2003 in paleontology
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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2003.
Plants
[edit]Conifers
[edit]| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sp nov |
Valid |
Kotyk, Basinger, & McIlver |
the oldest confirmed species of Chamaecyparis[2] |
|||||
|
Sp nov |
Valid |
LePage |
A hemlock species |
Angiosperms
[edit]| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen et sp |
Valid |
Mohr & Eklund |
||||||
|
Sp nov |
Valid |
Pigg, Manchester, & Wehr |
A hornbeam |
 | ||||
|
Sp nov |
Valid |
Pigg, Manchester, & Wehr |
A hazelnut |
 | ||||
|
Sp nov |
Valid |
Pigg, Manchester, & Wehr |
A betulaceous fruit |
 | ||||
|
Comb nov |
Valid |
(Penhallow) Pigg, Manchester, & Wehr |
Okanagan Highlands |
A betulaceous fruit; |
||||
|
Sp nov |
Valid |
Pigg, Manchester, & Wehr |
A betulaceous fruit |
|||||
|
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Boucher, Manchester, & Judd |
Gnetophytes
[edit]| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Rydin, Mohr, & Friis |
A relative to Welwetschia |
Fungi
[edit]| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Get et sp nov |
Valid |
Hibbett et al |
An agaricalean fungus |
Arthropods
[edit]Arachnids
[edit]| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Poinar & Brown |
An Ixodid hard tick |
 |
Insects
[edit]| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Comb nov. |
vaild |
(Viana & Haedo Rossi) |
A myrmeciine ant. |
 | ||||
|
Comb nov. |
valid |
(Rossi de Garcia) |
A myrmeciine ant. |
|||||
|
Subfam. Gen. et Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bolton |
A stem group ant, type species B. clavata |
 | ||||
|
Sp. nov |
valid |
first apoid bee fossil described from Canada |
||||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Nel & Petrulevicius |
Dauphin |
A sweat bee |
 | |||
|
Gen et sp nov |
Jr synonym |
Nel & Petrulevicius |
Aquitanian |
An apine bee, |
_beskonakensis.jpg) | |||
|
Sp nov |
valid |
Makarkin & Archibald |
An ithionid giant lacewing |
|||||
|
Gen et sp nov |
Jr synonym |
Nel & Petrulevicius |
Aquitanian |
Described as an Electrobombini bee |
_patriciae.jpg) | |||
|
sp nov |
synonym |
A snakefly. |
||||||
|
Sp. nov |
valid |
Coldwater beds, Princeton Group |
A Hemerobiinae lacewing |
|||||
|
Sp nov |
valid |
Nel & Petrulevicius |
 |
Conodont paleozoology
[edit]German paleontologist and stratigrapher Heinz Walter Kozur (1942-2013) described the conodont genus Carnepigondolella.
Vertebrate paleozoology
[edit]Parareptiles
[edit]| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Valid |
This was one of the largest herbivores of their time |
 |
Non-avian dinosaurs
[edit]Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.[18]
-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg)
Newly named birds
[edit]| Name | Status | Novelty | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
valid |
Middle Miocene |
A Sagittariidae, relative of the secretarybird. The type species of Amanuensis Mourer-Chauviré, 2003. |
|||||
|
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Middle Eocene |
|
The type species of Amitabha Gulas-Wroblewski & Wroblewski, 2003. Placed in crown Galliformes, but only compared with Phasianidae, not with other Eocene birds from North America. |
||||
|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
An Anhingidae. |
||||||
|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Scolopacidae. |
||||||
|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
Late Early Miocene |
A Diomedeidae. |
|||||
|
Nomen Nudum |
Thesis name. |
Early Eocene |
|
A Eurypygidae. |
||||
|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Falconidae. |
||||||
|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
Late Pleistocene-Holocene |
A Columbidae. |
|||||
|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
Subresent |
|
|||||
|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
An Anhingidae. |
||||||
|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
Quaternary, possibly Late Pleistocene or Early Holocene |
A Falconidae. |
|||||
|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Sulidae. |
||||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
valid |
Middle Miocene |
Initially thought to be an Idiornithidae, Cariamiformes but in 2011 reinterpreted as an Opisthocomidae, a relative of the hoatzin.[61] The type species of Namibiavis Mourer-Chauviré, 2003. |
|||||
|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
Subrecent |
An Ardeidae. |
|||||
|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Gruidae. |
||||||
|
Valid |
Gen. nov et Sp. nov. |
Early Middle Eocene |
An Apodiformes, Cypselavidae Mourer-Chauviré, 2006. |
|||||
|
Valid |
Gen. nov et Sp. nov. |
A Phasianidae. |
||||||
|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Spheniscidae. |
||||||
|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
Late Miocene |
A Spheniscidae. |
|||||
|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Sulidae. |
||||||
|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Sulidae. |
||||||
|
Nomen Nudum |
Thesis name. |
Early Eocene |
|
An Apodiformes. |
Plesiosaurs
[edit]
|
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Pterosaurs
[edit]
|
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Synapsids
[edit]Non-mammalian
[edit]| Name | Status | Authors | Discovery year | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Valid |
|
Upper Carboniferous |
||||||
|
Valid |
|
|||||||
|
Valid |
|
|||||||
|
Valid |
|
|||||||
|
Valid |
|
Upper/Middle Permian |
an anomodont | |||||
|
Valid |
|
Middle/Upper Permian |
an anomodont; replacement name for Lanthanocephalus Modesto, Rubidge & Welman, 2002, preoccupied by the cnidarian genus Lanthanocephalus Williams & Starmer, 2000[73] | |||||
|
Valid |
|
|||||||
|
Valid |
|
Middle Triassic |
an anomodont; new genus for "Parakannemeyeria" brevirostris |
Mammals
[edit]| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sp nov |
Disputed |
Morales et al. |
Pliocene |
A Caracal. Boscaini et al. (2016) considered this species to be a junior synonym of Lynx issiodorensis.[77] |
||||
| Guangxicyon[78] | Gen. et sp. nov. | Valid | Zhai et al. | Eocene | Nadu Formation |  China
|
An amphicyonid. | |
|
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Morlo & Gunnell |
A limnocyonid hyaenodont.The type species is I. datzae. |
|||||
|
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Pickford et al. |
Miocene |
A catarrhine of uncertain affinity. The type species is K. morotoensis. |
||||
| Yuesthonyx[81] | Gen. et sp. nov. | Valid | Tong, Wang & Fu | Paleocene | Dazhang Formation | China
|
A tillodont. The type species is Y. tingae. |
References
[edit]
- ^ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
- ^ a b Kotyk, M.E.A.; Basinger, J.F.; McIlver, E.E. (2003). "Early Tertiary Chamaecyparis Spach from Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic". Canadian Journal of Botany. 81 (2): 113–130. doi:10.1139/B03-007.
- ^ Lepage, B. A. (2003). "A new species of Tsuga (Pinaceae) from the middle Eocene of Axel Heiberg Island, Canada, and an assessment of the evolution and biogeographical history of the genus". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 141 (3): 257–296. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00131.x.
- ^ Mohr, B.A.R.; Eklund, H. (2003). "Araripia florifera, a magnoliid angiosperm from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation (Brazil)". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 126 (3–4): 279–292. Bibcode:2003RPaPa.126..279M. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(03)00092-7.
- ^ a b c d e Pigg, K.B.; Manchester S.R.; Wehr W.C. (2003). "Corylus, Carpinus, and Palaeocarpinus (Betulaceae) from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain and Allenby Formations of Northwestern North America". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 164 (5): 807–822. doi:10.1086/376816. S2CID 19802370.
- ^ Boucher, L. D.; Manchester, S.; Judd, W. (2003). "An extinct genus of Salicaceae based on twigs with attached flowers, fruits, and foliage from the Eocene Green River Formation of Utah and Colorado, USA". American Journal of Botany. 90 (9): 1389–99. doi:10.3732/ajb.90.9.1389. PMID 21659238.
- ^ Rydin, C.; Mohr, B.; Friis, E.M. (2003). "Cratonia cotyledon gen. et sp. nov.: a unique Cretaceous seedling related to Welwetschia". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 270 (Suppl 1): S29–S32. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0044. PMC 1698015. PMID 12952628.
- ^ hibbet, D.S.; et al. (2003). "Another Fossil Agaric from Dominican Amber". Mycologia. 95 (4): 685–687. doi:10.2307/3761943. JSTOR 3761943. PMID 21148976.
- ^ Poinar, G.; Brown, A. E. (2003). "A new genus of hard ticks in Cretaceous Burmese amber (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae)". Systematic Parasitology. 54 (3): 199–205. doi:10.1023/A:1022689325158. PMID 12652071. S2CID 11527194.
- ^ a b Dlussky, G.M.; Perfilieva, K.S. (2003). "Paleogene ants of the genus Archimyrmex Cockerell, 1923 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmeciinae)" (PDF). Paleontological Journal. 37 (1): 39–47.
- ^ Bolton, B. (2003), "Synopsis and classification of Formicidae.", Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 71: 1–370
- ^ Engel, Michael S.; Archibald, S. Bruce (2003). "An Early Eocene bee (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) from Quilchena, British Columbia". The Canadian Entomologist. 135: 63–69. doi:10.4039/n02-030. hdl:1808/16473. S2CID 54053341.
- ^ a b c d Nel, A; Petrulevicius, J. F. (2003). "New Palaeogene bees from Europe and Asia". Alcheringa. 27 (4): 277–293. Bibcode:2003Alch...27..277N. doi:10.1080/03115510308619108. S2CID 84242180.
- ^ Dehon, Manuel; Engel, Michael S.; Gérard, Maxence; Aytekin, A. Murat; Ghisbain, Guillaume; Williams, Paul H.; Rasmont, Pierre; Michez, Denis (2019-11-21). "Morphometric analysis of fossil bumble bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombini) reveals their taxonomic affinities". ZooKeys (891). Pensoft Publishers: 71–118. Bibcode:2019ZooK..891...71D. doi:10.3897/zookeys.891.36027. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 6882928. PMID 31802973.
- ^ Makarkin, V. N.; Archibald, S. B. (2003). "Family affinity of the genus Palaeopsychops Andersen with description of a new species from the Early Eocene of British Columbia, Canada (Neuroptera: Polystoechotidae)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 96 (3): 171–180. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0171:FAOTGP]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 84362010.
- ^ Engel, M.S. (2003). "A New Eocene-Oligocene Snakefly from Florissant, Colorado (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae)". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 106 (3 & 4): 124–128. doi:10.1660/0022-8443(2003)106[0124:anesff]2.0.co;2. JSTOR 3628392. S2CID 85677413.
- ^ Makarkin, VN; Archibald, SB; Oswald, JD (2003). "New Early Eocene brown lacewings (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) from western North America". The Canadian Entomologist. 135 (5): 637–653. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.489.5852. doi:10.4039/n02-122. S2CID 53479449.
- ^ Olshevsky, George. "Dinogeorge's Dinosaur Genera List". Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Maier, G. (2003). African Dinosaurs Unearthed: The Tendaguru Expeditions. Life of the Past. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00054-5.
- ^ Maier, G. (1997). "Tendaguru". In Currie, P.J.; Padian, K. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Elsevier Science. pp. 725–726. ISBN 978-0-08-049474-6. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
- ^ de Souza Carvalho, Ismar; dos Santos Avilla, Leonardo; Salgado, Leonardo (2003). "Amazonsaurus maranhensis gen. et sp. nov. (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) of Brazil". Cretaceous Research. 24 (6). Elsevier BV: 697–713. Bibcode:2003CrRes..24..697D. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2003.07.005. ISSN 0195-6671.
- ^ Yates, Adam M.; Kitching, James W. (2003). "The earliest known sauropod dinosaur and the first steps towards sauropod locomotion". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 270 (1525): 1753–1758. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2417. PMC 1691423. PMID 12965005.
- ^ Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003). "A tyrannosauroid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal". Palaeontology. 46 (5). Wiley: 903–910. Bibcode:2003Palgy..46..903R. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00325. ISSN 0031-0239. S2CID 129946607.
- ^ V.S., Tereschenko; V.R., Alifanov (2003). "Bainoceratops efremovi, a New Protoceratopid Dinosaur (Protoceratopidae, Neoceratopsia) from the Bain-Dzak Locality (South Mongolia)" (PDF). Paleontological Journal. 37: 3. ISSN 0031-0301.
- ^ a b Sullivan, Robert M. (2003-04-11). "Revision of the dinosaurStegoceras Lambe (Ornithischia, Pachycephalosauridae)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23 (1). Informa UK Limited: 181–207. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2003)23[181:rotdsl]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 85894105.
- ^ Christiansen, Per; Bonde, Niels (2003-03-14). "The first dinosaur from Denmark". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 227 (2). Schweizerbart: 287–299. doi:10.1127/njgpa/227/2003/287. ISSN 0077-7749.
- ^ You; Luo, Z.-X.; Shubin, N.H.; Witmer, L.M.; Tang, Z.- L.; Tang, F. (2003). "The earliest-known duck-billed dinosaur from deposits of late Early Cretaceous age in northwest China and hadrosaur evolution" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 24 (3): 347–355. Bibcode:2003CrRes..24..347Y. doi:10.1016/s0195-6671(03)00048-x.
- ^ Alifanov, V.R.; Averianov, A.O. (2003). "Ferganasaurus verzilini gen. et sp. nov., a new neosauropod (Dinosauria, Saurischia, Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Fergana Valley, Kirghizia" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23 (2): 358–372. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0358:fvgesn]2.0.co;2. S2CID 85902362.
- ^ Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu; Azuma, Yoichi (2003-04-11). "A new iguanodontian (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Kitadani Formation of Fukui Prefecture, Japan" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23 (1). Informa UK Limited: 166–175. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2003)23[166:anidof]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 131386181.
- ^ Hailu, YOU; Feng, TANG; Zhexi, LUO (2003). "A New Basal Titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 77 (4). Wiley: 424–429. Bibcode:2003AcGlS..77..424Y. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2003.tb00123.x. ISSN 1000-9515. S2CID 129403851.
- ^ Lü, Junchang (2003-01-14). "A new oviraptorosaurid (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of southern China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (4). Informa UK Limited: 871–875. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0871:anotof]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86359247.
- ^ Hailu, YOU; Xing, XU; Xiaolin, WANG (2003). "A New Genus of Psittacosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) and the Origin and Early Evolution of Marginocephalian Dinosaurs". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 77 (1). Wiley: 15–20. Bibcode:2003AcGlS..77...15Y. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2003.tb00105.x. ISSN 1000-9515. S2CID 89051352.
- ^ Wilson, Jeffrey A.; Upchurch, Paul (2003). "A revision ofTitanosaurusLydekker (dinosauria - sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a 'Gondwanan' distribution". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 1 (3). Informa UK Limited: 125–160. doi:10.1017/s1477201903001044. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 53997295.
- ^ a b V.R., Alifanov (2003). "Two new dinosaurs of the infraorder neoceratopsia (Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Nemegt Depression, Mongolian People's Republic". Paleontological Journal. 37 (5): 524–534. ISSN 0031-0301.
- ^ Antunes, Miguel Telles; Mateus, Octávio (2003). "Dinosaurs of Portugal". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2 (1). Cellule MathDoc/CEDRAM: 77–95. Bibcode:2003CRPal...2...77A. doi:10.1016/s1631-0683(03)00003-4. ISSN 1631-0683.
- ^ Hailu, YOU; Zhiming, DONG (2003). "A New Protoceratopsid (Dinosauria: Neoceratopsia) from the Late Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 77 (3). Wiley: 299–303. Bibcode:2003AcGlS..77..299Y. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2003.tb00745.x. ISSN 1000-9515. S2CID 128766919.
- ^ Riga, Bernardo J. González (2003). "A new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mendoza Province, Argentina". Ameghiniana. 40 (2): 155–172. ISSN 1851-8044. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
- ^ Godefroit, Pascal; Bolotsky, Yuri; Alifanov, Vladimir (2003). "A remarkable hollow-crested hadrosaur from Russia: an Asian origin for lambeosaurines" (PDF). Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2 (2). Cellule MathDoc/CEDRAM: 143–151. Bibcode:2003CRPal...2..143G. doi:10.1016/s1631-0683(03)00017-4. ISSN 1631-0683.
- ^ Wilson, J.A.; Sereno, P.C.; Srivastava, S.; Bhatt, D.K.; Khosla, A.; Sahni, A. (2003). "A new abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lameta Formation (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of India" (PDF). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. 31 (1). University of Michigan: 1–42.
- ^ Calvo, Jorge O.; González Riga, Bernardo J. (2003). "Rinconsaurus caudamirus gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosaurid (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina". Revista Geológica de Chile. 30 (2). SciELO Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID): 333–353. doi:10.4067/s0716-02082003000200011. ISSN 0716-0208.
- ^ Rich, Thomas Hewitt; Vickers-Rich, Patricia (2003). "Protoceratopsian? ulnae from Australia". Records of the Queen Victoria Museum. 113: 1–12. ISSN 0085-5278.
- ^ Ji, Q.; Norell, M.A.; Makovicky, P.J.; Gao, K.-Q; Ji, S.-A.; Yuan, C. (2003). "An early ostrich dinosaur and implications for ornithomimosaur phylogeny". American Museum Novitates (3420): 1–19. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)420<0001:aeodai>2.0.co;2. hdl:2246/2849. S2CID 55740664.
- ^ You, H.L.; Ji, Q.; Li, J.; Li, Y.X. (2003). "A new hadrosauroid dinosaur from the mid- Cretaceous of Liaoning, China". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition). 77 (2): 148–154. Bibcode:2003AcGlS..77..148Y. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2003.tb00557.x. S2CID 128612710.
- ^ Dzik, J. (2003). "A beaked herbivorous archosaur with dinosaur affinities from the early Late Triassic of Poland". J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 23 (3): 556–574. Bibcode:2003JVPal..23..556D. doi:10.1671/a1097. S2CID 128580897.
- ^ Kobayashi, Y.; Lu, J.-C. (2003). "A new ornithomimid dinosaur with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 48 (2): 235–259.
- ^ Willamson, T.E.; Carr, T.D. (2003). "A new genus of derived pachycephalosaurian from western North America". J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 22 (4): 779–801. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0779:angodp]2.0.co;2. S2CID 86112901.
- ^ Xu, X.; Wang, X.-L. (2003). "A new maniraptoran dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 41 (3): 195–202. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.2003.03.003.
- ^ Weishampel, D.B.; Jianu, C.-M.; Csiki, Z.; Norman, D.B. (2003). "Osteology and phylogeny of Zalmoxes (n.g.), an unusual euornithopod dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Romania". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 1 (2): 65–123. Bibcode:2003JSPal...1...65W. doi:10.1017/s1477201903001032. S2CID 86339025.
- ^ Arucci, A. B.; Coria, R. A. (2003). "A new Triassic carnivorous dinosaur from Argentina". Ameghiniana. 40 (2): 217–228.
- ^ a b Cécile Mourer-Chauviré (2003). "Birds (Aves) from the Middle Miocene of Arrisdrift (Namibia). Preliminary study with description of two new genera: Amanuensis (Accipitriformes, Sagittariidae) and Namibiavis (Gruiformes, Idiornithidae)". In Martin Pickford; Brigitte Senut (eds.). Geology and palaeobiology of the Central and Southern Namib. Vol. 2: Paleontology of the Orange River Valley. Geological Survey of Namibia, Memoir 19. pp. 103–113.
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- ^ a b Herculano M. F. de Alvarenga; Edson Guilherme (2003). "The Anhingas (Aves: Anhingidae) From the Upper Tertiary (Miocene–Pliocene) of Southwestern Amazonia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23 (3): 614–621. Bibcode:2003JVPal..23..614A. doi:10.1671/1890. S2CID 84072750.
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