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An assortment of several designer drugs.

Designer drugs are structural or functional analogues of controlled substances that are designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the parent drug while avoiding detection or classification as illegal. Many of the older designer drugs (research chemicals) are structural analogues of psychoactive tryptamines or phenethylamines but there are many other chemically unrelated new psychoactive substances that can be considered part of the designer drug group.[1][2][3][4] Designer drugs can also include substances that are not psychoactive in effect, such as analogues of controlled anabolic steroids and other performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs), including nootropics, weight loss drugs and erectile dysfunction medications. The pharmaceutical activities of these compounds might not be predictable based strictly upon structural examination. Many of the substances have common effects while structurally different or different effects while structurally similar due to SAR paradox. As a result of no real official naming for some of these compounds, as well as regional naming, this can all lead to potentially hazardous mix ups for users.[5] The following list is not exhaustive.

Androgens

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Androgenic anabolic steroids have approved medical uses as well as illicit use as performance-enhancing drugs to build muscle mass and strength. Anabolic steroids that have been designed to evade detection in sport doping tests are known as "designer steroids".[6][7]

Testosterone based

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DHT based

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Estranes

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SARMs

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Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are a novel class of androgen receptor ligands. They are intended to maintain the desirable muscle building effects of anabolic steroids while reducing undesirable androgenic actions (e.g., increased risk of prostate cancer). SARMs that are more selective in their action could potentially be used for a broader range of clinical indications other than the relatively limited legitimate uses that anabolic steroids are currently approved for.[8]

Empathogens

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Empathogens are a class of psychoactive drugs that produce distinctive emotional and social effects similar to those of MDMA. Users of empathogens say the drugs often produce feelings of empathy, love, and emotional closeness to others.

MDxx

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Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamines (MDxx) are a large chemical class of derivatives of the phenethylamines, which includes many psychoactive drugs that act as entactogens, psychedelics, and/or stimulants, as well as entheogens.

Benzofurans

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Benzofurans are similar in structure to MD(M)A but differ in that the methylenedioxy groups have been modified, removing one of the two oxygens in the methylenedioxy ring to render a benzofuran ring.

Miscellaneous polycyclic phenethylamines

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Indane and tetralin-type phenethylamines are vaguely related to their amphetamine analogues.

Only one non-tryptamine indole has been sold, 5-IT. It shows strong MAOI activity.

  • 5-IT, 5-API, PAL-571

Tryptamines

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Drugs containing the tryptamine moiety are typically substrates for the serotonin receptors, in keeping with their close structural resemblance to serotonin, a neurotransmitter.

  • αET, α-Ethyltryptamine, "Monase"
  • 5-MeO-αET, α,O-Diethylserotonin
  • αMT, α-Methyltryptamine, "Indopan"
  • 5-MeO-αMT, α,O-Dimethylserotonin

Amphetamines

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Substituted amphetamines are a chemical class of stimulants, entactogens, hallucinogens, and other drugs. They feature a phenethylamine core with a methyl group attached to the alpha carbon resulting in amphetamine, along with additional substitutions.

  • 4-BA, 4-Bromoamphetamine, PBA
  • 4-CA, 4-Chloroamphetamine, PCA
  • 4-CMA, 4-Chloromethamphetamine, PCMA
  • 4-FA, 4-Fluoroamphetamine, PFA
  • 4-FMA, 4-Fluoromethamphetamine, PFMA
  • 4-Fluoroselegiline, 4F-Deprenyl
  • 4-MA, 4-Methylamphetamine, PAL-313
  • 4-MeOA, 4-Methoxyamphetamine, PMA, 4-MeO-A, "Death"
  • 4-MeOMA, 4-Methoxymethamphetamine, PMMA, 4-MeO-MA
  • 4-MTA, 4-Methylthioamphetamine
  • Methamnetamine, N-Methyl-PAL-287, Methylnaphetamine, MNT, MNA
  • MMA, 3-Methoxy-4-Methylamphetamine
  • 3-FEA, 3F-Ethamphetamine, 3-Fluoroethamphetamine

Phenethylamines

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Drugs containing the phenethylamine moiety bear close structural resemblance to dopamine but substitution on the benzene ring gives rise to drugs with a much higher affinity for serotonin receptors.

Dissociatives

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Dissociatives are a class of hallucinogens which distort perceptions of sight and sound and produce feelings of detachment - dissociation - from the environment and self. This is done through reducing or blocking signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain. Although many kinds of drugs are capable of such action, dissociatives are unique in that they do so in such a way that they produce hallucinogenic effects, which may include sensory deprivation, dissociation, hallucinations, and dream-like states or trances. Some, which are nonselective in action and affect the dopamine and/or opioid systems, may be capable of inducing euphoria. Many dissociatives have general depressant effects and can produce sedation, respiratory depression, analgesia, anesthesia, and ataxia, as well as cognitive and memory impairment and amnesia.

Arylcyclohexylamines

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Arylcyclohexylamines are the oldest and most widely used dissociatives. The class includes the well known anaesthetic, ketamine.

Diarylethylamines

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Diarylethylamines began to appear on grey markets only as recently as 2013.

Misc

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Nootropics

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Part of this section is transcluded from Nootropic § Types. (edit | history)

Central nervous system stimulants

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Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of clinical research using low doses of certain central nervous system stimulants found that these drugs may enhance cognition in healthy people.[13][14][15] In particular, the classes of stimulants that demonstrate possible cognition-enhancing effects in humans have evidence in vitro as direct agonists or indirect agonists of dopamine receptor D1 or adrenoceptor A2.[13][14][16][17] Relatively high doses of stimulants cause cognitive deficits.[16][17]

  • Amphetamine – systematic reviews and meta-analyses report that low-dose amphetamine may improve cognitive functions (e.g., inhibitory control, episodic memory, working memory, and aspects of attention) in healthy people and in individuals with ADHD.[13][14][15][17] A 2014 systematic review noted that low doses of amphetamine also improve memory consolidation, in turn leading to improved recall of information in non-ADHD youth.[15] It also improves task saliency (motivation to perform a task) and performance on tedious tasks that required a high degree of effort.[14][16][17]
  • Caffeine – a meta-analysis found an increase in alertness and attentional performance.[18][16]
  • Eugeroics (armodafinil and modafinil) – are classified as "wakefulness-promoting agents"; modafinil may increase alertness, particularly in sleep-deprived individuals, and may improve reasoning and problem solving in non-ADHD youth.[15] In a systematic review of small, preliminary studies where the effects of modafinil were examined, when simple psychometric assessments were considered, modafinil intake enhanced executive function.[19] Modafinil does not improve mood or motivation in sleep-deprived or non-sleep deprived individuals.[20]
  • Methylphenidate – a benzylpiperidine derivative that may improve working memory, episodic memory, and inhibitory control, aspects of attention, and planning latency in healthy people.[13][15] It also may improve task saliency and performance on tedious tasks.[17] At above optimal doses, methylphenidate has off–target effects that decrease learning.[21]
  • Nicotine – has been associated with improved alertness, attention, memory, and motor performance, according to a meta-analysis.[22] However, a 2020 systematic review raised concerns about potential conflicts of interest, noting industry funding in many studies and inconsistent results regarding nicotine's cognitive effects. This review found that over half of the studies published after 2010 had tobacco industry affiliations, often undisclosed.[23]

Racetams

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Main article: Racetam

Racetams, such as piracetam, oxiracetam, phenylpiracetam, and aniracetam, are often marketed as cognitive enhancers and sold over the counter.[24][25] A 2019 study found that piracetam supplements sold in the United States were inaccurately labeled.[25] Racetams are often referred to as nootropics, but this property is not well established in humans, and nootropics are not consistently found in all racetams.[26] The racetams have poorly understood mechanisms, although piracetam and aniracetam are known to act as positive allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors and appear to modulate cholinergic systems.[27]

According to the FDA,

Piracetam is not a vitamin, mineral, amino acid, herb or other botanical, or dietary substance for use by humans to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake. Further, piracetam is not a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract or combination of any such dietary ingredient. [...] Accordingly, these products are drugs, under section 201(g)(1)(C) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. § 321(g)(1)(C), because they are not foods and they are intended to affect the structure or any function of the body. Moreover, these products are new drugs as defined by section 201(p) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. § 321(p), because they are not generally recognized as safe and effective for use under the conditions prescribed, recommended, or suggested in their labeling.[28]

Cholinergics

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Main article: Cholinergic

Some supposed nootropic substances are compounds and analogues of choline, a precursor of acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter) and phosphatidylcholine (a structural component of cell membranes).

  • Alpha-GPC – L-alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine has been studied only in the context of cognitive performance alongside other substances such as caffeine.[29]
  • Choline bitartrate – Choline bitartrate is a tartaric acid salt containing choline (41% choline by molecular weight). One meta-analysis found choline bitartrate to be ineffective at improving any measure of cognitive performance.[30]
  • Citicoline – Compound consisting of choline and cytidine. A meta-analysis found that it may be effective for improving memory and learning in older people with mild cognitive decline, and in people recovering from a stroke.[31][32]

Examples

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PDE5 inhibitors

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PDE5 inhibitors are typically used to treat pulmonary hypertension and erectile dysfunction.[33]

Peptides

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GHRH analogues

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GHRH analogues stimulate the release of growth hormone.

Growth hormone secretagogue receptor agonists

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Agonists of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor stimulate the release of growth hormone through the ghrelin receptor.

Others

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Piperazines

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Piperazine containing designer drugs have effects similar to MDMA (ecstasy). This class of drugs are mimics of serotonin that activate 5-HT receptor subtypes that release norepinephrine and dopamine.

Psychedelics

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See also: List of psychedelic drugs

A psychedelic substance is a psychoactive drug whose primary action is to alter cognition and perception. Psychedelics tend to affect and explore the mind in ways that result in the experience being qualitatively different from those of ordinary consciousness. The psychedelic experience is often compared to non-ordinary forms of consciousness such as trance, meditation, yoga, religious ecstasy, dreaming and even near-death experiences.

Lysergamides

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Lysergamides are amide derivatives of the alkaloid lysergic acid.

Tryptamines

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Drugs containing the tryptamine moiety are typically substrates for the serotonin receptors, in keeping with their close structural resemblance to serotonin, a neurotransmitter.

Benzofurans

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2C-x

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2C-x class of psychedelics are 2,5-dimethoxy-phenethylamine derivatives.

NBxx

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NNxx

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25-NM:

DOx

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The DOx family of psychedelics are also known as "substituted amphetamines" as they contain the amphetamine backbone but are substituted on the benzene ring. This gives rise to serotonin agonists similar to the 2C-X class but more resistant to elimination in the body.

Sedatives

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Sedatives are substances that induces sedation by reducing irritability or excitement. At higher doses they may result in slurred speech, staggering gait, poor judgment, and slow, uncertain reflexes. Doses of sedatives such as benzodiazepines, when used as a hypnotic to induce sleep, tend to be higher than amounts used to relieve anxiety, whereas only low doses are needed to provide a peaceful effect. Sedatives can be misused to produce an overly-calming effect. In the event of an overdose or if combined with another sedative, many of these drugs can cause unconsciousness and even death.

Alcohols

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See also: Comparison of psychoactive alcohols in alcoholic drinks

Opioids

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See also: List of opioids and List of fentanyl analogues

Opioids have pharmacologic actions resembling morphine and other components of opium.

N-(2C)-fentanyl

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Main article: N-(2C)-fentanyl

Benzodiazepines

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See also: List of benzodiazepines

Thienodiazepines

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GHB analogues

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Methaqualone analogues

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Misc

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Stimulants

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Stimulants produce a variety of different kinds of effects by enhancing the activity of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Common effects, which vary depending on the substance and dosage in question, may include enhanced alertness, awareness, wakefulness, endurance, productivity, and motivation, increased arousal, locomotion, heart rate, and blood pressure, and the perception of a diminished requirement for food and sleep.

Amphetamines

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Amphetamines are a chemical class of stimulants, entactogens, hallucinogens, and other drugs. They feature a phenethylamine core with a methyl group attached to the alpha carbon resulting in amphetamine, along with additional substitutions.

Cathinones

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Cathinones include some stimulants and entactogens, which are derivatives of cathinone. They feature a phenethylamine core with an alkyl group attached to the alpha carbon, and a ketone group attached to the beta carbon, along with additional substitutions.

Pyrrolidines and Pyrrolidinophenones

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Pyrrolidines are amphetamines with a pyrrolidine group. Pyrrolidinophenones (also called Pyrovalerones) are cathinones (βk-amphetamines) with a pyrrolidine group.

Thiophenes

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Thiophenes are stimulant drugs which are analogues of amphetamine or cathinone where the phenyl ring has been replaced by thiophene.

Tropanes and Piperidines

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Tropane alkaloids occur in plants of the families erythroxylaceae (including coca). Piperidine and its derivatives are ubiquitous building blocks in the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals.

Oxazolidines

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Oxazolidines are a five-membered ring compounds consisting of three carbons, a nitrogen, and an oxygen. The oxygen and NH are the 1 and 3 positions, respectively. In oxazolidine derivatives, there is always a carbon between the oxygen and the nitrogen.

Phenylmorpholines

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Phenylmorpholines are a class of stimulants containing a phenethylamine skeleton in which the terminal amine is incorporated into a morpholine ring.

Misc

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Synthetic cannabinoids

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Main article: Synthetic cannabinoid

Agonists of the central cannabinoid receptor type 1 mimic the behavioral effects of cannabis.

Classical cannabinoids

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Cyclohexeylphenol cannabinoids

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Miscellaneous cannabinoids

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Indazole based

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Indazole containing cannabinoid receptor agonists include:

Indole based

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Indole containing cannabinoid receptor agonists include:

Quinolinylindoles

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Benzoylindoles

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Adamantoylindoles

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Naphthoylindoles

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Phenylacetylindoles

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Others

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See also

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References

[edit]
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