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List of artiodactyls

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

GiraffeAmerican bisonRed deerKiller whaleWild boarDromedary
Various artiodactyls, representing all four suborders.

Artiodactyla is an order of placental mammals composed of even-toed ungulates – hooved animals which bear weight equally on two of their five toes with the other toes either present, absent, vestigial, or pointing posteriorly – as well as their descendants, the aquatic cetaceans. Members of this order are called artiodactyls. The order is sometimes named Cetartiodactyla, in reference to the inclusion of cetaceans in the order beginning in the 1990s.[1] Artiodactyla currently comprises 349 extant species, which are grouped into 132 genera. Artiodactyls live on every major landmass and throughout the oceans and in a variety of habitats, including forests, grasslands, and deserts. They come in a wide array of body plans in contrasting shapes and sizes, ranging from the 38 cm (15 in) long and 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) royal antelope to the 27 m (89 ft) long and 120 ton blue whale. Some artiodactyls, such as cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, water buffalo, camels, and llamas, have been domesticated, resulting in a worldwide distribution and population sizes for some animals of over one billion.

Artiodactyla is divided into four suborders: Ruminantia, Suina, Tylopoda, and Whippomorpha. The suborders are further subdivided into clades and families. Ruminantia contains six families, Antilocapridae, Bovidae, Cervidae, Giraffidae, Moschidae, and Tragulidae, and includes ruminant animals such as cattle, antelope, deer, and sheep. Suina contains two, Suidae and Tayassuidae, and includes pigs and peccaries; Tylopoda comprises only Camelidae, the camels and llamas; and Whippomorpha contains fourteen, Balaenidae, Balaenopteridae, Cetotheriidae, Delphinidae, Iniidae, Kogiidae, Lipotidae, Monodontidae, Phocoenidae, Physeteridae, Platanistidae, Pontoporiidae, Ziphiidae, and Hippopotamidae, and includes the aquatic whales and dolphins as well as hippopotamuses. The exact organization of the species is not fixed, with many recent proposals made based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. Three species have gone extinct since 1500 CE: the aurochs and the bluebuck in Bovidae and Schomburgk's deer in Cervidae. Additionally, the red gazelle in Bovidae is considered either extinct or to have never existed; the kouprey in Bovidae is potentially extinct, with no sightings since 1969; and so is the baiji in Lipotidae, last seen in 2002. Several other species are extinct in the wild or critically endangered.

Conventions

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Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the collective range of species in that genera is provided. Ranges are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera or species listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

[edit]

The order Artiodactyla consists of 349 extant species belonging to 132 genera. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the 132 genera can be grouped into 23 families; these families are grouped into named suborders and many are further grouped into named clades, and some of these families are subdivided into named subfamilies.

Suborder Ruminantia

  • Infraorder Pecora
    • Family Antilocapridae (pronghorn): 1 genus, 1 species
    • Family Bovidae
      • Subfamily Aepycerotinae (impala): 1 genus, 1 species
      • Subfamily Alcelaphinae (wildebeest, hartebeest, bonteboks): 4 genera, 6 species
      • Subfamily Antilopinae (antelope, gazelles): 15 genera, 37 species
      • Subfamily Bovinae (cattle, buffalos, bison): 9 genera, 30 species (1 extinct)
      • Subfamily Caprinae (goats, sheep, ibex, serows): 14 genera, 35 species
      • Subfamily Cephalophinae (duikers): 3 genera, 20 species
      • Subfamily Hippotraginae (addax, oryx): 3 genera, 8 species (1 extinct)
      • Subfamily Nesotraginae (dwarf antelope): 1 genus, 2 species
      • Subfamily Reduncinae (reedbuck and kob antelope): 3 genera, 9 species
    • Family Cervidae (deer)
      • Subfamily Capreolinae (New World deer): 10 genera, 23 species
      • Subfamily Cervinae (Old World deer): 9 genera, 32 species (1 extinct)
    • Family Giraffidae (okapi and giraffes): 2 genera, 5 species
    • Family Moschidae (musk deer): 1 genus, 7 species
  • Infraorder Tragulina
    • Family Tragulidae (chevrotains): 3 genera, 10 species

Suborder Suina

  • Family Suidae (pigs): 6 genera, 17 species
  • Family Tayassuidae (peccaries): 3 genera, 3 species

Suborder Tylopoda

  • Family Camelidae (camels and llamas): 2 genera, 7 species

Suborder Whippomorpha

  • Infraorder Cetacea
    • Parvorder Mysticeti (baleen whales)
    • Parvorder Odontoceti (toothed whales)
      • Family Delphinidae (oceanic dolphins)
        • Subfamily Delphininae (dolphins): 6 genera, 15 species
        • Subfamily Lissodelphininae (smooth dolphins): 2 genera, 6 species
        • Subfamily Globicephalinae (round-headed whales)
        • Subfamily Orcininae (killer whale): 7 genera, 9 species
        • Subfamily incertae sedis (white-beaked dolphin and Atlantic white-sided dolphin): 1 genera, 6 species
      • Family Iniidae (Amazonian river dolphins): 1 genus, 4 species
      • Family Kogiidae (dwarf and pygmy sperm whales): 1 genus, 2 species
      • Family Lipotidae (Chinese river dolphins): 1 genus, 1 species
      • Family Monodontidae (narwhal and beluga): 2 genera, 2 species
      • Family Phocoenidae (porpoises): 3 genera, 8 species
      • Family Physeteridae (sperm whale): 1 genus, 1 species
      • Family Platanistidae (South Asian river dolphins): 1 genus, 2 species
      • Family Pontoporiidae (brackish river dolphins): 1 genus, 1 species
      • Family Ziphiidae (beaked whales)
        • Subfamily Berardiinae (four-toothed whales): 1 genus, 3 species
        • Subfamily Hyperoodontinae (bottlenose whales and mesoplodont whales): 3 genera, 18 species
        • Subfamily Ziphiinae (Cuvier's beaked whale and Shepherd's beaked whale): 2 genera, 2 species
  • Family Hippopotamidae (hippopotamuses): 2 genera, 2 species
Artiodactyla  

Artiodactyls

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The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis.[2]

Suborder Ruminantia

[edit]

Infraorder Pecora

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Family Antilocapridae
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Members of the Antilocapridae family are called antilocaprids; the family is composed of a single extant species, the pronghorn.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Antilocapra

Brown pronghorn

Ord, 1818

One species
Western North America (former range in yellow)
Map of range
Size: 130–140 cm (51–55 in) long, plus 9–11 cm (4–4 in) tail[3]

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, and desert[4]

Diet: Shrubs and forbs, as well as grass[4]
Family Bovidae
[edit]

Members of the Bovidae family are bovids and include sheep, cattle, goats, antelope, and others. Bovidae comprises 144 extant species, divided into 52 genera. These genera are grouped into eight subfamilies: Aepycerotinae, or the impala; Alcelaphinae, containing the bontebok, hartebeest, wildebeest, and relatives; Antilopinae, containing several antelope, gazelles, and relatives; Bovinae, containing cattle, buffalos, bison, and other antelopes; Caprinae, containing goats, sheep, ibex, serows and relatives; Cephalophinae, or duikers; Hippotraginae, containing the addax, oryx, and relatives; and Reduncinae, or reedbuck and kob antelopes.

Subfamily AepycerotinaeJ. E. Gray, 1872 – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Aepyceros

Several brown bovids

Sundevall, 1847

One species
Southern Africa (Common impala in green)
Map of range
Size: 120–160 cm (47–63 in) long, plus 30–45 cm (12–18 in) tail[5]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[6]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[6][7]
Subfamily AlcelaphinaeBrooke, 1876 – four genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Alcelaphus

Brown bovid

Blainville, 1816

One species
Scattered sub-Saharan Africa
Map of range
Size: 150–245 cm (59–96 in) long, plus 30–70 cm (12–28 in) tail[8]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[9]

Diet: Grass[9]
Beatragus

Two brown bovids

Heller, 1912

One species
Border between Kenya and Somalia
Map of range
Size: 120–205 cm (47–81 in) long, plus 30–45 cm (12–18 in) tail[10]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[11]

Diet: Grass, as well as forbs[10][11]
Connochaetes
(wildebeest)

Brown bovid

Lichtenstein, 1812

Two species
Southern Africa
Map of range
Size range: 170 cm (67 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (blue wildebeast) to 242 cm (95 in) long, plus 45 cm (18 in) tail (black wildebeast)[12]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[13]

Diets: Grass[13]
Damaliscus
(tsessebe)

Brown and white bovid

P. L. Sclater, Thomas, 1894

Two species
Southern Africa
Map of range
Size range: 140 cm (55 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail (bontebok) to 230 cm (91 in) long, plus 42 cm (17 in) tail (common tsessebe)[14]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[15]

Diets: Grass and burnt veldt shrubs[15]
Subfamily AntilopinaeJ. E. Gray, 1821 – fifteen genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Ammodorcas

Drawing of brown bovid

Thomas, 1891

One species
Horn of Africa
Map of range
Size: 152–168 cm (60–66 in) long, plus 25–35 cm (10–14 in) tail[16]

Habitats: Shrubland and grassland[17]

Diet: Leaves and shoots[16][17]
Antidorcas

Brown bovid

Sundevall, 1847

One species
Southwestern Africa Size: 120–150 cm (47–59 in) long, plus 14–28 cm (6–11 in) tail[18]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[19]

Diet: Shrubs and grass[19]
Antilope

Brown and white bovid

Pallas, 1766

One species
India (former range in light green)
Map of range
Size: Up to 120 cm (47 in) long[20]

Habitats: Forest, grassland, and desert[21]

Diet: Grass, as well as leaf litter, flowers, and fruit[21]
Dorcatragus

Drawing of brown bovid

Noack, 1894

One species
Horn of Africa
Map of range
Size: 76–87 cm (30–34 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[22]

Habitats: Shrubland, and rocky areas[23]

Diet: Shrubs[23]
Eudorcas

Brown, black, and white bovid

Fitzinger, 1869

Five species
Sub-Saharan Africa Size range: 55 cm (22 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (Heuglin's gazelle) to 120 cm (47 in) long, plus 27 cm (11 in) tail (Mongalla gazelle, Red-fronted gazelle, Thomson's gazelle)[24]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[25]

Diets: Grass and shrubs, as well as forbs and fruit[25]
Gazella
(gazelle)

Brown bovid

Blainville, 1816

Ten species
North Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Asia Size range: 90 cm (35 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (Dorcas gazelle) to 125 cm (49 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (Erlanger's gazelle)[26]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, desert, and coastal marine[27]

Diets: Grass, forbs, leaves, crops, fruit, and low plants[27]
Litocranius

Brown bovid

Kohl, 1886

One species
Horn of Africa
Map of range
Size: 140–160 cm (55–63 in) long, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail[28]

Habitats: Savanna and shrubland[29]

Diet: Shrubs[29]
Madoqua
(dik-dik)

Small brown and white bovid

(Ogilby, 1837)

Four species
Eastern and southwestern Africa Size range: 45 cm (18 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail (silver dik-dik) to 67 cm (26 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail (Kirk's dik-dik, Salt's dik-dik)[30]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[31]

Diets: Shrubs, leaves, and grass, as well as flowers, herbs, and sedges[31]
Nanger

Brown and white bovid

Lataste, 1885

Three species
Eastern Africa and scattered Saharan Desert Size range: 125 cm (49 in) long, plus 18 cm (7 in) tail (Soemmerring's gazelle) to 168 cm (66 in) long (Dama gazelle)[32]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[33]

Diets: Leaves, grass, stems, shrubs, and herbs[33]
Neotragus

Small brown bovid behind foliage

H. Smith, 1827

One species
Sub-Saharan Africa Size: 38 cm (15 in) long, plus 5 cm (2 in) tail[34]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[35]

Diet: Leaves and shoots, as well as fruit and fungi[35]
Oreotragus

Small gray and brown deer

A. Smith, 1834

One species
Southern and Eastern Africa
Map of range
Size: 75–115 cm (30–45 in) long[36]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, rocky areas, and desert[37]

Diet: Shrubs[37]
Ourebia

Brown bovid

Laurillard, 1842

One species
Sub-Saharan Africa
Map of range
Size: 92–110 cm (36–43 in) long[38]

Habitats: Savanna and grassland[39]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[38]
Procapra

Brown and white bovid

Hodgson, 1846

Three species
Central Asia Size range: 91 cm (36 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail (goa) to 130 cm (51 in) long (Mongolian gazelle)[40]

Habitats: Grassland, inland wetlands, and desert[41]

Diets: Grass, onions, forbs, legumes, sedges, and shrubs[41]
Raphicerus

Brown bovid

H. Smith, 1827

Three species
Southern Africa Size range: 65 cm (26 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (Sharpe's grysbok) to 95 cm (37 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail (steenbok)[42]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[43]

Diets: Shrubs, grass, geophytes, berries, flowers, and fruit[43]
Saiga

Brown bovid

J. E. Gray, 1843

One species
Central Asia (historical range in white)
Map of range
Size: 108–146 cm (43–57 in) long, plus 6–13 cm (2–5 in) tail[44]

Habitats: Grassland and desert[45]

Diet: Grass[45]
Subfamily BovinaeJ. E. Gray, 1821 – nine genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Bison
(bison)

Brown bovid

H. Smith, 1827

Two species
Scattered North America and Europe Size range: 210–380 cm (83–150 in) long, plus 43–90 cm (17–35 in) tail (American bison)[46]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and desert[47]

Diets: Grass, leaves, sedges, herbs, and roots, as well as trees, shrubs, and sagebrush[47]
Bos

Brown cow

Linnaeus, 1758

Ten species
Central, southern, and southeastern Asia, plus worldwide distribution of cattle Size range: 145 cm (57 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (yak), to 385 cm (152 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (wild yak)[48]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, grassland, shrubland, rocky areas, and desert[49]

Diets: Grass, sedges, shrubs, forbs, herbs, and bamboo, as well as leaves, fruit, flowers, lichen, moss, bark, and young branches of shrubs and trees[49]
Boselaphus

Black bovid

Blainville, 1816

One species
Indian subcontinent
Map of range
Size: 180–200 cm (71–79 in) long[50]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[51]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[51]
Bubalus

Two brown bovids

H. Smith, 1827

Five species
Scattered southeast Asia, as well as scattered Asia, Egypt, and South America Size range: 122 cm (48 in) long (mountain anoa) to 300 cm (118 in) long, plus 100 cm (39 in) tail (water buffalo, wild water buffalo)[52]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands[53]

Diets: Grass, shrubs, sedges, and young bamboo shoots, as well as herbs, fruit, and leaves[53]
Pseudoryx

Brown bovid

Dung, Giao, Chinh, Tuoc, Arctander, MacKinnon, 1993

One species
  • P. nghetinhensis (Saola)
Annamite Range of Vietnam and Laos
Map of range
Size: 143–150 cm (56–59 in) long, plus up to 25 cm (10 in) tail[54]

Habitats: Forest[55]

Diet: Leaves as well as shrubs[55]
Syncerus

Black bovid

Hodgson, 1847

One species
Sub-Saharan Africa
Map of range
Size: 240–340 cm (94–134 in) long, plus 75–110 cm (30–43 in) tail[5]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[56]

Diet: Grass[5]
Taurotragus
(eland)

Brown bovid

Wagner, 1855

Two species
Sub-Saharan Africa Size range: 200 cm (79 in) long, plus 50 cm (20 in) tail (common eland), to 345 cm (136 in) long, plus 70 cm (28 in) tail (giant eland)[57]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[58]

Diets: Leaves, shrubs, shoots, herbs, and fruit, as well as grass[58]
Tetracerus

Brown and gray bovid

Leach, 1825

One species
Indian subcontinent
Map of range
Size: 80–110 cm (31–43 in) long, plus 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tail[59]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[60]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[60]
Tragelaphus

Brown bovid with white stripes

(Blainville, 1816)

Seven species
Sub-Saharan Africa Size range: 105 cm (41 in) long, plus 19 cm (7 in) tail (harnessed bushbuck) to 260 cm (102 in) long (mountain nyala)[61]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, desert, and inland wetlands[62]

Diets: Grass, sedges, herbs, leaves, fruit, and shrubs[62]
Subfamily CaprinaeJ. E. Gray, 1821 – fourteen genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Ammotragus

Brown bovid

(Blyth, 1840)

One species
Northern Africa Size: 130–165 cm (51–65 in) long, plus 12–25 cm (5–10 in) tail[63]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert[64]

Diet: Grass, shrubs, and forbs[64]
Arabitragus

Brown bovid

Ropiquet, Hassanin, 2005

One species
Eastern Arabia
Map of range
Size: 93–95 cm (37–37 in) long, plus up to 8–10 cm (3–4 in) tail[65]

Habitats: Shrubland, rocky areas, and desert[66]

Diet: Grass, forbs, shrubs, and trees[66]
Budorcas

Yellow and gray bovid

Hodgson, 1850

One species
Eastern Himalayas
Map of range
Size: 170–220 cm (67–87 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail[67]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[68]

Diet: Grass, bamboo shoots, forbs, and leaves[68]
Capra
(goat)

Gray and brown bovid

Linnaeus, 1758

Nine species
Scattered Europe, Northeast Africa, and western and central Asia
Map of range
Size range: 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 10 cm (4 in) tail (Iberian ibex) to 185 cm (73 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail (markhor)[69]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, desert, and rocky areas[70]

Diets: Grass, shrubs, trees, herbs, lichens, and a variety of other plants[70]
Capricornis
(serow)

Brown bovid

Ogilby, 1836

Four species
Eastern Asia Size range: 80 cm (31 in) long, plus 7 cm (3 in) tail (Taiwan serow) to 155 cm (61 in) long, plus 16 cm (6 in) tail (mainland serow)[71]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[72]

Diets: Grass, shoots, leaves, shrubs, acorns, and twigs[72]
Hemitragus

Brown bovid

(Hodgson, 1841)

One species
Himalayas
Map of range
Size: 90–140 cm (35–55 in) long[73]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[74]

Diet: Herbaceous plants and shrubs, grass, and sedges[74]
Naemorhedus
(goral)

Brown bovid

H. Smith, 1827

Four species
Himalayas and Eastern Asia Size range: 81 cm (32 in) long (long-tailed goral) to 130 cm (51 in) long (Himalayan goral)[75]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[76]

Diets: Grass, herbs, shoots, leaves, nuts, fruit, and lichen[76]
Nilgiritragus

Brown bovids

Ropiquet, Hassanin, 2005

One species
Southern India
Map of range
Size: 90–140 cm (35–55 in) long, plus 9–12 cm (4–5 in) tail[77]

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[78]

Diet: Grass and forbs[78]
Oreamnos

White bovid

Rafinesque, 1817

One species
Western North America
Map of range
Size: 120–160 cm (47–63 in) long, plus 8–20 cm (3–8 in) tail[5]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[79]

Diet: Grass, forbs, sedges, ferns, moss, lichen, twigs, and leaves[79]
Ovibos

Brown bovid

Blainville, 1816

One species
The Arctic (reintroduced in blue)
Map of range
Size: 190–270 cm (75–106 in) long, plus 7–12 cm (3–5 in) tail[5]

Habitats: Grassland[80]

Diet: Sedges and grass, as well as shrubs and some forbs[80]
Ovis
(sheep)

White sheep

Linnaeus, 1758

Seven species
Asia and western North America, plus worldwide domesticated sheep Size range: 105 cm (41 in) long, plus 12 cm (5 in) tail (mouflon) to 190 cm (75 in) long (argali)[81]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, savanna, and desert[82]

Diets: Grass and shrubs, as well as a wide variety of vegetation[82]
Pantholops

Drawing of brown bovid

Hodgson, 1834

One species
Tibetan Plateau
Map of range
Size: 120–130 cm (47–51 in) long[83]

Habitats: Grassland[84]

Diet: Grass and herbs[83]
Pseudois

Brown bovid

Hodgson, 1846

One species
Himalayas
Map of range
Size: 120–140 cm (47–55 in) long[85]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert[86]

Diet: Grass, alpine herbs, and lichens[86]
Rupicapra

Black and white bovid

Blainville, 1816

Two species
Europe and western Asia
Map of range
Size range: 90 cm (35 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail (Pyrenean chamois) to 135 cm (53 in) long (chamois)[87]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[88]

Diets: Grass, herbs, tree leaves, flowers, buds, shoots, and fungi, as well as lichen, moss, and young pine shoots[88]
Subfamily CephalophinaeGray, 1871 – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Cephalophus

Black bovid

H. Smith, 1827

Sixteen species
Sub-Saharan Africa Size range: 60 cm (24 in) long (red-flanked duiker) to 150 cm (59 in) long, plus 16 cm (6 in) tail (Jentink's duiker)[89]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[90]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, flowers, twigs, nuts, and tree stems, as well as shrubs, grass, insects, and eggs[90]
Philantomba

Gray and white bovid

Blyth, 1840

Three species
Sub-Saharan Africa Size range: 36 cm (14 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail (Maxwell's duiker) to 72 cm (28 in) long, plus 13 cm (5 in) tail (blue duiker)[91]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[92]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, seeds, flowers, and fungi[92]
Sylvicapra

Brown bovid

Ogilby, 1837

One species
Sub-Saharan Africa Size: 70–105 cm (28–41 in) long, plus 10–20 cm (4–8 in) tail[93]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[94]

Diet: Variety of foliage, herbs, fruit, seeds, and cultivated crops[94]
Subfamily HippotraginaeSundevall, 1845 – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Addax

White bovid

Laurillard, 1841

One species
  • A. nasomaculatus (Addax)
Scattered western Africa
Map of range
Size: 150–170 cm (59–67 in) long, plus 25–35 cm (10–14 in) tail[95]

Habitats: Savanna, grassland, and desert[96]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[95]
Hippotragus

Brown bovid with white and black markings

Sundevall, 1846

Three species
Sub-Saharan Africa Size range: 190 cm (75 in) long, plus 37 cm (15 in) tail (roan antelope) to 300 cm (118 in) long (bluebuck)[97]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[98]

Diets: Grass, as well as forbs and leaves[98]
Oryx
(oryx)

Brown bovid with black and white markings

Blainville, 1816

Four species
Eastern and southern Africa and Arabian Peninsula Size range: 153 cm (60 in) long, plus 45 cm (18 in) tail (East African oryx) to 235 cm (93 in) long, plus 90 cm (35 in) tail (Arabian oryx)[99]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[100]

Diets: Grass, shrubs, herbs, roots, and buds, as well as fruit and vegetables[100]
Subfamily Nesotraginaevon Düben (de), 1846 – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Nesotragus

Small brown bovid

von Düben (de), 1846

Two species
Sub-Saharan Africa Size range: 50 cm (20 in) long, plus 5 cm (2 in) tail (Bates's pygmy antelope) to 62 cm (24 in) long (suni)[34]

Habitats: Forest, brush and riparian reed scrub[35]

Diets: Leaves and shoots, as well as fruit and fungi[35]
Subfamily ReduncinaeKnottnerus-Meyer, 1907 – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Kobus

Brown bovid

Smith, 1840

Five species
Sub-Saharan Africa Size range: 126 cm (50 in) long (puku) to 235 cm (93 in) long (waterbuck)[101]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, forest, and inland wetlands[102]

Diets: Grass, shrubs, and water plants[102]
Pelea

Brown bovid

Gray, 1851

One species
Southern Africa Size: 115–125 cm (45–49 in) long[103]

Habitats: Savanna and grassland[104]

Diet: Shrubs and forbs[104]
Redunca
(reedbuck)

Reddish-brown bovid

H. Smith, 1827

Three species
Sub-Saharan Africa Size range: 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 13 cm (5 in) tail (mountain reedbuck) to 167 cm (66 in) long (southern reedbuck)[105]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and inland wetlands[106]

Diets: Grass, as well as herbs and shrubs[106]
Family Cervidae
[edit]

Members of the Cervidae family are cervids, or colloquially deer. Cervidae comprises 53 extant species, divided into 19 genera. These genera are grouped into two subfamilies: Capreolinae, or New World deer, and Cervinae, or Old World deer.

Subfamily CapreolinaeBrookes, 1828 – ten genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Alces

Large dark brown cervid

J. E. Gray, 1821

One species
North America, Europe, and Asia
Map of range
Size: 230–340 cm (91–134 in) long, plus 8–12 cm (3–5 in) tail[107]

Habitats: Forest and inland wetlands[108]

Diet: Vegetative parts of trees, as well as shrubs, herbs, and aquatic plants[108]
Blastocerus

Brown cervid

Wagner, 1844

One species
Scattered parts of central South America (former range in red)
Map of range
Size: 153–191 cm (60–75 in) long, plus 12–16 cm (5–6 in) tail[109]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and inland wetlands[110]

Diet: Grasses, reeds and aquatic plants, as well as shrubs and vines[110]
Capreolus
(roe deer)

Two brown cervids

J. E. Gray, 1821

Two species
Europe and Asia
Map of range
Size range: 95 cm (37 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (Siberian roe deer) to 124 cm (49 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail (roe deer)[111]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[112]

Diets: Wide variety of plants[112]
Hippocamelus

Brown cervid

Leuckart, 1816

Two species
Western South America Size range: 69–77 cm (27–30 in) tall at shoulder (taruca) to 156 cm (61 in) long, plus 13 cm (5 in) tail; 80–90 cm (31–35 in) tall at shoulder (South Andean deer)[113]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, rocky areas, and desert[114]

Diets: Sedges, grass, and other plants[114]
Hydropotes

Brown cervid

H. Milne-Edwards, 1872

One species
East China and Korean peninsula Size: 89–103 cm (35–41 in) long, plus 6–7 cm (2–3 in) tail; 45–57 cm (18–22 in) tall at shoulder[115]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and intertidal marine[116]

Diet: Reeds, coarse grasses, vegetables, and beets[116][117]
Mazama
(brocket deer)

Brown cervid

Rafinesque, 1817

Nine species
South America and Central America Size range: 70 cm (28 in) long (dwarf brocket) to 146 cm (57 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (red brocket)[118]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and rocky areas[119]

Diets: Wide variety of plants and fruit[119]
Odocoileus

Rafinesque, 1832

Three species
North America and northern South America Size range: 105 cm (41 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail (Yucatan brown brocket) to 203 cm (80 in) long (mule deer)[120]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, desert, neritic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[121]

Diets: Wide variety of vegetation and grasses[121]
Ozotoceros

Brown cervid

Ameghino, 1891

One species
Scattered central South America
Map of range
Size: 110–140 cm (43–55 in) long; 70–75 cm (28–30 in) tall at shoulder[122]

Habitats: Savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands[123]

Diet: Grasses and shrubs[122][123]
Pudu
(pudú)

Small brown cervid

J. E. Gray, 1852

Two species
Western South America Size range: 60–85 cm (24–33 in) long, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[124]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[125]

Diets: Leaves of ferns, trees, vines, herbs and shrubs[125]
Rangifer

Grayish-brown cervid

H. Smith, 1827

One species
Arctic North America, Europe, and Asia
Map of range
Size: 150–230 cm (59–91 in) long; up to 120 cm (47 in) tall at shoulder[126]

Habitats: Forest and grassland[127]

Diet: Lichen, forbs, sedges, grasses, and shrubs[127]
Subfamily CervinaeGoldfuss, 1820 – nine genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Axis

Brown cervid with white spots

H. Smith, 1827

Four species
Southern and southeast Asia Size range: 70 cm (28 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (chital) to 175 cm (69 in) long, plus 38 cm (15 in) tail (Calamian deer)[128]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[129]

Diets: Wide variety of grasses as well as fallen leaves, flowers, and fruit[129]
Cervus

Brown cervid

Linnaeus, 1758

Five species
Southern and southeast Asia Size range: 95 cm (37 in) long, plus 7 cm (3 in) tail (sika deer) to 280 cm (110 in) long, plus 22 cm (9 in) tail (elk)[130]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and inland wetlands[131]

Diets: Shrub and tree shoots and branches, as well as grass, sedges, shrubs, fruit, and seeds[131]
Dama

Brown cervid with white spots

Frisch, 1775

Two species
Europe and west Asia; introduced scattered areas worldwide Size range: 130–175 cm (51–69 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail[132]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[133]

Diets: Grasses, mast, and shrubs, as well as leaves, buds, shoots, and bark[133]
Elaphodus

Brown cervid

H. Milne-Edwards, 1872

One species
Central China and northeastern Myanmar Size: 110–160 cm (43–63 in) long, plus 7–16 cm (3–6 in) tail[134]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[135]

Diet: Grass, as well as shrubs, fruits, bamboo, and herbs[135]
Elaphurus

Three brown cervids

Milne-Edwards, 1866

One species
China Size: 183–216 cm (72–85 in) long, plus 22–36 cm (9–14 in) tail[136]

Habitats: Grassland, inland wetlands, and intertidal marine[137]

Diet: Grass, reeds, and bush leaves[137]
Muntiacus
(muntjac)

Brown cervid

Rafinesque, 1815

Twelve species
South and southeast Asia; introduced to Britain
Map of range
Size range: 70 cm (28 in) long, plus 10 cm (4 in) tail (Reeves's muntjac) to 135 cm (53 in) long, plus 23 cm (9 in) tail (Northern red muntjac)[138]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[139]

Diets: Fruit and a range of plant materials[139]
Panolia

Brown cervid

McClelland, 1842

One species
Scattered parts of south and southeast Asia Size range: 140–170 cm (55–67 in) long, plus 22–25 cm (9–10 in) tail[140]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[141]

Diets: A variety of grass, fruit, and herbaceous and wetland plants[141][142]
Rucervus

Brown cervid

Hodgson, 1838

Two species
Scattered parts of south and southeast Asia Size range: 140 cm (55 in) long, plus 22 cm (9 in) tail (Eld's deer) to 180 cm (71 in) long (barasingha)[143]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[144]

Diets: A variety of grass, fruit, and herbaceous and wetland plants[144]
Rusa

Brown cervid

H. Smith, 1827

Four species
South and Southeast Asia Size range: 100 cm (39 in) long (Philippine deer) to 270 cm (106 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail (sambar deer)[145]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[146]

Diets: Wide variety of plants[146]
Family Giraffidae
[edit]

Members of the Giraffidae family are giraffids, and are the giraffes and the okapi. Giraffidae comprises five extant species in two genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – two genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Giraffa
(giraffe)

Giraffe

Brisson, 1762

Four species
Scattered Sub-Saharan Africa (species shown as subspecies)
Map of range
Size range: 380–470 cm (150–185 in) long, plus 78–100 cm (31–39 in) tail; 600–1,800 kg (1,323–3,968 lb)[147]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland[148]

Diets: Leaves, stems, flowers, and fruit[148]
Okapia

Brown, black, and white giraffid

Lankester, 1901

One species
Democratic Republic of the Congo in Central Africa
Map of range
Size: 200–220 cm (79–87 in) long, plus 30–42 cm (12–17 in) tail; 200–350 kg (441–772 lb)[147]

Habitats: Forest[149]

Diet: Leaves[149]
Family Moschidae
[edit]

Members of the Moschidae family are moschids, or colloquially musk deer. Moschidae contains seven extant species in a single genus.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Moschus
(musk deer)

Brown tusked deer

Linnaeus, 1758

Seven species
Southern Asia Size range: 80–100 cm (31–39 in) long, plus 4–6 cm (2–2 in) tail[150][151]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[152]

Diets: Leaves, flowers, shoots, and grass, as well as twigs, moss, and lichen[151]

Family Tragulidae

[edit]

Members of the Tragulidae family are tragulids, or colloquially chevrotains or mouse-deer. Tragulidae contains 10 extant species in 3 genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Hyemoschus

Small brown deer

Brisson, 1762

One species
Central and western Africa
Map of range
Size: 45–85 cm (18–33 in) long, plus 7–17 cm (3–7 in) tail[153]

Habitats: Forest[154]

Diet: Tree and shrub leaves, fruit, and buds[153]
Moschiola
(spotted chevrotain)

Small brown deer

J. E. Gray, 1845

Three species
Southern Asia Size range: 50–56 cm (20–22 in) long, plus 2–3 cm (1–1 in) tail[155]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and marine[156]

Diets: Herbs, shrubs, and fruit[156]
Tragulus
(mouse-deer)

Small brown deer

J. E. Gray, 1845

Six species
Southeast Asia Size range: 40–58 cm (16–23 in) long, plus 6–10 cm (2–4 in) tail[157]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[158]

Diets: Fruit, as well as shoots and young leaves[158]

Suborder Suina

[edit]

Family Suidae

[edit]

Members of the Suidae family are suids, or colloquially pigs, hogs, or boars. Suidae comprises 17 extant species, divided into 6 genera, and is not split into subfamilies.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – six genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Babyrousa
(deer-pig)

Gray tusked suine

Perry, 1811

Three species
Indonesia Size range: 85–110 cm (33–43 in) long, plus 20–32 cm (8–13 in) tail (Buru babirusa and North Sulawesi babirusa)[159]

Habitats: Forest, inland wetlands, and intertidal marine[160]

Diets: Fruit and browse, as well as rhizomes, tamarinds, cacao, herbs, and vegetables[160]
Hylochoerus

Hairy brown suine

Thomas, 1904

One species
Scattered central Africa
Map of range
Size: 130–210 cm (51–83 in) long, plus 25–45 cm (10–18 in) tail[161]

Habitats: Forest[162]

Diet: Large variety of plants, particularly herbaceous plants[162]
Phacochoerus
(warthog)

Borwn tusked suine

F. Cuvier, 1826

Two species
Sub-saharan Africa Size range: 90–150 cm (35–59 in) long (common warthog)[163]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[164]

Diets: Grass, shrubs, and tubers, as well as fruit, insects, roots, berries, bark, and carrion[164]
Porcula

Small brown suine

Hodgson, 1847

One species
Southern Bhutan and northwest India Size: 55–71 cm (22–28 in) long, plus tail[165]

Habitats: Grassland[166]

Diet: Roots, grass, tubers, and invertebrates[167][166]
Potamochoerus
(bushpig)

Hairy brown suine

J. E. Gray, 1854

Two species
Sub-Saharan Africa Size range: 100–150 cm (39–59 in) long, plus 30–40 cm (12–16 in) tail (red river hog)[168]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[169]

Diets: Roots, tubers, fruit, seeds, invertebrates, small vertebrates, and carrion[169]
Sus
(pig)

Hairy brown suine

Linnaeus, 1758

Eight species
Southeast Asia, with wild boar in Eurasia and North Africa and introduced to parts of United States, South America, and Oceania Size range: 80 cm (31 in) long (Celebes warty pig) to 200 cm (79 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (wild boar)[170]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, neritic marine, intertidal marine, and desert[171]

Diets: Omnivorous; wide variety of plants and small vertebrates[171]

Family Tayassuidae

[edit]

Members of the Tayassuidae family are tayassuids, or colloquially peccaries. Tayassuidae comprises 3 extant species in 3 genera, and is not split into subfamilies.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Catagonus

Brown suine

Ameghino, 1904

One species
Gran Chaco region of central South America
Map of range
Size: 96–118 cm (38–46 in) long[172]

Habitats: Savanna and shrubland[173]

Diet: Cacti, as well as roots, fruit, and forbs[173]
Dicotyles

Brown suine

Linnaeus, 1758

One species
South America, Central America, Trinidad in the Caribbean, and southern North America
Map of range
Size: 80–100 cm (31–39 in) long[174]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[175]

Diet: Roots, tubers, fruits, seeds, as well as green plants, insects, and small animals[175]
Tayassu

Two brown suines

Fischer von Waldheim, 1814

One species
South America and Central America
Map of range
Size: 75–100 cm (30–39 in) long, plus 1–6 cm (0–2 in) tail[176]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[177]

Diet: Fruit, as well as a variety of plants, invertebrates, fungi and fish[177]

Suborder Tylopoda

[edit]

Family Camelidae

[edit]

Members of the Camelidae family are camelids, and include camels, llamas, and alpacas. Camelidae contains 7 extant species in 2 genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – two genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Camelus
(camel)

Brown camel

Linnaeus, 1758

Three species
Northern Africa, Middle East, central Asia, central Australia Size range: 220 cm (87 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (dromedary) to 320 cm (126 in) long, plus 25 cm (10 in) tail (wild Bactrian camel)[178]

Habitats: Desert[178]

Diets: Wide variety of plants, as well as carrion[178]
Lama

Brown camel

Cuvier, 1800

Four species
Western and southern South America Size range: 90 cm (35 in) long, plus 24 cm (9 in) tail (guanaco) to 225 cm (89 in) long, plus 25 cm (10 in) tail (alpaca)[179]

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, desert[180]

Diets: Grass, forbs, shrubs, and lichen[180]

Suborder Whippomorpha

[edit]

Infraorder Cetacea

[edit]
Parvorder Mysticeti
[edit]
Family Balaenidae
[edit]

Members of the Balaenidae family are balaenids, or colloquially right whales. Balaenidae contains four species in two genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – two genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Balaena

Gray whale

Linnaeus, 1758

One species
Arctic and subarctic ocean
Map of range
Size: 18–20 m (59–66 ft) long; 98 tons[181]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[182]

Diet: Small crustaceans and other zooplankton[182]
Eubalaena
(right whale)

Two gray whales

J. E. Gray, 1864

Three species
Subarctic and Antarctic ocean (southern right whale in yellow, North Atlantic right whale in green, North Pacific right whale in blue)
Map of range
Size range: 11–18 m (36–59 ft) long; 54–73 tons[183]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[184]

Diets: Copepods and krill, as well as other zooplankton[184]
Family Balaenopteridae
[edit]

Members of the Balaenopteridae family are balaenopterids, or colloquially rorquals. Balaenopteridae contains eleven species in three genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Balaenoptera

Gray whale

Linnaeus, 1758

Nine species
Worldwide oceans Size range: 7 m (23 ft) long and 5 tons (common minke whale) to 27 m (89 ft) long and 120 tons (blue whale)[185]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[186]

Diets: Fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods[185]
Eschrichtius

Gray whale

J. E. Gray, 1846

One species
Northern Pacific oceans
Map of range
Size: 12–14 m (39–46 ft) long; 15–35 tons[187]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[188]

Diet: Mysids, tube-dwelling amphipods, and Polychaete tube worms, as well as other crustaceans and zooplankton[188]
Megaptera

Gray whale underwater

J. E. Gray, 1864

One species
Worldwide oceans
Map of range
Size: 11.5–15 m (38–49 ft) long; 25–30 tons[189]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[190]

Diet: Krill and crustaceans, as well as fish[190]
Family Cetotheriidae
[edit]

Members of the Cetotheriidae family are cetotheriids; the only extant species is the pygmy right whale.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Caperea

Drawing of gray whale

J. E. Gray, 1864

One species
Sub-Antarctic oceans
Map of range
Size: 5.5–6.5 m (18–21 ft) long; 3–3.5 tons[191]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[192]

Diet: Copepods as well as other zooplankton[192]
Parvorder Odontoceti
[edit]
Family Delphinidae
[edit]

Members of the Delphinidae family are delphinids, or colloquially oceanic dolphins. Delphinidae contains 37 species in 19 genera, which are grouped into four named subfamilies: Delphininae, Lissodelphininae, Globicephalinae, and Orcininae, as well as one unnamed group.

Subfamily DelphininaeLeDuc, 1997 – six genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Delphinus

Two gray dolphins

Linnaeus, 1758

One species
Tropical and temperate Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans
Map of range
Size: 170–240 cm (67–94 in) long; 70–110 kg (154–243 lb)[193]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[194]

Diet: Epipelagic and mesopelagic fish as well as squid[194]
Lagenodelphis

Gray dolphins

Fraser, 1956

One species
Tropical and temperate Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans
Map of range
Size: 200–260 cm (79–102 in) long; 160–210 kg (353–463 lb)[195]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[196]

Diet: Mesopelagic fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans[196]
Sotalia

Gray dolphin

J. E. Gray, 1866

Two species
Northern and eastern South American coast and Amazon basin rivers
Map of range
Size range: 130–180 cm (51–71 in) long; 35–45 kg (77–99 lb)[197]

Habitats: Neritic marine, coastal marine, and inland wetlands[198]

Diets: Fish, cephalopods, and shrimp[198]
Sousa
(humpback dolphin)

Gray dolphins

J. E. Gray, 1866

Four species
Western African coast; Indian Ocean coasts; western Pacific Ocean Size range: 200 cm (79 in) long and 100 kg (220 lb) (Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin) to 280 cm (110 in) long and 200 kg (441 lb) (Atlantic humpback dolphin)[199]

Habitats: Neritic marine, coastal marine, intertidal marine, oceanic marine, and inland wetlands[200]

Diets: Wide variety of coastal fish, as well as cephalopods[200]
Stenella
(spotted dolphin)

Gray dolphins

J. E. Gray, 1866

Five species
Worldwide tropical and temperate oceans Size range: 130 cm (51 in) long and 45 kg (99 lb) (spinner dolphin) to 250 cm (98 in) long and 150 kg (331 lb) (striped dolphin)[201]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[202]

Diets: Small fish, squid, and shrimp[202]
Tursiops
(bottlenose dolphin)

Gray dolphin

Gervais, 1855

Two species
Worldwide tropical and temperate oceans
Map of range
Size range: 190–390 cm (75–154 in) long; 150–650 kg (331–1,433 lb)[203]

Habitats: Neritic marine, coastal marine, oceanic marine, and inland wetlands[204]

Diets: Wide variety of fish and cephalopods, as well as shrimp and crustaceans[204]
Subfamily LissodelphininaeRice, 1984 – two genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Cephalorhynchus

Gray and white dolphin

J. E. Gray, 1846

Four species
Southern South American coast, southwestern African coast, New Zealand coast, and Kerguelen Islands in Indian Ocean Size range: 120 cm (47 in) long and 30 kg (66 lb) (Chilean dolphin) to 170 cm (67 in) long and 75 kg (165 lb) (Heaviside's dolphin)[205]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[206]

Diets: Small fish, cephalopods, crustaceans, and benthic invertebrates[206]
Lissodelphis
(right whale dolphin)

Gray dolphins

Gloger, 1841

Two species
Temperate north Pacific Ocean and temperate to sub-Antarctic Pacific and Atlantic Oceans
Map of range
Size range: 180 cm (71 in) long and 60 kg (132 lb) (southern right whale dolphin) to 300 cm (118 in) long and 100 kg (220 lb) (Northern right whale dolphin)[207]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[208]

Diets: Squid and fish[208]
Subfamily GlobicephalinaeLeDuc, 1997 – seven genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Feresa

Three gray and dolphins

J. E. Gray, 1870

One species
Worldwide tropical and subtropical oceans
Map of range
Size: 210–260 cm (83–102 in) long; 110–170 kg (243–375 lb)[209]

Habitats: Oceanic marine[210]

Diet: Fish and cephalopods[210]
Globicephala
(pilot whale)

Gray dolphins

Lesson, 1828

Two species
Worldwide oceans (short-finned in blue, long-finned in green)
Map of range
Size range: 360–650 cm (142–256 in) long; 1–4 tons[211]

Habitats: Oceanic marine[212]

Diets: Squid, as well as small and medium fish and shrimp[212]
Grampus

Gray dolphin

J. E. Gray, 1828

One species
Worldwide tropical and temperate ocean continental shelves
Map of range
Size: 260–380 cm (102–150 in) long; 300–500 kg (661–1,102 lb)[213]

Habitats: Oceanic marine[214]

Diet: Cephalopods[214]
Orcaella
(snubfin dolphin)

Gray dolphin

Lesson, 1866

Two species
Southeast Asian and northern Australian coasts
Map of range
Size range: 210–260 cm (83–102 in) long; 90–150 kg (198–331 lb)[215]

Habitats: Neretic marine, coastal marine, and inland wetlands[216]

Diets: Fish, as well as squid and shrimp[215]
Peponocephala

Gray dolphin

Nishiwaki, Norris, 1966

One species
Worldwide tropical and subtropical oceans
Map of range
Size: 210–270 cm (83–106 in) long; about 160 kg (353 lb)[217]

Habitats: Oceanic marine[218]

Diet: Mesopelagic fish, squid, and shrimp[218]
Pseudorca

Gray dolphin

Reinhardt, 1862

One species
Worldwide tropical and temperate oceans
Map of range
Size: 430–600 cm (169–236 in) long; 1.1–2.2 tons[219]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[220]

Diet: Large fish and cephalopods[220]
Steno

Gray and white dolphin

J. E. Gray, 1846

One species
Worldwide tropical and temperate oceans
Map of range
Size: 210–260 cm (83–102 in) long; 100–150 kg (220–331 lb)[221]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[222]

Diet: Fish and cephalopods[222]
Subfamily OrcininaeRice, 1967 – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Orcinus

Two black and white dolphins

Fitzinger, 1860

One species
Worldwide oceans
Map of range
Size: 550–980 cm (217–386 in) long; 2.6–9 tons[223]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[224]

Diet: Wide variety of prey, including marine mammals, seabirds, sea turtles, many species of fish, sharks, rays, and cephalopods[224]
Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Lagenorhynchus

Black and white dolphin

Cope, 1866

Six species
Temperate and subarctic northern Atlantic Ocean, Sub-Antarctic Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, temperate north Pacific Ocean, and scattered southern hemisphere coasts Size range: 150 cm (59 in) long and 50 kg (110 lb) (dusky dolphin) to 270 cm (106 in) long and 275 kg (606 lb) (White-beaked dolphin)[225]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[226]

Diets: Wide variety of fish and cephalopods[226]
Family Iniidae
[edit]

Members of the Iniidae family are inniids, and are part of a grouping colloqially termed river dolphins along with Lipotidae, Platanistidae and Pontoporiidae. Iniidae contains four species in one genus.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Inia

Gray dolphins underwater

d'Orbigny, 1834

Four species
Amazon rivers in South America (Araguaian river dolphin in blue, Amazon and Orinoco river dolphins in green, and Bolivian river dolphin in purple)
Map of range
Size range: 180–250 cm (71–98 in) long; 85–160 kg (187–353 lb)[227]

Habitats: Inland wetlands[228]

Diets: Fish, as well as shrimp[227]
Family Kogiidae
[edit]

Members of the Kogiidae family are kogiids, and are part of the sperm whale superfamily Physeteroidea; the family contains two species in one genus.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Kogia

Gray dolphin

G. R. Gray, 1864

Two species
Worldwide tropical and temperate oceans Size range: 210 cm (83 in) long and 135 kg (298 lb) (dwarf sperm whale) to 340 cm (134 in) long and 400 kg (882 lb) (pygmy sperm whale)[229]

Habitats: Oceanic marine[230]

Diets: Cephalopods, as well as fish, shrimp, and crabs[230]
Family Lipotidae
[edit]

Members of the Lipotidae family are lipotids and are part of the river dolphin grouping along with Iniidae, Platanistidae and Pontoporiidae; the only extant species is the baiji.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Lipotes

Drawing of a gray dolphin

Miller, 1918

One species
Yangtze river in China
Map of range
Size: 140–250 cm (55–98 in) long; 100–160 kg (220–353 lb)[231]

Habitats: Inland wetlands[232]

Diet: Fish[232]
Family Monodontidae
[edit]

Members of the Monodontidae family are monodontids and comprises two living whale species in two genera, the narwhal and the beluga whale.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Delphinapterus

White whale

Lacépède, 1804

One species
Arctic and subarctic oceans
Map of range
Size: 300–500 cm (118–197 in) long; 0.4–1.5 tons[233]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[234]

Diet: Fish, as well as mollusks and benthic crustaceans[234]
Monodon

Gray and white cetaceans

Lacépède, 1804

One species
Arctic ocean
Map of range
Size: 380–500 cm (150–197 in) long; 0.8–1.6 tons[235]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[236]

Diet: Fish, squid, and shrimp[236]
Family Phocoenidae
[edit]

Members of the Phocoenidae family are phocoenids, or colloquially porpoises. Phocoenidae contains eight species in three genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Neophocaena
(finless porpoise)

White porpoise

Palmer, 1899

Three species
Asian coasts
Map of range
Size range: 120–190 cm (47–75 in) long; 30–45 kg (66–99 lb)[237]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[238]

Diets: Small fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans[238]
Phocoena

White and gray porpoise

Cuvier, 1816

Four species
North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Antarctic oceans, Black Sea, and South American coast Size range: 130–220 cm (51–87 in) long; 60–84 kg (132–185 lb) (spectacled porpoise)[239]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[240]

Diets: Fish, shrimp, squid, and crustaceans[240]
Phocoenoides

White and gray porpoise

(Andrews, 1911)

One species
North Pacific ocean
Map of range
Size: 170–220 cm (67–87 in) long; 135–220 kg (298–485 lb) (spectacled porpoise)[241]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[242]

Diet: Wide variety of fish, squid[242]
Family Physeteridae
[edit]

Members of the Physeteridae family are physeterids, and are part of the sperm whale superfamily Physeteroidea; the only extant species is the sperm whale.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Physeter

Two gray whales

Linnaeus, 1758

One species
Worldwide oceans (concentrations in black)
Map of range
Size: 11–18 m (36–59 ft) long; 20–50 tons[243]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[244]

Diet: Deep-water squid[244]
Family Platanistidae
[edit]

Members of the Platanistidae family are platanistids, and are part of a grouping colloqially termed river dolphins along with Iniidae, Lipotidae, and Pontoporiidae. Platanistidae contains two species in one genus.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Platanista
(South Asian river dolphin)

Gray dolphin

Wagler, 1830

Two species
Ganges river (dark blue) and Indus river (light blue)
Map of range
Size range: 150–250 cm (59–98 in) long; 70–90 kg (154–198 lb)[245]

Habitats: Neritic marine and inland wetlands[246]

Diets: Fish and shrimp[245]
Family Pontoporiidae
[edit]

Members of the Pontoporiidae family are pontoporiids, and are part of a grouping colloqially termed river dolphins along with Iniidae, Lipotidae, and Platanistidae. The only extant species is the La Plata dolphin.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Pontoporia

Drawing of gray and white dolphin

J. E. Gray, 1846

One species
Southeastern South American coast
Map of range
Size: 130–170 cm (51–67 in) long; 30–53 kg (66–117 lb)[247]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[248]

Diet: Fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans[248]
Family Ziphiidae
[edit]

Members of the Ziphiidae family are ziphiids, or colloquially beaked whales. Ziphiidae contains 23 species in 6 genera, which are grouped into three named subfamilies: Berardiinae, Hyperoodontinae, and Ziphiinae.

Subfamily BerardiinaeMoore, 1968 – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Berardius
(four-toothed whale)

Gray whale

Duvernoy, 1851

Three species
Antarctic, subantarctic, and north Pacific oceans Size range: 7.8 m (26 ft) long and 7 tons (Arnoux's beaked whale) to 12.8 m (42 ft) long and 16 tons (Baird's beaked whale)[249]

Habitats: Oceanic marine[250]

Diets: Deepwater and pelagic fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans[250]
Subfamily HyperoodontinaeJ. E. Gray, 1846 – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Hyperoodon
(bottlenose whale)

Gray whale

Lacépède, 1804

Two species
Antarctic, subantarctic, and north Atlantic oceans Size range: 6–9 m (20–30 ft) long; 5.8–8 tons[251]

Habitats: Oceanic marine[252]

Diets: Squid, as well as fish, sea cucumbers, starfish, and prawns[252]
Indopacetus

Gray whales

Moore, 1968

One species
Small ocean regions near Horn of Africa and Australia
Map of range
Size: 7–7.5 m (23–25 ft) long[253]

Habitats: Oceanic marine[254]

Diet: Squid[254]
Mesoplodon
(mesoplodont whale)

Gray whales

Gervais, 1850

Fifteen species
Worldwide tropical and temperate oceans Size range: 3.4 m (11 ft) long (pygmy beaked whale) to 6.2 m (20 ft) long and 3 tons (strap-toothed whale)[255]

Habitats: Oceanic marine[256]

Diets: Squid, fish, and crustaceans[256]
Subfamily ZiphiinaeJ. E. Gray, 1850 – two genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Tasmacetus

Underwater cetacean with numbered lines

Oliver, 1937

One species
Sub-Antarctic ocean
Map of range
Size: 6–7 m (20–23 ft) long; 2–3 tons[257]

Habitats: Oceanic marine[258]

Diet: Fish, as well as squid and crabs[258]
Ziphius

Gray whale

Cuvier, 1823

One species
Worldwide tropical and temperate ocean
Map of range
Size: 5.5–7 m (18–23 ft) long; 2–3 tons[259]

Habitats: Oceanic marine[260]

Diet: Deep-sea squid, as well as fish and crustaceans[260]

Family Hippopotamidae

[edit]

Members of the Hippopotamidae family are hippopotamids, or colloquially hippopotamuses or hippos. Hippopotamidae contains 2 species in 2 genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – two genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Choeropsis

Gray hippo

Leidy, 1853

One species
Scattered western Africa
Map of range
Size: 150–175 cm (59–69 in) long, plus a tail of about 20 cm (8 in); 160–275 kg (353–606 lb)[261]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, inland wetlands[262]

Diet: Variety of terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants[262]
Hippopotamus

Gray hippo

Linnaeus, 1758

One species
Sub-Saharan Africa and Nile River (current range in green, historical in red)
Map of range
Size: 209–505 cm (82–199 in) long, including a tail of about 35 cm (14 in); 1,300–3,200 kg (2,866–7,055 lb)[263]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, neritic marine, coastal marine[264]

Diet: Grass[264]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Graur, Dan; Higgins, Desmond G. (1994). "Molecular Evidence for the Inclusion of Cetaceans within the Order Artiodactyla". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 11 (3): 357–364. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040118. PMID 8015431.
  2. ^ Wilson, Reeder, pp. 637–743
  3. ^ Burnie, p. 227
  4. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Antilocapra americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T1677A50181848. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T1677A50181848.en.
  5. ^ a b c d e Harris, pp. 122–131
  6. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Aepyceros melampus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T550A50180828. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T550A50180828.en.
  7. ^ Lundrigan, Barbara; Sproull, Karen (2000). "Aepyceros melampus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  8. ^ Batty, Kristin (2002). "Alcelaphus buselaphus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  9. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2019) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Alcelaphus buselaphus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T811A143160967. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T811A143160967.en.
  10. ^ a b Olney, Hannah (2002). "Beatragus hunteri". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
  11. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Beatragus hunteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T6234A50185297. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T6234A50185297.en.
  12. ^ Connochaetes sizes:
  13. ^ a b Connochaetes habitats and diets:
  14. ^ Damaliscus sizes:
  15. ^ a b Damaliscus habitats and diets:
  16. ^ a b Derrig, Jim Bob (2003). "Ammodorcas clarkei". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
  17. ^ a b Heckel, J.; Wilhelmi, F.; Kaariye, X.; Amir, O. (2016). "Ammodorcas clarkei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T1141A50181613. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T1141A50181613.en.
  18. ^ Kingdon 2013, ch. Springbok
  19. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Antidorcas marsupialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T1676A50181753. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T1676A50181753.en.
  20. ^ "Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  21. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Antilope cervicapra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T1681A50181949. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T1681A50181949.en.
  22. ^ Kingdon 2020, ch. Beira
  23. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Dorcatragus megalotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6793A50185898. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6793A50185898.en.
  24. ^ Eudorcas sizes:
  25. ^ a b Eudorcas habitats and diets:
  26. ^ Gazella sizes:
  27. ^ a b Gazella habitats and diets:
  28. ^ Payne, Jamie (2003). "Litocranius walleri". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
  29. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Litocranius walleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12142A50190292. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12142A50190292.en.
  30. ^ Madoqua sizes:
  31. ^ a b Madoqua habitats and diets:
  32. ^ Nanger sizes:
  33. ^ a b Nanger habitats and diets:
  34. ^ a b Neotragus sizes:
  35. ^ a b c d Neotragus habitats and diets:
  36. ^ Ewacha, Michelle (2013). "Oreotragus oreotragus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
  37. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Oreotragus oreotragus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15485A50191264. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15485A50191264.en.
  38. ^ a b Frey, Dayna (2000). "Ourebia ourebi". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  39. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Ourebia ourebi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15730A50192202. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15730A50192202.en.
  40. ^ Procapra sizes:
  41. ^ a b Procapra habitats and diets:
  42. ^ Raphicerus sizes:
  43. ^ a b Raphicerus habitats and diets:
  44. ^ Castelló, p. 170
  45. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2018). "Saiga tatarica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T19832A50194357. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T19832A50194357.en.
  46. ^ Bison sizes:
    • American bison: Harris, pp. 122–131
    • European bison: Semenov, U. A. (2014). "The Wisents of Karachay-Cherkessia". Proceedings of the Sochi National Park. KMK Scientific Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-5-87317-984-8.
  47. ^ a b Bison habitats and diets:
  48. ^ Bos sizes:
  49. ^ a b Bos habitats and diets:
  50. ^ Benton, Melody (2000). "Boselaphus tragocamelus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  51. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Boselaphus tragocamelus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2893A50182076. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T2893A50182076.en.
  52. ^ Bubalus sizes:
  53. ^ a b Bubalus habitats and diets:
  54. ^ Castelló, p. 648
  55. ^ a b Timmins, R. J.; Hedges, S.; Robichaud, W. (2020) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Pseudoryx nghetinhensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18597A166485696. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T18597A166485696.en.
  56. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2019). "Syncerus caffer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T21251A50195031. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T21251A50195031.en.
  57. ^ Taurotragus sizes:
  58. ^ a b Taurotragus habitats and diets:
  59. ^ Lundeen, Brooks (2003). "Tetracerus quadricornis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
  60. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Tetracerus quadricornis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T21661A50195368. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T21661A50195368.en.
  61. ^ Tragelaphus sizes:
  62. ^ a b Tragelaphus habitats and diets: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus angasii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22052A50196443. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22052A50196443.en.
  63. ^ "Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  64. ^ a b Cassinello, J.; Cuzin, F.; Jdeidi, T.; Masseti, M.; Nader, I.; de Smet, K. (2008). "Ammotragus lervia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T1151A3288917. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T1151A3288917.en.
  65. ^ Castelló, p. 310
  66. ^ a b Ross, S.; Al-Rawahi, H.; Al-Jahdhami, M. H.; Spalton, J. A.; Mallon, D.; Al-Shukali, A.; Al-Fazari, W.; Chreiki, M. K. (2019) [errata version of 2019 assessment]. "Arabitragus jayakari". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T9918A156925170. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T9918A156925170.en.
  67. ^ Marceau, Jonathan (2000). "Budorcas taxicolor". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
  68. ^ a b Song, Y.-L.; Smith, A. T.; MacKinnon, J. (2008). "Budorcas taxicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T3160A9643719. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3160A9643719.en.
  69. ^ Capra sizes:
  70. ^ a b Capra habitats and diets:
  71. ^ Capricornis sizes:
  72. ^ a b Capricornis habitats and diets:
  73. ^ Kennedy, Sara (2002). "Hemitragus jemlahicus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  74. ^ a b Ale, S. B.; Sathyakumar, S.; Forsyth, D. M.; Lingyun, X.; Bhatnagar, Y. V. (2020). "Hemitragus jemlahicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T9919A22152905. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T9919A22152905.en.
  75. ^ Naemorhedus sizes:
  76. ^ a b Naemorhedus habitats and diets:
  77. ^ Herman, Adam (2004). "Hemitragus hylocrius". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  78. ^ a b Alempath, M.; Rice, C. (2008). "Nilgiritragus hylocrius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T9917A13026736. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T9917A13026736.en.
  79. ^ a b Festa-Bianchet, M. (2020). "Oreamnos americanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T42680A22153133. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T42680A22153133.en.
  80. ^ a b Gunn, A.; Forchhammer, M. (2016) [errata version of 2008 assessment]. "Ovibos moschatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T29684A9526203. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T29684A9526203.en.
  81. ^ Ovis sizes:
  82. ^ a b Ovis habitats and diets:
  83. ^ a b Castelló, pp. 405, 407
  84. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Pantholops hodgsonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15967A50192544. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15967A50192544.en.
  85. ^ Smith, Mary Alice (2000). "Pseudois nayaur". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
  86. ^ a b Harris, R. B. (2014). "Pseudois nayaur". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T61513537A64313015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T61513537A64313015.en.
  87. ^ Rupicapra sizes:
  88. ^ a b Rupicapra habitats and diets:
  89. ^ Cephalophus sizes:
  90. ^ a b Cephalophus habitats and diets:
  91. ^ Philantomba sizes:
  92. ^ a b Philantomba habitats and diets:
  93. ^ Castelló, p. 244
  94. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Sylvicapra grimmia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21203A50194717. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T21203A50194717.en.
  95. ^ a b Altan, Berke (2000). "Addax nasomaculatus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  96. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Addax nasomaculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T512A50180603. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T512A50180603.en.
  97. ^ Hippotragus sizes:
  98. ^ a b Hippotragus habitats and diets:
  99. ^ Oryx sizes:
  100. ^ a b Oryx habitats and diets:
  101. ^ Kobus sizes:
  102. ^ a b Kobus habitats and diets:
  103. ^ Dewey, Stephen (2002). "Pelea capreolus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  104. ^ a b Taylor, A.; Cowell, C.; Drouilly, M. (2017). "Pelea capreolus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T16484A50192715. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T16484A50192715.en.
  105. ^ Redunca sizes:
  106. ^ a b Redunca habitats and diets:
  107. ^ De Bord, Daniel (2009). "Alces alces". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
  108. ^ a b Hundertmark, K. (2016). "Alces alces". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T56003281A22157381. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T56003281A22157381.en.
  109. ^ Eisenberg, Redford, Reid, Bonner (vol. 3), p. 340
  110. ^ a b Duarte, J. M. B; Varela, D.; Piovezan, U.; Beccaceci, M. D.; Garcia, J. E. (2016). "Blastocerus dichotomus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2828A22160916. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T2828A22160916.en.
  111. ^ Capreolus sizes:
  112. ^ a b Capreolus habitats and diets:
  113. ^ Hippocamelus sizes:
  114. ^ a b Hippocamelus habitats and diets:
  115. ^ Smith, Xie, p. 359
  116. ^ a b Harris, R. B.; Duckworth, J. W. (2015). "Hydropotes inermis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T10329A22163569. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T10329A22163569.en.
  117. ^ Katopodes, Demetra (1999). "Hydropotes inermis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  118. ^ Mazama sizes:
  119. ^ a b Mazama habitats and diets:
  120. ^ Odocoileus sizes:
  121. ^ a b Odocoileus habitats and diets:
  122. ^ a b D'Elia, Guillermo (1999). "Ozotoceros bezoarticus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  123. ^ a b González, S.; Jackson, III; J. J., Merino; M. L. (2016). "Ozotoceros bezoarticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15803A22160030. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15803A22160030.en.
  124. ^ Pudu sizes:
  125. ^ a b Pudu habitats and diets:
  126. ^ Joly, Kyle C.; Shefferly, Nancy (2000). "Rangifer tarandus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  127. ^ a b Gunn, A. (2016). "Rangifer tarandus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T29742A22167140. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T29742A22167140.en.
  128. ^ Axis sizes:
  129. ^ a b Axis habitats and diets:
  130. ^ Cervus sizes:
  131. ^ a b Cervus habitats and diets:
  132. ^ Dama sizes:
  133. ^ a b Dama habitats and diets:
  134. ^ Lundrigan, Barbara; Oas, Rebecca (2003). "Elaphodus cephalophus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  135. ^ a b Harris, R. B.; Jiang, Z. (2015). "Elaphodus cephalophus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T7112A22159620. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T7112A22159620.en.
  136. ^ Jacobson, Erin (2003). "Elaphurus davidianus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  137. ^ a b Jiang, Z.; Harris, R. B. (2016). "Elaphurus davidianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T7121A22159785. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7121A22159785.en.
  138. ^ Muntiacus sizes:
  139. ^ a b Muntiacus habitats and diets:
  140. ^ Wilson, Mittermeier, p. 425–426
  141. ^ a b Gray, T. N. E.; Brook, S. M.; McShea, W. J.; Mahood, S.; Ranjitsingh, M. K.; Miyunt, A.; Hussain, S. A.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Rucervus eldii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4265A22166803. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T4265A22166803.en.
  142. ^ "Eld's deer (Cervus eldii)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 26, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  143. ^ Rucervus sizes:
  144. ^ a b Rucervus habitats and diets:
  145. ^ Rusa sizes:
  146. ^ a b Rusa habitats and diets:
  147. ^ a b Burnie, p. 228
  148. ^ a b Muller, Z.; Bercovitch, F.; Brand, R.; Brown, D.; Brown, M.; Bolger, D.; Carter, K.; Deacon, F.; Doherty, J. B.; Fennessy, J.; Fennessy, S.; Hussein, A. A.; Lee, D.; Marais, A.; Strauss, M.; Tutchings, A.; Wube, T. (2018) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Giraffa camelopardalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T9194A136266699. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9194A136266699.en.
  149. ^ a b Mallon, D.; Kümpel, N.; Quinn, A.; Shurter, S.; Lukas, J.; Hart, J. A.; Mapilanga, J.; Beyers, R.; Maisels, F. (2015). "Okapia johnstoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T15188A51140517. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T15188A51140517.en.
  150. ^ Burnie, p. 225
  151. ^ a b Macdonald, p. 518
  152. ^ Moschus habitats and diets:
  153. ^ a b Edwards, Helen (2000). "Hyemoschus aquaticus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
  154. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group. (2016). "Hyemoschus aquaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10341A50188841. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T10341A50188841.en.
  155. ^ Wijeyeratne, ch. White-spotted mouse deer
  156. ^ a b
  157. ^ Francis, pp. 340–341
  158. ^ a b Tragulus habitats and diets:
  159. ^ Babyrousa sizes:
    • Bola Batu babirusa: Meijaard, E.; Groves, C. (2002). "Upgrading three subspecies of babirusa (Babyrousa sp.) to full species level". Asian Wild Pig News (2): 33–39.
    • North Sulawesi babirusa: Burnie, p. 219
    • Togian babirusa: Wilson, Mittermeier, pp. 275–276; Melletti, Meijaard, p. 77
  160. ^ a b Babyrousa habitats and diets:
  161. ^ Melletti, Meijaard, p. 115
  162. ^ a b d'Huart, J.; Reyna, R. (2016) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Hylochoerus meinertzhageni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41769A44140722. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41769A44140722.en.
  163. ^ Phacochoerus sizes:
  164. ^ a b Phacochoerus habitats and diets:
  165. ^ Oliver, pp. 108–109
  166. ^ a b Meijaard, E.; Narayan, G.; Deka, P. (2019). "Porcula salvania". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T21172A44139115. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T21172A44139115.en.
  167. ^ Saha, Mazumdar, p. 18
  168. ^ Potamochoerus sizes:
  169. ^ a b Potamochoerus habitats and diets:
  170. ^ Sus sizes:
  171. ^ a b Sus habitats and diets:
  172. ^ "Catagonus Wagneri – Chacoan Peccary". Vertebrate Collection. University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
  173. ^ a b Altrichter, M.; Taber, A.; Noss, A.; Maffei, L.; Campos, J. (2015). "Catagonus wagneri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4015A72587993. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T4015A72587993.en.
  174. ^ Ingmarsson, Lisa (1999). "Pecari tajacu". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  175. ^ a b Gongora, J.; Reyna-Hurtado, R.; Beck, H.; Taber, A.; Altrichter, M.; Keuroghlian, A. (2011). "Pecari tajacu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T41777A10562361. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T41777A10562361.en.
  176. ^ Csomos, Rebecca Ann (2001). "Tayassu pecari". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  177. ^ a b Keuroghlian, A.; Desbiez, A.; Reyna-Hurtado, R.; Altrichter, M.; Beck, H.; Taber, A.; Fragoso, J. M. V. (2013). "Tayassu pecari". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T41778A44051115. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T41778A44051115.en.
  178. ^ a b c Burnie, p. 222
  179. ^ Lama sizes:
  180. ^ a b Lama habitats and diets:
  181. ^ Burnie, p. 247
  182. ^ a b Cooke, J. G.; Reeves, R. (2018). "Balaena mysticetus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T2467A50347659. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T2467A50347659.en.
  183. ^ Perrin; Wursig; Thewissen, pp. 962–969
  184. ^ a b Eubalaena habitats and diets:
  185. ^ a b Carwardine, pp. 57–75
  186. ^ Balaenoptera habitats and diets:
  187. ^ Carwardine, p. 51
  188. ^ a b Cooke, J. G. (2018). "Eschrichtius robustus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T8097A50353881. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T8097A50353881.en.
  189. ^ Carwardine, p. 77
  190. ^ a b Cooke, J. G. (2018). "Megaptera novaeangliae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T13006A50362794. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T13006A50362794.en.
  191. ^ Carwardine, p. 49
  192. ^ a b Cooke, J. G. (2018). "Caperea marginata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T3778A50351626. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T3778A50351626.en.
  193. ^ Carwardine, p. 165
  194. ^ a b Braulik, G.; Jefferson, T. A.; Bearzi, G. (2021) [amended version of 2021 assessment]. "Delphinus delphis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T134817215A199893039. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T134817215A199893039.en.
  195. ^ Carwardine, p. 209
  196. ^ a b Kiszka, J.; Braulik, G. (2018). "Lagenodelphis hosei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T11140A50360282. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T11140A50360282.en.
  197. ^ Carwardine, p. 173
  198. ^ a b Sotalia habitats and diets:
  199. ^ Carwardine, pp. 175–177
  200. ^ a b Sousa habitats and diets:
  201. ^ Carwardine, pp. 179–187
  202. ^ a b Stenella habitats and diets:
  203. ^ Carwardine, p. 193
  204. ^ a b Tursiops habitats and diets:
  205. ^ Carwardine, pp. 199–205
  206. ^ a b Cephalorhynchus habitats and diets:
  207. ^ Carwardine, pp. 169–171
  208. ^ a b Lissodelphis habitats and diets:
  209. ^ Carwardine, pp. 147
  210. ^ a b Braulik, G. (2018). "Feresa attenuata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T8551A50354433. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T8551A50354433.en.
  211. ^ Carwardine, pp. 149–151
  212. ^ a b Globicephala habitats and diets:
  213. ^ Carwardine, p. 207
  214. ^ a b Kiszka, J.; Braulik, G. (2018). "Grampus griseus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T9461A50356660. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T9461A50356660.en.
  215. ^ a b Carwardine, p. 223
  216. ^ Orcaella habitats:
  217. ^ Carwardine, p. 157
  218. ^ a b Kiszka, J.; Brownell Jr., R. L.; Beasley, I. (2019). "Peponocephala electra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T16564A50369125. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T16564A50369125.en.
  219. ^ Carwardine, p. 159
  220. ^ a b Baird, R. W. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Pseudorca crassidens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T18596A145357488. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T18596A145357488.en.
  221. ^ Carwardine, p. 191
  222. ^ a b Kiszka, J.; Baird, R.; Braulik, G. (2020) [errata version of 2019 assessment]. "Steno bredanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T20738A178929751. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T20738A178929751.en.
  223. ^ Carwardine, p. 153
  224. ^ a b Reeves, R.; Pitman, R. L.; Ford, J. K. B. (2017). "Orcinus orca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T15421A50368125. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15421A50368125.en.
  225. ^ Carwardine, pp. 211–221
  226. ^ a b Lagenorhynchus habitats and diets:
  227. ^ a b Carwardine, p. 227
  228. ^ da Silva, V.; Trujillo, F.; Martin, A.; Zerbini, A. N.; Crespo, E.; Aliaga-Rossel, E.; Reeves, R. (2018). "Inia geoffrensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T10831A50358152. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T10831A50358152.en.
  229. ^ Carwardine, pp. 83–85
  230. ^ a b Kogia habitats and diets:
  231. ^ Carwardine, p. 229
  232. ^ a b Smith, B. D.; Wang, D.; Braulik, G. T.; Reeves, R.; Zhou, K.; Barlow, J.; Pitman, R. L. (2017). "Lipotes vexillifer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T12119A50362206. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T12119A50362206.en.
  233. ^ Carwardine, p. 93
  234. ^ a b Lowry, L.; Reeves, R.; Laidre, K. (2017). "Delphinapterus leucas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T6335A50352346. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T6335A50352346.en.
  235. ^ Carwardine, p. 97
  236. ^ a b Lowry, L.; Laidre, K.; Reeves, R. (2017). "Monodon monoceros". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T13704A50367651. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T13704A50367651.en.
  237. ^ Carwardine, p. 239
  238. ^ a b Neophocaena habitats and diets:
  239. ^ Carwardine, pp. 241–247
  240. ^ a b Phocoena habitats and diets:
  241. ^ Carwardine, p. 249
  242. ^ a b Jefferson, T. A.; Braulik, G. (2018). "Phocoenoides dalli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T17032A50370912. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T17032A50370912.en.
  243. ^ Carwardine, p. 87
  244. ^ a b Taylor, B. L.; Baird, R.; Barlow, J.; Dawson, S. M.; Ford, J.; Mead, J. G.; Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.; Wade, P.; Pitman, R. L. (2019) [amended version of 2008 assessment]. "Physeter macrocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41755A160983555. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41755A160983555.en.
  245. ^ a b Carwardine, p. 231
  246. ^ Platanista habitats and diets:
  247. ^ Carwardine, p. 235
  248. ^ a b Zerbini, A. N.; Secchi, E.; Crespo, E.; Danilewicz, D.; Reeves, R. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Pontoporia blainvillei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T17978A123792204. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T17978A50371075.en.
  249. ^ Carwardine, pp. 105–107
  250. ^ a b Berardius habitats and diets:
  251. ^ Carwardine, pp. 109–111
  252. ^ a b Hyperoodon habitats and diets:
  253. ^ Carwardine, p. 135
  254. ^ a b Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Indopacetus pacificus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T40635A50380449. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T40635A50380449.en.
  255. ^ Carwardine, pp. 113–139
  256. ^ a b Mesoplodon habitats and diets:
  257. ^ Carwardine, p. 141
  258. ^ a b Braulik, G. (2018). "Tasmacetus shepherdi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T21500A50377701. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T21500A50377701.en.
  259. ^ Carwardine, p. 143
  260. ^ a b Baird, R. W.; Brownell Jr., R. L.; Taylor, B. L. (2020). "Ziphius cavirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T23211A50379111. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T23211A50379111.en.
  261. ^ Fredrickson, Daniel (2009). "Hexaprotodon liberiensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  262. ^ a b Ransom, C; Robinson, P. T.; Collen, B. (2015). "Choeropsis liberiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T10032A18567171. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T10032A18567171.en.
  263. ^ Mason, Kassandra (2013). "Hippopotamus amphibius". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  264. ^ a b Lewison, R.; Pluháček, J. (2017). "Hippopotamus amphibius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T10103A18567364. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10103A18567364.en.

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