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Brown armadillo
Nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)

Cingulata is an order of armored placental mammals. Members of this order are called cingulates, or colloquially, armadillos. They are primarily found in South America, though the northern naked-tailed armadillo is found mainly in Central America and the nine-banded armadillo has a range extending into North America. They are generally found in forests, but also savannas, shrublands, and grasslands. They all follow a similar body plan, and range in size from the pink fairy armadillo, at 11 cm (4 in) plus a 2 cm (1 in) tail, to the giant armadillo, at 100 cm (39 in) plus a 50 cm (20 in) tail. No population estimates have been made for any cingulate species, though the giant armadillo and the Brazilian three-banded armadillo are categorized as vulnerable species.

The twenty-two extant species of Cingulata are divided into two families: Dasypodidae, containing a single genus of nine species in the subfamily Dasypodinae, and Chlamyphoridae, containing thirteen species split between the two genera in the subfamily Chlamyphorinae, three in the subfamily Euphractinae, and three in the subfamily Tolypeutinae. Prior to 2016, all four subfamilies were included in Dasypodidae, with Chlamyphoridae containing only extinct species of glyptodonts.[1][2] Over one hundred extinct Cingulata species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[3]

Conventions

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IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (0 species)
 EN Endangered (0 species)
 VU Vulnerable (2 species)
 NT Near threatened (5 species)
 LC Least concern (8 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (5 species)
 NE Not evaluated (2 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the cingulate's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

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The order Cingulata consists of two families, Dasypodidae and Chlamyphoridae. Dasypodidae contains nine species in a single genus, while Chlamyphoridae contains thirteen species in eight genera, divided into three subfamilies. Many of these species are further subdivided into subspecies. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species.

Family Dasypodidae

Family Chlamyphoridae

Cingulata  

Cingulates

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The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis.[4]

Dasypodidae

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Main article: Dasypodidae

Subfamily Dasypodinae

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Main article: Dasypodinae
Genus Dasypus – Linnaeus, 1758 – nine species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
East Amazonian long-nosed armadillo


D. beniensis
Lönnberg, 1942 		North-central South America Size: 51–58 cm (20–23 in) long, plus 33–48 cm (13–19 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest[6]

Diet: Insects[5] 		 NE 


Unknown Unknown[6]

Greater long-nosed armadillo

Brown armadillo

D. kappleri
Krauss, 1862 		Northeastern South America Size: 51–58 cm (20–23 in) long, plus 33–48 cm (13–19 in) tail[7]

Habitat: Forest[6]

Diet: Insects[7] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[6]

Hairy long-nosed armadillo

Brown armadillo

D. pilosus
(Fitzinger, 1856) 		Western South America
Map of range 		Size: 32–44 cm (13–17 in) long, plus 23–31 cm (9–12 in) tail[8]

Habitat: Forest[9]

Diet: Insects[8] 		 NE 


Unknown Unknown[9]

Llanos long-nosed armadillo

Brown armadillo

D. sabanicola
Mondolfi, 1968 		Northern South America
Map of range 		Size: 25–31 cm (10–12 in) long, plus 17–21 cm (7–8 in) tail[10]

Habitat: Forest[11]

Diet: Termites, as well as ants, beetles, and worms[10] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[11]

Nine-banded armadillo

Brown armadillo

D. novemcinctus
Linnaeus, 1758

Six subspecies
  • D. n. aequatorialis
  • D. n. fenestratus
  • D. n. hoplites
  • D. n. mexianae
  • D. n. mexicanus
  • D. n. novemcinctus
Central and northern South America, and central, southern, and eastern North America
Map of range 		Size: 35–57 cm (14–22 in) long, plus 24–45 cm (9–18 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[13]

Diet: Omnivorous, including invertebrates, birds, fruit, and roots[12] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[13]

Seven-banded armadillo

Brown armadillo

D. septemcinctus
Linnaeus, 1758 		Eastern South America
Map of range 		Size: 24–31 cm (9–12 in) long, plus 12–17 cm (5–7 in) tail[14]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and grassland[15]

Diet: Insects, seeds, and other plant material[14] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[15]

Southern long-nosed armadillo

Brown armadillo

D. hybridus
Desmarest, 1804 		Southeastern South America
Map of range 		Size: 26–31 cm (10–12 in) long, plus 15–19 cm (6–7 in) tail[16]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[17]

Diet: Ants, termites, and beetles, as well as plant material and small vertebrates[16] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[17]

West Amazonian long-nosed armadillo


D. pastasae
(Thomas, 1901) 		Northwestern South America Size: 51–58 cm (20–23 in) long, plus 33–48 cm (13–19 in) tail[18]

Habitat: Forest[6]

Diet: Insects[18] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[6]

Yepes's mulita

Brown armadillo

D. mazzai
Yepes, 1933 		South-central South America
Map of range 		Size: About 31 cm (12 in) long, plus 18–23 cm (7–9 in) tail[19]

Habitat: Forest[20]

Diet: Believed to be omnivorous with a preference for insects[19] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[20]

Chlamyphoridae

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Main article: Chlamyphoridae

Subfamily Chlamyphorinae

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Main article: Chlamyphorinae
Genus Calyptophractus – Fitzinger, 1871 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Greater fairy armadillo

Grayscale drawing of armadillo

C. retusus
(Burmeister, 1863) 		Central South America
Map of range 		Size: 14–18 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail[21]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and desert[22]

Diet: Insects, worms, snails, roots, and small seeds[21] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[22]

Genus Chlamyphorus – Harlan, 1825 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Pink fairy armadillo

Brown and pink armadillo

C. truncatus
Harlan, 1825 		Southern South America
Map of range 		Size: 11–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 2–3 cm (1–1 in)tail[23][24]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[25]

Diet: insects, worms and snails, as well as possibly plants[23] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[25]

Subfamily Euphractinae

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Main article: Euphractinae
Genus Chaetophractus – Fitzinger, 1871 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Big hairy armadillo

Brown armadillo

C. villosus
(Desmarest, 1804) 		Southern South America
Map of range 		Size: 22–40 cm (9–16 in) long, plus 9–17 cm (4–7 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[26]

Diet: Omnivorous, including insects, invertebrates, small vertebrates, plants, and carrion[27] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[26]

Screaming hairy armadillo

Brown armadillo

C. vellerosus
(Gray, 1865)

Two subspecies
  • C. v. pannosus
  • C. v. vellerosus
Southern South America
Map of range 		Size: 20–30 cm (8–12 in) long, plus tail[28]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[29]

Diet: Beetles, butterfly larvae, plants, and small vertebrates[29] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[29]

Genus Euphractus – Wagler, 1830 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Six-banded armadillo

Brown armadillo

E. sexcinctus
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Five subspecies
  • E. s. boliviae
  • E. s. flavimanus
  • E. s. setosus
  • E. s. sexcinctus
  • E. s. tucumanus
Central and eastern South America
Map of range 		Size: 40–50 cm (16–20 in) long, plus 20–25 cm (8–10 in) tail[30]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[31]

Diet: Carrion, small vertebrates, insects, spiders, bird eggs, and plants[30] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[31]

Genus Zaedyus – Ameghino, 1889 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Pichi

Brown armadillo

Z. pichiy
(Desmarest, 1804)

Two subspecies
  • Z. p. caurinus
  • Z. p. pichiy
Southern South America
Map of range 		Size: 26–34 cm (10–13 in) long, plus 10–12 cm (4–5 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and desert[32]

Diet: Insects, worms, and other invertebrates, as well as carrion[12] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[32]

Subfamily Tolypeutinae

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Main article: Tolypeutinae
Genus Cabassous – McMurtrie, 1831 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Chacoan naked-tailed armadillo

Brown armadillo

C. chacoensis
Wetzel, 1980 		South-central South America
Map of range 		Size: 30–35 cm (12–14 in) long, plus 9–10 cm (4–4 in) tail[33]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[34]

Diet: Ants and termites, as well as seeds and fruit[33] 		 NT 


Unknown Unknown[34]

Greater naked-tailed armadillo

Brown armadillo

C. tatouay
(Desmarest, 1804) 		Eastern South America
Map of range 		Size: 36–49 cm (14–19 in) long, plus 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[35]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[36]

Diet: Ants and termites[37] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[36]

Northern naked-tailed armadillo

Drawing of armadillo head

C. centralis
(Miller, 1899) 		Northern South America and Central America
Map of range 		Size: 30–40 cm (12–16 in) long, plus 5–7 cm (2–3 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[38]

Diet: Termites and ants[12] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[38]

Southern naked-tailed armadillo

Brown armadillo

C. unicinctus
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Two subspecies
  • C. u. squamicaudis
  • C. u. unicinctus
Northern and central South America
Map of range 		Size: 35–44 cm (14–17 in) long, plus 16–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[39]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[40]

Diet: Ants and termites[39] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[40]

Genus Priodontes – F. Cuvier, 1825 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Giant armadillo

Brown armadillo

P. maximus
(Kerr, 1792) 		Northern and central South America
Map of range 		Size: 75–100 cm (30–39 in) long, plus 50 cm (20 in) tail[41]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and grassland[42]

Diet: Termites and certain ant species[43] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[42]

Genus Tolypeutes – Illiger, 1811 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Brazilian three-banded armadillo

Brown armadillo

T. tricinctus
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		Eastern South America
Map of range 		Size: 23–25 cm (9–10 in) long, plus tail[44]

Habitat: Savanna and shrubland[45]

Diet: Ants, termites, beetles, and other insects, as well as plants[44] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[45]

Southern three-banded armadillo

Brown armadillo

T. matacus
(Desmarest, 1804) 		South-central South America
Map of range 		Size: 20–25 cm (8–10 in) long, plus tail[46]

Habitat: Savanna and shrubland[47]

Diet: Insects, as well as fruit and seeds[46] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[47]

References

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  1. ^ Delsuc, F.; Gibb, G. C.; Kuch, M.; Billet, G.; Hautier, L.; Southon, J.; Rouillard, J.-M.; Fernicola, J. C.; Vizcaíno, S. F.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Poinar, H. N. (2016). "The phylogenetic affinities of the extinct glyptodonts". Current Biology. 26 (4): R155–R156. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.039. hdl:11336/49579. PMID 26906483.
  2. ^ Gibb, G. C.; Condamine, F. L.; Kuch, M.; Enk, J.; Moraes-Barros, N.; Superina, M.; Poinar, H. N.; Delsuc, F. (2015). "Shotgun Mitogenomics Provides a Reference PhyloGenetic Framework and Timescale for Living Xenarthrans". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 33 (3): 621–642. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv250. PMC 4760074. PMID 26556496.
  3. ^ "Fossilworks: Cingulata". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
  4. ^ Wilson, Reeder, pp. 94–99
  5. ^ a b "Greater long-nosed armadillo (Dasypus beniensis)". Xenarthrans.org. IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth, and Armadillo Specialist Group. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Anacleto, T. C. S.; Arteaga, M.; Superina, M.; Abba, A. M. (2014). "Dasypus kappleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T6289A47440608. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T6289A47440608.en.
  7. ^ a b "Greater long-nosed armadillo (Dasypus kappleri)". Xenarthrans.org. IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth, and Armadillo Specialist Group. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
  8. ^ a b "Hairy long-nosed armadillo (Dasypus pilosus)". Xenarthrans.org. IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth, and Armadillo Specialist Group. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
  9. ^ a b Superina, M.; Abba, A. M. (2014). "Dasypus pilosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T6291A47441122. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T6291A47441122.en.
  10. ^ a b "Northern long-nosed armadillo (Dasypus sabanicola)". Xenarthrans.org. IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth, and Armadillo Specialist Group. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
  11. ^ a b Superina, M.; Trujillo, F.; Arteaga, M.; Abba, A. M. (2014). "Dasypus sabanicola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T6292A47441316. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T6292A47441316.en.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Burnie, p. 111
  13. ^ a b Loughry, J.; McDonough, C.; Abba, A. M. (2014). "Dasypus novemcinctus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T6290A47440785. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T6290A47440785.en.
  14. ^ a b "Seven-banded armadillo (Dasypus septemcinctus)". Xenarthrans.org. IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth, and Armadillo Specialist Group. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
  15. ^ a b Anacleto, T. C. S.; Smith, P.; Abba, A. M.; Superina, M. (2014). "Dasypus septemcinctus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T6293A47441509. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T6293A47441509.en.
  16. ^ a b "Southern long-nosed armadillo (Dasypus hybridu)". Xenarthrans.org. IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth, and Armadillo Specialist Group. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
  17. ^ a b Abba, A. M.; Gonzalez, E. (2014). "Dasypus hybridus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T6288A47440329. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T6288A47440329.en.
  18. ^ a b "Greater long-nosed armadillo (Dasypus pastasae)". Xenarthrans.org. IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth, and Armadillo Specialist Group. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
  19. ^ a b "Yungas lesser long-nosed armadillo (Dasypus mazzai)". Xenarthrans.org. IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth, and Armadillo Specialist Group. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
  20. ^ a b Abba, A. M.; Vizcaíno, S. (2014). "Dasypus yepesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T61924A47444043. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T61924A47444043.en.
  21. ^ a b Gonsiorowski, Elizabeth (2002). "Calyptophractus retusus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
  22. ^ a b Cuellar, E.; Meritt, D. A.; Delsuc, F.; Superina, M.; Abba, A. M. (2014). "Calyptophractus retusus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T4703A47439036. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T4703A47439036.en.
  23. ^ a b "Pink fairy armadillo (Chlamyphorus truncatus)". Xenarthrans.org. IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth, and Armadillo Specialist Group. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
  24. ^ Carwardine, p. 68
  25. ^ a b Superina, M.; Abba, A. M.; Roig, V. G. (2014). "Chlamyphorus truncatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T4704A47439264. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T4704A47439264.en.
  26. ^ a b Abba, A. M.; Poljak, S.; Superina, M. (2014). "Chaetophractus villosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T4369A47438745. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T4369A47438745.en.
  27. ^ Abbott, Sarah (2002). "Chaetophractus villosus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
  28. ^ "Screaming hairy armadillo (Chaetophractus vellerosus)". Xenarthrans.org. IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth, and Armadillo Specialist Group. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
  29. ^ a b c IUCN SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group. (2017) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Chaetophractus vellerosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T89604632A119877197. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T89604632A119877197.en.
  30. ^ a b "Six-banded armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus)". Xenarthrans.org. IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth, and Armadillo Specialist Group. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
  31. ^ a b Abba, A. M.; Lima, E.; Superina, M. (2014). "Euphractus sexcinctus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T8306A47441708. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T8306A47441708.en.
  32. ^ a b Superina, M.; Abba, A. M. (2014). "Zaedyus pichiy". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T23178A47443734. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T23178A47443734.en.
  33. ^ a b "Chacoan naked-tailed armadillo (Cabassous chacoensis)". Xenarthrans.org. IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth, and Armadillo Specialist Group. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
  34. ^ a b Meritt, D. A.; Superina, M.; Abba, A. M. (2014). "Cabassous chacoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T3413A47437534. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3413A47437534.en.
  35. ^ "Greater naked-tailed armadillo (Cabassous tatouay)". Xenarthrans.org. IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth, and Armadillo Specialist Group. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
  36. ^ a b Gonzalez, E.; Abba, A. M. (2014). "Cabassous tatouay". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T3414A47437737. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3414A47437737.en.
  37. ^ Zajic, Lara (2006). "Cabassous tatouay". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
  38. ^ a b Tirira, D. G.; Díaz-N., J.; Superina, M.; Abba, A. M. (2014). "Cabassous centralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T3412A47437304. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3412A47437304.en.
  39. ^ a b "Southern naked-tailed armadillo (Cabassous unicinctus)". Xenarthrans.org. IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth, and Armadillo Specialist Group. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
  40. ^ a b Anacleto, T. C. S.; Moraes Tomas, W.; Superina, M. (2014). "Cabassous unicinctus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T3415A47437949. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3415A47437949.en.
  41. ^ Burnie, p. 110
  42. ^ a b Anacleto, T. C. S.; Miranda, F.; Medri, I.; Cuellar, E.; Abba, A. M.; Superina, M. (2014). "Priodontes maximus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T18144A47442343. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T18144A47442343.en.
  43. ^ Armitage, David (2004). "Priodontes maximus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
  44. ^ a b "Brazilian three-banded armadillo (Tolypeutes tricinctus)". Xenarthrans.org. IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth, and Armadillo Specialist Group. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
  45. ^ a b Miranda, F.; Moraes-Barros, N.; Superina, M.; Abba, A. M. (2014). "Tolypeutes tricinctus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T21975A47443455. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T21975A47443455.en.
  46. ^ a b "Southern three-banded armadillo (Tolypeutes matacus)". Xenarthrans.org. IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth, and Armadillo Specialist Group. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
  47. ^ a b Noss, A.; Superina, M.; Abba, A. M. (2014). "Tolypeutes matacus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T21974A47443233. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T21974A47443233.en.

Sources

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