Jump to content

Pasty

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Pastiness)
This article is about the baked pie. For the fried pie or pastry, see Pastie. For other uses, see Pasty (disambiguation).

Pasty
A Cornish pasty
CourseMain, snack
Place of originUnited Kingdom
Region or stateEngland (Cornwall, Devon)
Main ingredientsA pastry case traditionally filled with beef skirt, potato, swede and onion
VariationsN/A

A pasty (/ˈpæsti/[1]) or Cornish pasty is a British baked pastry, a variety of which is particularly associated with Cornwall, but has spread all over the British Isles, and elsewhere through the Cornish diaspora.[2][3] It consists of a filling, typically meat and vegetables, baked in a folded and crimped shortcrust pastry circle.

The traditional Cornish pasty, which since 2011 has had Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) status in Europe,[4] is filled with beef, sliced or diced potato, swede (also known as yellow turnip or rutabaga – referred to in Cornwall and other parts of the West Country as turnip) and onion, seasoned with salt and pepper, and baked. Today, the pasty is the food most associated with Cornwall. It is a traditional dish and accounts for 6% of the Cornish food economy. Pasties with many different fillings are made, and some shops specialise in selling pasties.

The origins of the pasty are unclear, though there are many references to them throughout historical documents and fiction. The pasty is now popular worldwide because of the spread of Cornish miners and sailors from across Cornwall, and variations can be found in Australia, Mexico, the United States, Ulster and elsewhere.

History

[edit]
An old postcard from Cornwall showing a partly eaten pasty

Despite the modern pasty's strong association with Cornwall, its origins are unclear. The English word "pasty" derives from Medieval French (O.Fr. paste from V.Lat pasta[5]) for a pie, filled with venison, salmon or other meat, vegetables or cheese, baked without a dish.[6] Pasties have been mentioned in cookbooks throughout the ages. For example, the earliest version of Le Viandier (Old French) has been dated to c. 1300 and contains several pasty recipes.[7] In 1393, Le Menagier de Paris contains recipes for pasté with venison, veal, beef, or mutton.[8]

Other early references to pasties include a 13th-century charter that was granted by King John of England (in 1208) to the town of Great Yarmouth. The town was bound to send to the sheriffs of Norwich every year one hundred herrings, baked in twenty four pasties, which the sheriffs delivered to the lord of the manor of East Carlton who then conveyed them to the king.[9] Around the same time, 13th-century chronicler Matthew Paris wrote of the monks of St Albans Abbey "according to their custom, lived upon pasties of flesh-meat".[10] In 1465, 5,500 venison pasties were served at the installation feast of George Neville, archbishop of York and chancellor of England.[11] The earliest reference for a pasty in Devon or Cornwall can be found in Plymouth city records of 1509/10, which describe "Itm for the cooke is labor to make the pasties 10d".[12] They were even eaten by royalty, as a letter from a baker to Henry VIII's third wife Jane Seymour confirms: "...hope this pasty reaches you in better condition than the last one ..."[13] In his diaries written in the mid-17th century, Samuel Pepys makes several references to his consumption of pasties, for instance "dined at Sir W. Pen's ... on a damned venison pasty, that stunk like a devil",[14] but after this period the use of the word outside Devon and Cornwall declined.[15]

In contrast to its earlier place amongst the wealthy, during the 17th and 18th centuries, the pasty became popular with working people in Cornwall and west Devon, where tin miners and others adopted it because of its unique shape, forming a complete meal that could be carried easily and eaten without cutlery.[16][17][18] In a mine, the pasty's dense, folded pastry could stay warm for several hours, and if it did get cold, it could easily be warmed on a shovel over a candle.[19]

Side-crimped pasties gave rise to the suggestion that the miner might have eaten the pasty holding the thick edge of pastry, which was later discarded, thereby ensuring that dirty fingers (possibly including traces of arsenic) did not touch the food or mouth.[20] However, many old photographs show that pasties were wrapped in bags made of paper or muslin and were eaten from end to end;[21] according to the earliest Cornish recipe book, published in 1929, this is "the true Cornish way" to eat a pasty.[22] Another theory suggests that pasties were marked at one end with an initial and then eaten from the other end so that if not finished in one sitting, they could easily be reclaimed by their owners.[19]

Cornish pasty

[edit]
Cornish pasties at Cornish bakehouse in Bath

The pasty is regarded as the national dish of Cornwall,[23][24][25] and an early reference is from a New Zealand newspaper:

In Cornwall, there is a common practice among those cottagers who bake at home of making little pasties for the dinners of those who may be working at a distance in the fields. They will last the whole week, and are made of any kind of meat or fruit, rolled up in a paste made of flour and suet or lard. A couple of ounces of bacon and half a-pound of raw potatoes, both thinly sliced and slightly seasoned, will be found sufficient for the meal. The pasty can be carried in the man's pocket.

— The Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle, 10 June 1843[26]

The term "Cornish pasty" has been in use since at least the early 1860s:

The Cornish pasty, which so admirably comprises a dinner in itself—meat, potatoes, and other good things well cooked and made up into so portable a form—was a subject of much admiration, and reminded me of the old coaching days, when I secured a pasty at Bodmin in order to take it home to my cook, that it might be dissected and serve as a pattern for Cornish pasties in quite another part of the country.

— Henry H. Vivian, account in the journal of the Cambrian Archaeological Association, 1862[27]

Cornish pasties are very popular with the working classes in this neighbourhood, and have lately been successfully introduced into some parts of Devonshire. They are made of small pieces of beef, and thin slices of potato, highly peppered, and enclosed in wrappers of paste.

— James Orchard Halliwell, Rambles in Western Cornwall by the Footsteps of the Giants, 1861[28]

By the late 19th century, national cookery schools began to teach their pupils to create their own version of a "Cornish pasty" that was smaller and was to be eaten as an "economical savoury nibble for polite middle-class Victorians".[29][30][31]

On 20 July 2011, after a nine-year campaign by the Cornish Pasty Association (CPA) – the trade organisation of about 50 pasty makers based in Cornwall – the name "Cornish pasty" was awarded Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) status by the European Commission.[32] According to the PGI status, a Cornish pasty should be shaped like a 'D' and crimped on one side, not on the top. Its ingredients should include beef, swede (called turnip in Cornwall),[33] potato and onion, with a light seasoning of salt and pepper, keeping a chunky texture. The pastry should be golden and retain its shape when cooked and cooled.[20] The PGI status also means that Cornish pasties must be prepared in Cornwall. They do not have to be baked in Cornwall,[34] nor do the ingredients have to come from the county, though the CPA notes that there are strong links between pasty production and local suppliers of the ingredients.[35] Packaging for pasties that conform to the requirements includes an authentication stamp, the use of which is policed by the CPA.[20]

Producers outside Cornwall objected to the PGI award, with one saying "[EU bureaucrats could] go to hell",[36] and another that it was "protectionism for some big pasty companies to churn out a pastiche of the real iconic product". Major UK supermarkets Asda and Morrisons both stated they would be affected by the change,[36] as did nationwide bakery chain Greggs, though Greggs was one of seven companies allowed to continue to use the name "Cornish pasty" during a three-year transitional period.[4]

Members of the CPA made about 87 million pasties in 2008, amounting to sales of £60 million (about 6% of the food economy of Cornwall).[37] In 2011, over 1,800 permanent staff were employed by members of the CPA and some 13,000 other jobs benefited from the trade.[38] Surveys by the South West tourism board have shown that one of the top three reasons people visit Cornwall is the food and that the Cornish pasty is the food most associated with Cornwall.[20]

Definition and ingredients

[edit]
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
A traditional Cornish pasty filled with steak and vegetables

The recipe for a Cornish pasty, as defined by its protected status, includes diced or minced beef, onion, potato and swede in rough chunks along with some "light peppery" seasoning.[20] The cut of beef used is generally skirt steak.[39] Swede is sometimes called turnip in Cornwall,[40] but the recipe requires use of actual swede, not turnip.[33] Pasty ingredients are usually seasoned with salt and pepper, depending on individual taste.[41] The use of carrot in a traditional Cornish pasty is frowned upon,[by whom?] though it does appear regularly in recipes.[39]

The type of pastry used is not defined, as long as it is golden in colour and will not crack during the cooking or cooling,[20] although modern pasties almost always use a shortcrust pastry.[41] There is a humorous belief that the pastry on a good pasty should be strong enough to withstand a drop down a mine shaft,[42] and indeed the barley flour that was usually used does make hard dense pastry.[43]

Variations

[edit]

Although the officially protected Cornish pasty has a specific ingredients list, old Cornish cookery books show that pasties were generally made from whatever food was available.[44] Indeed, the earliest recorded pasty recipes include venison, not beef.[45] "Pasty" has always been a generic name for the shape and can contain a variety of fillings, including stilton, vegetarian and even chicken tikka.[44] Pork and apple pasties are readily available in shops throughout Cornwall and Devon, with the ingredients including an apple flavoured sauce, mixed together throughout the pasty, as well as sweet pasties with ingredients such as apple and fig or chocolate and banana, which are common in some areas of Cornwall.[18]

A part-savoury, part-sweet pasty (similar to the Bedfordshire clanger) was eaten by miners in the 19th century, in the copper mines on Parys Mountain, Anglesey. The technician who did the research and discovered the recipe claimed that the recipe was probably taken to Anglesey by Cornish miners travelling to the area looking for work.[46] No two-course pasties are commercially produced in Cornwall today,[47] but are usually the product of amateur cooks.[41] They are, however, commercially available in the British supermarket chain Morrisons (under the name 'Tin Miner Pasty').[48] Other traditional fillings have included a wide variety of locally available meats including pork, bacon, egg, rabbit, chicken, mackerel and sweet fillings such as dates, apples, jam and sweetened rice - leading to the oft-quoted joke that 'the Devil hisself was afeared to cross over into Cornwall for fear that ee'd end up in a pasty'.[49]

A pasty is known as a "tiddy oggy" when steak is replaced with an extra potato, "tiddy" meaning potato and "oggy" meaning pasty and was eaten when times were hard and expensive meat could not be afforded.[50] Another traditional meatless recipe is 'herby pie' with parsley, freshly gathered wild green herbs and chives, ramsons or leeks and a spoonful of clotted cream.[49]

Shape

[edit]

Whilst the PGI rules state that a Cornish pasty must be a "D" shape, with crimping along the curve (i.e., side-crimped),[36] crimping is variable within both Devon and Cornwall, with some advocating a side crimp while others maintain that a top crimp is more authentic.[18][47][51] Some sources state that the difference between a Devon and a Cornish pasty is that a Devon pasty has a top-crimp and is oval in shape, whereas the Cornish pasty is semicircular and side-crimped along the curve.[41] However, pasties with a top crimp have been made in Cornwall for generations,[52] yet those Cornish bakers who favour this method now find that they cannot legally call their pasties "Cornish".[53] Paul Hollywood, writing for BBC Food, stated that a traditional Cornish pasty should have about 20 crimps.[54]

In other regions

[edit]
A "Cousin Jack's" pasty shop in Grass Valley, California

Migrating Devonian and Cornish miners and their families (colloquially known as Cousin Jacks and Cousin Jennies) helped to spread pasties into the rest of the world during the 19th century. As tin mining in Devon and Cornwall began to decline, miners took their expertise and traditions to new mining regions around the world.[55] As a result, pasties can be found in many regions, including:

  • Many parts of Australia, including the Yorke Peninsula, which has been the site of an annual Cornish festival (claimed to be the world's largest) since 1973. A clarification of the Protected Geographical Status ruling has confirmed that pasties made in Australia are still allowed to be called "Cornish Pasties".[56]
  • A Lancashire pasty is a traditional variant originating in Lancashire, especially West Lancashire that is similar to its Cornish counterpart but uses carrot instead of swede.
  • Pasties can be found in California in many historical Gold Rush towns, such as Grass Valley and Nevada City.
  • The pasty has become a cultural symbol of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.[57][58] Pasty shops are a significant tourist attraction in the region. Additionally, the village of Calumet is home to an annual Pasty Festival.[59] Many ethnic groups adopted the pasty for use in the Copper Country copper mines; the Finnish immigrants to the region mistook it for the traditional piirakka and kukko pastries.[60][61] The pasty has become strongly associated with all cultures in this area and in the Iron Range in northern Minnesota.[62]
  • Mineral Point, Wisconsin, was the site of the first mineral rush in the United States during the 1830s. After lead was discovered in Mineral Point, many of the early miners migrated from Cornwall to this southwestern Wisconsin area. Pasties can be found in Wisconsin's largest cities, Madison[63] and Milwaukee, as well as in the far northern region along the border with Michigan's Upper Peninsula.[64]
  • A similar local history about the arrival of the pasty in the area with an influx of Welsh and Cornish miners to the area's copper mines, and its preservation as a local delicacy, is found in Butte, Montana, "The Richest Hill on Earth".[65] Miners referred to the pasty as a "letter from 'ome."[66]
  • The anthracite coal region of Northeastern Pennsylvania, including Wilkes-Barre, Scranton, and Hazleton, had an influx of miners to the area in the 19th century and brought the pasty with them. In 1981, a Pennsylvania entrepreneur started marketing pasties under the brand name Mr. Pastie.
  • A Mexican "paste"
    The Mexican state of Hidalgo and the twin silver mining cities of Pachuca and Real del Monte (Mineral del Monte) have notable Cornish influences from the Cornish miners who settled there, with pasties being considered typical local cuisine.[67] In Mexican Spanish, they are referred to as pastes.[68] A pasty museum is located in Real del Monte.[69] The annual International Pasty Festival is held in Real del Monte each October.[70]
  • They are also popular in South Africa, New Zealand,[71] and Ulster.
  • Pasties were modified with different spices and fillings in Jamaica, giving rise to the Jamaican patty.

Culture

[edit]

When I view my Country o'er:
Of goodly things the plenteous store:
The Sea and Fish that swim therein
And underground the Copper and Tin:
Let all the World say what it can
Still I hold by the Cornishman,
And that one most especially
That first found out the Cornish Pastie.

The Merry Ballad of the Cornish Pasty
– Robert Morton Nance, 1898[42]

Literature

[edit]

Pasties have been mentioned in multiple literary works since the 12th century Arthurian romance Erec and Enide, written by Chrétien de Troyes, in which they are eaten by characters from the area now known as Cornwall.[19][45] There is a mention in Havelok the Dane, another romance written at the end of the thirteenth century;[72] in the 14th century Robin Hood tales;[19] and in two plays by William Shakespeare.[73][74]

Superstitions, rhymes and chants

[edit]

In the tin mines of Devon and Cornwall, pasties were associated with "knockers", spirits said to create a knocking sound that was either supposed to indicate the location of rich veins of ore,[75] or to warn of an impending tunnel collapse. To encourage the good will of the knockers, miners would leave a small part of the pasty within the mine for them to eat.[76] Sailors and fisherman would likewise discard a crust to appease the spirits of dead mariners, though fishermen believed that it was bad luck to take a pasty aboard ship.[76]

A Cornish proverb, recounted in 1861, emphasised the great variety of ingredients that were used in pasties by saying that the devil would not come into Cornwall for fear of ending up as a filling in one.[77] A West Country schoolboy playground-rhyme current in the 1940s concerning the pasty went:

Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, ate a pasty five feet long,
Bit it once, Bit it twice, Oh my Lord, it's full of mice.[42]

In 1959 the English singer-songwriter Cyril Tawney wrote a nostalgic song called "The Oggie Man". The song tells of the pasty-seller with his characteristic vendor's call who was always outside Plymouth's Devonport Naval Dockyard gates late at night when the sailors were returning, and his replacement by hot dog sellers after World War II.[78]

The word "oggy" in the internationally popular chant "Oggy Oggy Oggy, Oi Oi Oi" is thought to stem from Cornish dialect "hoggan", deriving from "hogen" the Cornish word for pasty. When the pasties were ready for eating, the bal maidens at the mines would supposedly shout down the shaft "Oggy Oggy Oggy" and the miners would reply "Oi Oi Oi".[79][dubious – discuss]

Giant pasties

[edit]

As the 'national dish' of Cornwall, several oversized versions of the pasty have been created in the county. For example, a giant pasty is paraded from Polruan to Fowey through the streets during regatta week.[80] Similarly, a giant pasty is paraded around the ground of the Cornish Pirates rugby team on St Piran's Day before it is passed over the goal posts.[81]

[edit]
  • Pasties
  • An uncooked pasty prior to crimping
    An uncooked pasty prior to crimping
  • A two-course pasty
    A two-course pasty
  • Pasties in the oven
    Pasties in the oven
  • Cornish Pirates players display a giant pasty
    Cornish Pirates players display a giant pasty
  • Pasty varieties (Penzance)
    Pasty varieties (Penzance)
  • Pasty varieties (Australia)
    Pasty varieties (Australia)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Oxford Learner's Dictionaries, s.v. "pasty" Archived 9 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
  2. ^ Bamford, Vince (9 April 2019). "Cornish pasty is UK's most recognised PGI product". British Baker. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  3. ^ "History of the Cornish Pasty". Historic UK. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  4. ^ a b "Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 717/2011 of 20 July 2011 entering a name in the register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications (Cornish Pasty (PGI))". Official Journal of the European Union. 54 (L 193): 13–14. 23 July 2011. ISSN 1725-2555. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  5. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
  6. ^ Cambridge Dictionaries Online. "Pasty". Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  7. ^ Scully, Terence, ed. (1988). "Pasty mentions". The Viandier of Taillevent: an edition of all extant manuscripts. University of Ottawa Press. p. 361. ISBN 0-7766-0174-1. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  8. ^ The Goodman of Paris. c. 1393. Archived from the original on 16 February 2009.
  9. ^ Nuttall, P Austin (1840). A classical and archæological dictionary of the manners, customs, laws, institutions, arts, etc. of the celebrated nations of antiquity, and of the middle ages. London: Whittaker and Company. p. 555. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  10. ^ Brayley, Edward Wedlake (1808). The Beauties of England and Wales, Or Delineations, Topographical, Historical and Descriptive. Vol. VII (Hertford, Huntingdon and Kent). London: Thomas Maiden. p. 40. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  11. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 1823 vol VIII. Printed for Archibald Constable and Company. 1823. p. 585. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  12. ^ "Devon invented the Cornish pasty". BBC. 13 November 2006. Archived from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  13. ^ Shackle, Eric (21 April 2001). "A short history of ... Cornish pasties | Life and style | The Observer". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 9 May 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  14. ^ "Thursday 1 August 1667". The Diary of Samuel Pepys. Phil Gyford. August 2010. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  15. ^ Laura Mason & Catherine Brown (2007). From Bath Chaps to Bara Brith: The Taste of South West Britain. Harper Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-0-7524-4742-1.
  16. ^ Harris, J Henry (2009). Cornish Saints & Sinners. Wildside Press LLC. p. 195. ISBN 9781434453679.
  17. ^ Devlin, Kate (25 July 2008). "The History of the Cornish Pasty". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  18. ^ a b c Grigson, Jane (1993) English Food. Penguin Books, p. 226
  19. ^ a b c d Miller, Luke; Westergren, Marc. "History of the Pasty". The Cultural Context of the Pasty". Michigan Technological University. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2006.
  20. ^ a b c d e f "Cornish Pasty (PGI)" (PDF). DEFRA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  21. ^ Mansfield, Emma (2011). The Little Book of the Pasty. Cornwall: Lovely Little Books. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-906771-28-7.
  22. ^ Martin, Edith (1929). Cornish Recipes: Ancient and Modern. Truro: A. W. Jordan.
  23. ^ Georges, Robert A.; Jones, Michael Owen (24 March 1995). Robert A. Georges and Michael Owen Jones, Folkloristics: an introduction, Indiana University Press, 1995, pp. 127–128. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32934-5. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  24. ^ "J. W. Lambert, Cornwall, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1945, p. 38". 24 March 2024. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  25. ^ The West Briton, Commercial pasty companies are failing our Cornish national dish, 23 September 2010
  26. ^ "Hints to Labourers". The Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle. Vol. II, no. 66. 10 June 1843. p. 264. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  27. ^ Vivian, H. Hussey (1862). "Thursday August 28th. Evening Meeting". Archaeologia Cambrensis. VIII. Third series. London: J. Russell Smith: 329. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
  28. ^ Halliwell, James Orchard (1861). Rambles in Western Cornwall by the Footsteps of the Giants: With Notes on the Celtic Remains of the Land's End District and the Islands of Scilly. London: John Russell Smith. p. 40 40. Retrieved 11 September 2015. potatoe.
  29. ^ "Food historian says the Cornish did not invent the 'Cornish pasty'", The Cornishman, 29 August 2015 Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ Browne, Phyllis (4 October 1890). "Chats with Housekeepers - Cornish Pasties". The Newcastle Weekly Courant. Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
  31. ^ "Cornish pasties: Historian questions origin". BBC News. 2 September 2015. Archived from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  32. ^ Poirier, Agnès (23 February 2011). "Putting the Cornish back into pasties". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  33. ^ a b Beckford, Martin (20 August 2010). "Turnip or swede? Brussels rules on ingredients of Cornish pasty". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  34. ^ "COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 510/2006 'CORNISH PASTY' EC No: UK-PGI-005-0727-11.11.2008". Official Journal of the European Union. 14 July 2010. Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2015. "Assembly of the pasties in preparation for baking must take place in the designated area. The actual baking does not have to be done within the geographical area, it is possible to send the finished but unbaked and/or frozen pasties to bakers or other outlets outside the area where they can be baked in ovens for consumption."
  35. ^ "The Cornish Pasty Association's application for PGI". Cornishpastyassociation.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 May 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  36. ^ a b c Wallop, Harry (22 February 2011). "Cornish pasty given EU protected status". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  37. ^ Savill, Richard (25 July 2008). "Cornish pasty in European battle for protected status". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
  38. ^ "About the Cornish Pasty Association". Cornish Pasty Association. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
  39. ^ a b Clarke, Felicity (23 February 2011). "Ultimate Cornish Pasty Recipe". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
  40. ^ "Make your own Genuine Cornish Pasty - Genuine Cornish Pasty". Cornish Pasty Association. 26 January 2021. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  41. ^ a b c d Ann Pringle Harris (7 February 1988). "Fare of the Country; In Cornwall, a Meal in a Crust". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2005.
  42. ^ a b c Hall, Stephen (2001). The Cornish Pasty. Nettlecombe, UK: Agre Books. ISBN 0-9538000-4-0.
  43. ^ Pascoe, Ann (1988). Cornish Recipes Old and New. Penryn: Tor Mark Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-85025-304-7.
  44. ^ a b Trewin, Carol; Woolfitt, Adam (2005). Gourmet Cornwall. Alison Hodge Publishers. pp. 125–129. ISBN 0-906720-39-7.
  45. ^ a b "Who invented the Cornish pasty?". The Independent. London. 13 November 2006. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  46. ^ "UK | Wales | North West Wales | Sweet-savoury pastie back on menu". BBC News. 26 March 2006. Archived from the original on 6 February 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
  47. ^ a b Merrick, Hettie (1995). The Pasty Book. Penryn: Tor Mark Press.
  48. ^ Ryan, Keith. "The Cornish Pasty presents: The Morrisons Tin Miner Pasty". www.cornishpasties.org.uk. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  49. ^ a b Cornish Recipes, Ancient & Modern, Edith Martin, Truro, 1929
  50. ^ Bareham, Lindsey (21 November 2008). "The perfect pasty?". The Times. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  51. ^ "How to Crimp a Pasty - a Chunk of Devon". Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  52. ^ "Cornish Pasty". Here and Now Magazine. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
  53. ^ Middleton, Kimberley (27 February 2011). "This is where the great pasty revolt begins". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
  54. ^ "Crimping the edge of a pasty". BBC Food. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  55. ^ "The scale of 19th century migration from Cornwall and Devon". Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  56. ^ Pearlman, Jonathan (4 March 2011). "Australian Cornish pasty region concerned about protected ruling". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  57. ^ Abbey-Lambertz, Kate (27 March 2014). "You've Probably Never Heard of a Yooper, But Here's Why You'll Wish You Were One". HuffPost. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  58. ^ Silver, Kate (7 March 2014). "Prowling for pasties in the U.P." Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  59. ^ "PASTY FEST". Main Street Calumet. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  60. ^ Ojakangas, B. (1988). The Great Scandinavian Baking Book. Boston: Little, Brown. p. 308.
  61. ^ "History of the Pasty". Houghton, Michigan: Michigan Technological University. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
  62. ^ Shortridge, Barbara (1998). The taste of American place. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 21–36. ISBN 0-8476-8507-1. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  63. ^ "The new Teddywedgers revives the Cornish pasty". 5 February 2015. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  64. ^ "Wisconsin Pasties Archives". Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  65. ^ Johanek, Durrae (2009). Montana Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff. Globe Pequot. pp. 119–120. ISBN 978-0-7627-4302-5. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  66. ^ ""Butte's Heritage Cookbook"". www.reddit.com/r/Old_Recipes/. 25 June 2023. Archived from the original on 11 July 2024. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  67. ^ Grant, India (15 October 2024). "A pastry brought to Mexico by British miners is still popular after 200 years". AP News. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  68. ^ "Pastes (Spanish)". Turismo del Gobierno del Estado de Hidalgo. Archived from the original on 11 June 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
  69. ^ i (newspaper) 19 October 2015; Cornwall's pride wrapped up in pastry; Adam Lusher (pp. 26-27)
  70. ^ "Festival Internacional del Paste Real del Monte 2015", Donde Hay Feria (in Spanish), archived from the original on 12 August 2016, retrieved 11 August 2016
  71. ^ "Who ate all the pies", The Press, Christchurch, New Zealand, 5 September 2009
  72. ^ "Havelok the Dane". University of Rochester Robbins Library. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2011. (line 645)
  73. ^ In The Merry Wives of Windsor Act 1 Scene 1, Page says Wife, bid these gentlemen welcome. Come, we have a hot venison pasty to dinner: come gentlemen, I hope we shall drink down all unkindness.
  74. ^ In All's Well That Ends Well, Act IV Scene III, Parrolles states: I will confess to what I know without constraint: if ye pinch me like a pasty, I can say no more.
  75. ^ Froud, Brian (2002). Faeries. Pavilion. ISBN 1-86205-558-0.
  76. ^ a b National Trust (2007). Gentleman's Relish: And Other Culinary Oddities. Anova Books. pp. 78–9. ISBN 978-1-905400-55-3.
  77. ^ Halliwell, James Orchard (1861). Rambles in Western Cornwall by the Footsteps of the Giants. London: John Russell Smith. pp. 40–41. In fact so universal are the contents of Cornish pasties, a local proverb states that the devil will not venture into Cornwall, for if the inhabitants caught him, they would be sure to put him into a pie
  78. ^ "Tawney in Depth – The background to some of Cyril's classic songs". cyriltawney.co.uk. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
  79. ^ Gibson, Rory (26 October 2010). "Time for Aussies to lose 'bogan' chant?". The Courier-Mail. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  80. ^ Jago, M (26 August 2008). "Regatta beats the odds". This is Cornwall. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
  81. ^ Richards, N (5 March 2010). "Pirates ready for big cup test". This is Cornwall. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2011.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Look up pasty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pasty&oldid=1261129320"