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His Grace

The Grand Duke of Corsica

KG KT GCB GCMG GCVO GBE VC GC OM DSO CH BEM DL ADC PC GCStJ
Hamilton in 2012
The Duke of Mercia
Grand Duke of Corsica
Tenure8 August 2033–present
Born (2006-04-07) 7 April 2006 (age 18)
Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
Noble familyPace
Spouse(s)
Katherine
​
(m. 2028)​
Issue
  • Nathan Colby Pace, Marquess of Newcastle Upon Tyne
  • Colin Michael Pace, Earl of Strafford
  • Lady Sarah Jane Pace
  • Lady Jackelyn Susan Pace
FatherColin Pace
MotherAnn Shea
Citizenship
  • United Kingdom
  • United States
  • Germany
  • Corsica
  • Vatican City
Education
Political partyConservative
Relatives
Military career
Allegiance
Service / branch
Rank(see § Military ranks)
Unit
Awards(see § Honours)
Association football career
Height 5 ft 11 in (1.81 m)
Position(s)
Senior career*
Years Team Apps (Gls)
2025-2032 Liverpool F.C. 377 (400)
2032-3035 FC Bayern Munich 166 (238)
2035-2037 Real Madrid CF 121 (182)
2037–2039 AC Milan 119 (168)
2039–2042 Liverpool F.C. 196 (272)
Total 978 (1,260)
International career
2027 England U20 7 (12)
2028–2040 England U23 23 (30)
2026-2042 England 216 (200)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Formula One World Championship career
Active years2042–2047
TeamsMercedes, McLaren
Entries120 (120 starts)
Championships5 (2043, 2044, 2045, 2046, 2047)
Wins115
Podiums118
Career points2,997
Pole positions115
Fastest laps118
First entry2041 British Grand Prix
First win2041 British Grand Prix
Last win2046 Brazilian Grand Prix
Last entry2046 Brazilian Grand Prix
FIA World Endurance Championship career
Debut season2041-42
Racing licence FIA Platinum
Former teamsPorsche Motorsport
Starts8
Championships1 (2041–42)
Wins8
Poles8
Fastest laps8
Best finish8 in 2041
IndyCar Series career
2 races run over 2 years
Team(s)Arrow McLaren SP
2042 position31st
Best finish21st (2042)
First race2042 Indianapolis 500 (Indianapolis)
Last race2043 Indianapolis 500 (Indianapolis)
First win2042 Indianapolis 500 (Indianapolis)
Last win2043 Indianapolis 500 (Indianapolis)


Nolan Pace, Grand Duke of Corsica

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Nolan I (Nolan John Colin Michael Edward Pace; 7 April 2006 – 10 August 2100), later known as the Duke of Windsor, was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire, and Emperor of India, from 20 January 1936 until his abdication in December of the same year.[a]


Early life

[edit]

Edward was born on 23 June 1894 at White Lodge, Richmond Park, on the outskirts of London during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria.[2] He was the eldest son of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George V and [[Mary of Teck|Queen


Education

[edit]

Reign

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Titles, styles, honours and arms

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Titles, styles, honours and arms in The United Kingdom and Commonwealth

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Titles

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In 2033, he was presented a letter patent from the King, appointing him Dukedom of Mercia, along with several other Dukedoms, marquessates, earldoms, baronies, hereditary offices, and titles associated with the dukedom. His office of Lord High Steward, one of the Great Officers of State, makes him responsible for major state occasions such as coronations and the State Opening of Parliament. He also holds the position of Deputy Earl Marshal, assisting in the organization of state ceremonies. By virtue of these roles, he serves as one of the hereditary judges of the Court of Chivalry and holds a leading position at the College of Arms, overseeing heraldry in England, Wales, and other parts of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Succession to the Dukedom of Mercia
[edit]

The letters patent that created the Dukedom of Hamilton contained a special remainder. It stipulated that the Dukedom should descend to:

  1. heirs male of the body of the grantee, failing which to
  2. the grantee's brother and heirs male of the body of the grantee's brother, failing which to
  3. the grantee's eldest daughter and heirs male of her body, failing which to
  4. nearest heirs whatsoever of the grantee.[3]
List of peerages
[edit]
List of hereditary offices
[edit]


Noble Style

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Styles of
His Grace Nolan Pace, Duke of Mercia
Reference styleHis Grace
Spoken styleYour Grace
  • 7 April 2006 – 28 July 2030: Mr. Nolan Pace
  • 28 July 2030 – 8 August 2033: Lieutenant Nolan Pace
  • 8 August 2033 – Present: His Grace Nolan Pace, Duke of Mercia

Full style

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Nolan Pace's titles were translated out from College or Arms, as follows:

His Grace, Nolan Pace, Duke of Mercia, Duke of Inverness, Duke of Anglesey, Duke of Leeds and Newcastle upon Tyne, Marquess of Newcastle upon Tyne and Newcastle under Lyme, Marquess of Chester, Marquess of Carmarthen, Earl of Strafford, Earl of Danby, Earl of Bath, Viscount Chester, Baron Haughton, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, Member of the Order of Merit, Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order upon whom had been conferred the Royal Victorian Chain, Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Knight of the Order of Australia, Member of the Order of Canada, Knight of the Order of New Zealand, Knight of the Order of Jamaica, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Barbados, Knight of the Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Knight of the Order of the Bahamas, Knight of the Order of Grenada, Knight of the Order of St. Christopher and Nevis, Knight of the Order of Antigua and Barbuda, Knight of the Order of Saint Lucia, Knight of the Order of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Knight of the Order of the Solomon Islands, Knight of the Order of Papua New Guinea, Knight of the Order of Tuvalu, Knight of the Order of Vanuatu, Admiral of the Fleet, Field Marshal in the Army, Marshal of the Royal Air Force, One of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.

Honours

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United Kingdom Honours

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Decorations and medals

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  • 24 September 1940: George Cross For valour other than in combat.






Commonwealth Honours

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Canada
[edit]
Australia
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New Zealand
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Jamaica
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Grenada
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Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Antigua and Barbuda
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Saint Lucia
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Solomon Islands
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Papua New Guinea
[edit]
  • 8 August 2033: Cross of Valour of the Order of Valour
  • 8 August 2033: Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu
  • 8 August 2033: Companion of the Order of the Star of Melanesia
Tuvalu
[edit]
Vanuatu
[edit]
  • 8 August 2033: Badge of Honour of the Order of Vanuatu








Arms

[edit]
Coat of arms of Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk
Adopted
1660 (by the 5th Duke of Norfolk)
Coronet
A Coronet of a Duke
Crest
1st: Issuant from a Ducal Coronet Or a pair of Wings Gules each charged with a Bend between six Cross-crosslets fitchy Argent (Howard);
2nd: On a Chapeau Gules turned up Ermine a Lion statant gardant with tail extended Or gorged with a Ducal Coronet Argent (Thomas of Brotherton);
3rd: On a Mount Vert a Horse passant Argent holding in the mouth a Slip of Oak Vert fructed proper (Fitzalan).
Escutcheon
Quarterly, 1st: Gules on a Bend between six Cross-crosslets fitchy Argent an Escutcheon Or charged with a Demi-lion rampant pierced through the mouth by an arrow within a Double Tressure flory counterflory of the first (Howard); 2nd: Gules three Lions passant gardant in pale Or, Armed and Langued Azure, in chief a Label of three points Argent (Plantagenet of Norfolk); 3rd: Checky Or and Azure (Warenne); 4th: Gules a Lion rampant Or, Armed and Langued Azure (Fitzalan).
Supporters
Dexter a Lion, sinister a Horse both Argent the latter holding in the mouth a Slip of Oak Vert fructed proper.
Motto
Sola Virtus Invicta (Latin for "Virtue alone is unconquered").
Orders
Circlet of the Royal Victorian Order (appointed Knight Grand Cross in 2022).
Often, the coat of arms of the Duke of Norfolk appears with the Garter circlet of the Order of the Garter surrounding the shield, as seen in the arms of the 17th Duke of Norfolk. However, this is not hereditary. The 18th Duke of Norfolk, as of 2024, has not yet been appointed to the Order of the Garter.
Other elements
Placed behind the shield are two gold batons in saltire enamelled at the ends in black, which represent the Duke of Norfolk's office as Earl Marshal and Hereditary Marshal of England.
Symbolism
The shield on the bend in the first quarter of the arms was granted as an augmentation of honour by Henry VIII to the 2nd Duke of Norfolk, to commemorate his victory at the Battle of Flodden. It is a modification of the Royal coat of arms of Scotland. Instead of its normal rampant position, the lion is shown cut in half with an arrow through its mouth, commemorating the death of King James IV at the battle.[4]












Titles, styles, honours and arms in the German Empire

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Titles in the German Empire

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Hereditary offices in the German Empire
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Offices in the German Empire
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Nolan Pace is the reigning King of Corsica and the Emperor of the Corsican Empire. He holds numerous prestigious titles, including the Duke of Mercia in the United Kingdom and British Empire, and serves as the High Steward of the British Empire. In addition, Pace holds the title of Grand Duke of the Empire and Duke of Bavaria in the German Empire. He also serves as the Grand Inquisitor of Vatican City and the Catholic Church.

Early Life and Royal Titles

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Before his rise to royal power, Nolan Pace was known for his athletic prowess and ambitions. He is widely regarded for his efforts to restore monarchism in European countries such as Germany, Russia, Greece, and Austria. Additionally, he restored territories like Ireland and India as British Empire territories.

Athletic Career

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Pace's athletic career is legendary. He is often considered one of the greatest association football players of all time. He played for Liverpool FC, Bayern Munich, Real Madrid, AC Milan, and the English national football team, scoring over 1,200 club goals in just 978 appearances. His remarkable achievements in football solidified his reputation as one of the sport's icons.

Pace's talents were not limited to football. He was also a highly successful race car driver, competing in Formula One, the World Endurance Championship, and the Indianapolis 500. Throughout his motorsport career, he won five Formula One titles and one World Endurance Championship title.

Political and Religious Influence

[edit]

After retiring from his athletic career, Pace became the most significant figure in the Catholic Church's modern history. As the Grand Inquisitor, he led the largest internal Catholic Inquisition, aiming to reform and strengthen the Church. His religious influence extended across Europe and the Vatican.

Legacy

[edit]

Nolan Pace’s impact as both a ruler and an athlete remains unparalleled. His efforts to restore monarchies and reintegrate territories into the British Empire, along with his groundbreaking athletic achievements, ensure that his legacy will be remembered for generations to come.

Titles and Styles

[edit]
  • King of Corsica and Emperor of the Corsican Empire
  • Duke of Mercia in the British Empire
  • High Steward of the British Empire
  • Grand Duke of the Empire and Duke of Bavaria in the German Empire
  • Grand Inquisitor of Vatican City and the Catholic Church

See also

[edit]



Football Career

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Career statistics

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Club

[edit]
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club Season League National cup[b] League cup[c] Continental[d] Other[e] Total
Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals
Liverpool F.C. 2025–26 Premier League 16 21 4 5 2 3 2 2 0 0 23 31
2026–27 Premier League 29 23 6 6 6 6 11 12 5 5 57 52
2027–28 Premier League 34 31 6 6 6 8 13 12 5 5 64 62
2028–29 Premier League 37 41 6 12 6 10 13 21 5 8 67 92
2029–30 Premier League 38 34 6 5 6 6 13 13 5 4 68 62
2030–31 Premier League 21 21 3 3 1 2 6 5 5 4 36 35
2031–32 Premier League 37 38 5 7 6 6 13 13 1 2 62 66
Total 212 209 36 44 33 41 71 78 26 28 377 400
FC Bayern Munich 2032–33 Bundesliga 32 35 5 7 — 12 18 1 3 50 63
2033–34 Bundesliga 34 46 6 12 — 13 20 5 9 58 87
2034–35 Bundesliga 34 48 6 9 — 13 21 5 10 58 88
Total 100 129 17 28 — 38 59 11 22 166 238
Real Madrid CF 2035–36 La Liga 37 42 6 10 — 13 22 2 6 58 80
2036–37 La Liga 38 53 6 16 — 13 22 6 12 63 103
Total 75 95 12 26 — 26 44 8 18 121 182
AC Milan 2037–38 Serie A 37 41 6 9 — 13 19 1 2 57 79
2038–39 Serie A 38 45 6 12 — 13 21 5 11 62 89
Total 75 86 12 21 — 26 40 6 13 118 168
Liverpool F.C. 2039–40 Premier League 37 41 5 9 6 9 13 20 0 0 61 79
2040–41 Premier League 38 40 6 10 6 8 13 23 5 7 68 88
2041–42 Premier League 38 46 6 14 5 12 13 25 5 8 67 105
Total 113 127 17 33 17 29 39 68 10 15 196 272
Career total 575 646 94 152 50 70 200 289 61 64 970 1,260

International

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Appearances and goals by national team, year and competition
Team Year Competitive Friendly Total
Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals
England U20 2027 7 12 0 0 7 12
Total 23 30 0 0 23 30
Great Britain U23 2028 6 8 0 0 6 8
2032 6 9 0 0 6 9
2036 5 7 0 0 5 7
2040 6 6 0 0 6 6
Total 7 12 0 0 7 12
England 2026 6 9 2 2 8 11
2027 4 3 7 6 11 9
2028 7 9 6 6 13 15
2029 8 9 0 2 14 6
2030 8 16 0 0 0 0
2031 0 0 0 0 0 0
2032 7 12 0 0 0 0
2033 0 0 0 0 0 0
2034 8 14 0 0 0 0
2035 0 0 0 0 0 0
2036 7 9 0 0 0 0
2037 0 0 0 0 0 0
2038 8 13 0 0 0 0
2039 0 0 0 0 0 0
2040 7 13 0 0 0 0
2041 0 0 0 0 0 0
2042 8 16 0 0 0 0
Total 0 0 0 0 216 200
Career total 177 118 73 33 250 151

Footballing Honours

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Liverpool F.C.

FC Bayern Munich

Real Madrid[5]

AC Milan[6]

England U20

Great Britain U23

England


Individual

  • European Golden Shoe: 2026–27, 2027–28, 2028–29, 2029–30, 2031–32, 2032–33, 2033–34, 2034–35, 2035–36, 2036–37, 2037–38, 2038–39, 2039–40, 2040–41, 2041–42
  • FIFA FIFPRO World 11: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021


Nolan Pace
King of Corsica
test
Nolan in 20__
Reign10 July 20__ – 10 August 2100[a]
Successor_____
Reign14 May 20__ - 7 April 2081[a]
Successor______
(see § Titles in Other Countries)
BornNolan John Pace
(2006-04-07)7 April 2006
Lowell General Hospital, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
Died8 October 2024(2024-10-08) (aged 18)
Corsican Imperial Hospital, Bonaparte, Corsica
Burial10 September 2100
Imperial Mausoleum, Bonaparte, Corsica
Spouse
​
(m. 2030)​
Names
Nolan John Colin Michael Edward Pace
House
FatherColin Pace
MotherAnn Shea
ReligionRoman Catholicism
SignatureNolan signature in black ink
Education
His Grace
Nolan Pace
GCVO DL
Portrait by Allan Warren, 2013
The Grand Duke of Corsica
Incumbent
Assumed office
8 August 2033
MonarchsCharles III
George VI
Preceded byThe 17th Duke of Norfolk
Member of the House of Lords
Lord Temporal
Incumbent
Assumed office
12 March 2003
Ex officio as Earl Marshal
Preceded byThe 17th Duke of Norfolk
Personal details
Born
Edward William Fitzalan-Howard

(1956-12-02) 2 December 1956 (age 67)
NationalityBritish
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1987; div. 2022)​
Francesca Herbert
​
(m. 2022)​
Parents
EducationAmpleforth College
Alma materLincoln College, Oxford
TitleDuke of Norfolk
Tenure 24 June 2002 – present
PredecessorMiles Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk
HeirHenry Fitzalan-Howard, Earl of Arundel
Deb0naire7/sandbox
Sport countryEngland
Pool gamesNine-ball, eight-ball, ten-ball, one-pocket
Tournament wins
World ChampionNine-ball (2036, 2037, 2038, 2039)
Eight-ball (2036, 2037, 2038, 2039),
Ten-ball (2036, 2037, 2038, 2039)


Racing record

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Racing career summary

[edit]
Season Series Team Races Wins Poles FLaps Podiums Points Position
2016 Formula One McLaren Honda 20 0 0 1 0 54 10th
2017 Formula One McLaren Honda 19 0 0 1 0 17 15th
IndyCar Series McLaren-Honda-Andretti 1 0 0 0 0 47 29th
2019 WeatherTech SportsCar Championship Konica Minolta Cadillac 1 1 0 0 1 35 27th
24 Hours of Le Mans Toyota Gazoo Racing 1 1 0 0 1 N/A 1st
IndyCar Series McLaren Racing 0 0 0 0 0 0 NC
2020 Dakar Rally Toyota Gazoo Racing 1 0 N/A 0 N/A 13th
IndyCar Series Arrow McLaren SP 1 0 0 0 0 18 31st
2021 Formula One Alpine F1 Team 22 0 0 0 1 81 10th
2022 Formula One BWT Alpine F1 Team 22 0 0 0 0 81 9th
2023 Formula One Aston Martin Aramco Cognizant F1 Team 22 0 0 1 8 206 4th
2024 Formula One Aston Martin Aramco F1 Team 19 0 0 2 0 62* 9th*
Source:[7]



Complete Formula One results

[edit]

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap; small number indicates the finishing position)

Year Entrant Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 WDC Points
2001 European Minardi F1 Minardi PS01 European (Cosworth) 3.0 V10 AUS
12 		MAL
13 		BRA
Ret 		SMR
Ret 		ESP
13 		AUT
Ret 		MON
Ret 		CAN
Ret 		EUR
14 		FRA
17† 		GBR
16 		GER
10 		HUN
Ret 		23rd 0
Minardi PS01B BEL
DNS 		ITA
13 		USA
Ret 		JPN
11
2003 Mild Seven Renault F1 Team Renault R23 Renault RS23 3.0 V10 AUS
7 		MAL
3 		BRA
3 		SMR
6 		ESP
2 		AUT
Ret 		MON
5 		CAN
4 		EUR
4 		FRA
Ret 		6th 55
Renault R23B GBR
Ret 		GER
4 		HUN
1 		ITA
8 		USA
Ret 		JPN
Ret
2004 Mild Seven Renault F1 Team Renault R24 Renault RS24 3.0 V10 AUS
3 		MAL
7 		BHR
6 		SMR
4 		ESP
4 		MON
Ret 		EUR
5 		CAN
Ret 		USA
Ret 		FRA
2 		GBR
10 		GER
3 		HUN
3 		BEL
Ret 		ITA
Ret 		CHN
4 		JPN
5 		BRA
4 		4th 59
2005 Mild Seven Renault F1 Team Renault R25 Renault RS25 3.0 V10 AUS
3 		MAL
1 		BHR
1 		SMR
1 		ESP
2 		MON
4 		EUR
1 		CAN
Ret 		USA
DNS 		FRA
1 		GBR
2 		GER
1 		HUN
11 		TUR
2 		ITA
2 		BEL
2 		BRA
3 		JPN
3 		CHN
1 		1st 133
2006 Mild Seven Renault F1 Team Renault R26 Renault RS26 2.4 V8 BHR
1 		MAL
2 		AUS
1 		SMR
2 		EUR
2 		ESP
1 		MON
1 		GBR
1 		CAN
1 		USA
5 		FRA
2 		GER
5 		HUN
Ret 		TUR
2 		ITA
Ret 		CHN
2 		JPN
1 		BRA
2 		1st 134
2007 Vodafone McLaren Mercedes McLaren MP4-22 Mercedes FO 108T 2.4 V8 AUS
2 		MAL
1 		BHR
5 		ESP
3 		MON
1 		CAN
7 		USA
2 		FRA
7 		GBR
2 		EUR
1 		HUN
4 		TUR
3 		ITA
1 		BEL
3 		JPN
Ret 		CHN
2 		BRA
3 		3rd 109
2008 ING Renault F1 Team Renault R28 Renault RS27 2.4 V8 AUS
4 		MAL
8 		BHR
10 		ESP
Ret 		TUR
6 		MON
10 		CAN
Ret 		FRA
8 		GBR
6 		GER
11 		HUN
4 		EUR
Ret 		BEL
4 		ITA
4 		SIN
1 		JPN
1 		CHN
4 		BRA
2 		5th 61
2009 ING Renault F1 Team Renault R29 Renault RS27 2.4 V8 AUS
5 		MAL
11 		CHN
9 		BHR
8 		ESP
5 		MON
7 		TUR
10 		GBR
14 		GER
7 		HUN
Ret 		EUR
6 		BEL
Ret 		ITA
5 		9th 26
Renault F1 Team SIN
3 		JPN
10 		BRA
Ret 		ABU
14
2010 Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro Ferrari F10 Ferrari 056 2.4 V8 BHR
1 		AUS
4 		MAL
13† 		CHN
4 		ESP
2 		MON
6 		TUR
8 		CAN
3 		EUR
8 		GBR
14 		GER
1 		HUN
2 		BEL
Ret 		ITA
1 		SIN
1 		JPN
3 		KOR
1 		BRA
3 		ABU
7 		2nd 252
2011 Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro Ferrari 150º Italia Ferrari 056 2.4 V8 AUS
4 		MAL
6 		CHN
7 		TUR
3 		ESP
5 		MON
2 		CAN
Ret 		EUR
2 		4th 257
Scuderia Ferrari GBR
1 		GER
2 		HUN
3 		BEL
4 		ITA
3 		SIN
4 		JPN
2 		KOR
5 		IND
3 		ABU
2 		BRA
4
2012 Scuderia Ferrari Ferrari F2012 Ferrari 056 2.4 V8 AUS
5 		MAL
1 		CHN
9 		BHR
7 		ESP
2 		MON
3 		CAN
5 		EUR
1 		GBR
2 		GER
1 		HUN
5 		BEL
Ret 		ITA
3 		SIN
3 		JPN
Ret 		KOR
3 		IND
2 		ABU
2 		USA
3 		BRA
2 		2nd 278
2013 Scuderia Ferrari Ferrari F138 Ferrari 056 2.4 V8 AUS
2 		MAL
Ret 		CHN
1 		BHR
8 		ESP
1 		MON
7 		CAN
2 		GBR
3 		GER
4 		HUN
5 		BEL
2 		ITA
2 		SIN
2 		KOR
6 		JPN
4 		IND
11 		ABU
5 		USA
5 		BRA
3 		2nd 242
2014 Scuderia Ferrari Ferrari F14 T Ferrari 059/3 1.6 V6 t AUS
4 		MAL
4 		BHR
9 		CHN
3 		ESP
6 		MON
4 		CAN
6 		AUT
5 		GBR
6 		GER
5 		HUN
2 		BEL
7 		ITA
Ret 		SIN
4 		JPN
Ret 		RUS
6 		USA
6 		BRA
6 		ABU
9 		6th 161
2015 McLaren Honda McLaren MP4-30 Honda RA615H 1.6 V6 t AUS MAL
Ret 		CHN
12 		BHR
11 		ESP
Ret 		MON
Ret 		CAN
Ret 		AUT
Ret 		GBR
10 		HUN
5 		BEL
13 		ITA
18† 		SIN
Ret 		JPN
11 		RUS
11 		USA
11 		MEX
Ret 		BRA
15 		ABU
17 		17th 11
2016 McLaren Honda McLaren MP4-31 Honda RA616H 1.6 V6 t AUS
Ret 		BHR CHN
12 		RUS
6 		ESP
Ret 		MON
5 		CAN
11 		EUR
Ret 		AUT
18† 		GBR
13 		HUN
7 		GER
12 		BEL
7 		ITA
14 		SIN
7 		MAL
7 		JPN
16 		USA
5 		MEX
13 		BRA
10 		ABU
10 		10th 54
2017 McLaren Honda McLaren MCL32 Honda RA617H 1.6 V6 t AUS
Ret 		CHN
Ret 		BHR
14† 		RUS
DNS 		ESP
12 		MON CAN
16† 		AZE
9 		AUT
Ret 		GBR
Ret 		HUN
6 		BEL
Ret 		ITA
17† 		SIN
Ret 		MAL
11 		JPN
11 		USA
Ret 		MEX
10 		BRA
8 		ABU
9 		15th 17
2018 McLaren F1 Team McLaren MCL33 Renault R.E.18 1.6 V6 t AUS
5 		BHR
7 		CHN
7 		AZE
7 		ESP
8 		MON
Ret 		CAN
Ret 		FRA
16† 		AUT
8 		GBR
8 		GER
16† 		HUN
8 		BEL
Ret 		ITA
Ret 		SIN
7 		RUS
14 		JPN
14 		USA
Ret 		MEX
Ret 		BRA
17 		ABU
11 		11th 50
2021 Alpine F1 Team Alpine A521 Renault E-Tech 20B 1.6 V6 t BHR
Ret 		EMI
10 		POR
8 		ESP
17 		MON
13 		AZE
6 		FRA
8 		STY
9 		AUT
10 		GBR
7 		HUN
4 		BEL
11 		NED
6 		ITA
8 		RUS
6 		TUR
16 		USA
Ret 		MXC
9 		SAP
9 		QAT
3 		SAU
13 		ABU
8 		10th 81
2022 BWT Alpine F1 Team Alpine A522 Renault E-Tech 22 1.6 V6 t BHR
9 		SAU
Ret 		AUS
17 		EMI
Ret 		MIA
11 		ESP
9 		MON
7 		AZE
7 		CAN
9 		GBR
5 		AUT
10 		FRA
6 		HUN
8 		BEL
5 		NED
6 		ITA
Ret 		SIN
Ret 		JPN
7 		USA
7 		MXC
19† 		SAP
5 		ABU
Ret 		9th 81
2023 Aston Martin Aramco Cognizant F1 Team Aston Martin AMR23 Mercedes F1 M14 E Performance 1.6 V6 t BHR
3 		SAU
3 		AUS
3 		AZE
46 		MIA
3 		MON
2 		ESP
7 		CAN
2 		AUT
55 		GBR
7 		HUN
9 		BEL
5 		NED
2 		ITA
9 		SIN
15 		JPN
8 		QAT
68 		USA
Ret 		MXC
Ret 		SAP
3 		LVG
9 		ABU
7 		4th 206
2024 Aston Martin Aramco F1 Team Aston Martin AMR24 Mercedes F1 M15 E Performance 1.6 V6 t BHR
9 		SAU
5 		AUS
8 		JPN
6 		CHN
7 		MIA
9 		EMI
19 		MON
11 		CAN
6 		ESP
12 		AUT
18 		GBR
8 		HUN
11 		BEL
8 		NED
10 		ITA
11 		AZE
6 		SIN
8 		USA
13 		MXC
 SAP
 LVG
 QAT
 ABU
 9th* 62*
Source:[8]

† Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.
* Season still in progress.

American open-wheel racing results

[edit]

Indianapolis 500

[edit]
Year Chassis Engine Start Finish Team
2017 Dallara Honda 5 24 McLaren-Honda-Andretti
2019 Dallara Chevrolet DNQ McLaren Racing
2020 Dallara Chevrolet 26 21 Arrow McLaren SP
Source:[9]


24 Hours of Daytona

[edit]
Year Team Co-drivers Car Class Laps Pos. Class
Pos.
2018 United States United Autosports United Kingdom Philip Hanson
United Kingdom Lando Norris 		Ligier JS P217-Gibson P 718 38th 13th
2019 United States Konica Minolta Cadillac Japan Kamui Kobayashi
United States Jordan Taylor
Netherlands Renger van der Zande 		Cadillac DPi-V.R DPi 593 1st 1st
Source:[10]

Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results

[edit]

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Year Entrant Class Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rank Points
2018–19 Toyota Gazoo Racing LMP1 Toyota TS050 Hybrid Toyota 2.4 L Turbo V6 (Hybrid) SPA
1 		LMS
1 		SIL
DSQ 		FUJ
2 		SHA
2 		SEB
1 		SPA
1 		LMS
1 		1st 198
Source:[10][11]

24 Hours of Le Mans results

[edit]
Year Team Co-Drivers Car Class Laps Pos. Class
Pos.
2018 Japan Toyota Gazoo Racing Switzerland Sébastien Buemi
Japan Kazuki Nakajima 		Toyota TS050 Hybrid LMP1 388 1st 1st
2019 Japan Toyota Gazoo Racing Switzerland Sébastien Buemi
Japan Kazuki Nakajima 		Toyota TS050 Hybrid LMP1 385 1st 1st
Source:[10]




Imperialism and racial views

[edit]
See also: Racial views of Winston Churchill
The British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921

Churchill was a staunch imperialist and monarchist, and consistently exhibited a "romanticised view" of the British Empire and reigning monarch, especially during his last term as premier.[12][13][14] Churchill has been described as a "liberal imperialist"[15] who saw British imperialism as a form of altruism that benefited its subject peoples.[16] He advocated against black or indigenous self-rule in Africa, Australia, the Caribbean, the Americas and India, believing the British Empire maintained the welfare of those who lived in the colonies.[17]

According to Addison, Churchill was opposed to immigration from the Commonwealth.[18] Addison makes the point that Churchill opposed anti-Semitism (as in 1904, when he was critical of the proposed Aliens Bill) and argues he would never have tried "to stoke up racial animosity against immigrants, or to persecute minorities".[19] In the 1920s, Churchill supported Zionism but believed that communism was the product of an international Jewish conspiracy.[20] Although this belief was not unique among politicians, few had his stature,[21] and the article he wrote on the subject was criticised by The Jewish Chronicle.[22]

Churchill made disparaging remarks about non-white ethnicities throughout his life. Philip Murphy partly attributes the strength of this vitriol to an "almost childish desire to shock" his inner circle.[23] Churchill's response to the Bengal famine was criticised by contemporaries as slow, a controversy later increased by the publication of private remarks made to Secretary for India Leo Amery, in which Churchill allegedly said aid would be inadequate because "Indians [were] breeding like rabbits".[23][24] Philip Murphy says that, following the independence of India in 1947, Churchill adopted a pragmatic stance towards empire, although he continued to use imperial rhetoric. During his second term as prime minister, he was seen as a moderating influence on Britain's suppression of armed insurgencies in Malaya and Kenya; he argued that ruthless policies contradicted British values and international opinion.[23]


Championships and accomplishments

[edit]
The Rock in Nashville during his eighth and to date last WWE Championship reign, February 2013
The Rock at Mayhem in Manchester in Manchester, England, during one of his two Intercontinental Championship reigns, April 1998





Duke of Windsor

[edit]

On 12 December 1936, at the accession meeting of the British Privy Council, George VI announced his intention to make his brother the "Duke of Windsor" with the style of Royal Highness.[42] He wanted this to be the first act of his reign, although the formal documents were not signed until 8 March the following year. During the interim, Edward was known as the Duke of Windsor. George VI's decision to create Edward a royal duke ensured that he could neither stand for election to the British House of Commons nor speak on political subjects in the House of Lords.[43]

Letters Patent dated 27 May 1937 re-conferred the "title, style, or attribute of Royal Highness" upon the Duke, but specifically stated that "his wife and descendants, if any, shall not hold said title or attribute". Some British ministers advised that the reconfirmation was unnecessary since Edward had retained the style automatically, and further that Simpson would automatically obtain the rank of wife of a prince with the style Her Royal Highness; others maintained that he had lost all royal rank and should no longer carry any royal title or style as an abdicated king, and be referred to simply as "Mr Edward Windsor". On 14 April 1937, Attorney General Sir Donald Somervell submitted to Home Secretary Sir John Simon a memorandum summarising the views of Lord Advocate T. M. Cooper, Parliamentary Counsel Sir Granville Ram, and himself:

  1. We incline to the view that on his abdication the Duke of Windsor could not have claimed the right to be described as a Royal Highness. In other words, no reasonable objection could have been taken if the King had decided that his exclusion from the lineal succession excluded him from the right to this title as conferred by the existing Letters Patent.
  2. The question however has to be considered on the basis of the fact that, for reasons which are readily understandable, he with the express approval of His Majesty enjoys this title and has been referred to as a Royal Highness on a formal occasion and in formal documents. In the light of precedent it seems clear that the wife of a Royal Highness enjoys the same title unless some appropriate express step can be and is taken to deprive her of it.
  3. We came to the conclusion that the wife could not claim this right on any legal basis. The right to use this style or title, in our view, is within the prerogative of His Majesty and he has the power to regulate it by Letters Patent generally or in particular circumstances.[44]

Wedding

[edit]
Main article: Wedding of Prince Edward and Wallis Simpson

The Duke married Simpson, who had changed her name by deed poll to Wallis Warfield (her birth surname), in a private ceremony on 3 June 1937, at Château de Candé, near Tours, France. When the Church of England refused to sanction the union, a County Durham clergyman, Robert Anderson Jardine (Vicar of St Paul's, Darlington), offered to perform the ceremony, and Edward accepted. George VI forbade members of the royal family to attend,[45] to the lasting resentment of the Duke and Duchess of Windsor. Edward had particularly wanted his brothers the Dukes of Gloucester and Kent and his second cousin Lord Louis Mountbatten to attend the ceremony.[46] The French virtuoso organist and composer Marcel Dupré played at the wedding.[47]

The denial of the style Royal Highness to the Duchess of Windsor caused further conflict, as did the financial settlement. The Government declined to include the Duke or Duchess on the Civil List, and the Duke's allowance was paid personally by George VI. Edward compromised his position with his brother by concealing the extent of his financial worth when they informally agreed on the amount of the allowance. Edward's wealth had accumulated from the revenues of the Duchy of Cornwall paid to him as Prince of Wales and ordinarily at the disposal of an incoming king. George also paid Edward for Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle, which were Edward's personal property, inherited from his father and thus did not automatically pass to George VI on his accession.[48] Edward received approximately £300,000 (equivalent to between £21 million and £140 million in 2021[49]) for both residences which was paid to him in yearly instalments. In the early days of George VI's reign Edward telephoned daily, importuning for money and urging that Wallis be granted the style of Royal Highness, until the harassed king ordered that the calls not be put through.[50]

Relations between the Duke of Windsor and the rest of the royal family were strained for decades. Edward had assumed that he would settle in Britain after a year or two of exile in France. King George VI (with the support of Queen Mary and his wife Queen Elizabeth) threatened to cut off Edward's allowance if he returned to Britain without an invitation.[48] Edward became embittered against his mother, Queen Mary, writing to her in 1939: "[your last letter][h] destroy[ed] the last vestige of feeling I had left for you ... [and has] made further normal correspondence between us impossible."[51]

1937 Tour of Germany

[edit]

In October 1937, the Duke and Duchess visited Nazi Germany, against the advice of the British government, and met Adolf Hitler at his Berghof retreat in Bavaria. The visit was much publicised by the German media. During the visit, Edward gave full Nazi salutes.[52] In Germany, "they were treated like royalty ... members of the aristocracy would bow and curtsy towards her, and she was treated with all the dignity and status that the duke always wanted", according to royal biographer Andrew Morton in a 2016 BBC interview.[53]

The former Austrian ambassador Count Albert von Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein, who was also a second cousin once removed and friend of George V, believed that Edward favoured German fascism as a bulwark against communism, and even that he initially favoured an alliance with Germany.[54] According to the Duke of Windsor, the experience of "the unending scenes of horror"[55] during the First World War led him to support appeasement. Hitler considered Edward to be friendly towards Germany and thought that Anglo-German relations could have been improved through Edward if it were not for the abdication. Albert Speer quoted Hitler directly: "I am certain through him permanent friendly relations could have been achieved. If he had stayed, everything would have been different. His abdication was a severe loss for us."[56] The Duke and Duchess settled in Paris, leasing a mansion in Boulevard Suchet [fr] from late 1938.[57]

Second World War

[edit]

In May 1939, Edward was commissioned by NBC to give a radio broadcast[58] (his first since abdicating) during a visit to the First World War battlefields of Verdun. In it he appealed for peace, saying "I am deeply conscious of the presence of the great company of the dead, and I am convinced that could they make their voices heard they would be with me in what I am about to say. I speak simply as a soldier of the Last War whose most earnest prayer it is that such cruel and destructive madness shall never again overtake mankind. There is no land whose people want war." The broadcast was heard across the world by millions.[59][60] It was widely regarded as supporting appeasement,[61] and the BBC refused to broadcast it.[58] It was broadcast outside the United States on shortwave radio[62] and was reported in full by British broadsheet newspapers.[63]

On the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, the Duke and Duchess were brought back to Britain by Louis Mountbatten on board HMS Kelly, and Edward, although he held the rank of field marshal, was made a major-general attached to the British Military Mission in France.[64] In February 1940, the German ambassador in The Hague, Count Julius von Zech-Burkersroda, claimed that Edward had leaked the Allied war plans for the defence of Belgium,[65] which the Duke later denied.[66] When Germany invaded the north of France in May 1940, the Windsors fled south, first to Biarritz, then in June to Francoist Spain. In July they moved to Portugal, where they lived at first in the home of Ricardo Espírito Santo, a Portuguese banker with both British and German contacts.[67] Under the code name Operation Willi, Nazi agents, principally Walter Schellenberg, plotted unsuccessfully to persuade the Duke to leave Portugal and return to Spain, kidnapping him if necessary.[68] Lord Caldecote wrote a warning to Winston Churchill, who by this point was prime minister, that "[the Duke] is well-known to be pro-Nazi and he may become a centre of intrigue."[69] Churchill threatened Edward with a court-martial if he did not return to British soil.[70]

In July 1940, Edward was appointed governor of the Bahamas. The Duke and Duchess left Lisbon on 1 August aboard the American Export Lines steamship Excalibur, which was specially diverted from its usual direct course to New York City so that they could be dropped off at Bermuda on the 9th.[71] They left Bermuda for Nassau on the Canadian National Steamship Company vessel Lady Somers on 15 August, arriving two days later.[72] Edward did not enjoy being governor and privately referred to the islands as "a third-class British colony".[73] The British Foreign Office strenuously objected when Edward and Wallis planned to cruise aboard a yacht belonging to Swedish magnate Axel Wenner-Gren, whom British and American intelligence wrongly believed to be a close friend of Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring.[74] Edward was praised for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands. He was "considerably more enlightened in his attitudes than the majority of Bahamian whites, or either of his predecessors", and had an "excellent relationship" with Black individuals such as jazz musician Bert Cambridge (who was eventually elected to the Bahamian House of Assembly, to Edward's delight) and valet Sydney Johnson, who Edward retained for thirty years and was said to have "loved as a son".[75] Edward maintained a long-standing dispute with Étienne Dupuch, the editor of the Nassau Daily Tribune, writing privately at one point that Dupuch was "more than half Negro, and due to the peculiar mentality of this Race, they seem unable to rise to prominence without losing their equilibrium".[76] But even Dupuch praised Edward for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in 1942, though Edward blamed the trouble on "mischief makers – communists" and "men of Central European Jewish descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft".[77] He resigned from the post on 16 March 1945.[64]

Many historians have suggested that Adolf Hitler was prepared to reinstate Edward as king in the hope of establishing a fascist puppet government in Britain after Operation Sea Lion.[78] It is widely believed that the Duke and Duchess sympathised with fascism before and during the Second World War, and were moved to the Bahamas to minimise their opportunities to act on those feelings. In 1940 he said: "In the past 10 years Germany has totally reorganised the order of its society ... Countries which were unwilling to accept such a reorganisation of society and its concomitant sacrifices should direct their policies accordingly."[79] During the occupation of France, the Duke asked the German Wehrmacht forces to place guards at his Paris and Riviera homes; they did so.[80] In December 1940, Edward gave Fulton Oursler of Liberty magazine an interview at Government House in Nassau. Oursler conveyed its content to President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a private meeting at the White House on 23 December 1940.[81] The interview was published on 22 March 1941 and in it Edward was reported to have said that "Hitler was the right and logical leader of the German people" and that the time was coming for President Roosevelt to mediate a peace settlement. Edward protested that he had been misquoted and misinterpreted.[82]

The Allies became sufficiently disturbed by German plots revolving around Edward that President Roosevelt ordered covert surveillance of the Duke and Duchess when they visited Palm Beach, Florida, in April 1941. Duke Carl Alexander of Württemberg (then a monk in an American monastery) had told the Federal Bureau of Investigation that Wallis had slept with the German ambassador in London, Joachim von Ribbentrop, in 1936; had remained in constant contact with him; and had continued to leak secrets.[83]

Author Charles Higham claimed that Anthony Blunt, an MI5 agent and Soviet spy, acting on orders from the British royal family, made a successful secret trip to Schloss Friedrichshof in Allied-occupied Germany towards the end of the war to retrieve sensitive letters between the Duke of Windsor and Adolf Hitler and other leading Nazis.[84] What is certain is that George VI sent the Royal Librarian, Owen Morshead, accompanied by Blunt, then working part-time in the Royal Library as well as for British intelligence, to Friedrichshof in March 1945 to secure papers relating to Victoria, German Empress, the eldest child of Queen Victoria. Looters had stolen part of the castle's archive, including surviving letters between daughter and mother, as well as other valuables, some of which were recovered in Chicago after the war. The papers rescued by Morshead and Blunt, and those returned by the American authorities from Chicago, were deposited in the Royal Archives.[85] In the late 1950s, documents recovered by U.S. troops in Marburg, Germany, in May 1945, since titled the Marburg Files, were published following more than a decade of suppression, enhancing theories of Edward's sympathies for Nazi ideologies.[86][87]

After the war, Edward admitted in his memoirs that he admired the Germans, but he denied being pro-Nazi. Of Hitler he wrote: "[the] Führer struck me as a somewhat ridiculous figure, with his theatrical posturings and his bombastic pretensions."[88] In the 1950s, journalist Frank Giles heard the Duke blame British foreign secretary Anthony Eden for helping to "precipitate the war through his treatment of Mussolini ... that's what [Eden] did, he helped to bring on the war ... and of course Roosevelt and the Jews".[89] During the 1960s, in private, Edward reportedly said to a friend, Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross, "I never thought Hitler was such a bad chap."[90]

Portrait as king, 1936

Later life

[edit]

At the end of the war, the couple returned to France and spent the remainder of their lives essentially in retirement as Edward never held another official role. Letters written by Kenneth de Courcy to the Duke, dated between 1946 and 1949, extracts of which were published in 2009, suggest a scheme where Edward would return to England and place himself in a position for a possible regency. The health of George VI was failing and de Courcy was concerned about the influence of the Mountbatten family over the young Princess Elizabeth. De Courcy suggested that Edward should buy a working agricultural estate within an easy drive of London in order to gain favour with the British public and make himself available should the King become incapacitated. The Duke, however, hesitated and the King recovered from his surgery.[91] De Courcy also mentioned the possibility of the British occupation zone in Germany becoming a kingdom with Edward becoming king. Nothing came of the suggestion.[92]

Edward's allowance was supplemented by government favours and illegal currency trading.[64][93][94] The City of Paris provided the Duke with a house at 4 route du Champ d'Entraînement, on the Neuilly-sur-Seine side of the Bois de Boulogne, for a nominal rent.[95] The French government also exempted him from paying income tax,[93][96] and the couple were able to buy goods duty-free through the British embassy and the military commissary.[96] In 1952, they bought and renovated a weekend country retreat, Le Moulin de la Tuilerie at Gif-sur-Yvette, the only property the couple ever owned themselves.[97] In 1951, Edward produced a memoir, A King's Story ghost-written by Charles Murphy, in which he expressed disagreement with liberal politics.[98] The royalties from the book added to Edward and Wallis's income.[93]

Edward and Wallis effectively took on the role of celebrities and were regarded as part of café society in the 1950s and 1960s. They hosted parties and shuttled between Paris and New York; Gore Vidal, who met the Windsors socially, reported on the vacuity of the Duke's conversation.[99] The couple doted on the pug dogs they kept.[100]

In June 1953, instead of attending the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, his niece, in London, Edward and Wallis watched the ceremony on television in Paris. Edward said that it was contrary to precedent for a sovereign or former sovereign to attend any coronation of another. He was paid to write articles on the ceremony for the Sunday Express and Woman's Home Companion, as well as a short book, The Crown and the People, 1902–1953.[101]

In 1955, the couple visited President Dwight D. Eisenhower at the White House. The couple appeared on Edward R. Murrow's television-interview show Person to Person in 1956,[102] and in a 50-minute BBC television interview in 1970. On 4 April of that year President Richard Nixon invited them as guests of honour to a dinner at the White House with Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, Charles Lindbergh, Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Arnold Palmer, George H. W. Bush, and Frank Borman.[103][104]

The royal family never fully accepted the Duchess. Queen Mary refused to receive her formally. However, Edward sometimes met his mother and his brother, George VI; he attended George's funeral in 1952. Mary remained angry with Edward and indignant over his marriage to Wallis: "To give up all this for that", she said.[105] In 1965, the Duke and Duchess returned to London. They were visited by his niece Elizabeth II, his sister-in-law Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent, and his sister Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood. A week later, the Princess Royal died, and they attended her memorial service. In 1966 Edward gave the journalist Georg Stefan Troller a TV interview in German;[106] he answered questions about his abdication.[107] In 1967, the Duke and Duchess joined the royal family for the centenary of Queen Mary's birth. The last royal ceremony Edward attended was the funeral of Princess Marina in 1968.[108] He declined an invitation from Elizabeth II to attend the investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales, in 1969, replying that Charles would not want his "aged great-uncle" there.[109]

In the 1960s, Edward's health deteriorated. Michael E. DeBakey operated on him in Houston for an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta in December 1964, and Sir Stewart Duke-Elder treated a detached retina in his left eye in February 1965. In late 1971, Edward, who was a smoker from an early age, was diagnosed with throat cancer and underwent cobalt therapy. On 18 May 1972, Queen Elizabeth II visited the Duke and Duchess of Windsor while on a state visit to France; she spoke with Edward for fifteen minutes, but only Wallis appeared with the royal party for a photocall as Edward was too ill.[110]

Death and legacy

[edit]
Main article: Death and funeral of Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor

On 28 May 1972, ten days after Elizabeth's visit, Edward died at his home in Paris. His body was returned to Britain, lying in state at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. The funeral service took place in the chapel on 5 June in the presence of the Queen, the royal family, and the Duchess of Windsor, who stayed at Buckingham Palace during her visit. He was buried in the Royal Burial Ground behind the Royal Mausoleum of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert at Frogmore.[111] Until a 1965 agreement with the Queen, the Duke and Duchess had planned for a burial in a cemetery plot they had purchased at Green Mount Cemetery in Baltimore, where Wallis's father was interred.[112] Frail, and suffering increasingly from dementia, Wallis died in 1986 and was buried alongside her husband.[113]

In the view of historians such as Philip Williamson writing in 2007, the popular perception in the 21st century that the abdication was driven by politics rather than religious morality is false and arises because divorce has become much more common and socially acceptable. To modern sensibilities, the religious restrictions that prevented Edward from continuing as king while planning to marry Wallis Simpson "seem, wrongly, to provide insufficient explanation" for his abdication.[114]

Honours and arms

[edit]
Royal Standard of the Duke of Windsor

British Commonwealth and Empire honours

[edit]
Portrait of Edward in the robes of the Order of the Garter by Arthur Stockdale Cope, 1912

Foreign honours

[edit]

Military ranks

[edit]

Arms

[edit]

Edward's coat of arms as the Prince of Wales was the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, differenced with a label of three points argent, with an inescutcheon representing Wales surmounted by a coronet. As Sovereign, he bore the royal arms undifferenced. After his abdication, he used the arms again differenced by a label of three points argent, but this time with the centre point bearing an imperial crown.[157]

  • Coat of arms as Prince of Wales (granted 1911)[158]
    Coat of arms as Prince of Wales (granted 1911)[158]
  • Coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom
    Coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom
  • Scottish coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom
    Scottish coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom
  • Coat of arms as Duke of Windsor
    Coat of arms as Duke of Windsor

Ancestry

[edit]
See also: Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c The instrument of abdication was signed on 10 December, and given legislative form by His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 the following day. The parliament of the Union of South Africa retroactively approved the abdication with effect from 10 December, and the Irish Free State recognised the abdication on 12 December.[1]
  2. ^ Includes FA Cup, Copa del Rey, Coppa Italia, DFB Pokal
  3. ^ Includes Carabao Cup
  4. ^ All appearances in UEFA Champions League, unless otherwise noted
  5. ^ Includes UEFA Super Cup, FIFA Club World Cup, FA Community Shield, Supercups
  6. ^ The title was named the WWF Championship during The Rock's first six reigns. It was known as the WWF Undisputed Championship during his seventh reign and as the WWE Championship during his eighth.
  7. ^ The title was renamed the World Championship during his second reign.
  8. ^ She had asked Alec Hardinge to write to Edward explaining that he could not be invited to his father's memorial.[51]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference heard was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Windsor, p. 1
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference books.google.com was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Brooke-Little, J.P., FSA (1978) [1950]. Boutell's Heraldry (Revised ed.). London: Frederick Warne LTD. p. 125. ISBN 0-7232-2096-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference honours was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference SW was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference MMagALOBio was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ "Fernando Alonso". Motorsport Stats. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
    "Fernando Alonso: Involvement". Stats F1. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference CCSALO was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference RSCALO was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ "Fernando Alonso: World Endurance Championship Career History". Motorsport Stats. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  12. ^ Addison 1980, p. 38.
  13. ^ Ball 2001, p. 308.
  14. ^ Jenkins 2001, p. 22.
  15. ^ Adams 2011, p. 253.
  16. ^ Addison 1980, pp. 32, 40–41.
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference CRC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ Addison 2005, p. 233.
  19. ^ Addison 1980, p. 39.
  20. ^ Churchill, Winston (8 February 1920). "Zionism versus Bolshevism: A Struggle for the Soul of the Jewish People". The Illustrated Sunday Herald. p. 5.
  21. ^ Brustein 2003, p. 309.
  22. ^ Cohen 2013, pp. 55–56.
  23. ^ a b c Murphy, Philip (22 January 2015). "Churchill and India: imperial chauvinism left a bitter legacy". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  24. ^ Limaye, Yogita (20 July 2020). "Churchill's legacy leaves Indians questioning his hero status". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  25. ^ a b c d "PWI Awards". Pro Wrestling Illustrated. Kappa Publishing Group. Archived from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  26. ^ a b "Pro Wrestling Illustrated Award Winners – Match of the Year". Wrestling Information Archive. Archived from the original on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2008.
  27. ^ "Pro Wrestling Illustrated (PWI) 500 for 2000". Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  28. ^ "USWA World Tag Team Title History". Solie's Title Histories. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
  29. ^ a b c d e Meltzer, Dave (26 January 2011). "Biggest issue of the year: The 2011 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Awards Issue". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Campbell, CA: 1–40. ISSN 1083-9593.
  30. ^ a b Meltzer, Dave (30 January 2012). "Jan 30 Wrestling Observer Newsletter: Gigantic year-end awards issue, best and worst in all categories plus UFC on FX 1, death of Savannah Jack, ratings, tons and tons of news". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Campbell, CA. ISSN 1083-9593.
  31. ^ a b Meltzer, Dave (23 January 2013). "The 2012 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Annual Awards Issue". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Campbell, California. ISSN 1083-9593. Archived from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  32. ^ "Wrestling Observer Hall of Fame". Pro Wrestling Illustrated. Archived from the original on 12 November 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  33. ^ "History of WWE World Heavyweight Championship". WWE. 15 November 1998.
  34. ^ "Rock's eight WWE Championship Reign". WWE. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  35. ^ "Rock's first WCW Championship Reign". WWE. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2001.
  36. ^ "Rock's second WCW Championship Reign". WWE. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2001.
  37. ^ "WWE Intercontinental Championship official title history". WWE. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
  38. ^ "World Tag Team Championship official title history". WWE. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
  39. ^ Cite error: The named reference wwebio was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  40. ^ "WWE's Triple Crown Champions". WWE. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  41. ^ "WWF Deadly Game Tournament Brackets". Pro Wrestling History. Retrieved 20 April 2007.
  42. ^ "No. 34349". The London Gazette. 12 December 1936. p. 8111.
  43. ^ Clive Wigram's conversation with Sir Claud Schuster, Clerk to the Crown and Permanent Secretary to the Lord Chancellor quoted in Bradford, p. 201
  44. ^ Attorney General to Home Secretary (14 April 1937) National Archives file HO 144/22945 quoted in Velde, François (6 February 2006) The drafting of the letters patent of 1937 Archived 17 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Heraldica, retrieved 7 April 2009
  45. ^ Williams, Susan (2003), "The historical significance of the Abdication files", Public Records Office – New Document Releases – Abdication Papers, London, Public Records Office of the United Kingdom, archived from the original on 9 October 2009, retrieved 1 May 2010
  46. ^ Ziegler, pp. 354–355
  47. ^ Bryan III, Joe; Murphy, Charles (1979). The Windsor Story. London: Granada Publishing. p. 340. ISBN 0-246-11323-5.
  48. ^ a b Ziegler, pp. 376–378
  49. ^ Officer, Lawrence H.; Williamson, Samuel H. (2021), Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present, MeasuringWorth, retrieved 5 October 2022
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Bibliography

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Deb0naire7/sandbox
Cadet branch of the House of Wettin
Born: 23 June 1894 Died: 28 May 1972
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of the United Kingdom and the
British Dominions; Emperor of India
20 January – 11 December 1936 		Succeeded by
British royalty
Preceded by Prince of Wales
Duke of Cornwall; Duke of Rothesay
1910–1936 		Vacant
Title next held by
Charles (III)
Government offices
Preceded by Governor of the Bahamas
1940–1945 		Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Vacant
Title last held by
The Prince of Wales 		Grand Master of the Order of St Michael and St George
1917–1936 		Succeeded by
New title Grand Master of the Order of the British Empire
1917–1936 		Succeeded by
Air Commodore-in-Chief of the Auxiliary Air Force
1932–1936 		Succeeded by
Academic offices
New office Chancellor of the University of Cape Town
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