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Black and brown moles
Clockwise from top right: Small Japanese mole (Mogera imaizumii), Russian desman (Desmana moschata), Eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus), European mole (Talpa europaea), Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus)

Talpidae is one of the four families of small mammals in the order Eulipotyphla. A member of this family is called a talpid and the family includes moles, shrew moles, and desmans. Talpids are found in North America, Europe, and Asia, primarily in forests, shrublands, grasslands, and wetlands, though some species can also be found in deserts or coastal areas. They range in size from the Chinese shrew mole, at 6 cm (2 in) plus a 5 cm (2 in) tail, to the Russian desman, at 22 cm (9 in) plus a 22 cm (9 in) tail. Talpids primarily eat earthworms, insects, and other invertebrates, but some also consume fish, mollusks, amphibians, crustaceans, plants, and fungi. No talpids have population estimates, but the Pyrenean desman and Echigo mole are categorized as endangered species, while the Russian desman is categorized as critically endangered.

The forty-five extant species of Talpidae are divided into three subfamilies: Scalopinae, containing seven mole species in five genera, Talpinae, containing thirty-three mole, shrew mole, and desman species in eleven genera, and Uropsilinae, containing four shrew mole species in a single genus. A few extinct prehistoric Talpidae species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[1]

Conventions

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IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (1 species)
 EN Endangered (2 species)
 VU Vulnerable (1 species)
 NT Near threatened (1 species)
 LC Least concern (35 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (4 species)
 NE Not evaluated (0 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the talpid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted.

Classification

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The family Talpidae consists of three subfamilies: Scalopinae, containing seven mole species in five genera, Talpinae, containing thirty-three mole, shrew mole, and desman species in eleven genera, and Uropsilinae, containing four shrew mole species in a single genus.

Family Talpidae

Talpidae[2]  

Talpids

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The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.[3]

Subfamily Scalopinae

[edit]
Main article: Scalopinae
Genus Condylura – Illiger, 1811 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Star-nosed mole

Black mole

C. cristata
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		Eastern United States and Canada
Map of range 		Size: 10–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 5–9 cm (2–4 in) tail[4]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and inland wetlands[5]

Diet: Aquatic invertebrates, as well as other invertebrates, crustaceans, mollusks and small fish[6] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[5]

Genus Parascalops – True, 1894 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Hairy-tailed mole

Black mole

P. breweri
(Bachman, 1842) 		Eastern United States and Canada
Map of range 		Size: 13–18 cm (5–7 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail[7]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[8]

Diet: Insects, as well as other invertebrates[7] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[8]

Genus Scalopus – Geoffroy, 1803 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Eastern mole

Black and pink mole

S. aquaticus
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Four subspecies
  • S. a. anastasae (Anastasia Island mole)
  • S. a. aquaticus (Eastern mole)
  • S. a. bassi (Englewood mole)
  • S. a. texanus (Presidia mole)
Eastern and central North America
Map of range 		Size: 14–19 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[10]

Diet: Insects and earthworms, as well as plants[9] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[10]

Genus Scapanulus – Thomas, 1912 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Gansu mole


S. oweni
Thomas, 1912 		Central China
Map of range 		Size: 9–11 cm (4 in) long, plus 3–4 cm (1–2 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest[12]

Diet: Earthworms and other invertebrates[11] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[12]

Genus Scapanus – Pomel, 1848 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Coast mole

Black mole

S. orarius
(True, 1896)

Two subspecies
  • S. o. orarius
  • S. o. schefferi (Scheffer's coast mole)
Western United States and Canada
Map of range 		Size: 13–19 cm (5–7 in) long, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[13]

Habitat: Forest, grassland, and coastal marine[14]

Diet: Earthworms, as well as other invertebrates, mollusks, plants, and fungi[13] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[14]

Northern broad-footed mole

Black mole

S. latimanus
(Bachman, 1842)

Six subspecies
 Western United States and Mexico
Map of range 		Size: 11–19 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 2–6 cm (1–2 in) tail[4]

Habitat: Grassland, savanna, and forest[15]

Diet: Earthworms and other invertebrates[4] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[15]

Townsend's mole

Brown mole

S. townsendii
(Bachman, 1839) 		Western United States and Canada
Map of range 		Size: 11–19 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 2–6 cm (1–2 in) tail[4]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[16]

Diet: Earthworms, as well as other invertebrates and plants[17] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[16]

Subfamily Talpinae

[edit]
Main article: Talpinae
Genus Desmana – Güldenstädt, 1777 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Russian desman

Brown mole

D. moschata
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		Western and central Asia
Map of range 		Size: 18–22 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 17–22 cm (7–9 in) tail[18]

Habitat: Inland wetlands[19]

Diet: Fish, mollusks, amphibians, crustaceans, and insects[18] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[19]

Genus Dymecodon – True, 1886 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
True's shrew mole

Brown mole

D. pilirostris
(True, 1886) 		Japan
Map of range 		Size: 6–11 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 2–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[20]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[21]

Diet: Worms, insects, and other invertebrates[20] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[21]

Genus Euroscaptor – Miller, 1940 – seven species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Greater Chinese mole

Drawing of brown mole

E. grandis
Miller, 1940 		Southern China
Map of range 		Size: About 15 cm (6 in) long, plus 10 cm (4 in) tail[22]

Habitat: Forest[23]

Diet: Insects and other invertebrates[24] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[23]

Himalayan mole


E. micrura
(Hodgson, 1841) 		Southern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 12–14 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 5–9 cm (2–4 in) tail[22]

Habitat: Forest[25]

Diet: Insects and other invertebrates[24] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[25]

Japanese mountain mole

Brown mole

E. mizura
(Günther, 1880) 		Japan
Map of range 		Size: About 10 cm (4 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[26]

Diet: Insects and other invertebrates[24] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[26]

Kloss's mole

Brown mole

E. klossi
(Thomas, 1929) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 12–14 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 11–17 cm (4–7 in) tail[22]

Habitat: Forest[27]

Diet: Insects and other invertebrates[24] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[27]

Long-nosed mole


E. longirostris
(A. Milne-Edwards, 1870) 		Southeastern China
Map of range 		Size: 9–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail[22]

Habitat: Forest[28]

Diet: Insects and other invertebrates[24] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[28]

Small-toothed mole


E. parvidens
Miller, 1940 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: About 14 cm (6 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail[22]

Habitat: Forest[29]

Diet: Insects and other invertebrates[24] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[29]

Vietnamese mole


E. subanura
Kawada, Son, & Can, 2012 		Northern Vietnam
Map of range 		Size: 7–9 cm (3–4 in) long, plus 4–6 cm (2–2 in) tail[30]

Habitat: Forest[31]

Diet: Insects and other invertebrates[24] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[31]

Genus Galemys – Kaup, 1829 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Pyrenean desman

Black mole

G. pyrenaicus
(Geoffroy, 1811)

Two subspecies
  • G. p. pyrenaicus
  • G. p. rufulus
Iberian Peninsula
Map of range 		Size: 11–16 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 12–16 cm (5–6 in) tail[32]

Habitat: Inland wetlands[33]

Diet: Insects and crustaceans[34] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[33]

Genus Mogera – Pomel, 1848 – seven species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Echigo mole

Brown mole

M. etigo
Yoshiyuki & Imaizumi, 1991 		Central Japan
Map of range 		Size: 15–18 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 2–3 cm (1 in) tail[35]

Habitat: Grassland[36]

Diet: Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[24] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[36]

Insular mole


M. insularis
Swinhoe, 1863

Three subspecies
 Eastern China, Hainan Island, and Taiwan
Map of range 		Size: 8–14 cm (3–6 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[37]

Diet: Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[24] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[37]

Japanese mole

Brown mole

M. wogura
(Temminck, 1842) 		Southern Japan
Map of range 		Size: 12–18 cm (5–7 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail[35]

Habitat: Grassland, shrubland, and forest[38]

Diet: Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[24] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[38]

Sado mole

Brown and black mole

M. tokudae
Kuroda, 1940 		Sado Island, Japan
Map of range 		Size: 13–17 cm (5–7 in) long, plus 2–3 cm (1 in) tail[35]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[39]

Diet: Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[24] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[39]

Senkaku mole


M. uchidai
Abe, Shiraishi, & Arai, 1991 		Senkaku Islands
Map of range 		Size: About 13 cm (5 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Grassland[40]

Diet: Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[24] 		 VU 


Unknown Unknown[40]

Small Japanese mole

Brown mole

M. imaizumii
Kuroda, 1957 		Japan
Map of range 		Size: 10–16 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail[35]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[41]

Diet: Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[24] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[41]

Ussuri mole

Brown mole

M. robusta
Nehring, 1891 		Eastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 14–20 cm (6–8 in) long, plus about 2 cm (1 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[42]

Diet: Earthworms, caterpillars and insects[42] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[42]

Genus Neurotrichus – Günther, 1880 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
American shrew mole

Black mole

N. gibbsii
(Baird, 1858) 		Western North America
Map of range 		Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[43]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[44]

Diet: Earthworms, insects, other invertebrates, fungi, and seeds[45] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[44]

Genus Parascaptor – Gill, 1875 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
White-tailed mole

Black mole

P. leucura
(Blyth, 1850) 		Eastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 11–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail[20]

Habitat: Forest[46]

Diet: Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[20] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[46]

Genus Scaptochirus – H. Milne-Edwards, 1867 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Short-faced mole


S. moschatus
H. Milne-Edwards, 1867 		Northern China
Map of range 		Size: About 14 cm (6 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail[47]

Habitat: Desert and grassland[48]

Diet: Arthropod larvae[48] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[48]

Genus Scaptonyx – H. Milne-Edwards, 1872 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Long-tailed mole

Drawing of black mole

S. fusicaudus
H. Milne-Edwards, 1872 		Eastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 4–6 cm (2 in) tail[49]

Habitat: Forest[50]

Diet: Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[49] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[50]

Genus Talpa – Linnaeus, 1758 – eleven species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Altai mole

Brown mole

T. altaica
Nikolsky, 1833 		Northern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Forest[52]

Diet: Earthworms, as well as insects[52] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[52]

Balkan mole


T. stankovici
Martino & Martino, 1931 		Balkans in Europe
Map of range 		Size: 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Coastal marine[53]

Diet: Worms and insects[51] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[53]

Blind mole

Brown mole

T. caeca
Savi, 1822 		Southern Europe
Map of range 		Size: 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[54]

Diet: Earthworms and other invertebrates[54] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[54]

Caucasian mole

Black mole

T. caucasica
Satunin, 1908 		Caucasus Mountains in Russia and Georgia
Map of range 		Size: 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[55]

Diet: Earthworms, as well as insects[55] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[55]

European mole

Black mole

T. europaea
Linnaeus, 1758 		Europe and western Asia
Map of range 		Size: 11–16 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail[56]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[57]

Diet: Earthworms and insects[56] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[57]

Levant mole


T. levantis
Thomas, 1906 		Caucasus and Northern Turkey
Map of range 		Size: 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[58]

Diet: Earthworms and other invertebrates[58] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[58]

Ognev's mole


T. ognevi
Stroganov, 1948 		Georgia and northeastern Turkey
Map of range 		Size: 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[59]

Diet: Worms and insects[51] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[59]

Père David's mole


T. davidiana
(H. Milne-Edwards, 1884) 		Turkey and northwestern Iran
Map of range 		Size: 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Grassland[60]

Diet: Worms and insects[60] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[60]

Roman mole

Black mole

T. romana
Thomas, 1902 		Southern Italy
Map of range 		Size: 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Forest[61]

Diet: Earthworms[61] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[61]

Spanish mole

Black mole

T. occidentalis
A. Cabrera, 1907 		Spain and Portugal
Map of range 		Size: 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[62]

Diet: Earthworms and other invertebrates[62] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[62]

Talysch mole


T. talyschensis
Vereshchagin, 1945 		Southern Azerbaijan and northern Iran
Map of range 		Size: 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[63]

Diet: Worms and insects[51] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[63]

Genus Urotrichus – Temminck, 1841 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Japanese shrew mole

Black mole

U. talpoides
Temminck, 1841 		Japan
Map of range 		Size: 6–11 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 2–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[20]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[64]

Diet: Insects, spiders, worms, and other invertebrates[20] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[64]

Subfamily Uropsilinae

[edit]
Main article: Uropsilinae
Genus Uropsilus – A. Milne-Edwards, 1871 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Anderson's shrew mole


U. andersoni
(Thomas, 1911) 		Central China
Map of range 		Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[65]

Habitat: Unknown[66]

Diet: Invertebrates[65] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[66]

Chinese shrew mole


U. soricipes
A. Milne-Edwards, 1871 		Central China
Map of range 		Size: 6–8 cm (2–3 in) long, plus 5–7 cm (2–3 in) tail[67]

Habitat: Forest[68]

Diet: Invertebrates[65] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[68]

Gracile shrew mole


U. gracilis
(Thomas, 1911) 		Southern China and northern Myanmar
Map of range 		Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[65]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[69]

Diet: Invertebrates[65] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[69]

Inquisitive shrew mole


U. investigator
(Thomas, 1922) 		Southern China
Map of range 		Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[67]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[70]

Diet: Invertebrates[65] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[70]

References

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  1. ^ "Fossilworks: Talpidae". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  2. ^ He, K.; Shinohara, A.; Helgen, K. M.; Springer, M. S.; Jiang, X.-L.; Campbell, K. L. (2016). "Talpid Mole Phylogeny Unites Shrew Moles and Illuminates Overlooked Cryptic Species Diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (1): 78–87. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw221. ISSN 0737-4038.
  3. ^ Wilson, Reeder, pp. 300-311
  4. ^ a b c d Nowak, pp. 241–242
  5. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Condylura cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41458A115187740. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41458A22322697.en.
  6. ^ Zera, Sean (2004). "Condylura cristata". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on March 19, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  7. ^ a b Akers, Ashanti (2022). "Parascalops breweri". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on March 16, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  8. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Parascalops breweri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41469A115188181. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41469A22322790.en.
  9. ^ a b Townsend, Shaparis (2023). "Scalopus aquaticus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on October 6, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  10. ^ a b Matson, J.; Woodman, N.; Castro-Arellano, I.; de Grammont, P. C. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Scalopus aquaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41471A115188304. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41471A22319923.en.
  11. ^ a b Nowak, p. 239
  12. ^ a b Smith, A. T.; Johnston, C. H. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Scapanulus oweni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41472A115188420. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41472A22322596.en.
  13. ^ a b Rochon, Ingrid (2012). "Scapanus orarius". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on December 10, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  14. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Scapanus orarius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41474A115188698. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41474A22322249.en.
  15. ^ a b Matson, J.; Woodman, N.; Castro-Arellano, I.; de Grammont, P. C. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Scapanus latimanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41473A115188559. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41473A22322141.en.
  16. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2016). "Scapanus townsendii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41475A22322352. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41475A22322352.en.
  17. ^ Timmer, David (2004). "Scapanus townsendii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  18. ^ a b Ellis, Eric J. (2024). "Desmana moschata". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  19. ^ a b Rutovskaya, M.; Gazzard, A.; Turvey, S. T. (2023). "Desmana moschata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T6506A231334630. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T6506A231334630.en.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Nowak, p. 237
  21. ^ a b Laginha Pinto Correia, D. (2016). "Dymecodon pilirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41488A22323252. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41488A22323252.en.
  22. ^ a b c d e Smith; Xie, pp. 322–323
  23. ^ a b Ruedas, L.; Smith, A. T. (2016). "Euroscaptor grandis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41459A22320623. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41459A22320623.en.
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  25. ^ a b Molur, S. (2016). "Euroscaptor micrura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41462A22320005. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41462A22320005.en.
  26. ^ a b Laginha Pinto Correia, D. (2016). "Euroscaptor mizura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8385A22320533. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8385A22320533.en.
  27. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Euroscaptor klossi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41460A115187862. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41460A22320395.en.
  28. ^ a b Smith, A. T. (2016). "Euroscaptor longirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41461A22320106. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41461A22320106.en.
  29. ^ a b Chiozza, F. (2016). "Euroscaptor parvidens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8386A22320303. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8386A22320303.en.
  30. ^ Abramov, A. V.; Shchinov, A. V.; Tran Quang, T. (2013). "Insectivorous mammals (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla) of the Ba Vi National Park, Northern Vietnam". Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 317 (3): 221–225. doi:10.31610/trudyzin/2013.317.3.221.
  31. ^ a b Engelbrektsson, P. (2016). "Euroscaptor subanura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T45955241A45973076. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T45955241A45973076.en.
  32. ^ Nowak, p. 232
  33. ^ a b Quaglietta, L. (2022) [amended version of 2021 assessment]. "Galemys pyrenaicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T8826A214429993. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T8826A214429993.en.
  34. ^ Weinstein, Bret (2024). "Galemys pyrenaicus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on March 16, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  35. ^ a b c d Kawada, S. I. (2016). "Morphological review of the Japanese mountain mole (Eulipotyphla, Talpidae) with the proposal of a new genus". Mammal Study. 41 (4): 191–205. doi:10.3106/041.041.0404.
  36. ^ a b Laginha Pinto Correia, D. (2016). "Mogera etigo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13604A22323841. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13604A22323841.en.
  37. ^ a b Smith, A. T.; Johnston, C. H. (2016). "Mogera insularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41463A22323693. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41463A22323693.en.
  38. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2016). "Mogera wogura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41467A22323418. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41467A22323418.en.
  39. ^ a b Kennerley, R. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Mogera tokudae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13603A115115846. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13603A22323941.en.
  40. ^ a b Laginha Pinto Correia, D. (2016). "Mogera uchidai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T14563A22323327. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T14563A22323327.en.
  41. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2016). "Mogera imaizumii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41465A22323581. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41465A22323581.en.
  42. ^ a b c Tsytsulina, K. (2017). "Mogera robusta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T41466A22323489. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T41466A22323489.en.
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  44. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Neurotrichus gibbsii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41468A115188045. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41468A22323093.en.
  45. ^ Gochis, Emily (2002). "Neurotrichus gibbsii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on June 9, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  46. ^ a b Molur, S. (2016). "Parascaptor leucura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41470A22322993. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41470A22322993.en.
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  48. ^ a b c Smith, A. T.; Johnston, C. H. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Scaptochirus moschatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41476A115188844. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41476A22322461.en.
  49. ^ a b Nowak, p. 233
  50. ^ a b Chiozza, F. (2016). "Scaptonyx fusicaudus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41477A22322866. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41477A22322866.en.
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Nowak, p. 234
  52. ^ a b c Stubbe, M.; Samiya, R.; Ariunbold, J.; Buuveibaatar, V.; Dorjderem, S.; Monkhzul, T.; Otgonbaatar, M.; Tsogbadrakh, M.; Gankhuyag, P. (2017). "Talpa altaica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T41478A22321277. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T41478A22321277.en.
  53. ^ a b Vladimir Vohralík, Boris Kryštufek. (2016). "Talpa stankovici". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41485A2953771. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41485A2953771.en.
  54. ^ a b c Cassola, F. (2016). "Talpa caeca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41479A2953438. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41479A2953438.en.
  55. ^ a b c Gazzard, A.; Kryštufek, B. (2023). "Talpa caucasica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T221753755A221753922. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T221753755A221753922.en.
  56. ^ a b Sondergaard, Emily (2006). "Talpa europaea". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  57. ^ a b Gazzard, A.; Atkinson, R. (2023). "Talpa europaea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T221751920A221752008. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T221751920A221752008.en.
  58. ^ a b c Gazzard, A. (2023). "Talpa levantis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T221754684A221754963. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T221754684A221754963.en.
  59. ^ a b Gazzard, A.; Kryštufek, B. (2023). "Talpa ognevi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T221753106A221753660. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T221753106A221753660.en.
  60. ^ a b c Gerrie, R.; Kennerley, R. (2017). "Talpa davidiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T135458A22321046. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T135458A22321046.en.
  61. ^ a b c Amori, G. (2016). "Talpa romana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41484A2953688. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41484A2953688.en.
  62. ^ a b c Cassola, F. (2016). "Talpa occidentalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41483A2953593. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41483A2953593.en.
  63. ^ a b Gazzard, A.; Kryštufek, B. (2023). "Talpa talyschensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T221754376A221754615. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T221754376A221754615.en.
  64. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2016). "Urotrichus talpoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41489A22323186. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41489A22323186.en.
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  69. ^ a b Chiozza, F. (2017). "Uropsilus gracilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T41487A22321800. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T41487A22321800.en.
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Sources

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