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List of perissodactyls

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Collage of photos of a zebra, rhinoceros, and tapir
Three perissodactyl species (clockwise from left): plains zebra (Equus quagga), Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) and South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris)

Perissodactyla is an order of placental mammals composed of odd-toed ungulates – hooved animals which bear weight on one or three of their five toes with the other toes either present, absent, vestigial, or pointing backwards. Members of this order are called perissodactyls, and include rhinoceroses, tapirs, and horses. They are primarily found in Africa, southern and southeastern Asia, and Central America, and are found in a variety of biomes, most typically grassland, savanna, inland wetlands, shrubland, and desert. Perissodactyls range in size from the 1.8 m (6 ft) long Baird's tapir to the 4 m (13 ft) long white rhinoceros. Over 50 million domesticated donkeys and 58 million horses are used in farming worldwide, while four species of perissodactyl have potentially fewer than 200 members remaining. Three subspecies of the black rhinoceros, the Syrian wild ass subspecies of the onager, and the tarpan subspecies of the wild horse have gone extinct in the last 200 years.

The eighteen extant species of Perissodactyla are divided into two suborders: Ceratomorpha, containing the families Rhinocerotidae and Tapiridae, and Hippomorpha, containing the family Equidae. Rhinocerotidae contains five species of rhinoceroses split into four genera, Tapiridae contains four species of tapir in a single genus, and Equidae contains nine species in a single genus, including horses, donkeys, and zebras. Over 75 extinct Perissodactyla species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[1]

Conventions

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IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (4 species)
 EN Endangered (5 species)
 VU Vulnerable (3 species)
 NT Near threatened (3 species)
 LC Least concern (1 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (0 species)
 NE Not evaluated (2 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the bovid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

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The order Perissodactyla consists of two suborders, Ceratomorpha and Hippomorpha. Ceratomorpha contains the five species in four genera of the Rhinocerotidae family as well as the five species in one genera of the Tapiridae family. Hippomorpha contains a single family, Equidae, in turn containing nine species in a single genus. Many of these species are further subdivided into subspecies. This does not include hybrid species such as the mule, hinny, or zebroid, or extinct prehistoric species. Several perissodactyla subspecies have gone extinct in modern times, namely the southern black rhinoceros, north-eastern black rhinoceros, and western black rhinoceros subspecies of the black rhinoceros, the Syrian wild ass subspecies of the onager, and the tarpan subspecies of the wild horse.

Suborder Ceratomorpha

Suborder Hippomorpha

Perissodactyla  
 Ceratomorpha  
 Rhinocerotidae  

 Ceratotherium  

 Diceros  

 Dicerorhinus  

 Rhinoceros  

 Tapiridae  

 Tapirus  

 Hippomorpha  
 Equidae  

 Equus  

Perissodactyls

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The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis.[2]

Suborder Ceratomorpha

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Rhinocerotidae

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Main article: Rhinocerotidae
Genus Ceratotherium – Gray, 1868 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
White rhinoceros

Gray rhinoceros

C. simum
(Burchell, 1817)

Two subspecies
 Central and southern Africa (Northern subspecies in orange)
Map of range 		Size: 370–400 cm (146–157 in) long, plus 28 cm (11 in) tail[3]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[4]

Diet: Grass[3] 		 NT 


10,000 Population declining[4]

Genus Dicerorhinus – Gloger, 1841 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Sumatran rhinoceros

Gray rhinoceros

D. sumatrensis
(Fischer von Waldheim, 1814)

Three subspecies
 Scattered Sumatra and Borneo (former range in orange)
Map of range 		Size: 236–318 cm (93–125 in) long[5]

Habitat: Forest[6]

Diet: Twigs, leaves, fruit, and shoots[7] 		 CR 


30 Population declining[6]

Genus Diceros – Gray, 1821 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Black rhinoceros

Gray rhinoceros

D. bicornis
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Eight subspecies
 Southern Africa (extant in green, reintroduced extant in yellow, former range in red)
Map of range 		Size: 290–310 cm (114–122 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail[3]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and desert[8]

Diet: Twigs, woody shrubs, small trees, legumes, and grass[9] 		 CR 


3,100 Population increasing[8]

Genus Rhinoceros – Linnaeus, 1758 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Indian rhinoceros

Gray rhinoceros

R. unicornis
Linnaeus, 1758 		Scattered northern Indian subcontinent
Map of range 		Size: 330–350 cm (130–138 in) long, plus 66 cm (26 in) tail[7]

Habitat: Forest, grassland, and inland wetlands[10]

Diet: Grass, fruit, leaves, branches, aquatic plants, and cultivated crops[11] 		 VU 


2,100–2,200 Population increasing[10]

Javan rhinoceros

Javan rhinoceros

R. sondaicus
Desmarest, 1822

Three subspecies
 Western tip of Java (former range in orange)
Map of range 		Size: 300–350 cm (118–138 in) long[7]

Habitat: Forest[12]

Diet: Bamboo as well as parts of fig trees and guest trees[13] 		 CR 


46 Population steady[12]

Tapiridae

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Main article: Tapiridae
Genus Tapirus – Brisson, 1762 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Baird's tapir

Black tapir

T. bairdii
(Gill, 1865) 		Central America
Map of range 		Size: 180–250 cm (71–98 in) long, plus 5–13 cm (2–5 in) tail[14]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[15]

Diet: Leaves as well as fruit, twigs, flowers, sedges, and grass[14] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[15]

Malayan tapir

Black and white tapir

T. indicus
(Desmarest, 1819)

Two subspecies
  • T. i. brevetianus
  • T. i. indicus
Scattered southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 250–300 cm (98–118 in) long, plus up to 10 cm (4 in) tail[16]

Habitat: Forest, grassland, and inland wetlands[17]

Diet: Leaves, buds, growing twigs, bark, herbs, low growing succulents, shrubs, fruit, club moss, grass, tubers, and aquatic plants[18] 		 EN 


2,500 Population declining[17]

Mountain tapir

Brown tapir

T. pinchaque
(Roulin, 1829) 		Andes mountains in northwestern South America
Map of range 		Size: 180–200 cm (71–79 in) long, plus up to 10 cm (4 in) tail[16]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[19]

Diet: Shrub leaves[20] 		 EN 


2,500 Population declining[19]

South American tapir

Gray tapir

T. terrestris
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Four subspecies
  • T. t. aenigmaticus
  • T. t. colombianus
  • T. t. spegazzinii
  • T. t. terrestris
Northern and eastern South America
Map of range 		Size: 190–240 cm (75–94 in) long, plus up to 10 cm (4 in) tail[16]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[21]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, and other plant material[22] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[21]

Suborder Hippomorpha

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Equidae

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Main article: Equidae
Genus Equus – Linnaeus, 1758 – nine species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
African wild ass

Gray equid

E. africanus
(Heuglin, Fitzinger, 1866)

Two subspecies
 Scattered northeastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 230–250 cm (91–98 in) long, plus 40–45 cm (16–18 in) tail[23]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and desert[24]

Diet: Grass as well as shrubs[24] 		 CR 


20–200 Population declining[24]

Donkey

Gray donkey

E. asinus
Linnaeus, 1758 		Worldwide Size: 190–200 in (4,826–5,080 mm) long, plus 40–50 cm (16–20 in) tail[25]

Habitat: Desert[26]

Diet: Grass, as well as shrubs and desert plants[26] 		 NE 


Unknown
(about 50.4 million used in farming, not including 8.5 million mules)[27] Unknown

Grévy's zebra

Black and white striped zebra

E. grevyi
Oustalet, 1882 		Scattered eastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 250–300 cm (98–118 in) long, plus 38–60 cm (15–24 in) tail[28]

Habitat: Shrubland and grassland[29]

Diet: Grass[28] 		 EN 


2,000 Population steady[29]

Horse

Two gray horses

E. caballus
Linnaeus, 1758 		Worldwide Size: 220–280 cm (87–110 in) long[30]

Habitat: Grassland, savanna, inland wetlands, and shrubland

Diet: Grains, grass, and shrubs[30] 		 NE 


Unknown (58 million used in farming)[31] Unknown

Kiang

Brown equid

E. kiang
Moorcroft, 1841

Three subspecies
  • E. k. holdereri (Eastern kiang)
  • E. k. kiang (Western kiang)
  • E. k. polyodon (Southern kiang)
Central Asia
Map of range 		Size: 182–214 in (4,623–5,436 mm) long, plus 32–45 cm (13–18 in) tail[32]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and desert[33]

Diet: Grass as well as sedges[33] 		 LC 


60,000–70,000 Population steady[33]

Mountain zebra

Black and white striped zebra

E. zebra
Linnaeus, 1758

Two subspecies
 Scattered southern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 210–260 cm (83–102 in) long, plus 40–55 cm (16–22 in) tail[34]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[35]

Diet: Grass[35] 		 VU 


35,000 Population increasing[35]

Onager

Brown equid

E. hemionus
Pallas, 1775

Five subspecies
 Central Asia and scattered western Asia
Map of range 		Size: 200–250 cm (79–98 in) long, plus 30–49 cm (12–19 in) tail[28]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[36]

Diet: Grass and succulent plants[28] 		 NT 


28,000 Population steady[36]

Plains zebra

Black and white striped zebra

E. quagga
Boddaert, 1785 		Southern and southeastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 220–250 cm (87–98 in) long, plus 47–56 cm (19–22 in) tail[28]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[37]

Diet: Grass, as well as leaves and buds[28] 		 NT 


150,000–250,000 Population declining[37]

Wild horse

Brown horse

E. ferus
Boddaert, 1785

Two subspecies
 Central Asia Size: 220–260 cm (87–102 in) long, plus 80–110 cm (31–43 in) tail[28]

Habitat: Grassland and desert[38]

Diet: Grass, leaves, and buds[28] 		 EN 


200 Population increasing[38]

References

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  1. ^ "Fossilworks: Perissodactyla". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
  2. ^ Wilson, Reeder, pp. 629–636
  3. ^ a b c Burnie, p. 216
  4. ^ a b Emslie, R. (2020). "Ceratotherium simum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T4185A45813880. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T4185A45813880.en.
  5. ^ Tran, Nghi (2000). "Dicerorhinus sumatrensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  6. ^ a b Ellis, S.; Talukdar, B. (2020). "Dicerorhinus sumatrensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T6553A18493355. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T6553A18493355.en.
  7. ^ a b c Burnie, p. 215
  8. ^ a b Emslie, R. (2020). "Diceros bicornis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T6557A152728945. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T6557A152728945.en.
  9. ^ Kurnit, Jennifer (2009). "Diceros bicornis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  10. ^ a b Ellis, S.; Talukdar, B. (2019). "Rhinoceros unicornis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T19496A18494149. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T19496A18494149.en.
  11. ^ Fahey, Bridget (1999). "Rhinoceros unicornis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  12. ^ a b Ellis, S.; Talukdar, B. (2020). "Rhinoceros sondaicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T19495A18493900. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T19495A18493900.en.
  13. ^ Crider, Matt (2019). "Rhinoceros sondaicus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  14. ^ a b Wells, Jeffrey (2009). "Tapirus bairdii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 21, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  15. ^ a b Garcìa, M.; Jordan, C.; O'Farril, G.; Poot, C.; Meyer, N.; Estrada, N.; Leonardo, R.; Naranjo, E.; Simons, Á.; Herrera, A.; Urgilés, C.; Schank, C.; Boshoff, L.; Ruiz-Galeano, M. (2016). "Tapirus bairdii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21471A45173340. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T21471A45173340.en.
  16. ^ a b c Burnie, p. 217
  17. ^ a b Traeholt, C.; Novarino, W.; bin Saaban, S.; Shwe, N. M.; Lynam, A.; Zainuddin, Z.; Simpson, B.; bin Mohd, S. (2016). "Tapirus indicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21472A45173636. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T21472A45173636.en.
  18. ^ Gearty, William (2012). "Tapirus indicus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on October 11, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  19. ^ a b Lizcano, D. J.; Amanzo, J.; Castellanos, A.; Tapia, A.; Lopez-Malaga, C. M. (2016). "Tapirus pinchaque". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21473A45173922. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T21473A45173922.en.
  20. ^ Nechvatal, Natalie (2001). "Tapirus pinchaque". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  21. ^ a b Varela, D.; Flesher, K.; Cartes, J. L.; de Bustos, S.; Chalukian, S.; Ayala, G.; Richard-Hansen, C. (2019). "Tapirus terrestris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T21474A45174127. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T21474A45174127.en.
  22. ^ Luxenberg, Samantha (2014). "Tapirus terrestris". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on October 11, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  23. ^ Stuart, ch. Wild Ass and Zebras
  24. ^ a b c Moehlman, P. D.; Kebede, F.; Yohannes, H. (2015). "Equus africanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T7949A45170994. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T7949A45170994.en.
  25. ^ "Equus asinus Linnaeus, 1758". Charles Darwin Foundation. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  26. ^ a b Huggins, Britton (2002). "Equus asinus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on October 15, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  27. ^ Norris, S. L.; Little, H. A.; Ryding, J.; Raw, Z. (2021). "Global donkey and mule populations: Figures and trends". PLOS One. 16 (2): e0247830. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1647830N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247830. PMC 7906361. PMID 33630957.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h Burnie, p. 213
  29. ^ a b Rubenstein, D.; Low Mackey, B.; Davidson, ZD; Kebede, F.; King, S. R. B. (2016). "Equus grevyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T7950A89624491. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T7950A89624491.en.
  30. ^ a b Clement, Christopher (2015). "Equus caballus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on October 8, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  31. ^ "Horses | Livestock Systems". Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  32. ^ St-Louis, A.; Côté, S. (2009). "Equus kiang (Perissodactyla: Equidae)". Mammalian Species. 835: 1–11. doi:10.1644/835.1.
  33. ^ a b c Shah, N.; St. Louis, A.; Qureshi, Q. (2015). "Equus kiang". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T7953A45171635. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T7953A45171635.en.
  34. ^ Walker, Martha (2005). "Equus zebra". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on May 27, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  35. ^ a b c Gosling, L. M.; Muntifering, J.; Kolberg, H.; Uiseb, K.; King, S. R. B. (2019) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Equus zebra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T7960A160755590. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T7960A160755590.en.
  36. ^ a b Kaczensky, P.; Lkhagvasuren, B.; Pereladova, O.; Hemami, M.; Bouskila, A. (2020) [amended version of 2015 assessment]. "Equus hemionus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T7951A166520460. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T7951A166520460.en.
  37. ^ a b King, S. R. B.; Moehlman, P. D. (2016). "Equus quagga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41013A45172424. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41013A45172424.en.
  38. ^ a b King, S. R. B.; Boyd, L.; Zimmermann, W.; Kendall, B. E. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Equus ferus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41763A97204950. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41763A45172856.en.

Sources

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