User:Programmeruser/HelpIPAFuzhou dialect
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 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of HelpIPAFuzhou dialect on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of HelpIPAFuzhou dialect in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Taiwanese Hokkien (also called Taiwanese) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
Note that the Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) applied in this page is Ernest Tipson's version, while Chinese Examples are pronounced with literary reading with Taiwanese Romanization System (TL) spelling in default unless specified.
Consonants
[edit]| Consonants | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | BUC | FTS | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | English approximation | |||
| p | p | ㄅ | 布 (pòo) | span | ||||
| pʰ | ph | ㄆ | 普 (phóo) | pan | ||||
| b | b | 
|
明 (bîng) | timber [a] | ||||
| m | m- | ㄇ | 媽 (má) | moon | ||||
| am, om, im |  , 
|
暗 (àm), 參 (som)[b], 心 (sim) | rim | |||||
| t | t | ㄉ | 端 (tuan) | stop | ||||
| tʰ | th | ㄊ | 透 (thò) | top | ||||
| l | l | ㄌ | 來 (lâi) | lime [c] | ||||
| n | n | ㄋ | 泥 (nî) | noon | ||||
| -n | ㄣ, ㄢ | 因 (in), 安 (an) | ||||||
| k | k | ㄍ | 見 (kiàn) | skin | ||||
| kʰ | kh | ㄎ | 溪 (khe) | kin | ||||
| g | g | 
|
義 (gī) | finger [a] | ||||
| ŋ | ng- | 
|
吳 (ngôo) | singer | ||||
| eng, ang, ong | ing, ang, ong | ㄥ, ㄤ, 
|
櫻 (ing), 幫 (pang), 王 (ông) | song | ||||
| h | h | ㄏ | 曉 (hiáu) | hit | ||||
| ʔ | ∅ | 影 (íng, [ʔiə̯ŋ˥˩]) | uh-oh | |||||
| t͡s | ch [d] | ts | ㄗ | 走 (tsáu) | cats, usually retracted in most cases | |||
| t͡ɕ | ㄐ | 精 (tsing) | like itchy, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[e] | |||||
| t͡sʰ | chh [d] | tsh | ㄘ | 菜 (tshài) | cats | |||
| t͡ɕʰ | ㄑ | 市 (tshī) | like cheap, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).[e] | |||||
| s | s | ㄙ | 三 (sam) | same | ||||
| ɕ | ㄒ | 審 (sím) | like sheep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).[e] | |||||
| d͡z | j | 
|
熱 (jua̍h) | pads [f] | ||||
| z | zoo [g] | |||||||
| d͡ʑ | 
|
日 (ji̍t) | like jeep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[f][e] | |||||
| ʑ | like zip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[g][e] | |||||||
| Note: Alveolo-palatal consonants ([t͡ɕ], [t͡ɕʰ], [ɕ], and [d͡ʑ / ʑ]) always precede [i] ⟨i / e⟩ as ⟨chi (tsi) / che⟩, ⟨chhi (tshi) / chhe⟩, ⟨si / se⟩, and ⟨ji⟩. | ||||||||
| Syllabic consonants | ||||||||
| m̩ | -m | 
|
姆 (ḿ) | rhythm | ||||
| ŋ̍ | -ng | 
|
光 (kng)[h] | song [i] | ||||
| Stop consonant finals | ||||||||
| p̚ | -p | ◌ㄅ | 合 (ha̍p) | like sip, but no audible release; apt | ||||
| t̚ | -t | ◌ㄉ | 七 (tshit) | like sit, but no audible release | ||||
| k̚ | -k | ◌ㄍ | 角 (kak) | like sick, but no audible release | ||||
| ʔ | -h | ◌ㄏ | 桌 (toh) | uh-oh | ||||
Vowels
[edit]| Vowels | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | POJ | TL | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | English approximation | |||
| a | a | ㄚ | 鴨 (ah) | father | ||||
| e | e | 
|
家 (ke) | day | ||||
| ɤ | o | o/or[j] | ㄜ | 高 (kor) | Roughly like bird [k] | |||
| o | o | ㄛ | 高 (ko) | snow [l] | ||||
| ɔ | o͘ [m] | oo | 
|
烏 (oo) | thought | |||
| ong, om, op, ok |
, ,ㄅ, ㄍ
|
福 (hok) | ||||||
| i | i | ㄧ [n] | 一 (it) | see [o] | ||||
| u | u | ㄨ | 武 (bú) | shoe [p] | ||||
| Diphthongs | ||||||||
| ai̯ | ai | ㄞ | 愛 (ài) | fight [o] | ||||
| au̯ | au | ㄠ | 交 (kau) | out [p] | ||||
| i̯a | ia | ㄧㄚ | 射 (siā) | Russia | ||||
| i̯ɛ | ian, iat | ㄧㄢ, ㄧㄚㄉ | 電 (tiān), 結 (kiat) | yes [q] | ||||
| iə̯ | eng, ek | ing, ik | ㄧㄥ, ㄧㄍ | 英 (ing), 色 (sik) | eon [r][k] | |||
| i̯ə | io | ior | ㄧㄜ | 腰 (ior)[k] | ||||
| i̯o | io | ㄧㄛ | 腰 (io)[l] | Leo | ||||
| i̯ɔ | iong, iok | ㄧ, ㄧㄍ
|
中 (tiong), 欲 (io̍k) | kiosk | ||||
| i̯u | iu | ㄧㄨ | 手 (tshiú) | dew | ||||
| u̯a | oa | ua | ㄨㄚ | 化 (huà) | like quality | |||
| u̯e | oe | ue | ㄨ
|
尾 (bué)[b] | question | |||
| u̯i | ui | ㄨㄧ | 水 (suí) | we | ||||
| Triphthongs | ||||||||
| i̯au̯ | iau | ㄧㄠ | 妖 (iau) | meow [o][p] | ||||
| u̯ai̯ | oai | uai | ㄨㄞ | 怪 (kuài) | quiet [o] | |||
| Nasal vowels | ||||||||
| ◌̃ | m◌, n◌, ng◌ | ㄇ◌, ㄋ◌, ◌
|
鰻 (muâ), 梁 (niû), 迎 (ngiâ) | Nasalized vowel(s) [s] | ||||
| ã | an | ann | 
|
衫 (sann) | like naive; nasalized [a] | |||
| ẽ | en | enn | 
|
青 (tsenn)[b] | like next; nasalized [e] [t] | |||
| ĩ | in | inn |  [n]
|
圓 (înn) | like niece; nasalized [i] | |||
| ɔ̃ | on | onn | 
|
否 (hónn) | French: son; nasalized [ɔ] | |||
| ãĩ̯ | ain | ainn | 
|
載 (tsáinn) | like nine; nasalized [ai̯] | |||
| ĩ̯ã | ian | iann | ㄧ
|
兄 (hiann) | roughly like civilian; nasalized [i̯a] | |||
| ĩ̯ũ | iun | iunn | ㄧ
|
羊 (iûnn)[h] | like nuance; nasalized [i̯u] [u] | |||
| ũ̯ã | oan | uann | ㄨ
|
官 (kuann) | roughly like wander nasalized [u̯a] | |||
| ũ̯ĩ | uin | uinn | ㄨ
|
快 (khuìnn)[h] | roughly like twin; nasalized [u̯i] | |||
| ĩ̯ãũ̯ | iaun | iaunn | ㄧ
|
喓 (iaunn) | like meow; nasalized [i̯au̯] | |||
| ũ̯ãĩ̯ | oain | uainn | ㄨ
|
關 (kuainn)[b] | roughly like wine; nasalized [u̯ai̯] [v] | |||
| Note: ⟨◌n⟩ in POJ is sometimes written as ⟨◌N⟩ when superscript ⟨n⟩ is not supported. | ||||||||
Tones
[edit]| Tones | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tone Number |
IPA (WP) |
POJ | TL | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | Dialect values (IPA) | ||
| Kaohsiung | Taipei | Lukang | ||||||
| 0 | ◌--a | 後日 （āu--ji̍t） | (varying) | |||||
| 1 | ˦ | a | ㄚ | 東 | [˥] 55 | [˦] 44 | [˧] 33 | |
| 2 | ˥˩ | á | ㄚˋ | 黨 | [˥˩] 51 | [˥˧] 53 | [˥] 55 | |
| 3 | ˧˩ | à | ㄚ˪ | 棟 | [˧˩] 31 | [˨˩] 21 | [˧˩] 31 | |
| 4 | ʔ˧˨ | a◌ | ㄚ◌ | 督 | [˧] 3 | [˨] 2 | [˥] 5 | |
| 5 | ˨˦ | â | ㄚˊ | 同 | [˨˦] 24 | |||
| 6 | ˨ | ǎ | ㄚˋ | 動 | [˨] 22 | |||
| 7 | ˧ | ā | ㄚ˫ | 洞 | [˧] 33 | [˧˩] 31 | ||
| 8 | ʔ˦ | a̍◌ | ㄚ◌˙ | 毒 | [˥] 5 | [˦] 4 | [˧˥] 35 | |
| 9 | ˧˥ | a̋ | 引擎 | [˧˥] 35 | ||||
| Note: ◌ can be any of the four stop consonant finals in Taiwanese as listed in the above. | ||||||||
Notes
- ^ a b [b] and [g] are sometimes transcribed as [b̃] and [g̃] respectively.
- ^ a b c d In Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
- ^ In most varieties of Hokkien, /l/ is pronounced as an alveolar tap [ɾ]. Although the IPA symbol ⟨l⟩ represents a lateral approximants, ⟨l⟩ is widely used instead of ⟨ɾ⟩ in broad transcriptions of Hokkien.
- ^ a b In some POJ variants, ch and chh are written as ⟨ts⟩ and ⟨tsh⟩ respectively.
- ^ a b c d e [t͡ɕ], [t͡ɕʰ], [ɕ], and [ʑ] are pronounced as [t͡s], [t͡sʰ], [s], and [z] in some accents.
- ^ a b [d͡z] and [d͡ʑ] are used in Taiwanese Choân-chiu accent; they are pronounced as [l] in some sub-accents.
- ^ a b [z] and [ʑ] is used in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent, while [ʑ] is pronounced as [g] mainly in Taiwanese Hok-Ló-Kheh sub-accents.
- ^ a b c In Taiwanese Choan-chiu accent.
- ^ ⟨-ng⟩ [ŋ̍] is pronounced as [ũĩ] mainly in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
- ^ ⟨o⟩ in TL can present both southern accent and northern accent, while ⟨or⟩ in TL is used to specify southern accent for differentiation.
- ^ a b c ⟨or⟩ [ɤ], also transcribed as [ə], is used in Taiwanese southern accent and sometimes transcribed as [ɤ].
- ^ a b ⟨o⟩ [o] is used in Taiwanese northern accent.
- ^ ⟨o͘⟩ [ɔ] is sometimes written as ⟨ou⟩ in POJ as the dot is barely visible for readers.
- ^ a b In horizontal writing, it might be written in 90 degrees rotated.
- ^ a b c d [i̯] can be transcribed as [ɪ] in ⟨-ai, -ia, -io, -iau⟩.
- ^ a b c [u̯] can be transcribed as [ʊ] in ⟨-au⟩
- ^ ⟨ian⟩ is pronounced as either [i̯ɛn], [ɛn], or [en] depending on accents.
⟨iat⟩ is pronounced as either [i̯ɛt̚], [ɛt̚], or [et̚] depending on accents. - ^ ⟨ing⟩ is pronounced as either [iə̯ŋ], [iŋ] or [eŋ], depending on accents.
⟨ik⟩ is pronounced as either [iə̯k̚], [ik̚] or [ek̚] depending on accents. - ^ The combination of a nasal consonant preceding vowel(s) represents nasal vowel(s) due to a natural process of assimilation.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
cchiuwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ [ĩ̯ũ] is only used in Choân-chiu accent.
- ^ [ũ̯ãĩ̯] is pronounced as [ũ̯ĩ], [ũ̯ã], and [u̯ai̯] mainly in Taiwanese Choân-chiu accent.
References
[edit]- "Tai-Hoa Dictionary". Peh-oe-ji Tai-gu-bun Bang-cham - Written Taiwanese Southern-Min.
- "Dictionary for Common Vocabulary in Taiwanese Hokkien". Ministry of Education (Taiwan).
- "Taiwanese Hokkien Romanization and Pronunciation Learning Network". National Taichung University of Education.