American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (May 2013) |
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| Industry | Shipping |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1919 |
| Defunct | 1977 |
| Fate | Bankruptcy |
| Successor | Farrell Lines |
| Headquarters | New York City, United States |
| Parent | American Export Industries |
| Subsidiaries | American Export Airlines Containers Marine Lines |
American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines, New York, was the leading US-flag shipping company between the U.S. east coast and the Mediterranean from 1919 to 1977, offering both cargo ship and passenger ship services, until it declared bankruptcy and was acquired by Farrell Lines of New York.
Company history
[edit]American Export Lines (I)
[edit]Export Steamship Corporation was organized in 1919 and began operating cargo services to the Mediterranean from New York. The word American was added in the 1920s to emphasize its ties to the U.S. In 1931, they placed in service four cargo-passenger liners, Excalibur, Excambion, Exeter and Exochorda, known as the "Four Aces". The timing of their new service was unfortunately at the beginning of the Depression. The company went through various reorganizations and became the American Export Lines in 1936. During World War II American Export Lines operated transports for the U.S. War Shipping Administration.[1] In 1964, it merged with Isbrandtsen Co. to become the American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines.
Isbrandtsen Steamship Company
[edit]In 1917, Hans Isbrandtsen formed a shipping company name Hans Isbrandtsen Inc. in Delaware and the Pan American Terminal & Dock Corporation in New York City. The shipping company underwent changes when Hans Isbrandtsen and his cousin A. P. Møller, the shipping magnate who formed the great Maersk Line, began a joint venture in 1919 forming the Isbrandtsen-Moller Company (ISMOLCO) in New York. ISMOLCO grew rapidly when in 1928, a long-term agreement was reached with Ford Motor Corporation, shipping auto parts and general cargo for Japan, China and the Philippines via the Panama Canal. Isbrandtsen founded the Isbrandtsen Steamship Company in 1939 to operate ships in areas where ISMOLCO was not involved. In 1940, this joint venture dramatically transformed due to "Permanent Special Instructions One" issued by Møller, upon which A. P. Møller's son Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller was made a partner. In 1941, the joint venture ended. Møller and his son went on to found the Interseas Shipping Co., Inc., the predecessor to the Moller Steamship Company, an agent for the Mærsk Line in the United States[2] While Interseas Shipping Co., Inc., operated mainly in the Atlantic, Isbrandtsen Steamship Company traded mainly in the Far East. Hans's son Jakob took over the company in 1953 upon Hans's passing and bought American Export Lines in 1960. The purchase was approved by the United States Maritime Administration in 1962. Jakob Isbrandtsen merged Isbrandtsen Co. with American Export Lines in 1964 to form American Export & Isbrandtsen Lines, which a year later changed its name to American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines.
American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines
[edit]Jakob Isbrandtsen formed the American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines in 1964 by merging his two shipping companies. Also in 1964, Isbrandtsen, who became a majority stake holder in Ward Industries in 1960, restructured it and in 1967 formed American Export Industries, Inc., a holding company to manage American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines and all support for his fleet operations, including container services, port operations and fleet logistics. In 1971, American Export Industries spun off its holdings and returned to being the American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines. This merger ended in 1973.
American Export Lines (II)
[edit]American Export Lines (AEL), re-emerged after the dissolution of the American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines in 1973. AEL sold their Staten Island Marine Terminal to the City of New York in 1974. After heavy losses and unable to meet crippling debt payments, AEL went into bankruptcy in July 1977, with Farrell Lines buying its port operations in New York City and its remaining ships a year later, including two container ships on order or already under construction at Bath Iron Works, the Argonaut and Resolute, which were delivered directly to Farrell. Farrell Lines was acquired by Royal P&O Nedlloyd in July 2000; in turn, Royal P&O Nedlloyd was acquired by A.P. Moller-Maersk Group in August 2005. The port operations formerly associated with the American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines became part of the Dubai Ports World controversy in February 2006.
Passenger shipping services
[edit]Their first passenger ships were actually combination passenger-cargo ships, known as "Four Aces", Excalibur, Exeter, Excambion and Exochorda. These ships were ordered built by AEL during the time when the company's president was Henry Herbman, an old-time dockman in New York. They were built by the New York Shipbuilding Company, headed up by Clinton L. Bardo, and first launched in 1931. However, Herbman was not a good businessman and the ships had not been paid for. J. E. Slater, who was with the consulting firm Coverdale and Colpitts of New York City, was asked to look into their finances, and he quickly found that the business was not being run efficiently. Finally the Maritime Commission removed Herbman from his position and J. E. Slater was asked to run the company for a few years to stabilize it. The company's financial position improved significantly, assisted by a life insurance policy Herbman had bought himself, which was paid to the company and settled the debt problem. (This information was found in Slater's taped memoirs which were passed on to his children and grandchildren.) With the exception of the Exochorda, the ships were lost during World War II as a result of enemy fire. The Exochorda was later sold to Turkish Maritime Lines and renamed Tarsus.
Following the war, the tonnage was replaced with C-3 class troop transports with the same names. They were given luxury appointments for 125 passengers as well as sufficient cargo-carrying capacity.
The crowning achievement in American Export's passenger services were their largest and best-known liners, the twin ships SS Constitution and SS Independence. The vessels were designed in their entirety by Henry Dreyfuss and the names were chosen by a competition. O. J. "Skip" Weber, Slater's son-in-law, entered both names and won the prize. The ship was "sponsored" at its launching by Mrs. John E. (Pauline) Slater. The famous 1957 movie "An Affair to Remember" was filmed on the SS Constitution. On April 4, 1956, Grace Kelly sailed on the SS Constitution when she traveled to Monaco to wed Prince Rainier.[3]
Subsidiaries
[edit]- American Export Airlines
- Colonial Tankers Corporation
- Container Marine Lines Isbrandtsen
- Container Marine Lines
Ships
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List of principal executives
[edit]- Henry Herbermann, 1920–1935
- William Hugh Coverdale, 1934–1949
- John E. Slater, 1934–1956
- John F. Gehan, 1939–1959
- William J. Dorman, 1952-1965
- Frazer A. Bailey, 1957–1959
- Josephine Bay Paul, 1959–1960
- Jakob Isbrandtsen, 1960–1971
- John M. Will, 1959–1971
See also
[edit]- South Street Seaport Museum, where Jakob Isbrandtsen served as its trustee
References
[edit]- ^ "S.S. Steel Scientist - USMM Cargo Ship".
- ^ "1940: Occupation and Departure"
- ^ "SS Independence & SS Constitution".
- ^ "American Export Lines Inc". theshipslist.com. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
Clontarf,1920: built by American International Shipbuilding Corp., Hog Island, Pennsylvania; ex- Clontarf built for United States Shipping Board, 1921 assigned to Export Steamship Corp., 1925 purchased, 1928 renamed Exermont, 1940 sold to Compania Internacional, Panama renamed Ann Skakel, 1940 renamed Lebu on charter, 1941 renamed Ann Skakel, 1947 scrapped with the name Lebu still on her hull.
- National Cyclopedia of American Biography, vol. 41.
- Dugan, James. American Viking: The Saga of Hans Isbrandtsen (New York: Harper and Row, 1963)
- De la Pedraja, René. The Rise and Decline of U.S. Merchant Shipping in the Twentieth Century (New York: Twayne, 1992)
- De la Pedraja Tomán, René. A Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Merchant Marine and Shipping Industry Since the Introduction of Steam (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994).
- Hornby, Ove (1988), "With Constant Care..." / A.P. Møller: Shipowner / 1876-1965, Schultz Forlag, ISBN 9788756923569
External links
[edit]- Wikisource: Isbrandtsen-Moller Company v. United States (Syllabus, Opinion of the Court)
- "Rugged Individualist". Time. January 16, 1950.
- "Sea Lawyer". Time. October 9, 1950.
- Maritime Matters — index of Ocean liners and cruise ships
- Passenger service time tables American Export Lines
- Passenger service time tables for ISMOLCO
- Postcards featuring American Export Lines ships
- The Last Ocean Liners - American Export Lines - trade routes and ships of American Export Lines in the 1950s and 1960s
- Josephine Bay Paul and C. Michael Paul Foundation
- Flags of the Isbrandtsen Steamship Company
- Flags of the American Export Lines
- Flag of the American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines
- Passenger service dinnerware
- Detailed history of American Export Lines
- History of American Export Industries
- Shipbuilding under the Merchant Marine Act of 1936
- Video: A Circle Line trip around Manhattan, early 1968
- American Export Lines History and Ephemera GG Archives
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
- American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines
- Transport companies established in 1919
- Transport companies disestablished in 1977
- Container shipping companies of the United States
- Defunct companies based in New York (state)
- Defunct cruise lines
- Defunct shipping companies of the United States
- Ferry companies of New York City
- Transatlantic shipping companies
- 1919 establishments in New York (state)
- 1977 disestablishments in New York (state)
- Container shipping companies