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Gray and brown loris
Red slender loris (Loris tardigradus)

Lorisoidea is a superfamily of nocturnal primates. Members of this superfamily are called lorisoids, and include lorises, angwantibos, pottos, galagos, and bushbabies. Lorisoidea is one of two superfamilies that form the suborder Strepsirrhini, itself one of two suborders in the order Primates. They are found in Asia and Africa, generally in forests, though some species can be found in shrublands and savannas. They range in size from the Prince Demidoff's bushbaby, at 10 cm (4 in) plus a 15 cm (6 in) tail, to the West African potto, at 39 cm (15 in) plus a 10 cm (4 in) tail. Lorisoids primarily eat fruit, insects, and tree gums and resins. Most lorisoids do not have population estimates, but the ones that do range from 40 mature individuals to 500,000. Six species are categorized as endangered: the Bengal, pygmy, Sumatran, and Sunda slow lorises, the red slender loris, and the Rondo dwarf galago. A further two species are categorized as critically endangered: the Bangka slow loris and the Javan slow loris.

The thirty-five extant species of Lorisoidea are divided into two families: Galagidae, containing nineteen bushbaby and galago species divided between six genera, and Lorisidae, containing sixteen species divided between the three genera in the loris subfamily Lorisinae and the two genera of the angwantibo and potto subfamily Perodicticinae. Several extinct prehistoric lorisoid species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[1]

Conventions

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IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (2 species)
 EN Endangered (6 species)
 VU Vulnerable (4 species)
 NT Near threatened (7 species)
 LC Least concern (15 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (1 species)
 NE Not evaluated (0 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the lorisoid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera, species, or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

[edit]

The superfamily Lorisoidea consists of two extant families: Galagidae and Lorisidae. Galagidae contains nineteen species in six genera, while Lorisidae is divided into two subfamilies: Lorisinae, containing eleven species divided between three genera, and Perodicticinae, containing five species divided between two genera.

Family Galagidae

  • Genus Euoticus (needle-clawed bushbabies): two species
  • Genus Galago (lesser bushbabies): four species
  • Genus Galagoides (western dwarf galagos): three species
  • Genus Otolemur (greater galagos): two species
  • Genus Paragalago (eastern dwarf galagos): five species
  • Genus Sciurocheirus (squirrel galagos): three species

Family Lorisidae

Lorisoidea[2][3]  

Lorisoids

[edit]

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.[4]

Family Galagidae

[edit]
Main article: Galagidae
Genus Euoticus – Gray, 1863 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Northern needle-clawed bushbaby

Drawing of brown bushbaby

E. pallidus
(Gray, 1863)

Two subspecies
  • E. p. pallidus (Bioko needle-clawed bushbaby)
  • E. p. talboti (Nigeria needle-clawed bushbaby)
Western equatorial Africa
Map of range 		Size: 18–33 cm (7–13 in) long, plus 28–31 cm (11–12 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest[6]

Diet: Tree gums and resins[6] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[6]

Southern needle-clawed bushbaby

Photo of brown bushbaby

E. elegantulus
(Conte, 1857) 		Western equatorial Africa
Map of range 		Size: 21–24 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 28–32 cm (11–13 in) tail[7]

Habitat: Forest[8]

Diet: Tree and liana gums and resins, as well as invertebrates[8] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[8]

Genus Galago – É Geoffroy, 1796 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Dusky bushbaby


G. matschiei
Liburnau, 1917 		Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 14–19 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 24–28 cm (9–11 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest[10]

Diet: Insects, fruit, flowers, and gum[9] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[10]

Mohol bushbaby

Gray bushbaby

G. moholi
Smith, 1836 		Central and southern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 14–17 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 11–28 cm (4–11 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Savanna[12]

Diet: Arthropods, as well as tree gum and resin[11] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[12]

Senegal bushbaby

Brown bushbaby

G. senegalensis
É Geoffroy, 1796

Four subspecies
  • G. s. braccatus (Kenya lesser bushbaby)
  • G. s. dunni (Ethiopia lesser bushbaby)
  • G. s. senegalensis (Senegal lesser bushbaby)
  • G. s. sotikae (Uganda lesser bushbaby)
Equatorial Africa (possible additional range in red)
Map of range 		Size: 13–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 19–30 cm (7–12 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest and savanna[13]

Diet: Insects, as well as small birds, eggs, fruits, seeds, flowers, and tree gum[14] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[13]

Somali bushbaby

Brown bushbaby

G. gallarum
Thomas, 1901 		Eastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 13–20 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 20–30 cm (8–12 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Savanna[15]

Diet: Gum and invertebrates[5] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[15]

Genus Galagoides – A. Smith, 1833 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Angolan dwarf galago


G. kumbirensis
Svensson et al., 2017 		Angola in southwestern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 14–18 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 17–21 cm (7–8 in) tail[16]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[17]

Diet: Unknown[16] 		 NT 


Unknown Unknown[17]

Prince Demidoff's bushbaby

Drawing of brown bushbaby

G. demidoff
Fischer von Waldheim, 1806 		Western and central equatorial Africa
Map of range 		Size: 10–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 15–21 cm (6–8 in) tail[18]

Habitat: Forest[19]

Diet: Insects, as well as fruit and gum[18] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[19]

Thomas's bushbaby


G. thomasi
Elliot, 1907 		Western and central equatorial Africa
Map of range 		Size: 12–17 cm (5–7 in) long, plus 15–24 cm (6–9 in) tail[20]

Habitat: Forest[21]

Diet: Insects, as well as small vertebrates, fruit, and tree buds, leaves, and gum[20] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[21]

Genus Otolemur – Coquerel, 1859 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Brown greater galago

Brown galago

O. crassicaudatus
É Geoffroy, 1812

Three subspecies
  • O. c. crassicaudatus (South African greater galago)
  • O. c. kirkii (Tanganyika greater galago)
  • O. c. monteiri (Silvery greater galago)
Southern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 29–38 cm (11–15 in) long, plus 41–48 cm (16–19 in) tail[22]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[23]

Diet: Gum and sap, as well as fruit and insects[22] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[23]

Northern greater galago

Brown galago

O. garnettii
(Ogilby, 1838)

Four subspecies
  • O. g. garnettii (Zanzibar greater galago)
  • O. g. kikuyuensis (Kikuyu greater galago)
  • O. g. lasiotis (White-tailed greater galago)
  • O. g. panganiensis (Pangani greater galago)
Eastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 23–34 cm (9–13 in) long, plus about 36 cm (14 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[25]

Diet: Fruit and insects[24] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[25]

Genus Paragalago – Masters, Génin, Couette, Groves, Nash, Delpero, Pozzi, 2017 – five species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Grant's bushbaby

Brown galago

P. granti
(Thomas & Wroughton, 1907) 		Southeastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 14–19 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 20–27 cm (8–11 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest[26]

Diet: Invertebrates, fruit, gum, and flowers, as well as small birds[26] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[26]

Kenya coast galago

Brown galago

P. cocos
Heller, 1912 		Southeastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 14–19 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 18–23 cm (7–9 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest[27]

Diet: Insects and fruit[28] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[27]

Rondo dwarf galago


P. rondoensis
Honess, 1997 		Scattered Tanzania in southeastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 10–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 17–18 cm (7 in) tail[28]

Habitat: Forest[29]

Diet: Insects, as well as fruit and gum[28] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[29]

Uluguru bushbaby


P. orinus
Lawrence & Washburn, 1936 		Southeastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 12–14 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 16–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest[30]

Diet: Gum, nectar, invertebrates, and small vertebrates[5] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[30]

Zanzibar bushbaby


P. zanzibaricus
(Matschie, 1893)

Two subspecies
  • P. z. udzungwensis (Udzungwa bushbaby)
  • P. z. zanzibaricus (Zanzibar bushbaby)
Scattered Tanzania
Map of range 		Size: 14–15 cm (6–6 in) long, plus 12–15 cm (5–6 in) tail[31]

Habitat: Forest[32]

Diet: Fruit, insects, and gum[31] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[32]

Genus Sciurocheirus – Waterhouse, 1838 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bioko Allen's bushbaby

Drawing of brown bushbaby

S. alleni
(Waterhouse, 1838)

Two subspecies
 Western equatorial Africa
Map of range 		Size: 15–24 cm (6–9 in) long, plus 20–30 cm (8–12 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest[33]

Diet: Fruit, as well as insects and small mammals[34] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[33]

Gabon bushbaby


S. gabonensis
Gray, 1863 		Western equatorial Africa
Map of range 		Size: 18–21 cm (7–8 in) long, plus 23–28 cm (9–11 in) tail[28]

Habitat: Forest[35]

Diet: Arthropods, insects, fruit, and gum[36] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[35]

Makandé squirrel galago


S. makandensis
Ambrose, 2013 		Gabon in western equatorial Africa
Map of range 		Size: Unknown[28]

Habitat: Forest[37]

Diet: Unknown[28] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[37]

Family Lorisidae

[edit]
Main article: Lorisidae

Subfamily Lorisinae

[edit]
Main article: Lorisinae
Genus Loris – É Geoffroy, 1796 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Gray slender loris

Gray loris

L. lydekkerianus
A. Cabrera, 1908

Four subspecies
  • L. l. grandis (Highland slender loris)
  • L. l. lydekkerianus (Mysore slender loris)
  • L. l. malabaricus (Malabar slender loris)
  • L. l. nordicus (Northern Ceylonese slender loris)
Southern India and Sri Lanka
Map of range 		Size: 18–22 cm (7–9 in) long, with no tail[38]

Habitat: Forest[39]

Diet: Insects[40] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[39]

Red slender loris

Brown loris

L. tardigradus
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		Sri Lanka
Map of range 		Size: 18–26 cm (7–10 in) long, with no tail[41]

Habitat: Forest[42]

Diet: Insects, as well as tree frogs, geckos, small birds, eggs, and fruit[41] 		 EN 


2000–2300 Population declining[42]

Genus Nycticebus – É Geoffroy, 1812 – eight species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bangka slow loris


N. bancanus
(Lyon, 1906) 		Borneo and Bangka Islands in southeastern Asia Size: About 26 cm (10 in) long, with no tail[43]

Habitat: Forest[44]

Diet: Insects, gum, nectar, and fruit[45] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[44]

Bengal slow loris

Brown and white loris

N. bengalensis
(Lacépède, 1800) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 26–38 cm (10–15 in) long, with vestigial tail[46]

Habitat: Forest[47]

Diet: Resin and gum, as well as nectar, fruit, invertebrates, bark, and bird eggs[46] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[47]

Bornean slow loris

Gray loris

N. borneanus
(Lyon, 1906) 		Borneo Size: About 26 cm (10 in) long, with no tail[43]

Habitat: Forest[48]

Diet: Insects, gum, nectar, and fruit[49] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[48]

Javan slow loris

Light brown loris

N. javanicus
É Geoffroy, 1812 		Java in southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 28–31 cm (11–12 in) long, with vestigial tail[50]

Habitat: Forest[51]

Diet: Nectar, gum, insects, fruit, lizards, and eggs[50] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[51]

Kayan River slow loris

Brown loris

N. kayan
Munds, Nekaris, Ford, 2013 		Borneo Size: About 27 cm (11 in) long, with no tail[43]

Habitat: Forest[52]

Diet: Unknown[53] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[52]

Philippine slow loris

Gray photo of a loris

N. menagensis
Lydekker, 1893 		Borneo and nearby islands
Map of range 		Size: About 27 cm (11 in) long, with no tail[43]

Habitat: Forest[54]

Diet: Insects, nectar, gum, and fruit[55] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[54]

Sumatran slow loris


N. hilleri
(Stone and Rehn, 1902) 		Sumatra in southeastern Asia Size: 26–30 cm (10–12 in) long, with no tail[56]

Habitat: Forest[57]

Diet: Insects, nectar, gum, and fruit[57] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[57]

Sunda slow loris

Brown loris

N. coucang
(Boddaert, 1785) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 27–38 cm (11–15 in) long, with no tail[58]

Habitat: Forest[59]

Diet: Sap, gum, nectar, stems, and fruit, as well as arthropods and insects[58] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[59]

Genus Xanthonycticebus – Nekaris & Nijman, 2022 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Pygmy slow loris

Brown loris

X. pygmaeus
(Bonhote, 1907) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 15–25 cm (6–10 in) long, with no tail[60]

Habitat: Forest[61]

Diet: Insects, gum, resin, fruit, and bamboo[60] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[61]

Subfamily Perodicticinae

[edit]
Main article: Perodicticinae
Genus Arctocebus – Gray, 1863 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Calabar angwantibo

Drawing of brown loris

A. calabarensis
(Smith, 1860) 		Western equatorial Africa
Map of range 		Size: 22–31 cm (9–12 in) long, plus 4–10 cm (2–4 in) tail[62]

Habitat: Forest[63]

Diet: Insects, as well as fruit and gum[62] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[63]

Golden angwantibo


A. aureus
de Winton, 1902 		Western equatorial Africa
Map of range 		Size: 22–26 cm (9–10 in) long, plus vestigial tail[64]

Habitat: Forest[65]

Diet: Insects and fruit[65] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[65]

Genus Perodicticus – Bennett, 1831 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Central African potto

Brown potto

P. edwarsi
Bouvier, 1879 		Central Africa Size: 30–37 cm (12–15 in) long, plus 3–7 cm (1–3 in) tail[66]

Habitat: Forest[67]

Diet: Gum, insects, snails and fruit[67] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[67]

East African potto

Brown potto

P. ibeanus
Thomas, 1910

Two subspecies
  • P. i. ibeanus (Eastern potto)
  • P. i. stockleyi (Mount Kenya potto)
East central Africa Size: 29–37 cm (11–15 in) long, plus 4–10 cm (2–4 in) tail[66]

Habitat: Forest[68]

Diet: Fruit, gum, nectar, and invertebrates, as well as moss, frogs, and eggs[68] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[68]

West African potto

Brown potto

P. potto
(Müller, 1766) 		Western equatorial Africa Size: 30–39 cm (12–15 in) long, plus 3–10 cm (1–4 in) tail[69]

Habitat: Forest[70]

Diet: Fruit, arthropods, insects, and eggs, as well as small vertebrates[69] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[70]

References

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  1. ^ "Fossilworks: Lorisoidea". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Archived from the original on June 28, 2023. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
  2. ^ Masters, J. C.; Génin, F.; Couette, S.; Groves, C. P.; Nash, S. D.; Delpero, M.; Pozzi, L. (2017). "A new genus for the eastern dwarf galagos (Primates: Galagidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 229–241. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw028. hdl:2318/1618044.
  3. ^ Pozzi, L.; Disotell, T. R.; Masters, J. C. (2014). "A multilocus phylogeny reveals deep lineages within African galagids (Primates: Galagidae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 72. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-72. PMC 4021292. PMID 24694188.
  4. ^ Wilson, Reeder, pp. 114–123
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  9. ^ a b Kingdon et al., p. 440
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  13. ^ a b de Jong, Y. A.; Butynski, T. M.; Svensson, M.; Perkin, A. (2019). "Galago senegalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T8789A17963505. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T8789A17963505.en.
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  27. ^ a b Butynski, T. M.; de Jong, Y. A. (2019). "Paragalago cocos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T136212A17963050. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T136212A17963050.en.
  28. ^ a b c d e f Stuart; Stuart, ch. Galagos
  29. ^ a b Perkin, A. (2020). "Paragalago rondoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T40652A17962115. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T40652A17962115.en.
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Sources

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