Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol

This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Emilian-Romagnol on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Emilian-Romagnol in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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The charts below show how the International Phonetic Alphabet represents Emilian-Romagnol pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA, and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Sounds are listed for the most common occurrences throughout the dialectal continuum. For practical reasons, all examples listed are spelled in Bolognese.

See Emilian dialects and Romagnol dialects for more information on the sounds of this language.

Consonants^[1]
IPA	Examples	English approximation
b	barbutlêr, lâber	bounce
d	dimónndi, quadēren	dance
dz^[2]	ónngia, gêra, dṡdétta, żôbia, żåuven, żâl, żnêr	dress
ð	żôbia, żåuven, żâl, żnêr, żtêr	then
f	fidózzia, sfrîṡ	fancy
ɡ	ghêṡg, żuglén	gas
k	cardänza, alchêr, qualónc	scald
l	limalén	less
ʎ	viżégglia, al gnôc	trillion
m	mumiêr, nómm^[3]	mess
ɱ	cunfêt	circumvent
n	scrâna, mândga, cróṅna^[3]	nest
ŋ	pinån, ganba, cróṅna, dänt, diavlén^[3]^[4]	thing
ɲ	Bulåggna, Germâgna	vineyard
p	pdôć, grópp	Spencer
ʁ ~ ʀ ~ r	rànnder, curtêl	trilled r or Northumbrian burr
s^[2]	Sasōl, scusêr, pass, zénc, Piaṡänza, zassta, arzàvver	between press and pressure
t	tetôja, mât	stance
ts^[2]	cucêr, cîṡa, dscårrer, znêr, zassta, arzàvver	stress
θ	zénc, Piaṡänza, znêr, zassta, arzàvver	thin
v	tvâja, ōv, Mântva, quarcén, ridéccuel^[5]	verse
z^[2]	aṡà, scuṡêr, ṡvedaiṡ, żåuven, żâl, żnêr, żtêr	between seize and seizure

Semivowels^[1]
IPA	Examples	English approximation
j	supiêr, fiûr, marâja	yet
w	quarcén, ridéccuel^[5]	wet

Suprasegmentals
IPA	Examples	Explanation
ˈ	raṡån [rɐˈzʌŋː]	primary stress
ˌ	levapiât [ˌlɛvɐˈpjaːt]	secondary stress
.	riasónt [ri.ɐˈsoŋːt]	syllable break
ː	insónni [iŋˈsonːi]	geminated consonant^[1]

Vowels^[6]
IPA	Examples	English approximation
Short vowels
a ~ ɐ^[7]	maravajja, laggn, spass, dialàtt, pêder, påzz, dåǵǵ, curâǵ	bad (Scotland)
æ^[8]^[9]	sänper	bad
ʌ^[8]^[9]	pizån, curåṅna, månd, påzz, dåǵǵ	bud
e	pêder, brevàtt, sänper, galéṅna, pêl, lêt, rédder, artéccol	bait (Scotland, short)
ɛ^[8]	maravajja, laggn, spass, dialàtt, pêl, lêt	bet
ə^[8]^[10]	spass, dialàtt	banana
i	mistēri	bit
ɔ^[8]	riṡôt, pizån, curåṅna, månd	cloth (short)
o	månd, påzz, dåǵǵ, upurtón, péccol, zóggn, brótt	story (short)
u	péccol, zóggn, brótt, zucarén, butîr, uṡêl, pruvêr	cool (short)
y^[10]	zóggn, brótt, zucarén, butîr	beauty (short)
Long vowels and diphthongs^[8]
aː ~ ɐː^[7]	curâǵ	balm
ai̯ ~ ɐi̯^[7]^[9]	raigla, franzaiṡ, vair, pail	bite
æː^[10]	burdêl, lumêga	bad
ʌu̯^[9]	anvåud, såul, såura	bone (RP)
eː^[11]	raigla, franzaiṡ, vair, pail, manîra, sîra, lîber	bait (Scotland, long)
ɛː^[11]	pêl, lêt, burdêl, lumêga	bear (RP)
ɛi̯	sänper, galéṅna, vair, pail	bait
əi̯^[10]	sänper, galéṅna	bite (Scotland)
iː	rédder, artéccol, manîra, sîra, lîber	beet
oː^[11]	pizån, curåṅna, upurtón, Żōrż, ōr, nōv, sōra, fiōl, anvåud, såul, såura	story
ɔː^[11]	riṡôt, Żōrż, ōr, nōv, sōra	cloth (long)
ɔu̯	pizån, curåṅna, anvåud, såul, såura	bowl
øː^[10]	nōv, sōra, fiōl	bird (RP)
øi̯^[10]	upurtón	bite (Scotland)
uː	anvåud, såul, såura, angûria, mnûd	cool (long)
yː^[10]	angûria, mnûd	beauty (long)

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Consonant and semivowel lengthening (occurring in certain dialects after stressed short vowels) is represented in IPA by either doubling the consonant or through the ⟨ː⟩ marker (e.g. cràdder [ˈkradder]/[ˈkradːer]).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d /dz/, /z/, /ts/, /s/ are most commonly [dð̠], [ð̠]~[ʐ], [tθ̠], [θ̠]~[ʂ], often with labialization.
^ ^a ^b ^c As in most Northern Italian languages, Emilian-Romagnol nasals do not generally assimilate their place of articulation to that of the following consonant, differently from what happens in standard Italian. [ŋ] is used in all nasal plus consonant clusters, with the only exceptions being [ɱ] before /f/~/v/ and (only in a few cases) [n̪] before dentals /t/~/d/ (the latter being here transcribed ⟨n⟩ for simplicity).
^ In Piacentino, /ŋ/ is silent in syllable coda after [əi̯].
^ ^a ^b /v/ is realized as [bv] or [pf] in certain instances in Mirandolese, while post- or pre-consonantal /w/ may result in [v] in Reggiano, Romagnol and some other dialects.
^ Vowel length is distinctive in stressed position (with long vowels occurring only in such contexts), however it may not always be the same throughout the dialects (vowels that are long in certain places may be short somewhere else, and vice versa). Sometimes vowels may also result in diphthongs, or (especially /e/) be dropped if unstressed.
^ ^a ^b ^c [a] and [ɐ] are in varying distribution according to the dialect; however, the first is often stressed while the latter is predominantly unstressed.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Always stressed.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Only occurring in Bolognese.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Only occurring in Piacentino.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d In Romagnol dialects, /eː/ and /oː/ are generally [eə̯] and [oə̯] (if followed by a nasal or a liquid [eɪ̯] and [oʊ̯]), while /ɛː/ and /ɔː/ tend more to [ɛɐ̯] and [ɔɐ̯].

External links

Foresti, Fabio. "emiliano-romagnoli, dialetti" [Emilian-Romagnol dialects]. Enciclopedia Treccani (in Italian).

[conslength-1] Consonant and semivowel lengthening (occurring in certain dialects after stressed short vowels) is represented in IPA by either doubling the consonant or through the ⟨ː⟩ marker (e.g. cràdder [ˈkradder]/[ˈkradːer]).

[EmilianS-2] /dz/, /z/, /ts/, /s/ are most commonly [dð̠], [ð̠]~[ʐ], [tθ̠], [θ̠]~[ʂ], often with labialization.

[nasal-3] As in most Northern Italian languages, Emilian-Romagnol nasals do not generally assimilate their place of articulation to that of the following consonant, differently from what happens in standard Italian. [ŋ] is used in all nasal plus consonant clusters, with the only exceptions being [ɱ] before /f/~/v/ and (only in a few cases) [n̪] before dentals /t/~/d/ (the latter being here transcribed ⟨n⟩ for simplicity).

[4] In Piacentino, /ŋ/ is silent in syllable coda after [əi̯].

[ṿ-5] /v/ is realized as [bv] or [pf] in certain instances in Mirandolese, while post- or pre-consonantal /w/ may result in [v] in Reggiano, Romagnol and some other dialects.

[6] Vowel length is distinctive in stressed position (with long vowels occurring only in such contexts), however it may not always be the same throughout the dialects (vowels that are long in certain places may be short somewhere else, and vice versa). Sometimes vowels may also result in diphthongs, or (especially /e/) be dropped if unstressed.

[ɐ-7] [a] and [ɐ] are in varying distribution according to the dialect; however, the first is often stressed while the latter is predominantly unstressed.

[stressed-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Always stressed.

[bulgnaiṡ-9] Only occurring in Bolognese.

[piaṡintëin-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Only occurring in Piacentino.

[Romagnolvowels-11] In Romagnol dialects, /eː/ and /oː/ are generally [eə̯] and [oə̯] (if followed by a nasal or a liquid [eɪ̯] and [oʊ̯]), while /ɛː/ and /ɔː/ tend more to [ɛɐ̯] and [ɔɐ̯].

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Comparisons	IPA conventions for English English dialects Wikipedia pronunciation respelling Other English pronunciation respellings
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Notes

See also

External links