1994 in paleontology
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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1994.
Plants
[edit]Conifers
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Fossil Yew Genus, type species D. torreyoides |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Fossil Yew species |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Fossil nutmeg yew species |
Angiosperms
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A Kiwi species |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A dogwood species |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A dogwood species |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A vitaceous species |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A vitaceous species |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A vitaceous species |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A moonseed species |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A custard apple relative |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A custard apple relative |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A cannabaceous species |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A moonseed species |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Sp nov |
jr synonym |
(Manchester) Manchester |
A lardizabalaceous species; |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A torchwood family species |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A moonseed species |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A chinkapin species |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A cannabaceous species |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A pentaphylacaceous species |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
An icacinaceous relative. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A dogwood species |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A hazelnut relative, Type species C. hancockii |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A moonseed relative. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A moonseed species. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
||||||
Comb nov |
jr synonym |
(Hollick) Manchester |
"King Salmon Lake flora" |
A moonseed species. |
||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A rubiaceous species. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A moonseed species. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Magallón-Puebl |
Youngest Eucommia sp. in North America. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A witch-hazel relative, type species F. endressii |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A Hydrangea species. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
An icacinaceous species. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
An icacinaceous relative. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A hazelnut relative, type species K. parvum |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
||||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
||||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
||||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
||||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
||||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A Magnolia species |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A Magnolia species |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A Magnolia species |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A Tupelo relative |
|||||
sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
A sabiaceous species. |
|||
sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
A sabiaceous species. |
|||
sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
A sabiaceous species. |
|||
sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
A sabiaceous species. |
|||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
A Tupelo relative |
|||
Comb nov |
valid |
(Scott) Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A soapberry species. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A soapberry species. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A ginseng genus, type species P. oregonensis |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A Platycarya relative species. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A vitaceous species |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et comb nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A Sumac relative. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A platanaceous Infructescence species. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A cherry/plum species. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A cherry/plum species. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
An icacinaceous species. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A Sumac species |
|||||
Comb nov |
valid |
(Becker) Manchester |
Late Eocene |
A sabiaceous species. |
||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A willow relative |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A magnolia vine species. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A Symplocaceae species. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A platanaceous Infructescence genus. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A tapisciaceous species |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A moonseed species |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A moonseed species |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A moonseed genus. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A moonseed species |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A cannabaceous species |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A seed of uncertain placement. |
|||||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
A vitaceous species |
Arthropods
[edit]Insects
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp nov |
Valid |
Baroni Urbani & De Andrade |
first fossil Acanthognathus species |
|||||
Sp nov |
Valid |
Nel & Brisac |
An Aeshna dragonfly |
|||||
Sp nov |
Valid |
Nel & Martínez-Delclòs |
An Aeshna dragonfly |
|||||
Sp nov |
Valid |
Nel & Escuillé |
An Aeschnophlebia dragonfly |
|||||
Sp nov |
Valid |
De Andrade |
A ponerin ant |
|||||
Sp nov |
Valid |
De Andrade |
A ponerin ant |
|||||
Sp nov |
Valid |
De Andrade |
A ponerin ant |
|||||
Sp nov |
Valid |
De Andrade |
A ponerin ant |
|||||
Sp nov |
Valid |
De Andrade |
A ponerin ant |
|||||
Sp nov |
Valid |
De Andrade |
A ponerin ant |
|||||
Sp nov |
Valid |
Nel & Brisac |
A Calopteryx damselfly |
|||||
Gen et comb nov. |
Valid |
Bolton |
A Sphecomyrminae ant. |
|||||
Sp nov |
Valid |
Nel, Albouy, Caussanel, & Jamet |
An earwig |
|||||
Sp nov. |
Valid |
De Andrade |
Burdigalian |
Dominican Amber |
A myrmicin ant |
|||
Sp nov. |
Valid |
De Andrade |
Burdigalian |
Dominican Amber |
A myrmicin ant |
|||
Protoaristenymphes[12] |
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Nel & Henrotay |
A Mesochrysopid lacewing, type species P. bascharagensis |
||||
Comb. nov |
Valid |
Piton |
Lake Chambon |
A Lestid damselfly, |
Trilobites
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp nov |
Valid |
Edgecombe, Vaccari & Waisfeld |
||||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Edgecombe, Vaccari & Waisfeld |
A calmoniid, type species is T. zarelae |
Molluscs
[edit]Bivalves
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
sp nov |
Valid |
Elicki |
Zwetau Formation |
early Cambrian bivalve species |
Fishes
[edit]Newly named bony fishes
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
valid |
Schwimmer, Stewart & Williams |
late Santonian to mid-Campanian |
A latimeriid coelacanth.[17] |
Archosauromorphs
[edit]- Aff. Rebbachisaurus gastroliths documented.[18]
- The "Talkeetna Mountains Hadrosaur" specimen was discovered in a quarry being excavated for road material.[19] The quarry is near the Glenn Highway, approximately 150 miles northeast of Anchorage.[20] That fall, excavation began, and was resumed in the summer of 1996.[19]
Newly named pseudosuchians
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Hunt & Lucas |
Late Triassic (late Carnian) |
A relative of Revueltosaurus. |
||||
Gen et sp nov |
Hunt & Lucas |
Late Triassic (late Carnian) |
A junior synonym of Revueltosaurus. |
Newly named basal dinosauromorphs
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen et comb nov |
Valid |
Sereno & Arcucci |
Middle Triassic (Ladinian) |
A basal dinosauriform; |
Newly named dinosaurs
[edit]Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.[23]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
|||||||
Gen et comb nov |
Valid |
Chatterjee & Creisler |
||||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
|||||||
Cheng |
described as Huabeisaurus allocotus in 2000 |
|||||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
|||||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Hammer & Hickerson |
||||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Chure |
||||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Zhao & Currie |
||||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
|||||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Perez-Moreno, Sanz, Buscalioni, |
||||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Martin, Buffetaut, & Suteethorn |
||||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
|||||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Currie & Zhao |
||||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
|||||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Birds
[edit]Name | Status | Novelty | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Valid |
Gen et sp nov. |
Late Paleocene |
A Strigidae. Type species B. orbisantiqui |
|||||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
Cave deposits |
A Strigidae. |
|||||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
Cave deposits |
A Falconidae. |
|||||
jr synonym |
Gen et sp nov. |
An Anatidae, type species M. kervazoi; |
||||||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
Mourer-Chauviré, Bour, Moutou, & Ribes |
A Strigidae. |
|||||
Valid |
Gen et sp nov. |
Middle Eocene |
A Messelasturidae, Type species M. gratulator. |
|||||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
peat swamp |
||||||
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
An Avisauridae, Type species N. volans. |
||||||
jr synonym |
Sp. nov. |
An Ardeidae, junior synonym of Nycticorax duboisi. |
||||||
Valid |
Gen et sp nov. |
A Longirostravidae, type species O. genghisi. |
||||||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
|||||||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
Late Quaternary |
South Island, cave deposits |
|||||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
Holocene. (Subrecent) |
An Accipitridae. |
|||||
Valid |
Gen et sp nov. |
A Rallidae, type species W. lii |
Plesiosaurs
[edit]- Plesiosaur gastroliths documented.[50]
New taxa
[edit]Name | Status | Authors | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Valid |
Chatterjee Creisler |
Pterosaurs
[edit]New taxa
[edit]Name | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Valid |
Frey Martill |
Early Cretaceous (late Aptian/early Albian) |
A pteranodontoid pterosaur. |
|||||
Valid |
Padian, K., Horner de Ricqlès, A.J. |
Late Cretaceous (Judithian) |
An azhdarchid from Montana. |
|||||
nomen nudum |
Bakker |
Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian) |
||||||
Valid |
Cai, Z. Wei, F. |
Late Cretaceous (early Campanian) |
A Chinese azhdarchid. |
Other diapsids
[edit]New taxa
[edit]Name | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lucianosaurus[21] | Valid Non-Dinosaurian Taxon |
|
|
Late Triassic (Norian) |
|||
Tecovasaurus[21] | Valid Non-Dinosaurian Taxon |
|
|
Late Triassic (late Carnian) |
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp Manchester, S.R. (1994). "Fruits and Seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon". Palaeontographica Americana. 58: 30–31.
- ^ Manchester, S. R. (1999). "Biogeographical relationships of North American tertiary floras". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 86 (2): 472–522. doi:10.2307/2666183. JSTOR 2666183.
- ^ Myers, J.; Erwin, D. (2015). "Deviacer pidemarmanii sp. nov. (Polygalaceae) from the Late Eocene–Early Oligocene Badger's Nose Paleoflora, Modoc County, California". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 176 (3): 259–268. doi:10.1086/679759. S2CID 84642512.
- ^ Han, M.; Manchester, S. R.; Fu, Q.-Y.; Jin, J.-H.; Quan, C. (2018). "Paleogene fossil fruits of Stephania (Menispermaceae) from North America and East Asia". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 56 (2): 81–91. doi:10.1111/jse.12288. S2CID 90749898.
- ^ Call, V.B.; Dilcher, D.L. (1997). "The fossil record of Eucommia (Eucommiaceae) in North America". American Journal of Botany. 84 (6): 798–814. doi:10.2307/2445816. JSTOR 2445816. PMID 21708632. S2CID 20464075.
- ^ Baroni Urbani, C.; De Andrade, M. L. (1994). "First description of fossil Dacetini ants with a critical analysis of the current classification of the tribe (Amber Collection Stuttgart: Hymenoptera, Formicidae. VI: Dacetini)". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie). 198: 1–65.
- ^ a b c d Nel, A.; Martinez-Delclòs, X.; Escuillé, F; Brisac, P. (1994). "Names; Les Aeshnidae fossiles: Etat actuel des connaissances (Odonata, Anisoptera)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 194 (2/3): 143–186. doi:10.1127/njgpa/194/1994/143. S2CID 247527646.
- ^ a b c d e f g h De Andrade, M. L. (1994). "Fossil Odontomachiti Ants from the Dominican Republic (Amber Collection Stuttgart: Hymenoptera, Formicidae. VII: Odontomachiti)". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie). 199: 1–28.
- ^ Grimaldi, D.; Agosti, D.; Carpenter, J. M. (1997). "New and rediscovered primitive ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Cretaceous amber from New Jersey, and their phylogenetic relationships". American Museum Novitates (3208): 1–43.
- ^ Nel, A.; Albouy, V.; Caussanel, C; Jamet, C. (1994). "Réflexion paléo-entomologique sur la systématique des Dermaptères. Quatre nouveaux forficules fossiles de l'Oligocène de Provence (France)". Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France. 99: 253–266. doi:10.3406/bsef.1994.17063. S2CID 131974069.
- ^ Nel, A; Henrotay, M. (1994). "Les Chrysopidae Mésozoïques. État actuel des connaissances. Description d'un nouveau genre et nouvelle espèce dans le Jurassique inférieur (Lias) (Insecta: Neuroptera)". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. 30: 295–318.
- ^ Nel, A.; Paicheler, J.-C. (1994). "Les Lestoidea (Odonata, Zygoptera) fossiles : un inventaire critique". Annales de Paléontologie. 80 (1): 1–59.
- ^ a b Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Vaccari, Norberto E.; Waisfeld, Beatriz G. (July 1994). "Lower Devonian calmoniid trilobites from the Argentine Precordillera: new taxa of the Bouleia Group, and remarks on the tempo of calmoniid radiation". Geological Magazine. 131 (4): 449–464. doi:10.1017/S0016756800012097. ISSN 1469-5081.
- ^ Elicki, O.; Gürsu, S. (2009). "First record of Pojetaia runnegari Jell, 1980 and Fordilla Barrande, 1881 from the Middle East (Taurus Mountains, Turkey) and critical review of Cambrian bivalves" (PDF). Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 83 (2): 267–291. doi:10.1007/s12542-009-0021-9. S2CID 49380913. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
- ^ David R. Schwimmer; J. D. Stewart; G. Dent Williams (1994). "Giant fossil coelacanths of the Late Cretaceous in the eastern United States". Geology. 22 (6): 503–506. Bibcode:1994Geo....22..503S. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0503:gfcotl>2.3.co;2.
- ^ Hugo Dutel; John G. Maisey; David R. Schwimmer; Philippe Janvier; Marc Herbin; Gaël Clément (2012). "The Giant Cretaceous Coelacanth (Actinistia, Sarcopterygii) Megalocoelacanthus dobiei Schwimmer, Stewart & Williams, 1994, and Its Bearing on Latimerioidei Interrelationships". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e49911. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...749911D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049911. PMC 3507921. PMID 23209614.
- ^ Calvo (1994). Sanders, Manley, and Carpenter (2001), "Table 12.1" page 167.
- ^ a b "Introduction," in Pasche and May (2001); page 220.
- ^ "Location and Geologic Setting," in Pasche and May (2001); page 220.
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References
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