TAS2R10

TAS2R10
Identifiers
Aliases	TAS2R10, T2R10, TRB2, taste 2 receptor member 10
External IDs	OMIM: 604791; MGI: 2681218; HomoloGene: 128355; GeneCards: TAS2R10; OMA:TAS2R10 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 12 (human)
End	10,826,358 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 6 (mouse)
End	131,667,026 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	right adrenal cortex; ; Achilles tendon; ; endometrium; ; left adrenal cortex; ; corpus callosum; ; granulocyte; ; right ovary; ; stromal cell of endometrium; ; body of uterus; ; gastric mucosa;
	n/a
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	G protein-coupled receptor activity; signal transducer activity; taste receptor activity; bitter taste receptor activity;
Cellular component	plasma membrane; membrane; integral component of membrane;
Biological process	detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste; signal transduction; response to stimulus; sensory perception of taste; G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	50839
	387346
	ENSG00000272805; ENSG00000121318; ENSG00000277238
	ENSMUSG00000063478
	Q9NYW0
	Q7M722
	NM_023921
	NM_207019
	NP_076410
	NP_996902
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Taste receptor type 2 member 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R10 gene.^[5]^[6]^[7] The protein is responsible for bitter taste recognition in mammals. It serves as a defense mechanism to prevent consumption of toxic substances which often have a characteristic bitter taste.^[8]

Function

TAS2R10 is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is part of a large group of eukaryotic membrane receptors.^[9]^[10] As a G-protein linked receptor, TAS2R10 helps with relaying communication across the cell membrane between the extracellular and intracellular matrix. Signaling molecules (ligands) bind to GPCRs and cause activation of the G protein which leads to activation of second messenger systems. These messengers inform cells of the presence or lack of substances in their environment which signals effectors to carryout biological functions.

TAS2R10 specifically acts as a bitter taste receptor.^[11] In general, TAS1Rs are receptors for umami and sweet tastes and TAS2Rs are bitter receptors. Bitter taste is mediated by numerous receptors, with TAS2R10 being part of a G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Humans have almost 1,000 different and highly specific GPCRs. Each GPCRs binds to a specific signaling molecule.

TAS2R10, along with several other bitter taste receptors, is expressed in the taste receptor cells of the tongue palate epithelia and smooth muscle of human airways. They are organized in the genome in clusters and are genetically linked to loci that influence bitter taste perception of both mice and humans. The activation of the receptors within cells causes an increase in intracellular calcium ions which triggers the opening of potassium channels. The cell membrane becomes depolarized and the smooth muscle relaxes. The depolarization stimulates neurotransmitters that send sensory information to the brain. The information is processed in the brain and perceived as a specific taste.

Structure

Most GPCRs consist of a single polypeptide with a globular tertiary shape and are made up of three general components: the extracellular domain, intracellular domain and the transmembrane domain.^[12] The extracellular domain includes the amino terminus and is composed of loops and helices that form binding pockets for ligands. Ligands bind to the receptors which causes activation.

The transmembrane domain consists of seven hydrophobic transmembrane segments. The segments are dispersed throughout the membrane. They transmit signals received from ligand binding at the extracellular domain to the intracellular domain.

The intracellular domain in the cytoplasm of the cell includes the carboxyl terminus and is where downstream signaling pathways are initiated as part of G-protein activation.

GPCR proteins range in size from 25-150 amino acids attached to the C- terminus and can be 80-480 Å in length.^[13]

Biological importance

In mammals, bitter taste is used as a safety mechanism to prevent animals from eating toxic plants or animals.^[8]^[14] Bitter taste serves as a warning that a substance is potentially lethal. TAS2R10 is one of many bitter taste receptors that allows for the recognition of bitter taste. TAS2R10 receptors are able to detect many toxic substances such as strychnine.

Strychnine is a naturally occurring poisonous alkaloid found in the seeds of trees in the Strychnos genus. Ingestion or exposure of strychnine can cause involuntary muscle contractions and spasms that can lead to death by asphyxiation when respiratory muscles are involved.

Therapeutic use

A variety of research and studies are being conducted to investigate how taste receptors like TASR10 have additional functions beyond taste recognition. It is known that the activation of GPCR membrane proteins induces smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation.^[15] This mechanism is being further studied in the hopes of developing potential treatments for vasoconstricting conditions such as asthma.^[16]

There is also research being down on how TASR receptors have a role in both regulatory functions in cancers and thyroid function regulation.^[17]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ENSG00000121318, ENSG00000277238 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000272805, ENSG00000121318, ENSG00000277238 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000063478 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Adler E, Hoon MA, Mueller KL, Chandrashekar J, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS (March 2000). "A novel family of mammalian taste receptors". Cell. 100 (6): 693–702. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80705-9. PMID 10761934. S2CID 14604586.
^ Matsunami H, Montmayeur JP, Buck LB (April 2000). "A family of candidate taste receptors in human and mouse". Nature. 404 (6778): 601–604. Bibcode:2000Natur.404..601M. doi:10.1038/35007072. PMID 10766242. S2CID 4336913.
^ "TAS2R10 taste receptor, type 2, member 10". Entrez Gene. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ ^a ^b Born S, Levit A, Niv MY, Meyerhof W, Behrens M (January 2013). "The human bitter taste receptor TAS2R10 is tailored to accommodate numerous diverse ligands". The Journal of Neuroscience. 33 (1): 201–213. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3248-12.2013. PMC 6618634. PMID 23283334.
^ "GPCR | Learn Science at Scitable". Nature. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
^ Prinetti A, Mauri L, Chigorno V, Sonnino S (2007). "Lipid Membrane Domains in Glycobiology". Comprehensive Glycoscience. Elsevier. pp. 697–731. doi:10.1016/B978-044451967-2/00070-2. ISBN 978-0-444-51967-2. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
^ "TAS2R10 taste 2 receptor member 10 [Homo sapiens (human)]". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
^ Kobilka BK (April 2007). "G protein coupled receptor structure and activation". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1768 (4): 794–807. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.10.021. PMC 1876727. PMID 17188232.
^ Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV (February 2008). "GPCR monomers and oligomers: it takes all kinds". Trends in Neurosciences. 31 (2): 74–81. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2007.11.007. PMC 2366802. PMID 18199492.
^ Reed DR, Knaapila A (2010). "Genetics of taste and smell: poisons and pleasures". Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science. 94: 213–240. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-375003-7.00008-X. PMC 3342754. PMID 21036327.
^ Zhu H, Liu L, Ren L, Ma J, Hu S, Zhu Z, et al. (March 2020). "Systematic prediction of the biological functions of TAS2R10 using positive co-expression analysis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 19 (3): 1733–1738. doi:10.3892/etm.2019.8397. PMC 7027137. PMID 32104227.
^ Doggrell SA (July 2011). "Bitter taste receptors as a target for bronchodilation". Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets. 15 (7): 899–902. doi:10.1517/14728222.2011.580279. PMID 21521131. S2CID 34827994.
^ Clark AA, Dotson CD, Elson AE, Voigt A, Boehm U, Meyerhof W, et al. (January 2015). "TAS2R bitter taste receptors regulate thyroid function". FASEB Journal. 29 (1): 164–172. doi:10.1096/fj.14-262246. PMC 4285546. PMID 25342133.