2009 in paleontology

	…; 2006; 2007; 2008; 2009; 2010; 2011; 2012; …;
	In science 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 In paleobotany 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 In arthropod paleontology 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 In paleoentomology 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 In paleomalacology 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 In reptile paleontology 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 In archosaur paleontology 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 In mammal paleontology 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 In paleoichthyology 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
	Art; Archaeology; Architecture; Literature; Music; Philosophy; Science +...;

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.^[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2009.

Arthropods

Cephalopods

Three new species of extinct Octopoda discovered in 2009. The species – Keuppia hyperbolaris, Keuppia levante, and Styletoctopus annae – lived about 95 million years ago, and bear a strong resemblance to modern octopuses, suggesting that the Octopoda order has remained relatively unchanged for tens of millions of years. The fossils included evidence of arms, muscles, rows of suckers, ink, and internal gills. The discovery was made by a team led by Dirk Fuchs of the Freie University, which is located at Berlin, Germany.^[2] The fossils were found at Hakel and Hadjoula, Lebanon.^[3] Various new ammonoid taxa were named, including Ivoites.

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Location	Images
Keuppia^[4]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Fuchs, Bracchi, & Weis	Upper Cenomanian	Lebanon	Keuppia levante
Styletoctopus^[4]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Fuchs, Bracchi, & Weis	Upper Cenomanian	Lebanon
Ivoites^[5]	gen nov	Valid	De Baets, Klug, & Korn	Lower Emsian	Germany

Cartilaginous fish

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Gansuselache^[6]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Late Permian	Fangshankou Formation	China	A member of Hybodontoidea. Genus includes new species G. tungshengi.
Papilionichthys^[7]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Grogan Lund	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)	Bear Gulch Limestone	United States	A member of Iniopterygidae. The type species is P. stahlae.
Rainerichthys^[7]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Grogan Lund	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)	Bear Gulch Limestone	United States	A member of Iniopterygidae. The type species is R. zangerli.

Bony fish

Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Aphanius yerevanicus^[8]	Valid	Vasilyan Reichenbacher Carnevale	Late Miocene		Armenia	A pupfish, a species of Aphanius.
Carpathoserranoides^[9]	Valid	Prokofiev	Oligocene		Czech Republic Poland	A member of Percoidei. The type species is C. brnoensis; genus also includes C. polonicus.
Caucasoserranoides^[9]	Valid	Prokofiev	Oligocene		Russia	A member of Percoidei. The type species is C. morozkiensis.
Eophryne^[10]	Valid	Carnevale Pietsch	Eocene (late Ypresian)	Monte Bolca locality	Italy	A frogfish. The type species is Eophryne barbutii.
Gogosardina^[11]	Valid	Choo Long Trinajstic	Late Devonian	Gogo Formation	Australia	An early ray-finned fish. Genus includes new species G. coatesi.
Heddleichthys^[12]	Valid	Snitting	Famennian (Late Devonian)	Dura Den Formation	Scotland
Hendrixella^[13]	Valid	Bannikov Carnevale	Eocene (late Ypresian)	Monte Bolca locality	Italy	A member of Percoidei of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Hendrixella grandei.
Langlieria^[14]	Valid	Clément Snitting Ahlberg	Famennian (Late Devonian)	Evieux Formation	Belgium
Oligoserranoides^[9]	Valid	Prokofiev	Oligocene		Abkhazia Azerbaijan Czech Republic France Germany Hungary Poland Romania Russia Ukraine	A member of Percoidei. The type species is "Smerdis" budensis Heckel (1856); genus also includes "Serranus" comparabilis Daniltshenko (1960).
Ridewoodichthys^[15]	Valid	Taverne	Early Paleocene		Angola	An arowana; a new genus for "Brychaetus" caheni Taverne (1969).
Ungarnia^[9]	Valid	Prokofiev	Oligocene		Romania	A member of Percoidei. The type species is "Serranus" transsylvanicus Bohm (1942).

Shimada, K.; Everhart, M.J. (2009). "First record of Anomoeodus (Osteichthyes: Pycnodontiformes) from the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 112 (1/2): 98–102. doi:10.1660/062.112.0212. S2CID 83951062.

Amphibians

Newly named amphibians

Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Baphetes orientalis^[16]	Valid	Milner Milner Walsh	Late Carboniferous		Czech Republic
Cratia^[17]	Valid	Báez Moura Gómez	Lower Cretaceous	Crato Formation	Brazil	Possible stem neobatrachian
Eurycephalella^[17]	Valid	Báez Moura Gómez	Lower Cretaceous	Crato Formation	Brazil	A hyloid
Nannaroter^[18]	Valid	Anderson Scott Reisz	Early Permian		USA	The smallest known ostodolepid microsaur
Nesovtriton^[19]	Valid	Skutschas	Turonian	Bissekty Formation	Uzbekistan	A cryptobranchoid salamander
Regalerpeton^[20]	Valid	Zhang Wang Jones Evans	Early Cretaceous	Huajiying Formation	China	A cryptobranchoid salamander
Spinarerpeton^[21]	Valid	Klembara	Early Permian	Boskovice Furrow	Czech Republic	A discosauriscid seymouriamorph

Basal reptiles

Newly named basal reptiles

Name	Status	Authors	Discovery year	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Australothyris^[22]	Valid	Modesto Scott Reisz		Middle Permian	Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone	South Africa	A basal parareptile
Procolina^[23]	Valid	Borsuk−Białynicka Lubka		early Late Olenekian	Czatkowice 1	Poland	A procolophonine procolophonid

Turtles

Newly named turtles

Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Angolachelys^[24]	Valid	Mateus Jacobs et al.^{[CAL 1]}	Turonian (Late Cretaceous)		Angola
Aurorachelys^[25]	Valid	Vandermark Tarduno et al.^{[CAL 2]}	Late Cretaceous	Strand Fiord Formation	Canada
Basilochelys^[26]	Valid	Tong Claude et al.^{[CAL 3]}	Late Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous	Phu Kradung Formation	Thailand
Cedrobaena^[27]	Valid	Lyson Joyce	Paleocene	Fort Union Formation	USA	New genus for "Plesiobaena" putorius Gaffney, 1972
Chelonoidis alburyorum^[28]	Valid	Franz Franz	Holocene		The Bahamas	A tortoise.
Chinlechelys^[29]	Valid	Joyce et al.	Late Triassic (Norian)	Bull Canyon Formation	United States	A basal member of Testudinata. The type species is C. tenertesta. The genus Chinlechelys was considered to be a junior synonym of the genus Proganochelys by Joyce (2017), though the author maintained C. tenertesta as a distinct species within the latter genus.^[30]
Derrisemys^[31]	Junior synonym	Hutchison	Early Paleocene		USA	Junior synonym of Hutchemys.^[32]
Eileanchelys^[33]	Valid	Anquetin Barrett et al.^{[CAL 4]}	Middle Jurassic	Kilmaluag Formation	Scotland
Hutchemys^[34]	Valid	Joyce Revan Lyson Danilov	Paleocene	Fort Union Formation Tullock Formation	USA	A plastomenine softshell turtles
Kinkonychelys^[35]	Valid	Gaffney Krause Zalmout	Late Cretaceous	Maevarano Formation	Madagascar
Palatobaena cohen^[36]	Valid	Lyson Joyce	Maastrichtian	Hell Creek Formation	USA	A baenid
Peckemys^[27]	Valid	Lyson Joyce	Late Cretaceous	Hell Creek Formation	USA	A baenid
Plastomenoides^[31]	Junior synonym	Hutchison	Early Paleocene		USA	Junior synonym of Hutchemys.^[32]

Archosauromorphs

Basal archosauromorphs

Newly named basal archosauromorphs
Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Czatkowiella^[37]	Valid	Borsuk−Białynicka Evans	earliest Late Olenekian	Czatkowice 1	Poland	A long−necked archosauromorph

Archosaurs

Lepidosauromorphs

Basal lepidosauromorphs

Newly named basal lepidosauromorphs
Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Pamelina^[38]	Valid	Evans	Early Olenekian	Czatkowice 1	Poland	A basal kuehneosaurid
Sophineta^[39]	Valid	Evans Borsuk−Białynicka	earliest Late Olenekian	Czatkowice 1	Poland	A basal lepidosauromorph

Plesiosaurs

In 2009, in Svalbard, Norway a new pliosaur was found by Jorn Hurum. It currently is codenamed as "Predator X."
O'Keefe, F. R.; Street, H. P. (2009). "Osteology of the cryptocleidoid plesiosaur Tatenectes laramiensis, with comments on the taxonomic status of the Cimoliasauridae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (1): 48–57. doi:10.1671/039.029.0118. S2CID 31924376.

Newly named plesiosaurs
Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Gallardosaurus^[40]	Valid	Gasparini	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)	Jagua Formation	Cuba		Gallardosaurus
Nichollssaura^[41]	Valid	Druckenmiller Russell	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Clearwater Formation	Canada	Replacement name for Nichollsia Druckenmiller & Russell, 2008, preoccupied by an isopod genus Nichollsia Chopra & Tiwari, 1950	Nichollssaura.
Rarosaurus^[42]	Disputed	Kaddumi	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		Jordan	A member of Polycotylidae. The type species is R. singularis.

Squamates

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Carinodens minalmamar^[43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Schulp, Bardet & Bouya	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		Morocco	A mosasaur.
Titanoboa^[44]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Head et al.	Paleocene	Cerrejón Formation	Colombia	In February, the fossils of 28 individual T. cerrejonensis (Titanoboas) were announced to have been found in the coal mines of Cerrejón, La Guajira, Colombia.^[45]

Synapsids

Non-mammalian

Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Images
Protuberum^[46]	Valid	Reichel Schultz Soares	Middle Triassic (Ladinian)	Santa Maria Formation	Brazil
Raranimus^[47]	Valid	Liu Rubidge Li	Middle Permian (Roadian)	Xidagou Formation	China	Raranimus dasahankouensis
Yuanotherium^[48]	Valid	Hu Meng Clark	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)	Shishugou Formation	China

Mammals

Plants

Angiosperms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Eucalyptolaurus^[49]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Coiffard et al.	uppermost Albian-lowermost Cenomanian	Charente-Maritimes	France

Relevant research in other sciences

Evolutionary biology

A study is published that proposes that females from certain taxa use ornaments as a criterion for mate choice because other dimorphic structures, like biological "weaponry" could be used to coerce or force them to mate.^[50]
A study concludes that biotic factors have more pronounced local and short term evolutionary impacts than abiotic factors, which in turn have a more pronounced effect through time and on biodiversity as a whole.^[51]

Extinction

A study noting the effects of the KT mass extinction on Earth's modern biota is published.^[52]

Geology

Zhang, H.; Wei, Z.-L.; Liu, X.-M.; Li, D. (2009). "Constraints on the age of the Tuchengzi Formation by LA-ICP-MS dating in northern Hebei-western Liaoning, China". Science China Earth Sciences. 52 (4): 461–470. Bibcode:2009ScChD..52..461Z. doi:10.1007/s11430-009-0052-9. S2CID 129751106.

Ichnology

Bedatou, E.; Melchor, R.N.; Genise, J.F. (2009). "Complex palaeosol ichnofabrics from Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous volcaniclastic successions of central Patagonia, Argentina". Sedimentary Geology. 218 (1–4): 74–102. Bibcode:2009SedG..218...74B. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.04.005.

Paleobiogeography

Pereda-Suberbiola X (2009). "Biogeographical affinities of Late Cretaceous continental tetrapods of Europe: a review". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 180 (1): 57–71. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.180.1.57.

Paleoecology

Nicolas M., Rubidge B.S. (2009). "Changes in Permo-Triassic terrestrial tetrapod ecological representation in the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup) of South Africa". Lethaia. 43: 45–59. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00171.x.

Footnotes

Complete author list

As science becomes more collaborative, papers with large numbers of authors are becoming more common. To prevent the deformation of the tables, these footnotes list the contributors to papers that erect new genera and have many authors.

^ Mateus, Jacobs, Polcyn, Schulp, Vineyard, Neto, Antunes.
^ Vandermark, Tarduno, Brinkman, Cottrell, Mason.
^ Tong, Claude, Naksri, Suteethorn, Buffetaut, Khansubba, Wongko, Yuandetkla.
^ Anquetin, Barrett, Jones, Moore-Fay, Evans.

References

^ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
^ Rare fossil octopuses found, NBC News, March 18, 2009
^ New Octopus from the late Cretaceous of Hakel and Hadjoula, Lebanon, Palaeontology, Volume 52, Issue 1, Pages 65-81
^ ^a ^b Fuchs, D.; Bracchi, G.; Weis, R. (2009). "New Octopods (Cephalopoda: Coleoidea) from the Late Cretaceous (Upper Cenomanian) of Hakel and Hadjoula, Lebanon". Palaeontology. 52 (1): 65–81. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00828.x.
^ De Baets, K.; Klug, C.; Korn, D. (2009). "Anetoceratinae (Ammonoidea, Early Devonian) from the Eifel and Harz Mountains (Germany), with a revision of their genera". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 252 (3): 361–376. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0252-0361.
^ N.‐Z. Wang; X. Zhang; M. Zhu; W.‐J. Zhao (2009). "A new articulated hybodontoid from Late Permian of northwestern China". Acta Zoologica. 90 (s1): 159–170. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00382.x.
^ ^a ^b Eileen D. Grogan; Richard Lund (2009). "Two new iniopterygians (Chondrichthyes) from the Mississippian (Serpukhovian) Bear Gulch Limestone of Montana with evidence of a new form of chondrichthyan neurocranium". Acta Zoologica. 90 (s1): 134–151. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00371.x.
^ Davit Vasilyan; Bettina Reichenbacher; Giorgio Carnevale (2009). "A new fossil Aphanius species from the Upper Miocene of Armenia (Eastern Paratethys)". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 83 (4): 511–519. doi:10.1007/s12542-009-0034-4. S2CID 129643131.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d A.M. Prokofiev (2009). "К систематике олигоценовых перкоидных рыб, известных под сборным названием "Serranus budensis", с выделением новых таксонов". Актуальные проблемы современной науки. 46: 199–222.
^ Giorgio Carnevale; Theodore W. Pietsch (2009). "An Eocene frogfish from Monte Bolca, Italy: the earliest known skeletal record for the family". Palaeontology. 52 (4): 745–752. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00874.x.
^ Brian Choo; John A. Long; Katherine Trinajstic (2009). "A new genus and species of basal actinopterygian fish from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation of Western Australia". Acta Zoologica. 90 (s1): 194–210. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00370.x.
^ Snitting, D. (2009). "Heddleichthys- a new tristichopterid genus from the Dura Den Formation, Midland Valley, Scotland (Famennian, Late Devonian)". Acta Zoologica. 90: 273–284. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00376.x.
^ Alexandre F. Bannikov; Giorgio Carnevale (2009). "A new percoid fish from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy: Hendrixella grandei gen. & sp. nov". Swiss Journal of Geosciences. 102 (3): 481–488. doi:10.1007/s00015-009-1331-3. S2CID 129475416.
^ Clément, G; Snitting, D; Ahlberg, PE; Gaël Clément; Daniel Snitting; Per Erik Ahlberg (July 2009). "A new Tristichopterid (Sarcopterygii, Tetrapodomorpha) from the Evieux Formation (Upper Devonian) of Belgium". Palaeontology. 52 (4): 823–836. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00876.x.
^ Louis Taverne (2009). "Ridewoodichthys, a new genus for Brychaetus caheni from the marine Paleocene of Cabinda (Africa): re-description and comments on its relationships within the Osteoglossidae (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha)". Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre. 79: 147–153.
^ Angela C. Milner; Andrew R. Milner; Stig A. Walsh (2009). "A new specimen of Baphetes from Nýřany, Czech Republic and the intrinsic relationships of the Baphetidae". Acta Zoologica. 90 (s1): 318–334. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00340.x.
^ ^a ^b Báez, Ana M.; Moura, Geraldo J.B.; Gómez, Raúl O.; Ana M. Báez; Geraldo J.B. Moura; Raúl O. Gómez (2009). "Anurans from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of northeastern Brazil: implications for the early divergence of neobatrachians". Cretaceous Research. 30 (4): 829–846. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.01.002.
^ Anderson, J.S.; Scott, D.; Reisz, R.R. (2009). "Nannaroter mckinziei, a new ostodolepid 'microsaur' (Tetrapoda, Lepospondyli, Recumbirostra) from the Early Permian of Richards Spur (Ft. Sill), Oklahoma". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (2): 379–388. doi:10.1671/039.029.0222. S2CID 130420068.
^ Skutschas, Pavel P.; Pavel P. Skutschas (2009). "Re-Evaluation of Mynbulakia Nesov, 1981 (Lissamphibia: Caudata) and Description of a New Salamander Genus from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (3): 659–664. doi:10.1671/039.029.0326. S2CID 85024012.
^ Zhang, Guilin; Wang, Yuan; Jones, Marc E.H.; Evans, Susan E.; Guilin Zhang; Yuan Wang; Marc E.H. Jones; Susan E. Evans (2009). "A new Early Cretaceous salamander (Regalerpeton weichangensis gen. et sp. nov.) from the Huajiying Formation of northeastern China". Cretaceous Research. 30 (3): 551–558. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.10.004.
^ Klembara, Jozef (2009). "The skeletal anatomy and relationships of a new discosauriscid seymouriamorph from the lower Permian of Moravia (Czech Republic)". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 77 (4): 451–483. doi:10.2992/0097-4463-77.4.451. S2CID 86629854.
^ Sean P. Modesto; Diane M. Scott; Robert R. Reisz (2009). "A new parareptile with temporal fenestration from the Middle Permian of South Africa". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 46 (1): 9–20. Bibcode:2009CaJES..46....9M. doi:10.1139/E09-001. Retrieved 14 August 2010.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Magdalena Borsuk−Białynicka; Mariusz Lubka (2009). "Procolophonids from the Early Triassic of Poland" (PDF). Paleontologica Polonica. 65: 107–144. Retrieved 12 August 2010..
^ Octávio Mateus; Louis Jacobs; Michael Polcyn; Anne S. Schulp; Diana Vineyard; André Buta Neto; Miguel Telles Antunes (2009). "The oldest African eucryptodiran turtle from the Cretaceous of Angola" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (4): 581–588. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0063. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
^ Vandermark, D.; Tarduno, J.A.; Brinkman, D.B.; Cottrell, R.D.; Mason, S. (2009). "New Late Cretaceous macrobaenid turtle with Asian affinities from the High Canadian Arctic: dispersal via ice-free polar routes". Geology. 37 (2): 183–186. Bibcode:2009Geo....37..183V. doi:10.1130/G25415A.1.
^ Tong, H.; Claude, J.; Naksri, W.; Suteethorn, V.; Buffetaut, E.; Khansubha, S.; Wongko, K. & Yuangdetkla, P. (2009). "Basilochelys macrobios n. gen. and n. sp., a large cryptodiran turtle from the Phu Kradung Formation (latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous) of the Khorat Plateau, NE Thailand". In: Buffetaut, E.; Cuny, G.; Le Loeuff, J. & Suteethorn, V. (eds.). Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 315: 229-243.
^ ^a ^b Lyson, T.R.; Joyce, W.G. (2009). "A revision of Plesiobaena (Testudinoes: Baenidae) and an assessment of Baenid ecology across the K/T boundary". Journal of Paleontology. 83 (6): 833–853. doi:10.1666/09-035.1. S2CID 85964417.
^ Richard Franz; Shelley E. Franz (2009). "A new fossil land tortoise in the genus Chelonoidis (Testudines: Testudinidae) from the northern Bahamas, with an osteological assessment of other Neotropical tortoises". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 49 (1): 1–44.
^ Walter G. Joyce; Spencer G. Lucas; Torsten M. Scheyer; Andrew B. Heckert; Adrian P. Hunt (2009). "A thin-shelled reptile from the Late Triassic of North America and the origin of the turtle shell". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1656): 507–513. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1196. PMC 2664348. PMID 18842543.
^ Walter G. Joyce (2017). "A Review of the Fossil Record of Basal Mesozoic Turtles" (PDF). Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 58 (1): 65–113. doi:10.3374/014.058.0105. S2CID 54982901.
^ ^a ^b John Howard Hutchison (2009). "New soft-shelled turtles (Plastomeninae, Trionychidae, Testudines) from the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene of North America". PaleoBios. 29 (2): 36–47. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
^ ^a ^b Walter G. Joyce; Tyler R. Lyson (2011). "New Material of Gilmoremys lancensis nov. comb. (Testudines: Trionychidae) from the Hell Creek Formation and the Diagnosis of Plastomenid Turtles". Journal of Paleontology. 85 (3): 442–459. doi:10.1666/10-127.1. S2CID 129918006.
^ Anquetin, J.; Barrett, P.M.; Jones, M.E.H.; Moore-Fay, S.; Evans, S.E. (2009). "A new stem turtle from the Middle Jurassic of Scotland: new insights into the evolution and palaeoecology of basal turtles". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 276 (1658): 879–886. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1429. PMC 2664364. PMID 19019789..
^ Walter G. Joyce; Ariel Revan; Tyler R. Lyson; Igor G. Danilov (2009). "Two New Plastomenine Softshell Turtles from the Paleocene of Montana and Wyoming" (PDF). Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 50 (2): 307–325. doi:10.3374/014.050.0202. S2CID 85505337. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
^ Gaffney, E.S.; Krause, D.W.; Zalmout, I.S. (2009). "Kinkonychelys, a new side-necked turtle (Pelomedusoides: Bothremydidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar". American Museum Novitates (3662): 1–25. doi:10.1206/672.1. hdl:2246/5985. S2CID 54740846.
^ Lyson, T.R.; Joyce, W.G. (2009). "A New Species of Palatobaena (Testudines: Baenidae) and a Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Phylogenetic Analysis of Baenidae". Journal of Paleontology. 83 (3): 457–470. doi:10.1666/08-172.1. S2CID 86045244.
^ Magdalena Borsuk−Białynicka; Susan E. Evans (2009). "A long−necked archosauromorph from the Early Triassic of Poland" (PDF). Paleontologica Polonica. 65: 203–234. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
^ Susan E. Evans (2009). "An early kuehneosaurid reptile (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Early Triassic of Poland" (PDF). Paleontologica Polonica. 65: 145–178. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
^ Susan E. Evans; Magdalena Borsuk−Białynicka (2009). "A small lepidosauromorph reptile from the Early Triassic of Poland" (PDF). Paleontologica Polonica. 65: 179–202. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
^ Gasparini, Z. (2009). "A New Oxfordian Pliosaurid (Plesiosauria, Pliosauridae) in the Caribbean Seaway". Palaeontology. 52 (3): 661–669. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00871.x. S2CID 55353949.
^ Druckenmiller, P.S.; Russell, A.P. (2009). "The new plesiosaurian genus Nichollssaura from Alberta, Canada: replacement name for the preoccupied genus Nichollsia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (1): 276. doi:10.1080/02724634.2009.10010379. S2CID 83847722.
^ Hani Faig Kaddumi (2009). "On the remains of the first plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from Harrana with a description of a new genus and species of Polycotylidae". In Hani Faig Kaddumi (ed.). Fossils of the Harrana Fauna and the Adjacent Areas. pp. 158–162.
^ A.S. Schulp; N. Bardet; B. Bouya (2009). "A new species of the durophagous mosasaur Carinodens (Squamata, Mosasauridae) and additional material of Carinodens belgicus from the Maastrichtian phosphates of Morocco". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences. 88 (3): 161–167. doi:10.1017/S0016774600000871. S2CID 130121783.
^ Head, Jason J.; Jonathan I. Bloch; Alexander K. Hastings; Jason R. Bourque; Edwin A. Cadena; Fabiany A. Herrera; P. David Polly; Carlos A. Jaramillo (2009). "Giant boid snake from the paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures". Nature. 457 (7230): 715–718. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..715H. doi:10.1038/nature07671. PMID 19194448. S2CID 4381423.
^ Kwok, Roberta (4 February 2009). "Scientists find world's biggest snake". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2009.80. Archived from the original on 6 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
^ Reichel, M.; Schultz, C.L.; Soares, M.B. (2009). "A new traversodontid cynodont (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Middle Triassic Santa Maria Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil". Palaeontology. 52 (1): 229–250. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00824.x. S2CID 129081834.
^ Liu, J.; Rubidge, B.; Li, J. (2009). "New basal synapsid supports Laurasian origin for therapsids". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (3): 393–400. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0071.
^ Hu, Y.; Meng, J.; Clark, J.M. (2009). "A new tritylodontid from the Upper Jurassic of Xinjiang, China". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (3): 385–391. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0053.
^ Coiffard, C; Gomez, B; Thiébaut, M; Kvácek, J; Thévenard, F; Néraudeau, D (2009). "Intramarginal veined Lauraceae Leaves from the Albian-Cenomanian of Charente-Maritime (western France)". Palaeontology. 52 (2): 323–336. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00845.x.
^ Pradhan, G.R.; Van Schaik, C.P. (2009). "Why do females find ornaments attractive? The coercion-avoidance hypothesis". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 96 (2): 372–382. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01131.x.
^ Benton, M.J. (2009). "The Red Queen and the Court Jester: species diversity and the role of biotic and abiotic factors through time". Science. 323 (5915): 728–732. Bibcode:2009Sci...323..728B. doi:10.1126/science.1157719. PMID 19197051. S2CID 206512702.
^ Krug, A.Z.; Jablonski, D.; Valentine, J.W. (2009). "Signature of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction in the modern biota". Science. 323 (5915): 767–771. Bibcode:2009Sci...323..767K. doi:10.1126/science.1164905. PMID 19197060. S2CID 47550103.

[angolachelys-authors-25] Mateus, Jacobs, Polcyn, Schulp, Vineyard, Neto, Antunes.

[aurorachelys-authors-27] Vandermark, Tarduno, Brinkman, Cottrell, Mason.

[basilochelys-authors-29] Tong, Claude, Naksri, Suteethorn, Buffetaut, Khansubba, Wongko, Yuandetkla.

[eileanchelys-authors-37] Anquetin, Barrett, Jones, Moore-Fay, Evans.

[1] Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.

[msnbc-2] Rare fossil octopuses found, NBC News, March 18, 2009

[palaeontology-3] New Octopus from the late Cretaceous of Hakel and Hadjoula, Lebanon, Palaeontology, Volume 52, Issue 1, Pages 65-81

[fuchsetal2009-4] Fuchs, D.; Bracchi, G.; Weis, R. (2009). "New Octopods (Cephalopoda: Coleoidea) from the Late Cretaceous (Upper Cenomanian) of Hakel and Hadjoula, Lebanon". Palaeontology. 52 (1): 65–81. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00828.x.

[debaetsetal2009-5] De Baets, K.; Klug, C.; Korn, D. (2009). "Anetoceratinae (Ammonoidea, Early Devonian) from the Eifel and Harz Mountains (Germany), with a revision of their genera". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 252 (3): 361–376. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0252-0361.

[6] N.‐Z. Wang; X. Zhang; M. Zhu; W.‐J. Zhao (2009). "A new articulated hybodontoid from Late Permian of northwestern China". Acta Zoologica. 90 (s1): 159–170. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00382.x.

[Papilionichthys-7] Eileen D. Grogan; Richard Lund (2009). "Two new iniopterygians (Chondrichthyes) from the Mississippian (Serpukhovian) Bear Gulch Limestone of Montana with evidence of a new form of chondrichthyan neurocranium". Acta Zoologica. 90 (s1): 134–151. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00371.x.

[8] Davit Vasilyan; Bettina Reichenbacher; Giorgio Carnevale (2009). "A new fossil Aphanius species from the Upper Miocene of Armenia (Eastern Paratethys)". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 83 (4): 511–519. doi:10.1007/s12542-009-0034-4. S2CID 129643131.

[Caucasoserranoides-9] A.M. Prokofiev (2009). "К систематике олигоценовых перкоидных рыб, известных под сборным названием "Serranus budensis", с выделением новых таксонов". Актуальные проблемы современной науки. 46: 199–222.

[10] Giorgio Carnevale; Theodore W. Pietsch (2009). "An Eocene frogfish from Monte Bolca, Italy: the earliest known skeletal record for the family". Palaeontology. 52 (4): 745–752. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00874.x.

[11] Brian Choo; John A. Long; Katherine Trinajstic (2009). "A new genus and species of basal actinopterygian fish from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation of Western Australia". Acta Zoologica. 90 (s1): 194–210. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00370.x.

[Snitting2009-12] Snitting, D. (2009). "Heddleichthys- a new tristichopterid genus from the Dura Den Formation, Midland Valley, Scotland (Famennian, Late Devonian)". Acta Zoologica. 90: 273–284. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00376.x.

[13] Alexandre F. Bannikov; Giorgio Carnevale (2009). "A new percoid fish from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy: Hendrixella grandei gen. & sp. nov". Swiss Journal of Geosciences. 102 (3): 481–488. doi:10.1007/s00015-009-1331-3. S2CID 129475416.

[Clémentetal2009-14] Clément, G; Snitting, D; Ahlberg, PE; Gaël Clément; Daniel Snitting; Per Erik Ahlberg (July 2009). "A new Tristichopterid (Sarcopterygii, Tetrapodomorpha) from the Evieux Formation (Upper Devonian) of Belgium". Palaeontology. 52 (4): 823–836. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00876.x.

[15] Louis Taverne (2009). "Ridewoodichthys, a new genus for Brychaetus caheni from the marine Paleocene of Cabinda (Africa): re-description and comments on its relationships within the Osteoglossidae (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha)". Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre. 79: 147–153.

[16] Angela C. Milner; Andrew R. Milner; Stig A. Walsh (2009). "A new specimen of Baphetes from Nýřany, Czech Republic and the intrinsic relationships of the Baphetidae". Acta Zoologica. 90 (s1): 318–334. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00340.x.

[Báez2009-17] Báez, Ana M.; Moura, Geraldo J.B.; Gómez, Raúl O.; Ana M. Báez; Geraldo J.B. Moura; Raúl O. Gómez (2009). "Anurans from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of northeastern Brazil: implications for the early divergence of neobatrachians". Cretaceous Research. 30 (4): 829–846. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.01.002.

[ASR09-18] Anderson, J.S.; Scott, D.; Reisz, R.R. (2009). "Nannaroter mckinziei, a new ostodolepid 'microsaur' (Tetrapoda, Lepospondyli, Recumbirostra) from the Early Permian of Richards Spur (Ft. Sill), Oklahoma". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (2): 379–388. doi:10.1671/039.029.0222. S2CID 130420068.

[Skutschas2009-19] Skutschas, Pavel P.; Pavel P. Skutschas (2009). "Re-Evaluation of Mynbulakia Nesov, 1981 (Lissamphibia: Caudata) and Description of a New Salamander Genus from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (3): 659–664. doi:10.1671/039.029.0326. S2CID 85024012.

[Zhang2009-20] Zhang, Guilin; Wang, Yuan; Jones, Marc E.H.; Evans, Susan E.; Guilin Zhang; Yuan Wang; Marc E.H. Jones; Susan E. Evans (2009). "A new Early Cretaceous salamander (Regalerpeton weichangensis gen. et sp. nov.) from the Huajiying Formation of northeastern China". Cretaceous Research. 30 (3): 551–558. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.10.004.

[Klembara-21] Klembara, Jozef (2009). "The skeletal anatomy and relationships of a new discosauriscid seymouriamorph from the lower Permian of Moravia (Czech Republic)". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 77 (4): 451–483. doi:10.2992/0097-4463-77.4.451. S2CID 86629854.

[22] Sean P. Modesto; Diane M. Scott; Robert R. Reisz (2009). "A new parareptile with temporal fenestration from the Middle Permian of South Africa". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 46 (1): 9–20. Bibcode:2009CaJES..46....9M. doi:10.1139/E09-001. Retrieved 14 August 2010.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[23] Magdalena Borsuk−Białynicka; Mariusz Lubka (2009). "Procolophonids from the Early Triassic of Poland" (PDF). Paleontologica Polonica. 65: 107–144. Retrieved 12 August 2010..

[24] Octávio Mateus; Louis Jacobs; Michael Polcyn; Anne S. Schulp; Diana Vineyard; André Buta Neto; Miguel Telles Antunes (2009). "The oldest African eucryptodiran turtle from the Cretaceous of Angola" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (4): 581–588. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0063. Retrieved 21 June 2010.

[26] Vandermark, D.; Tarduno, J.A.; Brinkman, D.B.; Cottrell, R.D.; Mason, S. (2009). "New Late Cretaceous macrobaenid turtle with Asian affinities from the High Canadian Arctic: dispersal via ice-free polar routes". Geology. 37 (2): 183–186. Bibcode:2009Geo....37..183V. doi:10.1130/G25415A.1.

[28] Tong, H.; Claude, J.; Naksri, W.; Suteethorn, V.; Buffetaut, E.; Khansubha, S.; Wongko, K. & Yuangdetkla, P. (2009). "Basilochelys macrobios n. gen. and n. sp., a large cryptodiran turtle from the Phu Kradung Formation (latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous) of the Khorat Plateau, NE Thailand". In: Buffetaut, E.; Cuny, G.; Le Loeuff, J. & Suteethorn, V. (eds.). Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 315: 229-243.

[Lyson-30] Lyson, T.R.; Joyce, W.G. (2009). "A revision of Plesiobaena (Testudinoes: Baenidae) and an assessment of Baenid ecology across the K/T boundary". Journal of Paleontology. 83 (6): 833–853. doi:10.1666/09-035.1. S2CID 85964417.

[31] Richard Franz; Shelley E. Franz (2009). "A new fossil land tortoise in the genus Chelonoidis (Testudines: Testudinidae) from the northern Bahamas, with an osteological assessment of other Neotropical tortoises". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 49 (1): 1–44.

[32] Walter G. Joyce; Spencer G. Lucas; Torsten M. Scheyer; Andrew B. Heckert; Adrian P. Hunt (2009). "A thin-shelled reptile from the Late Triassic of North America and the origin of the turtle shell". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1656): 507–513. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1196. PMC 2664348. PMID 18842543.

[33] Walter G. Joyce (2017). "A Review of the Fossil Record of Basal Mesozoic Turtles" (PDF). Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 58 (1): 65–113. doi:10.3374/014.058.0105. S2CID 54982901.

[Hutchison2009-34] John Howard Hutchison (2009). "New soft-shelled turtles (Plastomeninae, Trionychidae, Testudines) from the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene of North America". PaleoBios. 29 (2): 36–47. Retrieved 7 August 2010.

[Gilmoremys-35] Walter G. Joyce; Tyler R. Lyson (2011). "New Material of Gilmoremys lancensis nov. comb. (Testudines: Trionychidae) from the Hell Creek Formation and the Diagnosis of Plastomenid Turtles". Journal of Paleontology. 85 (3): 442–459. doi:10.1666/10-127.1. S2CID 129918006.

[36] Anquetin, J.; Barrett, P.M.; Jones, M.E.H.; Moore-Fay, S.; Evans, S.E. (2009). "A new stem turtle from the Middle Jurassic of Scotland: new insights into the evolution and palaeoecology of basal turtles". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 276 (1658): 879–886. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1429. PMC 2664364. PMID 19019789..

[joyce2009-38] Walter G. Joyce; Ariel Revan; Tyler R. Lyson; Igor G. Danilov (2009). "Two New Plastomenine Softshell Turtles from the Paleocene of Montana and Wyoming" (PDF). Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 50 (2): 307–325. doi:10.3374/014.050.0202. S2CID 85505337. Retrieved 7 August 2010.

[39] Gaffney, E.S.; Krause, D.W.; Zalmout, I.S. (2009). "Kinkonychelys, a new side-necked turtle (Pelomedusoides: Bothremydidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar". American Museum Novitates (3662): 1–25. doi:10.1206/672.1. hdl:2246/5985. S2CID 54740846.

[Lyson2009-40] Lyson, T.R.; Joyce, W.G. (2009). "A New Species of Palatobaena (Testudines: Baenidae) and a Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Phylogenetic Analysis of Baenidae". Journal of Paleontology. 83 (3): 457–470. doi:10.1666/08-172.1. S2CID 86045244.

[41] Magdalena Borsuk−Białynicka; Susan E. Evans (2009). "A long−necked archosauromorph from the Early Triassic of Poland" (PDF). Paleontologica Polonica. 65: 203–234. Retrieved 17 August 2010.

[42] Susan E. Evans (2009). "An early kuehneosaurid reptile (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Early Triassic of Poland" (PDF). Paleontologica Polonica. 65: 145–178. Retrieved 13 August 2010.

[43] Susan E. Evans; Magdalena Borsuk−Białynicka (2009). "A small lepidosauromorph reptile from the Early Triassic of Poland" (PDF). Paleontologica Polonica. 65: 179–202. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2010.

[44] Gasparini, Z. (2009). "A New Oxfordian Pliosaurid (Plesiosauria, Pliosauridae) in the Caribbean Seaway". Palaeontology. 52 (3): 661–669. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00871.x. S2CID 55353949.

[45] Druckenmiller, P.S.; Russell, A.P. (2009). "The new plesiosaurian genus Nichollssaura from Alberta, Canada: replacement name for the preoccupied genus Nichollsia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (1): 276. doi:10.1080/02724634.2009.10010379. S2CID 83847722.

[46] Hani Faig Kaddumi (2009). "On the remains of the first plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from Harrana with a description of a new genus and species of Polycotylidae". In Hani Faig Kaddumi (ed.). Fossils of the Harrana Fauna and the Adjacent Areas. pp. 158–162.

[47] A.S. Schulp; N. Bardet; B. Bouya (2009). "A new species of the durophagous mosasaur Carinodens (Squamata, Mosasauridae) and additional material of Carinodens belgicus from the Maastrichtian phosphates of Morocco". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences. 88 (3): 161–167. doi:10.1017/S0016774600000871. S2CID 130121783.

[head-48] Head, Jason J.; Jonathan I. Bloch; Alexander K. Hastings; Jason R. Bourque; Edwin A. Cadena; Fabiany A. Herrera; P. David Polly; Carlos A. Jaramillo (2009). "Giant boid snake from the paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures". Nature. 457 (7230): 715–718. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..715H. doi:10.1038/nature07671. PMID 19194448. S2CID 4381423.

[Nature-49] Kwok, Roberta (4 February 2009). "Scientists find world's biggest snake". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2009.80. Archived from the original on 6 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-04.

[50] Reichel, M.; Schultz, C.L.; Soares, M.B. (2009). "A new traversodontid cynodont (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Middle Triassic Santa Maria Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil". Palaeontology. 52 (1): 229–250. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00824.x. S2CID 129081834.

[51] Liu, J.; Rubidge, B.; Li, J. (2009). "New basal synapsid supports Laurasian origin for therapsids". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (3): 393–400. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0071.

[52] Hu, Y.; Meng, J.; Clark, J.M. (2009). "A new tritylodontid from the Upper Jurassic of Xinjiang, China". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (3): 385–391. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0053.

[Coiffard2009-53] Coiffard, C; Gomez, B; Thiébaut, M; Kvácek, J; Thévenard, F; Néraudeau, D (2009). "Intramarginal veined Lauraceae Leaves from the Albian-Cenomanian of Charente-Maritime (western France)". Palaeontology. 52 (2): 323–336. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00845.x.

[54] Pradhan, G.R.; Van Schaik, C.P. (2009). "Why do females find ornaments attractive? The coercion-avoidance hypothesis". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 96 (2): 372–382. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01131.x.

[55] Benton, M.J. (2009). "The Red Queen and the Court Jester: species diversity and the role of biotic and abiotic factors through time". Science. 323 (5915): 728–732. Bibcode:2009Sci...323..728B. doi:10.1126/science.1157719. PMID 19197051. S2CID 206512702.

[56] Krug, A.Z.; Jablonski, D.; Valentine, J.W. (2009). "Signature of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction in the modern biota". Science. 323 (5915): 767–771. Bibcode:2009Sci...323..767K. doi:10.1126/science.1164905. PMID 19197060. S2CID 47550103.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[CAL 1]

[25]

[CAL 2]

[26]

[CAL 3]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[CAL 4]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]