Kearns; Luis Alcalá; Pere Anadón; Enrique Peñalver (2016). "Reconstructing Carotenoid-Based and Structural Coloration in Fossil Skin". Current Biology. 26 (8): 1075–1082. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.038. hdl:10468/11873. PMID 27040775. S2CID 3831969.
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