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Physics

Raymond A. Serway, John W. Jewett - Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics (2013)

Part 1: Mechanics

Introduction
Ch 1: Physics and Measurement
- Introduction
- 1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time
- 1.2 Matter and Model Building
- 1.3 Dimensional Analysis
- 1.4 Conversion of Units
- 1.5 Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations
- 1.6 Significant Figures
- Summary
Ch 2: Motion in One Dimension
- Introduction
- 2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed
- 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
- 2.3 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Velocity
- 2.4 Acceleration
- 2.5 Motion Diagrams
- 2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration
- 2.7 Freely Falling Objects
- 2.8 Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus
- Summary
Ch 3: Vectors
- Introduction
- 3.1 Coordinate Systems
- 3.2 Vector and Scalar Quantities
- 3.3 Some Properties of Vectors
- 3.4 Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors
- Summary
Ch 4: Motion in Two Dimensions
- Introduction
- 4.1 The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors
- 4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration
- 4.3 Projectile Motion
- 4.4 Analysis Model: Particlein Uniform Circular Motion
- 4.5 Tangential and Radial Acceleration
- 4.6 Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration
- Summary
Ch 5: The Laws of motion
- Introduction
- 5.1 The Concept of Force
- 5.2 Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames
- 5.3 Mass
- 5.4 Newton’s Second Law
- 5.5 The Gravitational Force and Weight
- 5.6 Newton’s Third Law
- 5.7 Analysis Models Using Newton’s Second Law
- Summary
Ch 6: Circular Motion and Other Applications of Newton’s Laws
- Introduction
- 6.1 Extending the Particle in Uniform Circular Motion Model
- 6.2 Nonuniform Circular Motion
- 6.3 Motion in Accelerated Frames
- 6.4 Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces
- Summary
Ch 7: Energy of a System
- Introduction
- 7.1 Systems and Environments
- 7.2 Work Done by a Constant Force
- 7.3 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors
- 7.5 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem
- 7.6 Potential Energy of a System
- 7.7 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
- 7.8 Relationship Between Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
- 7.9 Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a System
- Summary
Ch 8: Conservation of Energy
- Introduction
- 8.1 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Energy)
- 8.2 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Energy)
- 8.3 Situations Involving Kinetic Friction
- 8.4 Changes in Mechanical Energy for Nonconservative Forces
- 8.5 Power
- Summary
Ch 9: Linear Momentum and Collisions
- Introduction
- 9.1 Linear Momentum
- 9.2 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Momentum)
- 9.3 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Momentum)
- 9.4 Collisions in One Dimension
- 9.5 Collisions in Two Dimensions
- 9.6 The Center of Mass
- 9.7 Systems of Many Particles
- 9.8 Deformable Systems
- 9.9 Rocket Propulsion
- Summary
Ch 10: Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis
- Introduction
- 10.1 Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
- 10.2 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under Constant Angular Acceleration
- 10.3 Angular and Translational Quantities
- 10.4 Torque
- 10.5 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under a Net Torque
- 10.6 Calculation of Moments of Inertia
- 10.7 Rotational Kinetic Energy
- 10.8 Energy Considerations in Rotational Motion
- 10.9 Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object
- Summary
Ch 11: Angular Momentum
- Introduction
- 11.1 The Vector Product and Torque
- 11.2 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Angular Momentum)
- 11.3 Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid Object
- 11.4 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Angular Momentum)
- 11.5 The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops
- Summary
Ch 12: Static Equilibrium and Elasticity
- Introduction
- 12.1 Analysis Model: Rigid Object in Equilibrium
- 12.2 More on the Center of Gravity
- 12.3 Examples of Rigid Objects in Static Equilibrium
- 12.4 Elastic Properties of Solids
- Summary
Ch 13: Universal Gravitation
- Introduction
- 13.1 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
- 13.2 Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational Force
- 13.3 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Gravitational)
- 13.4 Kepler’s Laws and the Motion of Planets
- 13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy
- 13.6 Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion
- Summary
Ch 14: Fluid Mechanics
- Introduction
- 14.1 Pressure
- 14.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth
- 14.3 Pressure Measurements
- 14.4 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle
- 14.5 Fluid Dynamics
- 14.6 Bernoulli’s Equation
- 14.7 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics
- Summary

Part 2: Oscillations and Mechanical Waves

Introduction
Ch 15: Oscillatory Motion
- Introduction
- 15.1 Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring
- 15.2 Analysis Model: Particle in Simple Harmonic Motion
- 15.3 Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
- 15.4 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Motion
- 15.5 The Pendulum
- 15.6 Damped Oscillations
- 15.7 Forced Oscillations
- Summary
Ch 16: Wave Motion
- Introduction
- 16.1 Propagation of a Disturbance
- 16.2 Analysis Model: Traveling Wave
- 16.3 The Speed of Waves on Strings
- 16.4 Reflection and Transmission
- 16.5 Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings
- 16.6 The Linear Wave Equation
- Summary
Ch 17: Sound Waves
- Introduction
- 17.1 Pressure Variations in Sound Waves
- 17.2 Speed of Sound Waves
- 17.3 Intensity of Periodic Sound Waves
- 17.4 The Doppler Effect
- Summary
Ch 18: Superposition and Standing waves
- Introduction
- 18.1 Analysis Model: Waves in Interference
- 18.2 Standing Waves
- 18.3 Analysis Model: Waves Under Boundary Conditions
- 18.4 Resonance
- 18.5 Standing Waves in Air Columns
- 18.6 Standing Waves in Rods and Membranes
- 18.7 Beats: Interference in Time
- 18.8 Nonsinusoidal Wave Patterns
- Summary

Part 3: Thermodynamics

Introduction
Ch 19: Temperature
- Introduction
- 19.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- 19.2 Thermometers and the Celsius Temperature Scale
- 19.3 The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer and the Absolute Temperature Scale
- 19.4 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
- 19.5 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas
- Summary
Ch 20: The First Law of Thermodynamics
- Introduction
- 20.1 Heat and Internal Energy
- 20.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry
- 20.3 Latent Heat
- 20.4 Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes
- 20.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics
- 20.6 Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics
- 20.7 Energy Transfer Mechanisms in Thermal Processes
- Summary
Ch 21: The Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Introduction
- 21.1 Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas
- 21.2 Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas
- 21.3 The Equipartition of Energy
- 21.4 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas
- 21.5 Distribution of Molecular Speeds
- Summary
Ch 22: Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Introduction
- 22.1 Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
- 22.2 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
- 22.3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
- 22.4 The Carnot Engine
- 22.5 Gasoline and Diesel Engines
- 22.6 Entropy
- 22.7 Changes in Entropy for Thermodynamic Systems
- 22.8 Entropy and the Second Law
- Summary

Part 4: Electricity and Magnetism

Introduction
Ch 23: Electric Fields
- Introduction
- 23.1 Properties of Electric Charges
- 23.2 Charging Objects by Induction
- 23.3 Coulomb’s Law
- 23.4 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Electric)
- 23.5 Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution
- 23.6 Electric Field Lines
- 23.7 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Electric Field
- Summary
Ch 24: Gauss’s Law
- Introduction
- 24.1 Electric Flux
- 24.2 Gauss’s Law
- 24.3 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various Charge Distributions
- 24.4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
- Summary
Ch 25: Electric Potential
- Introduction
- 25.1 Electric Potential and Potential Difference
- 25.2 Potential Difference in a Uniform Electric Field
- 25.3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges
- 25.4 Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field from the Electric Potential
- 25.5 Electric Potential Due to Continuous Charge Distributions
- 25.6 Electric Potential Due to a Charged Conductor
- 25.7 The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment
- 25.8 Applications of Electrostatics
- Summary
Ch 26: Capacitance and Dielectrics
- Introduction
- 26.1 Definition of Capacitance
- 26.2 Calculating Capacitance
- 26.3 Combinations of Capacitors
- 26.4 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
- 26.5 Capacitors with Dielectrics
- 26.6 Electric Dipole in an Electric Field
- 26.7 An Atomic Description of Dielectrics
- Summary
Ch 27: Current and Resistance
- Introduction
- 27.1 Electric Current
- 27.2 Resistance
- 27.3 A Model for Electrical Conduction
- 27.4 Resistance and Temperature
- 27.5 Superconductors
- 27.6 Electrical Power
- Summary
Ch 28: Direct-Current Circuits
- Introduction
- 28.1 Electromotive Force
- 28.2 Resistors in Series and Parallel
- 28.3 Kirchhoff’s Rules
- 28.4 RC Circuits
- 28.5 Household Wiring and Electrical Safety
- Summary
Ch 29: Magnetic fields
- Introduction
- 29.1 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Magnetic)
- 29.2 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- 29.3 Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field
- 29.4 Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying Conductor
- 29.5 Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- 29.6 The Hall Effect
- Summary
Ch 30: Sources of the Magnetic Field
- Introduction
- 30.1 The Biot–Savart Law
- 30.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors
- 30.3 Ampère’s Law
- 30.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
- 30.5 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism
- 30.6 Magnetism in Matter
- Summary
Ch 31: Faraday’s Law
- Introduction
- 31.1 Faraday’s Law of Induction
- 31.2 Motional emf
- 31.3 Lenz’s Law
- 31.4 Induced emf and Electric Fields
- 31.5 Generators and Motors
- 31.6 Eddy Currents
- Summary
Ch 32: Inductance
- Introduction
- 32.1 Self-Induction and Inductance
- 32.2 RL Circuits
- 32.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field
- 32.4 Mutual Inductance
- 32.5 Oscillations in an LC Circuit
- 32.6 The RLC Circuit
- Summary
Ch 33: Alternating-Current Circuits
- Introduction
- 33.1 AC Sources
- 33.2 Resistors in an AC Circuit
- 33.3 Inductors in an AC Circuit
- 33.4 Capacitors in an AC Circuit
- 33.5 The RLC Series Circuit
- 33.6 Power in an AC Circuit
- 33.7 Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit
- 33.8 The Transformer and Power Transmission
- 33.9 Rectifiers and Filters
- Summary
Ch 34: Electromagnetic waves
- Introduction
- 34.1 Displacement Current and the General Form of Ampère’s Law
- 34.2 Maxwell’s Equations and Hertz’s Discoveries
- 34.3 Plane Electromagnetic Waves
- 34.4 Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves
- 34.5 Momentum and Radiation Pressure
- 34.6 Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna
- 34.7 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves
- Summary

Part 5: Light and Optics

Introduction
Ch 35: The Nature of Light and the Principles of Ray Optics
- Introduction
- 35.1 The Nature of Light
- 35.2 Measurements of the Speed of Light
- 35.3 The Ray Approximation in Ray Optics
- 35.4 Analysis Model: Wave Under Reflection
- 35.5 Analysis Model: Wave Under Refraction
- 35.6 Huygens’s Principle
- 35.8 Total Internal Reflection
- Summary
Ch 36: Image formation
- Introduction
- 36.1 Images Formed by Flat Mirrors
- 36.2 Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors
- 36.3 Images Formed by Refraction
- 36.4 Images Formed by Thin Lenses
- 36.5 Lens Aberrations
- 36.6 The Camera
- 36.7 The Eye
- 36.8 The Simple Magnifier
- 36.9 The Compound Microscope
- 36.10 The Telescope
- Summary
Ch 37: Wave Optics
- Introduction
- 37.1 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
- 37.2 Analysis Model: Waves in Interference
- 37.3 Intensity Distribution of the Double-Slit Interference Pattern
- 37.4 Change of Phase Due to Reflection
- 37.5 Interference in Thin Films
- 37.6 The Michelson Interferometer
- Summary
Ch 38: Diffraction Patterns and Polarization
- Introduction
- 38.1 Introduction to Diffraction Patterns
- 38.2 Diffraction Patterns from Narrow Slits
- 38.3 Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures
- 38.4 The Diffraction Grating
- 38.5 Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals
- 38.6 Polarization of Light Waves
- Summary

Part 6: Modern Physics

Introduction
Ch 39: Relativity
- Introduction
- 39.1 The Principle of Galilean Relativity
- 39.2 The Michelson–Morley Experiment
- 39.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity
- 39.4 Consequences of the Special Theory of Relativity
- 39.5 The Lorentz Transformation Equations
- 39.6 The Lorentz Velocity Transformation Equations
- 39.7 Relativistic Linear Momentum
- 39.8 Relativistic Energy
- 39.9 The General Theory of Relativity
- Summary
Ch 40: Introduction to Quantum physics
- Introduction
- 40.1 Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s Hypothesis
- 40.2 The Photoelectric Effect
- 40.3 The Compton Effect
- 40.4 The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
- 40.5 The Wave Properties of Particles
- 40.6 A New Model: The Quantum Particle
- 40.7 The Double-Slit Experiment Revisited
- 40.8 The Uncertainty Principle
- Summary
Ch 41: Quantum mechanics
- Introduction
- 41.1 The Wave Function
- 41.2 Analysis Model: Quantum Particle Under Boundary Conditions
- 41.3 The Schrödinger Equation
- 41.4 A Particle in a Well of Finite Height
- 41.5 Tunneling Through a Potential Energy Barrier
- 41.6 Applications of Tunneling
- 41.7 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator
- Summary
Ch 42: Atomic physics
- Introduction
- 42.1 Atomic Spectra of Gases
- 42.2 Early Models of the Atom
- 42.3 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
- 42.4 The Quantum Model of the Hydrogen Atom
- 42.5 The Wave Functions for Hydrogen
- 42.6 Physical Interpretation of the Quantum Numbers
- 42.7 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table
- 42.8 More on Atomic Spectra: Visible and X-Ray
- 42.9 Spontaneous and Stimulated Transitions
- 42.10 Lasers
- Summary
Ch 43: Molecules and Solids
- Introduction
- 43.1 Molecular Bonds
- 43.2 Energy States and Spectra of Molecules
- 43.3 Bonding in Solids
- 43.4 Free-Electron Theory of Metals
- 43.5 Band Theory of Solids
- 43.6 Electrical Conduction in Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors
- 43.7 Semiconductor Devices
- 43.8 Superconductivity
- Summary
Ch 44: Nuclear structure
- Introduction
- 44.1 Some Properties of Nuclei
- 44.2 Nuclear Binding Energy
- 44.3 Nuclear Models
- 44.4 Radioactivity
- 44.5 The Decay Processes
- 44.6 Natural Radioactivity
- 44.7 Nuclear Reactions
- 44.8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Summary
Ch 45: Applications of Nuclear physics
- Introduction
- 45.1 Interactions Involving Neutrons
- 45.2 Nuclear Fission
- 45.3 Nuclear Reactors
- 45.4 Nuclear Fusion
- 45.5 Radiation Damage
- 45.6 Uses of Radiation
- Summary
Ch 46: Particle physics and Cosmology
- Introduction
- 46.1 The Fundamental Forces in Nature
- 46.2 Positrons and Other Antiparticles
- 46.3 Mesons and the Beginning of Particle Physics
- 46.4 Classification of Particles
- 46.5 Conservation Laws
- 46.6 Strange Particles and Strangeness
- 46.7 Finding Patterns in the Particles
- 46.8 Quarks
- 46.9 Multicolored Quarks
- 46.10 The Standard Model
- 46.11 The Cosmic Connection
- 46.12 Problems and Perspectives
- Summary

v t e Major branches of physics
Divisions	Pure Applied Engineering
Approaches	Experimental Theoretical Computational
Classical	Classical mechanics Newtonian Analytical Celestial Continuum Acoustics Classical electromagnetism Classical optics Ray Wave Thermodynamics Statistical Non-equilibrium
Modern	Relativistic mechanics Special General Nuclear physics Particle physics Quantum mechanics Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Atomic Molecular Modern optics Condensed matter physics Solid-state physics Crystallography
Interdisciplinary	Astrophysics Atmospheric physics Biophysics Chemical physics Geophysics Materials science Mathematical physics Medical physics Ocean physics Quantum information science
Related	History of physics Nobel Prize in Physics Philosophy of physics Physics education Timeline of physics discoveries

v t e Fundamental interactions of physics
Physical forces	Strong interaction fundamental residual Electroweak interaction weak interaction electromagnetism Gravitation
Hypothetical forces	Fifth force Quintessence
Glossary of physics Particle physics Philosophy of physics Universe

v t e Orders of magnitude
Quantity	Acceleration Angular momentum Area Bit rate Charge Computing Current Data Density Energy / Energy density Entropy Force Frequency Illuminance Length Luminance Magnetic moment Magnetic field Mass Molarity Numbers Power Pressure Probability Radiation Sound pressure Specific heat capacity Speed Temperature Torque Time Voltage Volume
See also	Back-of-the-envelope calculation Best-selling electronic devices Fermi problem Powers of 10 and decades 10th 100th 1000000th Metric (SI) prefix Macroscopic scale Microscopic scale
Related	Astronomical system of units Earth's location in the Universe Cosmic View (1957 book) To the Moon and Beyond (1964 film) Cosmic Zoom (1968 film) Powers of Ten (1968 and 1977 films) Cosmic Voyage (1996 documentary) The Scale of the Universe (2010) Cosmic Eye (2012)
Category

v t e Orders of magnitude of time
by powers of ten
Negative powers	<1 attosecond attosecond femtosecond picosecond nanosecond microsecond millisecond
Positive powers	second kilosecond megasecond gigasecond terasecond and longer

v t e Acoustics
Acoustical engineering	Architectural acoustics Monochord Reverberation Soundproofing String vibration Sympathetic resonance	Spectrogram
Psychoacoustics	Pitch Bark scale Mel scale Equal-loudness contour Fletcher–Munson curves
Audio frequency and pitch	Beat Formant Fundamental frequency Frequency spectrum harmonic spectrum Harmonic Series Inharmonicity Missing fundamental Combination tone Mersenne's laws Overtone Resonance Standing wave Node Subharmonic
Acousticians	John Backus Jens Blauert Ernst Chladni Hermann von Helmholtz Carleen Hutchins Franz Melde Marin Mersenne Werner Meyer-Eppler Lord Rayleigh Joseph Sauveur D. Van Holliday Thomas Young
Related topics	Echo Infrasound Sound Ultrasound Musical acoustics Piano Violin
Category

v t e Atomic models
Historic models	1804 Dalton model (billiard ball model) 1867 vortex theory of the atom (knot model) 1902 Lewis model (cubical atom model) 1904 Nagaoka model (Saturnian model) 1904 plum pudding model 1911 Rutherford model (planetary model) 1913 Bohr model (old quantum model)
Current models	1926 electron cloud model 1928 Dirac–Gordon model (relativistic quantum model)
Category:Atoms Portal:Physics / Chemistry

Physics

Wave

Electromagnetics

Particles

Space and Earth

Matter

Mechanics

Quantum mechanics

Relativity

Thermodynamics & Statistical mechanics

Further Readings

Physics

See also