User:Maxcrc/sandbox
The following table lists records of extreme temperature in territories of Africa.
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ Elementos Meteorológicos e Climatológicos Angola 1947, Colonia de Angola, Serviço Meteorológico, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 25 January 2007. For not inhabited areas,-4.1C was recorded in the Bicuari National Park on 21 July 2016. -4.0C recorded at Pereira de Eca on 5 and 6 August 1939,-5.0C at Silva Porto and other lower temperatures in Quipungo and Capelongo were affected by overexposure.
- ^ 42.0C was recorded at Namuculungo on October 29th,1950,but it has not been possible to verify the correctness of this station.Data from Mocamedes in 2018 is possibly unreliable.
- ^ Unofficial temperatures as low as 6C have been recorded in the Borgou department.
- ^ Annales des Services Météorologique de la France d’Outre-Mer, Année 1959, Ministère la France d’Outre-Mer, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. This record , along with some temperatures of that month April 1952,has to be considered suspicious. Next highest temperature recorded in Benin, always at Kandi, was 43.9C on April 19th,1983.
- ^ Botswana’s Climate, Meteorological Services, Botswana. Retrieved 28 January 2007. An absolute old record of -15.2C claimed at Tshabong is probably unreliable.
- ^ 44.3C was also recorded on the same day in the private station of Ramotswa. 43.9C at Ghanzi on February 25th 1922 was likely affected by overexposure.A 43.9C at Gabarone in December 1948 was a type error (111F insted the correct 101F).A 44.4C claimed at Palapye in 1945 is wrong.
- ^ Form to get daily summaries from synop reports, OGIMet. Retrieved 17 October 2010.Note:Bouvet Island is geologically considered part of Antarctica.
- ^ 14C claimed to have been recorded in March 1980 was in reality a ground temperature.
- ^ 2.9°C reported from Banankeledara (Banankélédaga),near Bobo_Dioulasso,on 29 January 1961, and 5.0°C reported from the same place in 1971 are probably unreliable.
- ^ a b Climate Explorer, The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI). Higher temperatures for Fada Ngourma and the capital Ouagadougou of 48C were recorded in the first half of the XIX century with not proper instruments.
- ^ http://climateofburundi.altervista.org
- ^ Simone di Prima,climatologist.
- ^ This reading was recorded on the source of the Bénoué River;on the same day the same temperature was also recorded on the edge of the Yerna,also in the Adamawa Plateau. -2.7°C has been recorded on the summit of Fako Peak, Mount Cameroon. 3.2°C is the lowest temperature recorded at Ngaoundéré ,the lowest in a inhabited place on 19 January 1892.
- ^ http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=Kamerun. There are some doubts about the correct exposure of the instrument used. Lately, 45.9C were recorded at Maroua in May 1937.
- ^ Anais Meteorológicos das Colónias, Relativos a 1943, Ministérios das Colónias, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 4 February 2007.
- ^ Higher records taken at higher elevation as high as 40C are not believed to be reliable. Many other readings are errors. Other temperatures around 38C at Praia and Mindelo might be correct.
- ^ Annales des Services Météorologiques de la France d’Outre-Mer, Année 1956, Ministère la France d’Outre-Mer, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 5 February 2006. This temperature is suspicious since it is not supported by nearby stations. Next lowest reading is 4.2C , always at Birao.
- ^ Historical Weather: Birao, Central African Republic, El Tiempo. Retrieved 4 February 2007. A temperature of 45.1C recorded in March 1902 at Mobaye was recorded under not proper exposure conditions.
- ^ This readings, recorded in early 1934, is little bit suspicious. -4.5C was recorded at Bardai in 1968. Low temperatures recorded at Faya in the early 50s were taken with not proper exposure conditions.Lowest reliable reading in the lowland is 4.5C at Faya on December 26th,1968. A temperature of -7C was recorded at high elevation in Trou Au Natron.Also,unofficial temperatures as low as -10C have been recorded in the Tibesti Mountains.
- ^ Notes:Temperatures recorded in 1952 of 49.7C were taken with dubious exposure conditions.Generally speaking, Chad has not many stations for its huge area and most of old data was taken with not proper exposure conditions. Moreover, many stations have incomplete data due to civil wars, therefore real Chadian extremes are potentially more extremes than highest/lowest temperatures recorded in standard conditions.
- ^ Annales des Services Météorologiques de la France d’Outre-Mer, Année 1954, Ministère la France d’Outre-Mer, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 29 October 2006.
- ^ Republic of Congo Meteoreological Services. A temperature of 41.0C given at Ouesso in 1950 is to be considered recorded with faulty instruments.
- ^ Temperatures as low as -4C have been reported in the Katanga Highlands.
- ^ 41C reported from Yahila and from Boma are unreliable.
- ^ GSOD Data for Man.
- ^ Higher temperatures recorded in early 40s were taken under not proper exposure conditions.
- ^ Résumé Mensuel de Temps 1964, Côte Française des Somalis, Service Météorologique, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 17 February 2007. In the small village of Airolaf,located at 1400m asl, winter night temperatures might fall between 0C and 5C.
- ^ 49.5°C reported from Djibouti-Serpent in July 1934 and from Tadjourah in July 1951 are probably unreliable. Temperatures above 50C are believed to be reached in the depression around the Lac Assal.
- ^ Temperatures of -15°C have been reported at high altitude on Jabal Zubayr on 13 January and 16 February 1934.
- ^ NCDC Rescue Data for Egypt Year 1961. Readings of 51.0C and 50.6C at Aswan in the first half of the century were taken under not proper exposure conditions, at only 1.2-1.3 meter from the ground with a not ventilated shelter,which is proven to cause a significant overheating in a sandy soil under extreme conditions.
- ^ Isla de Bioko, La Web Cultural de Guinea Ecuatorial. Retrieved 24 February 2007. Temperatures as low as 4C have been reported on the top of Basile Peak, although it is believed they can drop to the freezing point in the coldest nights.
- ^ a b Instituto Nacional de Meteorología (España)
- ^ A temperature of 36.5C recorded at Malabo on 21 April 2010 is possibly unreliable.
- ^ A reading of -4.5C recorded on 6 January of the same year is probably wrong.
- ^ This temperature, as almost all data from Eritrea , is considered suspicious and possibly affected by overexposure conditions.A record of 49.1C reported at Nokra was likely taken with not proper instruments.
- ^ This was a tied record, albeit it was not possible to retrieve the previous date when this temperature was recordeed first. Temperatures as low as -15C have been recorded at high elevation on the Sanetti Plateau. A record of -8.0C at Jimma was likely taken under not proper exposure conditions.
- ^ [wcuvax1.wcu.edu/~strauss/personal/weather/dallolweather.xls Dallol Weather], Bob Strauss, WCU. Retrieved 8 July 2007. Temperatures are believed to reach 51C in some desertic areas.
- ^ Géographie et Cartographie du Gabon: Climatologie, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD). Retrieved 7 March 2007.
- ^ The instrument at Tchibanga is quite questioned about its reliability and the transmissions are not complete and sometimes possibly faulty. Previous highest temperature in Gabon was recorded at Mouila in February 1961. Higher readings recorded at Libreville and Lambarene in the begin of the XIX century were taken under not standard exposure conditions.
- ^ Tables of Temperature, Relative Humidity and Precipitation for the World. Great Britain Meteorological Office (1958-1967).
- ^ Climatology, Ghana Meteorological Services Department. Retrieved 23 February 2007. Some references give the record for Navrongo as 43.9C, but it appears this was wrongly translated from an original figure of 109F which ,in fact, is 42.8C. 47.2C claimed at Kintampo is unreliable.
- ^ Quelques Records en Guinée, Météorologie Nationale, République de Guinée. Retrieved 23 February 2007
- ^ Boké reported a temperature of 46.5°C on 8 March 1938 but it is a wrong data.
- ^ Resultados das observações meteorológicas, 1961, Serviço Meteorológico da Guiné, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 23 February 2007.
- ^ Resultados das observações meteorológicas, Março de 1969, Serviço Meteorológico da Guiné, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 23 February 2007.
- ^ This temperature was recorded near Eldama Ravine in a experimental farm. 0.0C was recorded at Narok village. Unofficial temperatures of -22°C have been reported on the slopes of the Kirinyaga (Mount Kenya), and -13°C has been reported at 4200m in the Teleki Valley in 1985.
- ^ Historical Weather: Wajir, Kenya, El Tiempo. Retrieved 13 March 2007. Temperatures can exceed 43C in the northern desertic plains.
- ^ http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/lesnc1.pdf. The readings is also found in some sources rounded at -21C.
- ^ This reading is probably correct, although for the Lesotho Meteorological Service the official highest temperature is 38.5C, always at Maseru.
- ^ The economic history of Liberia By George William Brown.
- ^ http://www.archive.org/stream/liberia00stapgoog/liberia00stapgoog_djvu.txt, The data at Sikombe encompasses a short period of time and its data is not fully reliable. 40.6C at Sikombe in 1905 is unreliable,like other temperatures as high as 42C at Sagleipie were taken under not proper exposure conditions.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Guinnesswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ An unofficial record of -11C is claimed in January 1945 in the Fezzan region. Due to not available official data during that war times, it is unverified.
- ^ The recording of 58.0°C at Al Azizia and similar other readings in the first decades of the XX century, were taken under terrible exposure conditions, with a "shelter" of black tarred asphalt overheating the thermometer (at alcohol) by as much as 15C.Libyan official highest temperature ever recorded at Al Azizya is 48.0C. Other readings above 50C at Ghadames and a 53.0C at Zuara in August 1959 are incorrect by mispellings.
- ^ Résumé Mensuel du Temps à Madagascar, 1963, Météorologie Nationale, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
- ^ Résumé Mensuel du Temps à Madagascar, 1964, Météorologie Nationale, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
- ^ -16°C was recorded at the uninhabited La Cuvette du Boby at an elevation of 2470 m on the Andringitra Massif Fianarantsoa province on 1 July 1956 and in 1995.-8.6°C reported from Antsirabe Antananarivo province in August 1915 is probably unreliable.
- ^ http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/mdgnc1.pdf Communication Nationale Initiale de Madagascar], United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
- ^ Higher temperatures specially for Akzoabo,Tranoroa and Behara were recorded under bad exposure conditions and their readings are unreliable.
- ^ This place in not inhabited and may be a sinkhole. Lowest temperature recorded at Funchal was 4.4C.
- ^ Unofficial temperatures up to 40C were recorded at Santo da Serra and at Ponta do Sol.
- ^ Google Books Search Engine, Google Books. (Orchids of Malawi, by I. La Croix "et al".) Retrieved 24 April 2008. Unofficial temperatures as low as -12C has been reported around Chelinda.
- ^ http://library.wur.nl/isric/fulltext/isricu_i7127_001.pdf. Maximum temperatures recorded at Mkombedzi wa Fodya are unreliable.
- ^ Readings above 49C recorded at Menaka in June 2008 are believed to be wrong. Several other readings above 48C earlier in the XX century were taken with not proper exposure conditions. A reading of 48.3C at Niouro du Sahel on April 26th,2003 was likely a transmission or synoptical error. Many other higher readings such as 52C at Menaka, 48.5C at Tessalit not to say the absurde temperatures up to 54.4C at Araouane were taken under terrible exposure conditions.
- ^ a b Mauritius Meteorological Services.
- ^ There are some doubts regarding some temperature data from Port Louis area. Highest reliable temperature in Mauritius 36.6C at Constance on 30 January 2009.
- ^ A temperature of 0.0C recorded on December 16th,1962 is quite suspicious for a possible error in the metar of 8am and it has been dropped by Mauritania Meteorological Office.
- ^ Alioune Diagne, climatologist from Mauritania. This reading may have been affected by overexposure.A reading of 50.0C was also claimed at Moudjeria in May 1912 but the instrument used is believed to have been highly overexposed.
- ^ http://www.israbat.ac.ma/IMG/pdf/Releves_ASPGM_1935.pdf. Very low readings recorded at Tacchedirt were taken under not proper exposure conditions.
- ^ 51.8°C reported from Inezgane Airport, Aġadīr on 17 August 1940 is suspicious and probably overestimated. 50.2C recorded at Taraudant in 1924 is unreliable as many similar readings between 1910 and 1945.
- ^ a b Boletim Mensual das Observações Meteorológicas 1956, Organizado Pelo Serviço Meteorológico, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 29 October 2006. A unofficial temperature of -3.3C was recorded at the foot of Mt Pesse on 25 August 1886.
- ^ Temperatures between 48°C and 49°C reported from various places in Mozambique between 1940 and 1955 are believed to be unreliable.
- ^ Unofficial readings as low as -15C have been reported from the Nossob River.
- ^ Bilma recorded -3.0C in January 1937, but the exposure conditions in those years in the Bilma station doesn't allow that record to be considered reliable.
- ^ Unofficial temperatures just above freezing have been recorded in an experimental station near the town of Vom,in the Plateau State. Old temperatures as low as 31F (-0.6C) recorded at Hadijeia and at Bukuru were likely taken with not proper instruments.
- ^ Old readings as high as 48.9C in April 1906 at Dumjeri, 47.2C at Sokoto and others were taken under not proper exposure conditions.
- ^ http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/#.
- ^ 2003, année record pour les températures à La Réunion, Témoignages. Retrieved 23 February 2007.
- ^ http://library.wur.nl/isric/fulltext/isricu_t4e2d6614_001.pdf
- ^ Rwanda Meteorological Services. An old record of 35.6C recorded also at Kanombe (near the Airport) in believed to be unreliable.
- ^ Temperatures are believed to approach 38°C in the Nyagatare and Bugesera districts.
- ^ file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/My%20Documents/Downloads/EAC%20Climate%20Change%20Master%20Plan.pdf
- ^ An old reading of 35.0C recorded at the Wiki Airfield is wrong and old temperatures as high as 36.7C at Georgetown are unreliable. Note that the Ascension Island is geologically in the South America.
- ^ Anais Meteorológicos das Colónias Relativos a 1942, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 25 January 2007.
- ^ Temperatures of 5°C have been reported at high altitude on São Tomé.
- ^ Temperatures in the first half of the century have been either unreliable or discontinued,therefore values like 36.0C of 3 December 1917 are to be considered unreliable. 36.0C was also claimed to have been recorded in 1954.
- ^ Historical Weather: Matam, Senegal, El Tiempo. Retrieved 29 April 2007. There are some readings without decimals given by some hourly metars of 49C, but most of them are believed to be wrong. An unofficial temperature of 49C without decimals was recorded at the experimental station of Fete-Ole on 2 May 1973.
- ^ Biogeography and Ecology of the Seychelles Islands. Lower temperatures have been recorded at Le Misere at few hundreds meters a.s.l., nevertheless temperatures have been kept for only few months.
- ^ Farrow, G.E. (1971). The Climate of Aldabra Atoll. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B Vol 260, No 836, pp67-91.
- ^ A geography of Sierra Leone and Gambia .By Harold Reginald Jarrett. 4.4°C reported from Musaia appears unreliable.
- ^ A temperature of 43.9°C reported from Kabala was recorded under not proper exposure conditions as for 40.0C reported at Musaia is probably unreliable.
- ^ Old data taken during italian colonization were taken with not proper instruments and should not be taken into consideration.
- ^ This reading was likely taken under not proper exposure conditions and might be slighly understimated. 2.8C was recorded at Hargeysa.
- ^ Higher temperatures recorded at Berebera are not reliable.
- ^ This farm is located near the town of Molteno in a natural sinkhole. Although this temperature is dubious, the South African meteorologists have done all proper checks which seems to have confirmed the reading. Lowest temperture and recorded in a village is -16.4C at Sutherland on 12 July 2003.
- ^ Temperatures as high as 51.7°C at Man and 50.3C at Kirkwood in 1928 are unofficial and almost surely taken under not proper conditions. The official highest temperature in South Africa is 50.0C recorded at Dunbrody on 3 November 1918, but there it is believed to be incorrect.
- ^ http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/sudan/sudan.htm. According to an officier of the Sudanese Meteorological Service the absolute lowest temperature recorded at Zalingei has been -1.2C. Yet,the -1.2C hasn't been recorded in their published databases,but -1.0C.
- ^ Highest temperatures recorded at Wadi Halfa at the begin of the XX century were taken under not proper exposure conditions.
- ^ A record of -6.7C at Big Bend is believe to be unreliable.
- ^ http://www.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/swaziland1991cidagroundwaterresourcesa.pdf
- ^ Mitteilungen aus den Deutschen Schutzgebieten, Wissenschaftliche Beihefte zum Deutschen Kolonialblatte, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 21 April 2007.
- ^ -8.0C was also recorded in the same location on 20 June 1974 but this reading is very suspicious, being abnormal compared to temperatures in nearby area and also compared to the climatic history of Mbeya. -22°C has been recorded from high altitude near the summit of Kilimanjaro.
- ^ A temperature of 39.8C on February 10th, 1980 in the northern Dodoma region area is wrong.
- ^ Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten, Fünfundzwanzigster Band, 1912, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 16 July 2007. 9.0C recorded at Kara on 2 January 1991 is dubious.
- ^ 44.0C recorded at Dapaon was probably taken under not proper exposure conditions.Highest temperatures of 44.4C recorded at Sansanne Mango are wrong data.
- ^ http://www.elkef.info/Doc/Neige%20au%20Kef.pdf. Date is believed to be correct.
- ^ Historical Weather: El Borma, Tunisia, El Tiempo. Retrieved 25 April 2007.
- ^ Temperatures up to 55°C have been reported from the desert areas of Tunisia but these they were all taken under terrible exposure conditions.
- ^ -7.7°C has been reported from high altitude on Ruwenzori.Temperatures below 0C recorded in the begin of XX century, like the -1.1C at Mbarara on 6 December 1924, are unreliable.
- ^ Summary of Meteorological Observations for 1953. Part III: Uganda, East African Meteorological Department. Retrieved 25 April 2007.
- ^ Temperature has said to have been slightly above 40C in 1980, but this is possibly an incorrect data. 40.1C was recorded at Soroti on 5 and 6 February 1949,but this is probably unreliable.
- ^ GSOD Daily Data
- ^ Zambia Meteorological Service.
- ^ Zambia Institute of Meteorology. A temperature of 46.4C recorded at Lusitu in 1990, near Siavonga, is probably unreliable.
- ^ A temperature of 47C at Beitbridge is a wrong data.A temperature of 46C reported for Chiredzi on 25 October 2011 was in reality 45.5C and the station is the same of Buffalo Range Airport,just 1 decimal short of the national record.A temperature of 45.6C claimed at Kariba in 1955 is probably unreliable.
The following table lists records of extreme temperature in territories of Asia.
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ Abdus Salam, climatologue. Temperatures as low as -57C during the late XIX and the early centuries might have been affected by overexposure conditions.
- ^ Temperatures over 52°C reported from western Nīmrūz province are not believed to be reliable. A temperature record of 51.0C at Zaranj is also suspicious.49.9C recorded at Farah in August 2009 is not confirmed by the official international station data. 49.9C at Bust in July 1983 is not confirmed by the original observatons, therefore these two readings must be considered strongly suspicious.
- ^ http://blacksea-riverbasins.net/system/files_force/RBMP_Akhuryan%20RBD_ENG.pdf
- ^ Anahit Hovsepyan, Armenia Meteorological Service
- ^ Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic, Scientific Research Institute of Hydrometeorology, Azerbaijan. Retrieved 30 June 2007.
- ^ -45°C has been recorded at the Great Caucasus Station at high elevation in the Caucasus Mountains in the North of Azerbaijan.In the Republic of Nagorno Karabakh-claimed and occupied by Armenia- lowest recorded temperature in the capital Stepanakert is -19.0C.
- ^ Weather Archive for Azerbaijan, Russia’s Weather Server – Weather Archive. Retrieved 26 January 2007. Highest recorded temperature in Nakhicivan Autonomous Republic are 46.0C recorded at Ordubad and Julfa on the same day. In the Republic of Nagorno Karabakh-claimed and occupied by Armenia- highest recorded temperature in the capital Stepanakert is 40.0C.
- ^ Meteo Bahrain. A temperature of -5C was reported at Awali on the same day,although it is believed to be a mistake , while the correct record was probably -0.5C.
- ^ Temperatures as high as 48.4C in June 2016 at Sitra Island are unreliable.
- ^ http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd022_pdf/00518F6A.pdf
- ^ Note that Bhutanese data is scarce and encompass a short period.Unofficial temperatures of -21C have been reported in the northern mountainous area.
- ^ [1], Kuensel Online. Retrieved 26 January 2007.
- ^ Historical Weather: Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory, El Tiempo. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
- ^ a b The Climate of Brunei, National Environment Agency, Singapore. Retrieved 31 January 2007. Temperature as low as 9C has been recorded at high elevations.
- ^ Annales du Service Météorologique de l’Indochine, Année 1929, Gouvernement Générale du l’Indochine, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 4 February 2007. Unconfirmed readings as low as 5.7C has been recorded in Sen Monorom.
- ^ Cambodiameteo
- ^ Mohe - der kälteste Ort in China, China Internet Information Center (CIIC). Retrieved 29 June 2007. An unofficial reading of -57.8C reported at Koktokay in January 1967 is probably unreliable. Lowest temperature in Tibet is -44.6C recorded in the Ali Region on 7 February 2004.
- ^ http://translate.google.com.au/translate?hl=en&sl=zh-CN&u=http://www.sinology.cn/news/2008/mfms/200811/mfms_24905.shtml&ei=ECPBS_-5GcyGkAW917HJBQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CEgQ7gEwCQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%25E5%2590%2590%25E9%25AD%25AF%25E7%2595%25AA%2B49.7%26hl%3Den. This record was taken in a uninhabited depression below the sea level and it is considered the semi-official highest temperature in China. For inhabited areas,Erbaoxiang recorded 50.5C on 10 July 2017. Highest temperature recorded in Tibet is 43.6C in the lowest parts of the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon.
- ^ Averages for Christmas Island Aero, Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 25 January 2007. A reading of 14.1C on 18 June 1997 is a typo error, being the correct minimum that day 24.1C
- ^ http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_200304_All.shtml. Temperatures as high as 35.0C in 1914, recorded in the first decades of the XX century were overexposed. Rocky Point former station data is scarce and mostly unreliable, albeit a temperature of 33.2C recorded on February 1970 might be correct. Data from Christmas Island Aero between September and December 1981 look unreliable.
- ^ There is also a report of an unofficial old record of 17.8C,but this is not confirmed by the weather authorities.
- ^ Averages for Cocos Island Airport, Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 25 January 2007.
- ^ Climatological Data 1991-2000, Prodromos, Republic of Cyprus, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment. Retrieved 20 April 2007. Sporadic readings as low as -16C have been taken on the top of Mt. Olympus (in January 1964).A temperature of -12.0C was recorded on the same day at the mountain station of Troodos Square ,a not permanently inhabited tourist spot. Lowest recorded temperature in the unrecognized Northern Republic of Cyprus is -5.4C at Alevkaya in February 1992.
- ^ This reading was recorded in the Turkish-controlled Cyprus.A temperature of 46.7C claimed at Nicosia in July 1888 was recorded under not proper exposure conditions.Highest reliable recorded temperature in the Greek-controlled Republic of Cyprus is 45.6C at Athalassa on 1 August 2010.
- ^ Климатические Параметры Холодного Периода Года, Метеоцентр. Retrieved 9 April 2007. Lowest temperature recorded in an inhabited location is -41C at Kartsakhi.Lowest recorded temperature in the unrecognized Republic of Abkhazia is -27.0C at Pskhu,although at the high elevations temperatures of -35C have been reported. In the unrecognized Republic of South Ossetia lowest recorded temperature in the capital Tskhinvali is -28.0C.
- ^ A temperature of 45C claimed at Poti is unreliable. This temperature was recorded in a secundary station and might not be fully reliable.Highest temperature recorded in the main stationsis 43.1C at Kutaisi on the same day. Highest temperature recorded in the unrecognized Republic of Abkhazia is 43C at Lata. In the unrecognized Republic of South Ossetia highest recorded temperature in the capital Tskhinvali is 36.0C on 6 July 1986.
- ^ Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) Report from 1953. Note: Heard and Mc Donald Islands lie on the Antarctic plate and are geologically part of Antarctica.
- ^ A Description of the Heard Island and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve, Antarctic Division, Australian Government. Retrieved 1 March 2007. This reading is little bit contested. 21.6C was recorded on 11 April 1992.
- ^ http://www.hko.gov.hk/cis/awsDailyExtract_e.htm?stn=TMS&y=2016&m=1
- ^ http://www.hko.gov.hk/cgi-bin/hko/yes.pl?year=2015&month=08&day=08&language=english&B1=Confirm.
- ^ The India Weather Review for the Year 1899, Government of India Meteorological Department, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 23 October 2007.
- ^ Much lower temperatures have been reported from Jammu and Kashmir state but some of them are believed to be unreliable or at most unofficial: -55°C from the Siachen Glacier in the Ladakh region,-48C in the Karakoram Pass, -42C in the military post of Daulat Beg Oldi, -38C at Depsang La, -62°C from Drās in 1997, -58C in January 1995, -53C in December 1994, but the -45C in December 1910 is the only possibly reliable reading of this station, and -35°C from Leh in 1991 (also unconfirmed and unreliable). Darbuk also recorded -34C but this station is new and its data unconfirmed by the Indian Meteorological Department.
- ^ http://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=42237&ano=2016&mes=5&day=19&hora=18&min=0&ndays=30
- ^ This temperature was recorded in a natural sinkhole in a tea plantation.Temperatures of -8°C have been reported near the summit of Puncak Jaya, Papua province on the island of New Guinea. Unofficial temperatures between -5C and -6C has been reported in the past years in the Dieng area.
- ^ A record of 42.0C at Medan/Sampali on 16 October 1972 is incorrect.Other reading between 39C and 42C in Java, Timor, Flores and Borneo are unreliable like the following:39.8C at Wonomulyo,West Sulawesi on 11 June 1980 and at Massakar, South Sulawesi on 3 January 1990,40.6C at Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan on 16 August 1997 and 40.2C Kotabumi, Lampung in 2006. They all look unreliable.
- ^ [2], Islamic Republic Of Iran Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 29 March 2007. This reading may be slightly controversial regarding its reliability. Temperatures of -36.0C were recorded at : Bijar on 21 January 1964 and at Saqqez on 12 February 1972:all the three readings are considered national records by different sources and institutions. Temperatures of -38.0C recorded at Bijar in 4 occasions are considered unreliable. -54C was recorded on the Mount Damavand Range and an unofficial -43C at Babarashani.
- ^ Climatological Normals, Hamidiyeh, Islamic Republic of Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
- ^ This reading is slightly suspicious. Numerous old temperature readings in Iran of up to 54°C at Ahwaz,Abadan,Agha Jari,Omidieh,Dezful and Gotvand are believed to be unreliable due to high overexposure conditions and/or poor instruments used.Unofficial temperature of 55C has been reported at Shahdad,Kherman province in July 2010 but this is also suspicious.
- ^ Climatological Means for Iraq, Government of Iraq Meteorological Department, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 29 March 2007.
- ^ The date of this reading is believed to be correct.
- ^ .Lowest temperature recorded in Israel outside the Golan Heights is -13.1C at Tel Tanim on 7 February 1950. An unofficial temperature of -14.3C was also recorded on the top of Mount Avital of 28 February 1992.
- ^ This place is in the Jordan Valley and although it is part as the two states-solution for the future Palestine country, it is currently controlled by Israel and inhabited by Israelis in a kibbutz. 51.4C was also recorded in the nearby kibbutz of Almog on 7 August 2010,but this temperature needs to be regarded as unofficial, since it was recorded with a private equipment, although has been confirmed by the Israeli Meteorological Service. The temperatures recorded at Tirat Ẕevi are to be regarded as unreliable due to serious problems in the thermograph,like the spreading of the ink under the strain of extreme conditions. Tirats Tsvi data had also been abnormally higher than any other nearby station for many years, overestimating the air temperature of at least 5C, compared to nearby station Deghanya which recorded 49.0C on the same day. For these reasons, data for this station is not reliable and cannot be taken into account.
- ^ a b c McWhirter, Norris (1976). The Guinness Book of Answers. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 0900424702 Unofficial temperature of -41.5C has been recorded at Bifuka on 27 January 1931.
- ^ Unofficial temperatures as high as 42.7C has been recorded in Tokyo area on 20 July 2004 under a strong push of downslope effect overheated air.
- ^ A temperature of -16.0C at the same location on 15 December 2013 is not very reliable. A temperature of -17C has been claimed in the mountainous areas of Hishash and Mabrak in January 2008, but these are unofficial readings.
- ^ http://www.jordanweather.jo/article_55.
- ^ a b Climate Explorer, The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI). Retrieved 9 April 2007.A semi-official and partly dubious record of -62C was set in the small village of Orlovka in January 1969. Also, -57C reading at Atbasar in January 1893 is believed to be underestimated due to the lack of good instruments.
- ^ http://cybernk.net/infoText/InfoNatureCultureDetail.aspx?mc=BN0102&sc=A205&tid=BN010400001621&direct=1. Unofficial temperatures as low as -51C has been reported on the Baekdu Mountain.
- ^ a b 한반도 상식 Q&A (7) – 알송달송과학나라, icross. Retrieved 13 April 2007.Unofficial temperatures between 42C and 46C reported in various locations are unreliable. An unofficial temperature of 41.9C reported at Geongyu also on 1 August 2018 is possibly reliable.
- ^ A temperature of 41C reported at Chosan in June 1961 is probably incorrect.
- ^ Der kälteste und der wärmste Ort in Korea, KBS World Radio. Retrieved 13 April 2007.An unofficial temperature of -33C has also been reported at Cheorwon (Cholwon).
- ^ Weather & Meteorological and Environment Conditions, Ministry of Planning. Retrieved 13 April 2007.
- ^ This reading might be considered semi-official. Lowest temperatures as low as -5C have been recorded in few locations in January 2008.
- ^ Temperatures as high as 54.4C at Mitribah in 2010 were recorded with faulty sensor and later cancelled by the local authorities. The station was repaired in late July 2010.
- ^ http://respublica.kg/geography-of-kyrgyzstan/342-teplovojj-rezhim-i-atmosfernye-osadki-na.html
- ^ [3], Welcome.kg. Retrieved 11 April 2007. 44C was also recorded in the Fergana Valley foothills.
- ^ http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:UpWzWrh5E9QJ:www.unescap.org/idd/events/2009_EGM-DRR/LaoPDR-Bouangeun-DMSystem-in-Lao-PDR.doc+Laos+maximum+temperature&cd=10&hl=en&ct=clnk.
- ^ The Luang Prabang readings of 44.8C recorded in April 1915 and April 1960 are strongly believed to be overestimated and have not been approached in other occasions,so that the 44.4C at Savannakeht on 7 April 1974.
- ^ Andre Eid,climatologist.Some sources give the lowest temperature at this place in January 1964 at -23.5C,being the lattest a rounded or corrected value,but this has not been fully accepted and there are doubts about the method used to round up this figure.
- ^ The date is believed to be correct. The figure might have been rounded and it 's considered by some sources by the highest temperature ever recorded in Lebanon, despite other sources report an unreliable temperature of 46.7C recorded at Ḩawsh adh-Dhahab on 31 July 1957.A fully dated and confirmed temperature of 44.8c was recorded at Beirut-Nazareth on 10 May 1941.
- ^ Macau Weather Guide. Retrieved 19 January 2007.
- ^ Macau Meteorological Service.
- ^ a b Climate of Maldives, Department of Meteorology, Maldives. Retrieved 19 June 2007.
- ^ This temperature might have been rounded. A temperature of 17.2C claimed at Male on 11 April 1978 is believed to have been a synop error.Maldives reliable data encompassed a short period of time.
- ^ Temperatures above 35C between 1990 and 1991 at Kadhdhoo, including the official record of 36.8C on 19 May 1991 are believed to be suspicious. Another maximum of 35.2C recorded on 9 May 2012 is dubious.Maldives reliable data encompassed a short period of time.
- ^ Ooi, Jin Bee (1976). Peninsular Malaysia. Longman Publishing Group. ISBN 0582481856. There is no complete data on the following day 7th, but some newspapers reports mention a lowest temperature of 32.2F (0.1C) being recorded at this place. Judging from the original data, it was not possible to confirm that reading. 0.6°C has been reported at 3314m elevation from Panar Laban Hut on Mt Kinabalu and unofficial readings as low as -3C has been recorded near the peak.
- ^ General Climate Information, Malaysian Meteorological Department. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
- ^ This is an unofficial reading,but it was confirmed by several checks. Other sources give -55.6C as national record on 27 December 1966.
- ^ Overview of Climate Change Issues in Mongolia, World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
- ^ a b High of 40C, low of 13C in Yangon for 2003, The Myanmar Times and Business Review. Retrieved 4 February 2007.This station encompassed a short period of data. It's believed it has approached the -10C in the past cold waves.
- ^ http://aan.suiri.tsukuba.ac.jp/datalist/nepal_syangboche/syangboche_98.html. This place is located 4km from the village of Naa and 10km from the village of Beding. -22.5C was recorded in the village of Lomangtang. Also, unofficial temperatures as low as -25C have been recorded at Machermo. Some temperature data in other Nepali stations were taken under not proper exposure conditions and they have been discharged.-26C claimed at the village of Marpha is a wrong data. Lower temperatures have been recorded at very high elevations,as low as -60C near the top of Mount Everest.
- ^ Absolute Extreme Temperatures in Various Stations, Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
- ^ -9.7C was recorded on the top of the Jabal Ash Sham on 20 January 2014.
- ^ Unofficial lower temperatures are recorded at high elevations,like the -30.0C at Arboi on 31 December 2013.
- ^ Pakistan Meteorological Service.
- ^ The value was also reported rounded up to 54.0C.
- ^ A temperature of 51.2C was also recorded in the same day at Al Qalya, also in the Jordan Valley, but this place is currently administrated by the Israeli government and populated by Jewish settlers in the kibbutz of Almog. 51.0C was recorded in the Allen Bridge, just beyond the border in the Jordan territory.
- ^ http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924063152114/cu31924063152114_djvu.txt . This reading is often wrongly reported as being recorded on 7 January 1903. Temperatures as low as -8C has been recorded on the top of the Mount Pulag. In the Autonomous Republic of Mindanao the lowest recorded temperature is 10.0C at Malaybalay on 6 February 2010.
- ^ The Philippines’ Initial National Communication on Climate Change, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved 14 April 2007. The maximum temperatures recorded in the Philippines before 1920 might be affected by overexposure conditions, as being constantly too high in most stations.Therefore, the first of the two occurrence of this record might be questionable. In the Autonomous Republic of Mindanao the highest recorded temperature is 39.4C at General Santos on 16 April 2016.
- ^ Babikir, Ahmed Abdalla Ahmed (1986). Some aspects of climate and economic activities in the Arab Gulf states. Earth Env. Sc., Vol.13, No.3. Unofficial lower temperatures have been recorded in other parts of Qatar,like 0.5C on 21 January 1964 just inland from the coast.
- ^ Historical Weather: Doha International Airport, Qatar, El Tiempo. Retrieved 30 March 2007.Higher temperatures like 52.2C at Umm Said (Mesaieed) in July 2000 or 50.8C at Mekainis are suspicious and probably not very reliable.
- ^ On the Lowest Temperatures on Earth, Monthly Weather Review, January 1958, pp6-10, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 18 March 2006. The record of -71.2C at Oimiakon in 1926 was an extrapolation rather than a reading, that's why it is not universally accepted.The February 1892 original record of Verkhoyansk of -69.8C was later corrected to -67.6C, for an instrumental reading error of 2.0C and an instrumental error of 0.2C. Somehow, wrongly, this value has been reported, even officially, as -67.8C, but this is plainly incorrect, since the same correction has not been done in all years when there were these instruments problems. According to the best studies, the correct value should be -67.6C,thus inferior to the record of Oymyakon. Unofficial reports at Oymyakon as low as -82C in 1916,both before and after the start of the official readings, are not confirmed or official.
- ^ http://rp5.ru
- ^ Arabian Desert, Britannica Online. Retrieved 30 March 2007. Unofficial temperature of -13C has also been reported in remote areas of the northern desert.
- ^ Some old temperatures might be either or unreliable or approximated like 53C at Shaybah,52.8C at Jubail and 52C at Khurais.
- ^ Chin Hong,Centre for Climate Research Singapore. Temperatures before 1900 were taken under terrible exposure conditions.
- ^ Date from this station is scattered and it could have recorded slightly lower temperatures in other occasions.
- ^ Health the hot side of cold weather, The Sunday Times Online. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
- ^ http://www.meteo.gov.lk/Up_Date/weather/Extreme%20Values.pdf. There are some reports about the same place having tied this record in October 2012, but the official data of the station doesn't show this to have occurred.
- ^ http://jordanweather.jo/forum/showthread.php?t=4468. The date is believed to be correct.
- ^ Weather Archive for Syria, Russia’s Weather Server – Weather Archive. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
- ^ a b Taiwan Year Book 2006 – Geography, Government Information Office. Retrieved 4 April 2007. Lowest temperature at low elevation was -1.0C recorded at Taizhong in February 1901. Lowest temperature in an inhabited village was -11.5C at Alishan on 27 January 1963.
- ^ 41.2C was recorded in the Taichung Agro Station on 1 July 2004. The reading is reliable and can be considered an unofficial record of highest temperature in Taiwan.
- ^ -63°C has been reported at Lake Bulunqul (Lake Bulunkul’). If this reading is correct, it would make it one of the coldest places in the Northern Hemisphere.
- ^ Tajikistan Meteorological Service. A temperature of 48C at Panj (Pyandh) in 1966 is probably an error. Temperatures of 47C have been also been reported at Isanbay and Kolkhozabad,but these are probably unreliable.
- ^ -9°C has been recorded on the Doi Luang Chiang Dao Peak
- ^ Hato-Builico Temperature Data, Defence Meteorological Support Unit, Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
- ^ Anais Meteorológicos das Colónias Relativos a 1923, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 28 February 2007. Numerous reports of temperatures between 40°C and 45°C reported from Vikeke, Likisá (Liquica) and Manatuto are unreliable. 39°C reported from Barique, and 38°C reported from Baucau and Bobonaro are possibly reliable. 41.1C is considered by some sources to be the national record, set on November 5th ,1923 at Liquica, but the instruments used at those times were affected by overexposure.
- ^ Olağandışı Hava Olayları, Eğitim Portalı. Retrieved 14 April 2007.A temperature of -46.4C claimed at Van Caldiran on 9 January 1990 is almost surely a wrong data.Unofficial temperatures as low as -50.4C between 1941 and 1942 at Ardahan are possibly unreliable.
- ^ A temperature of 48.8C claimed at Kocatepe on 14 August 1993 is unreliable.Also another 48.8C at Batman in August 1962 is also unreliable.
- ^ [4], Туркменистан: золотой век. Retrieved 16 September 2006. An unofficial temperature of -36.0C was also recorded in the Dasoguz region.
- ^ Report on implementation of the UNCCD in Turkmenistan, United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. Retrieved 11 April 2007. Other sources give the record at 50.2C in the same location 1 day later, on July 29th, but that's believed to be a mistake. An unofficial temperature of 51.7C was also recorded at Kerki on the same day 28 July 1983, but it is probably overestimated and not officialy recognized.
- ^ http://www.das.ae/dashboard.aspx?sID=34
- ^ This is the lowest temperature recorded in an inhabited area. -5.7C was recorded in the Jabal Jais mountain station on 3 February 2017.
- ^ http://www.ncms.ae/arabic/climate.html. 52.1C recorded at Al Jazeera on 30 July 2002 is probably unreliable.A temperature of 52.2°C reported from al-Minhad Air Base in 2008 was recorded under not proper exposure conditions.
- ^ http://berator.uz/index.php?newsid=75.
- ^ http://berator.uz/index.php?newsid=75. Date is believed to be correct. Temperatures of 50°C and above recorded at Termez in 1912, 1914 and 1944 are unreliable.
- ^ http://www.imh.ac.vn/b_tintuc_sukien/bb_tt_khkt/mlfolder.2010-01-25.6091843748/mlfolder.2011-01-28.5026715834/mlnews.2011-01-28.5670939729. Unofficial temperatures as low as -7C were reported from mountanous places in January 2016.
- ^ A reading of 43C recorded on April 23rd,2007 at Tay Hieu (Nghe An Province), was taken in a small station and may be affected by overexposure. Apparently, according to the data recorded in the Vietnamese Meteorological Service for this station is " digital data 0.6C taller",so in this case the correct value would be between 42.4C and 43.6C. The instrument used seems not to be compatible with today's standards. Old Vietnamese records taken during French colonization were taken under not proper exposure conditions and they should be discharged.
- ^ Temperatures are believed to have fallen as low as -12C in the Dhamar governorate in early January 1986.
- ^ This reading is possibly suspicious. Several readings of 45C have been recorded at the highest station of Seyoun.
The following table lists records of extreme temperature in territories of Europe.
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ http://www.geo.edu.al/skedaret/1511970387-BULETINI%20MUJOR%20KLIMATIK%20Nr.1%202017.pdf. A reading of -34.7C at Biza is also unofficial and probably reliable.
- ^ Albania Institute of Meteorology. A reading of 45.3C recorded at Kallmet in 1939 is unofficial and was likely affected by overexposure.
- ^ This temperature was taken with a simple thermometer and it might have been affected by overexposure. The official lowest temperature in Andorra is -27.3C recorded at Grau Roig on 9 January 1985.
- ^ This reading is dubious. Next highest temperature in Andorra was recorded at the nearby station of Roc St. Pere with 37.9C on 18 August 2012.
- ^ -52.6°C was recorded in a sinkhole (or doline) at Grünloch, Gstettner Alm near Lunz Niederösterreich (Lower Austria) state between 19 February and 4 March 1932.Lowest official temperature recorded in an inhabited place is -36.6C recorded at Swettl on February 11th,1929. Lowest unofficial temperature in an inhabited place is -40C recorded at Halltal in January 1985.
- ^ A temperature of 40.6C at Neusiedl on the same day was discharged by the Austrian Meteorological Service because unreliable.
- ^ http://www.meteo.pt/pt/oclima/extremos/index.html?page=extremos_acores.xml
- ^ http://www.meteo.pt/pt/oclima/extremos/index.html?page=extremos_acores.xml. Other sources report this record as 32.2C
- ^ климатическая характеристика января месяца, Pogoda.by. Retrieved 26 January 2007.An unofficial temperature of -43C was recorded at the Hanusowszczyzna far, near Nieświerz on 10 February 1929.
- ^ a b Air temperature and precipitation daily data.
- ^ a b Records, Koninklijk Meteorologisch Instituut van België. Retrieved 26 January 2007.
- ^ A temperature of 40.0C recorded at Campine on 27 June 1947 and another recorded at Sint-Joost-ten-Node in July 1921 were recorded under not standard conditions,as well as the 38.8C at Rochefort in July 1925. A temperature of 38.8C recorded at Uccle ,often given as national record, was not recorded with a proper instrument as well.
- ^ Temperature i Padavine, Bosna i Hercegovina Federalni zavod za statistiku. Retrieved 28 January 2007. This site is located in a sinkhole. Lowest temperature recorded in an inhabited place is -34.6C recorded at Sokolac on 13 January 1985,which is located in the Sprska Republic.Lowest temperature in an inhabited place in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is -32.0C at Visoko on 25 January 1963 and at Glamoc on 13 January 1985.In the enclave of Brcko the lowest recorded temperature was -25.0C on 14 January 1985.
- ^ 46.2°C was reported from Mostar on 31 July 1901 but this appears unreliable.Highest recorded temperature in the Sprska Republic is 43.0C recorded at Bijeljina also on 24 August 2007.The enclave of Brcko recorded 42.0C on 14 August 1957 at Brcko.
- ^ Любопитни Факти 3a BpEMeTo, Smile Fun. Retrieved 21 November 2006. Some sources also report a -38.9C at the same location in January 1942, but this is not confirmed by the national authorities. A private station in a doline near Ponor recorded -40.8C on 23 January 2017.
- ^ This reading is contested.Next highest temperature was 45.0C recorded at Plovdiv Airport on 5 July 2000 and at Asenovgrad on 24 July 2007.
- ^ Unatoč snježnoj apokalipsi, daleko smo od najvećih hladnoća: Rekorder je Gračac s -34,6°C, Index. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
- ^ -36.0°C reported from Gospić on 4 February 1929, and -35.5°C reported from Čakovec on the previous day were not recorded with correct instrumentation.
- ^ Climate Monitoring and Assessment For 2004, Državni Hidrometeorološki Zavod (DHMZ). Retrieved 15 February 2007. Some sources wrongly report the date of this record in 1998, but the correct occurrence of this reading was in 1981.
- ^ a b Czech Republic. Portraits of Regions, Ministry for Regional Development of the Czech Republic. Retrieved 15 February 2007.
- ^ 41.8C recorded at Napajedla in July 1921 is unreliable and anyway unofficial.
- ^ a b Danmark, Færøernes og Grønlands Klima, Danmarks Meteorologiske Institut. Retrieved 17 February 2007.
- ^ a b Location and natural conditions, Nature Estonica. Retrieved 23 February 2007.
- ^ A unofficial temperature of 38C recorded on the same day at Himmistes is unreliable.
- ^ Some Temperatures data shows the value as -12.5C,which probably was a transcript error.
- ^ The Climate of Denmark 2003 with The Faroe Islands and Greenland, Danish Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 17 February 2007.
- ^ a b Suomen ja maapallon sääennätyksiä, Imatieteen Laitos (Finnish Meteorological Institute). Retrieved 28 February 2007.
- ^ Finland Meteorological Service.
- ^ La température et l'humidité relative, Météolaflèche. Retrieved 9 March 2007.This temperature is questioned and not fully accepted in France, because it was not taken in the official station of the town.The same day Mouthe had a minimum temperature of -21.5C. The lowest official temperature was -36.7C on 13 January 1968. -37C was also recorded at Saint Die des Vosges on 10 December 1879, but this is also not 100% official. At high elevations,a temperature of -43C was recorded on the summit of Mount Blanc in January 1893.
- ^ Temps du Mois, Août 2003, Gard, MeteoFrance. Retrieved 9 March 2007. These readings, although accepted and officialized by Meteo France are questioned for possible overexposure in the instruments used,specially the record of Conqueyrac. Unofficial temperature of 44.3C was recorded the same day at Ledignan. There are several readings between 42.7C and 44C in secundary stations in France in July 1921,July 1982, July 1983,June 2003 and August 2003, some of them are questioned. 43.5C was also recorded at Sollocaro,Corsica on 23 July 2009, highest temperature ever recorded in Corsica.
- ^ Wetterrekorde – Lufttemperatur, Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 25 February 2007.
- ^ -45.9°C was recorded in a sinkhole at Funtensee Oberbayern (Upper Bavaria) state on 24 December 2001.
- ^ An unofficial temperature of 41.2C was recorded at Brauneberg on 11 August 1998.
- ^ Historical Weather: Gibraltar, Gibraltar, El Tiempo.
- ^ Date is believed to be correct.Unofficial record on the mountainous area is -35.3C at Kachroti on 17 January 2012.
- ^ Το θερμόμετρο τραβάει την ανηφόρα, Το ΒΗΜΑ Online. These readings might have been affected by bushfires.
- ^ https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/file/sdb%3AdigitalFile%7C9c394b43-7c77-4176-8a73-c80f6c328f31/
- ^ http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/summaries/2003/august
- ^ Guernsey Airport Meteorological Office.
- ^ Hőmérsékleti rekordok Magyarországon, Snowhunter oldala.
- ^ Nokkur íslensk veðurmet, Veðurstofa Íslands. Retrieved 25 March 2007. Lowest temperatures have been approximated to -38C due to half a degree precision of the alcohol instruments. Grímsstaðir lowest temperature was estimated at -37.9C, while lowest at Möðrudalur was estimated around -38C or slightly lower.
- ^ An unofficial record of 32.8C at Modrudalur in July 1901 was likely taken under not proper exposure conditions.
- ^ a b Temperature in Ireland, Met Éireann. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
- ^ 33.4C recorded at Dublin in July 1876 was recorded under not proper exposure conditions. Also this official record of 1887 is suspicious for a possible overestimation. Next highest temperature in Ireland is 32.5C and was recorded at Lough Boora on 29 June 1976.
- ^ a b Meaden, G.T. and J.D.C. Webb (1984). Britain’s Highest Authentic Temperatures: The County Records. Journal of Meteorology, 9, 82-84.
- ^ A temperature of 29.6C at Douglas Cementery on 27 July 1995 is probably unreliable.
- ^ This reading was recorded at high elevation of 4050m a.s.l. in the Mount Blanc range. -46C were claimed at Mottolino Hill,-45C at Foscagno Pass in February 1956, but these readings were probably taken with simple thermometer placed too close to the frosted and snowy ground.Also, -49.6C was recorded in another sinkhole, Busa Nord di Fradusta on 10 February 2013, but the reading is questioned for the same reason. For inhabited places,-38.0C was recorded at Livigno on 10 February 1956 and a questioned -40C was recorded at the village of Fusine Valromana,Friuli Venezia Julia region, in December 1879.
- ^ [5], Agenzia Regionale per i Rifiuti e le Acque - Osservatorio delle Acque. Retrieved 5 March 2007. This temperature is official and validated by Italian Regional Authorities UCEA,although it's somewhat contested. Next highest temperature was recorded nearby at Paterno with 48.1C in July 2003. For the Aeronautica Militare circuit of international stations the highest reliable temperature is 116F (46.7C) recorded at the American Military Base of Sigonella ,near Catania, in July 1962,given the doubts regarding the 47.0C at Amendola (Foggia Airport) on 25 June 2007.
- ^ A temperature of -11.7C was claimed in Jersey island in January 1987, nevertheless in none of the official archives it appears.A temperature of -11.1C at Noirmont on 18 January 1891 is probably incorrect.
- ^ Meteorološki Godišnjak, Godina 1963, Hidrometeorološka Služba, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 11 January 2008.
- ^ Heat wave wreaks havoc across Southeast Europe, Southeast European Times. Retrieved 13 January 2008.
- ^ This record is questioned for a possible overexposure. Next highest temperature is 36.5C at Rucava on the same day. 38.3C recorded at Riga in 1858 was taken with not proper screen.
- ^ This figure might have been rounded.-26C was recorded at Vaduz in January 1942.
- ^ Weather Archive for Liechtenstein, Russia’s Weather Server – Weather Archive. Retrieved 2 April 2007.
- ^ a b Meteorologiniai rekordai Lietuvoje, Lietuvos Hidrometeorologijos Tarnyba. Retrieved 2 April 2007.
- ^ Cyrille Taillez
- ^ This reading has been corrected from the original 40.5C. 40.3C recorded in the same day at Oberkorn, near the French border, is believed to be unreliable.
- ^ This temperature was recorded in the former Airfield where there is now a craft village.
- ^ World Meteorological Day, National Statistics Office, Malta. Retrieved 20 July 2007.
- ^ http://www.meteo.md/newsait/historu/record.htm. Lowest temperature recorded in Transnistria is -32.8C at Camenca on the same day, 20 January 1963.
- ^ Highest temperature recorded in Transnistria is 41.9C at Slobodzya on 21 July 2007.
- ^ Hiver et Vagues de Froid sur la Cote d’Azur, La Météo en Provence. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
- ^ a b Weerrecords Nederland en wereld, Meteonet. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
- ^ 38.8C was recorded at Maastricht on 2 August 1826, but iit was not recorded under standard exposure conditions.
- ^ Meteorološki Godišnjak, Godina 1954, Hidrometeorološka Služba, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 2 April 2006.
- ^ a b Høyeste, laveste lufttemperatur og største døgnnedbør, Meteorologisk institutt. Retrieved 4 March 2007.
- ^ 37.8C recorded at Ulvik in July 2014 was dismissed by the Norvegian Institute of Meteorology for a not correct exposure.
- ^ The official national record of -41.0C at Siedlce on 11 January 1940 is probably incorrect: firstly, it's not supported by any other reading on that day, than Siedlce average temperatures in those months suggest the station was not working properly. Unofficial temperatures of -49C near Nawy Targ, -46C at Jablonka and -45C at Rabka have also been recorded on 10 February 1929, also -42.0C is reported in the same month to have been recorded at Dubie (near Krakow) on 2 February,at Kaliszl on 8 February, at Olecko on 9 February and at Czechowice-Dziedzice on 11 February,but none of them is official since they all look suspicious. However the -41C recorded at Czarny Dunajec on 10 February 1929 was taken with a screened thermometer and it's possibly reliable, although unofficial.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
POLwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Reveillon" português sem chuva, mas a bater o dente de frio, Fundação Frei Pedro. Retrieved 8 April 2007.Unofficial temperatures close to -20C has been recorded on the Tower of the Serra da Estrela.
- ^ Caracterização Climática 2003, Instituto de Meteorologia. Retrieved 7 April 2007.The original reading was given at 47.3Cmbut later Meteo Portugal corrected it at 47.4C, which is now the official value.
- ^ http://www.meteo.pt/pt/oclima/extremos/index.html?page=extremos_contin.xml.
- ^ a b Thermal Extremes, National Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 8 April 2007.
- ^ http://wmo.asu.edu/europe-lowest-temperature
- ^ This is considered by Meteo Russia the new national record of highest temperature, although it was recorded in a regional hydrological station. Highest temperature recorded in an international station is 44.2C at Divnoe on 30 July 2011.
- ^ Pierluigi Randi,climatologist. The exact location of the reading is believed to be at the town of Dogana, at the border with Italy.
- ^ http://www.hidmet.sr.gov.yu/eng/meteorologija/klimatologija_temp_rezim.php
- ^ Slovensko - Základné informácie o Slovensku, Kysuce. Retrieved 8 April 2007.
- ^ Kje ima mraz pri nas zares mlade, gore.ljudje.net. Retrieved 30 June 2007.
- ^ A record temperature of -49.1C was recorded in the frost hollow Mzla Komna in the Lepa Komna area,on 9 January 2009. A reading of -39.6C reported at Babno Polje in February 1929 is not correct, although it seems it had been recorded nearby the town.
- ^ Air Temperature, Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved 31 March 2007. This reading comes from the international automatic station ,although the national mechanic station of the same location recorded 40.6C. A Unofficial temperature of 41.4C at Trebnje was recorded on 3 August 2013.
- ^ Efemérides meteorológicas del mes de Febrero, MeteoRed.com. Retrieved 8 April 2007.
- ^ Estany Gento is uninhabited.The temperature of -32C was recorded in two different locations on the 2nd and 3rd February 1956. -30.0 was recorded at Calamocha Teruel province on 17 December 1962.
- ^ Efemérides Meteorológicos Valores Extremos, Instituto Nacional de Meteorología (INM). Retrieved 8 April 2007.
- ^ Temperatures of 51°C on 30 July 1876, and 50.0°C on 4 August 1881, both reported from Sevilla (Seville) ((Andalucía province) were not recorded under a standard exposure,as most of data from Spain prior to 1900 including a Murcia Institute record of 47.8C on 29 July 1876.Temperatures between 48C and 50C at Berja,Alhama,Huecija,Moratalla and Dona Ines (this was official, but dubious) recorded in July 1978 might be slightly overestimated. Other readings in July 1967 (Villamanrique and Cabezas Rubias 48C) might have been recorded under not optimal exposure conditons, some readings in 1995 (Arahal 49C) and 2003 ( Lora del Rio,La Palma del Condado,El Granado all 48C) are unreliable because the high differences within nearby stations and claims of overexposure conditions by witnesses. These 48C were recorded in second-level stations and later checked by AEMET and are believed to be the most reliable amongst many readings of secundary stations,although it is not proven neitheir are absolutely correct nor all other readings between 48C and 50C are all incorrect. Highest official and reliable temperature amongst AEMET stations is 47.2C recorded at Montoro on 13 July 2017.
- ^ The early 20th century warming. Daily observations at Green Harbour, Grønfjorden, Spitsbergen, Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 4 March 2007.
- ^ Met Norway.
- ^ a b c Official Swedish Meteorological Records, Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institute (SMHI). Retrieved 8 April 2007.
- ^ A -53.0C reading recorded at Malgovik in December 1941 was recorded with private equipments and it is highly suspicious,since it is not minimally supported by any nearby temperature. An unofficial reading of -54C has been recorded in the courtyard of the church of Karesuando.
- ^ Both Ultuna and Malilla records are probably overestimated. Highest reliable temperature ever recorded in Sweden is 36.8C at Holma on 9 August 1975.
- ^ Die aufgeführten Extremwerte basieren auf den Messstandorten der MeteoSchweiz (Stand Ende 2005), MeteoSwiss. Retrieved 25 February 2007.This reading was originally -41.8C and was later homogeneized.
- ^ -52.5°C was recorded in a sinkhole (or doline) at Glattalp Schwyz canton on 7 February 1991. -45.4C was recorded in a carsic and uninhabited valley on 7 February 2012 although this is considered unofficial, as similar readings between -42C and -45C in 1963 and 1985.
- ^ http://www.meteoschweiz.ch/web/de/klima/aktuelle_berichte.Par.0002.DownloadFile.tmp/arbeitsberichtdermeteoschweiznr.200.pdf Die extreme Sommerhitze im aussergewöhnlichen Witterungsjahr 2003], MeteoSchweiz. The official national record of 41.5C set at Grono on 11 August 2003 has been tainted by several issues, like a no standard screen, a not perfect environment,etc. The estimated highest temperature at Grono that day was around 40C.
- ^ NOAA Rescue Data from Turkey.
- ^ Meteo Turkey Statistics.
- ^ Про особливості осінньо-зимових сезонів в Україні 2000-2006 рр, Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Center. -42C is also claimed at high elevation at the Karpat location of Playi. Lowest temperature ever recorded in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea is -36.8C at Nizhnegorsky in January 1940.
- ^ http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?fn=u_klimat&f=ukraine&p=1. Unofficial temperatures as high as 42.5C has been reported in the Republic of Crimea in July 2007,but the highest temperature ever recorded in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea is 41.2C at Chornomors'Ke on 8 August 2010.
- ^ a b c Extreme Weather, UK Meteorological Office. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
- ^ A record of -33.9C at Saint Albans in December 1788 and another one of -30.6C at Blackadder,Berwickshire in December 1879 were taken under not proper exposure conditions.
- ^ This reading may be too high due to over-exposure. 38.1°C was recorded at Gravesend Kent (also possibly over-exposed), and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Greater London on 10 August 2003.
- ^ Old minimum temperatures at the Collegio Romano Observatory, like the -8.2C on 21 February 1845 and the -7.5C in January 1836 are suspicious for possible overexposure,albeit that of 1836 is more reliable.
- ^ Record Meteorologici di Roma, 42.0C claimed at the Collegio Romano Station in July 1841 was recorded with a normal thermometer not in the Collegio Romano weather station and it was just mentioned in the observations, later it was probably wrongly transcripted during the temperature serie conversion from Reamur to Celsius degrees.
The following table lists records of extreme temperature in territories of North America, which here includes Central America and the Caribbean.
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ This record was set at the station of Furnace Creek. A photograph shown how the temperature reached 129.2F= 54.0C, but as usual in the USA, the value was rounded to 129F=53.9C. There are no such evidences for the previous cases when the Death Valley also reached 129F: on 18 July 1960 at Greenland Ranch and on 17 July 1998,19 July 2005 and 6 July 2007 at Furnace Creek.
- ^ http://gov.ai/statistics/ENV_CLIM_TABLE.htm. Anguilla reliable data encompasses a short period of time. More extreme temperatures may have been occurred in the past,but old data is plagued by errors and instruments used were affected by overexposure conditions.
- ^ 34.4C recorded 1 day later is possibly incorrect.
- ^ a b c Monthly Weather Summary Special Issue, Caribbean Meteorological Institute, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 20 May 2007. These readings might be not fully reliable. 15.6C claimed in November 1925 is a wrong data.The same reading on 11 November 1913 is suspicious. 15.5C recorded at the V.C. Bird International Airport in January 1992 is also unreliable. 15.4C recorded at Freetown on 4 February 2016 is probably unreliable.
- ^ 35.0C might have been recorded at Codrington,Barbuda, but this hasn't been confirmed. 35.0C at St John's Botanic Gardens in June 1935 is incorrect.
- ^ 1.7C recorded on the same day at West End is probably unreliable.
- ^ Climate Explorer, The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI).Temperatures as high as 37.0C on June 2006 at Georgetown ,Exuma Island are believed to be unreliable. A temperature of 36.7C recorded at Nassau on 25 June 1898 is believed to have been affected by overexposure and it is not been considered official. Higher temperatures recorded in early XIX century in Nassau (as high as 110F) and prior to 1970 in other stations were likely affected by overexposure.
- ^ Monthly Weather Summary, 1980, Caribbean Meteorological Institute, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 26 January 2007. This temperature is dubious. 15.0C was also recorded at Waterford in the period 1958-1966.
- ^ http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/browse/badc/corral/images/metobs/carrib/Barbados/StAnns1881-86/Capture_00005.JPG .This reading is possibly reliable. 35.0C was also recorded at Bridgetown in August 1940 and September 1941, albeit the station in those years looked overexposed.Temperatures as high as 36C at Husbands in 2007 are unreliable.
- ^ Mountain Pine Ridge Forest Reserve, Ambergris Caye Belize. Retrieved 26 January 2007. 3.3C claimed at Punta Gorda is absolutely unreliable.Lowest temperature recorded in a inhabited place is 5.6C at Augustine.
- ^ Monthly Weather Summary, Caribbean Meteorological Institute, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 26 January 2007. A temperature of 44.0C at the same location in 2011,a 43.3C claimed at Belmopan in May 1976 and a 42.8C at Sibun Hill should regarded as likely incorrect.
- ^ Ian Currie and Brian Kolts, Bermuda Weather. This temperature was recorded on the top of the hill of St George Island. Minimum temperatures in Bermuda recorded before 1894 are unreliable,although 3.1C at Prospect Hill in January 1874 ,when few flakes of snow fell,might be not too incorrect.
- ^ What—Where—When of Bermuda, Made in Atlantis. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
- ^ The same reading was also recorded on 16 August 1875,although that is considered unofficial,since a proper screen wasn't installed at that time.
- ^ Paraquita Bay has also recorded 16.7C in prior occasions in 1911 and 1930,but old data at the previous station is mostly unreliable.
- ^ a b Canadian Weather Records, Dan Dan the Weatherman. Retrieved 4 February 2007. The original reading of -62.8C was later corrected to -63.0C.
- ^ An unofficial reading of -77.5C has been recorded on the top of Mount Logan ,but it may be unreliable. Unofficial readings as low as -71.1C have been recorded in British Columbia near Fort Nelson in January 1982.
- ^ 11.1C was also wrongly reported in September 1965 at Georgetown, if the reading is correct, it was recorded in March.
- ^ A 36.5°C reported from the same location is likely to be a typo error. Possible reliable temperatures as high as 36.3C in August 2016 have been recorded in automated private stations in Georgetown.
- ^ In inhabited places,temperatures as low as -3C have been reported at Villa Mills.
- ^ Temperatures of 43.0C and 42.3C recorded at Puntarenas in February and March 1964 and of 44.0C at Parrita were taken in a period of time during which these stations weren't working properly.Higher temperatures, specifically the 42.0C at Canas on 26 April 1952 were taken with not proper exposure conditions.
- ^ Mínimos y máximos. Las temperaturas de la Tierra, El Habanero. Retrieved 15 February 2007.
- ^ 0.0C reported at Batabano was probably recorded under not proper exposure conditions. Lower temperatures where probably recorded during the XIX century, when freezing was recorded in occasions in the inland parts of the Havana province.
- ^ The 38.8C reported at Manzanillo one day later has been appartently corrected to 38.5C. A temperature of 39.3C was recorded in a new AWS at Bayamo on 29 July 2015. It is still pending official validation.
- ^ a b Efemérides Meteorológicas Dominicanas, ACQWeather.com. Retrieved 19May 2007.
- ^ A temperature of -1.0C recorded in the same place on 6 February 1958 could be an error as the daily observations show a minimum of +1.0C that day.Also, some sources report a different date of the January 1956 occurrence,but the correct date is believed to be the day 14th. A temperature of -8°C has been reported at high elevation on Pico Duarte. Unofficial temperatures as low as -9C has been reported from Las Piramides, a site at high elevation in the Valle Nuevo.
- ^ Temperatures like 43.2C reported from Mao on 31 August 1954 and 42.8C reported from Duverge on 19 August 1965 were recorded under not proper exposure conditions. 42.0C reported from Yasica in September 1987 and 41.0C reported from Moca in May 1997 are unreliable. Temperatures of 41C at Pepillo Salcedo in 1964 and at Bonao in 1956 are dubious.
- ^ Lower temperatures recorded at Roseau are believed to be unreliable. 13.9C was also recorded at Brandtridge at an elevation of 550m in March 1972, but data encompasses only a couple of years.
- ^ Old temperatures as high as 37.2C at the Roseau Botanic Gardens were affected by overexpsure conditions.
- ^ a b Servicio Nacional de Estudios Territoriales (SNET).This temperature was recorded in the camping below the El Pital Peak in a not inhabited zone.-9.2C claimed at the same location is dubious and unconfirmed. Los Naranjos, Sonsonate department has recorded -4C in 1956,1959,1968 and 1970.
- ^ Temperatures as high as 45.0C at La Hachadura in May 1979 are believed to be unreliable. These temperatures in late 50s at San Miguel might also be affected by overexposure. 44.0C was recorded in the same station in May 1998.
- ^ http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/awsrecords.html. This station is located on the uninhabited plateau at high altitude on the ice cap. The lowest temperature recorded at an inhabited place is -47.2°C at Kangerlussuaq (Søndre Strømfjord) on 4 January 1983.
- ^ Many references give the Greenland record at Ivigtut on June 23th,1915. Nevertheless, neither the station historical record nor its daily/hourly temperatures on those days in June 1915 supports this reading.
- ^ http://browse.ceda.ac.uk/browse/badc/corral/images/metobs/carrib/Grenada/Grenada1946-51/Capture_00039.JPG. Lower temperatures recorded at the Grand Etang and on the Richmond Hill are mostly unreliable. 16.0C was also recorded at Mirabeau in January and December 1984 but this station has a short period of record and its validity is dubious.
- ^ This temperature is slightly dubious,but indeed possibly reliable.
- ^ Il a neigé sur la Soufrière, VolCreole.com. Retrieved 18 May 2007.A unofficial temperature of 9.8C was also recorded at the same location in December 1996. 7C was recorded on the top of the Soufriere Volcano in February 1998 (with data available from 1996 up to today).
- ^ https://guadeloupe.ademe.fr/sites/default/files/files/Actualites/Manifestations/2014/Le-climat-en-Guadeloupe-MR-CAYOL.pdf.
- ^ http://www.prensalibre.com/pl/2006/noviembre/23/lectura_dept.html]. Unofficial temperatures as low as -16C have been recorded in remote mountanous areas.
- ^ || [6]
- ^ A temperature of 46.8C recorded at la Fragua in April 1991 is to be considered suspecious. Temperatures as high as 47C recorded at Gualan and Usumatlan are probably unreliable.
- ^ Bulletin Météorologique 1910, Société Astronomique et Météorologique de Port-au-Prince (Haïti), NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 2 July 2007.Data from Turgeau was taken under not proper conditions. Also, temperatures of 42C reported from Gonaives and St. Marc are unreliable.
- ^ Medidas Básicas a tomar en cuenta ante ola de calor, HRN La Voz de Honduras. Retrieved 19 May 2007.
- ^ A temperature of 43.7°C claimed at Choluteca in June 1979 is wrong. A temperature of 45.5C recorded at Guayabillas in March 1966 April 1983 is likely affected by overexposure conditions.
- ^ http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd322_pdf/LSN2218.PDF. Lowest temperature in an inhabited place is 3.8C at New Haven Gap on 27 December 1885.
- ^ Monthly Weather Summary 1977, Caribbean Meteorological Institute, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 20 May 2007.A temperature of 38.3C recorded at Bodles in July 1957 was probably affected by problems in the instruments.
- ^ Résumé Mensuel de Temps aux Antilles et en Guyane Française 1975, Service Météorologique du Groupe Antilles – Guyane, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Lower temperatures recorded at Fonds-St-Denis like the 12.0C in March 1965 and 12.3C in May 2008 are unreliable.
- ^ Résumé Mensuel de Temps 1983, Direction de la Météorologie Service Antilles – Guyane], NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. This temperature is suspicious as it could be an error. Higher temperatures recorded at the Stadium of St Pierre and at Le Diamant were affected by overexposure conditions. The same temperature at the same location in October 2010 is possibly incorrect. Meteo France gives two different yearly maximum temperature for 2010 in Martinique in two different bullettins.
- ^ McWhirter, Norris and Ross McWhirter (1969). Dunlop Illustrated Encyclopedia of Facts. Doubleday. ISBN 0385011199.
- ^ A temperature of -30.4C claimed at Villa Ahumada on the same day was not recorded in the town and it was probably an unofficial value recorded in a remote location of the municipality. Temperatures as low as -32C reported in the municipalities of Temosachic and Santa Barbara are either dubious and unofficial or plain wrong. Unofficial temperatures as low as -31C has been reported on the peak of Cerro Mohinora.
- ^ Normales Climatológicas 1971-2000, Delta, Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, México. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
- ^ Normales Climatológicas 1971-2000, Rancho Williams, Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, México. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
- ^ a b These readings of 52.0C at Rancho Williams and Delta and others recorded in the nets of "conventional stations" with precision of half a degree Celsius should be considered not fully reliable and in most cases overestimated. Higher temperatures reported in Mexico during early XX century and even in some mechanical stations in the 60s and 70s in Sonora State were recorded under bad or even terrible exposure conditions.Particulary the data of San Luis Rio Colorado ,like the absurd and completely wrong temperatures between 50C and 58.5C ,is absolutely terrible with temperatures constantly overestimated by as much as 20C.
- ^ Normales Climatológicas 1971-2000, Mexicali Cmpo. Agr. Exp., Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, México. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
- ^ A reading of 15.0C recorded in November 1933 should be considered suspicious and likely affected by overexposure.
- ^ Old temperature records between 1917 and 1939 are unreliable.
- ^ http://www.laprensa.com.ni/archivo/2006/febrero/10/agenda/agenda-20060210-05.html. Retrieved 6 May 2007.Temperatures as low as 4C are estimated in the San Rafael del Norte area.
- ^ Pese a las lluvias, los calores de abril podrían arreciar, Bolsa de Noticias. It's possible but unconfirmed that the original reading might have been 41.6C later revised as 42.0C. A temperature of 42.0C recorded at San Francisco Libre in May 1961 was likely taken with not proper instruments.
- ^ This location is not inhabited, but it is close to the village of Cerro de Punta. A temperature of -6.0C has been recorded on the top of the Baru Volcano.
- ^ http://www.elsiglo.com/siglov2/Play.php?fechaz=13-04-2008&idnews=68744
- ^ a b Heinrichs, Anne (2003). Puerto Rico. Compass Point Books. ISBN 0756503574.
- ^ Higher temperatures, like 39.4C at San Lorenzo in August 1906, other old 37.8C in few small stations are unreliable,besides the ridicolous 40.0C at Mona Island in July 1996. Mayaguez City maximum temperatures in October 1996 are unreliable. Corozal also recorded 37.8C on 12 July 2009 but it is probably unreliable just like the same temperature at Magueyes Island on 7 September 1997.
- ^ Adjuntas Normals, National Weather Service, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Retrieved 5 December 2011. The same temperature 4.4C recorded at the same location in December 1989 is unreliable, because for about two months Adjuntas station wasn't working properly.Some other data like the 4.4C at Corozal in January 1945 ,the Rincon in March 1985 and at San Sebastian in January 1966 and Cerro Maravilla in December 2010 are obvious mistakes.
- ^ Note:Temperatures in the island of Saba have been taken sporadically and for short periods of time.
- ^ Annales des Services Météorologique de la France d’Outre-Mer, Année 1959, Ministère la France d’Outre-Mer, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 4 February 2006.
- ^ a b Résumé Mensuel de Temps 1981, Direction de la Météorologie Service Antilles – Guyane, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 25 May 2007.
- ^ US Department of Commerce (1991). Climates of the World.Lower temperatures like 13.9C in December 1949 are unreliable.
- ^ Klimatabelle für Basseterre / St. Kitts, wetter.com. Retrieved 22 July 2007.
- ^ 36.7°C has been reported at Basseterre National Agricultural Corporation St Kitts in October 1982 but appears unreliable.
- ^ Old records at the former capital Soufriere were taken under not proper exposure conditions, including the 13.3C lowest temperature.Also lower temperatures recorded at Union and Roseau Winban are believed to be unreliable. Castries itself has mostly unreliable data. An effort was made to use only decent data.
- ^ Old records at the former capital Soufriere were taken under not proper exposure conditions, including the 36.1C highest temperature.Also a temperature of 36.1C in the Botanic Gardens of Castries in June 1899 might have been affected by the same problems.The first reading of August 1927 was recorded in a station called Reunion, which is believed to be located in or around Castries itself.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
LCAwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Résumé Mensuel de Temps 1976, Service Météorologique Antilles Guyane, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 25 May 2007. Temperatures as low as 14.3C recorded in 2009 are incorrect.
- ^ 36.4C recorded in September 1981 is unreliable.
- ^ Unofficial temperatures as high as 29C might have been recorded in secondary stations in St.Pierre Island.
- ^ A temperature of 15.6C at the same location in February 1910 and in January 1922 is unreliable.
- ^ Saint Vincent Airport Meteorological Services.
- ^ Temperatures as low as 16.0C recorded at Oranjestad are unreliable.
- ^ http://www.meteo.an
- ^ Area and Climate, Central Bureau of Statistics, Netherlands Antilles. Retrieved 31 March 2008. Some sources also give the same temperature recorded on 10 February 1966 as well, but the correct reading that day was 17.5C.
- ^ Climatological Summary for Sint Maarten, Meteorological Service of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba. Retrieved 31 March 2008. 37.2C claimed in September 1965 is unreliable.Temperatures between mid 1991 and early 1992 look unreliable.
- ^ Climatological Data for the West Indian Islands, Monthly Weather Review, April 1926, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 1 March 2007. The same reading might have also been recorded in other occasions.
- ^ Record-Setting Weather, Weather Explained. Retrieved 10 May 2007.Unofficial lower temperatures have been recorded nearby like in the settlement of Coldfoot. -73.5C was recorded near the top of Mount Mc Kinley.
- ^ This record was set at the station of Furnace Creek. A photograph shown how the temperature reached 129.2F= 54.0C, but as usual in the USA, the value was rounded to 129F=53.9C. There are no such evidences for the previous cases when the Death Valley also reached 129F: on 18 July 1960 at Greenland Ranch and on 17 July 1998,19 July 2005 and 6 July 2007 at Furnace Creek.The record Greenland Ranch maximums in July 1913 (the 8th thru 14th had highs of [in °F] 128, 129, 134, 129, 130, 131, and 127) are very untrustworthy: they are not supported by data from surrounding stations, nor are they supported by 80 subsequent years of high temperature measurements in Death Valley." See http://groups.google.com/group/bit.listserv.wx-talk/browse_thread/thread/3665a8b27502bd84/53a73368356fc466?#53a73368356fc466 Death Valley Summer, Take Two. Generally speaking, temperatures recorded in early XX century late 1930s ca. at Greenland Ranch including a 53.9C on 18 July 1922 are not reliable and are believed to be overestimated for a not corrent exposure of the screen. July 1959 maxima as high as 129F (53.9c) at nearby Badwater are also absolutely unreliable.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
USVIwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ The quality data of this territory is extremely poor for almost all stations. This has resulted in several wrong records published in other sources.
- ^ Data from this station between 1972 and 1999 is unreliable.
The following table lists records of extreme temperature in territories of South America.
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ This is the lowest reliable temperature recorded in an main station (La Paulina Farm) near an inhabited town in Argentina. Lower unconfirmed temperatures, recorded under dubious conditions, were recorded at Cona Niyeu , Rio Negro Province with -36.2C and in mines at very high elevations in the Andes like the -44C at Veladero, a mine in the Andine region,in July 2004 and the -42C at the ghost village of Matambre, in Catamarca province at over 4600m asl.Also Valle de Los Patos Superior during a period of few years , has recorded a lowest temperture of -39.0C on 17 July 1972,sometimes reported as the lowest temperature ever recorded in Argentina.The location in that valley has also some scattered population. The -43C claimed at the village of El Cain,Rio Negro province on 1 August 2006 is a wrong data. The town of Maquinchao Río Negro Province recorded -35.3C on 14 July 1991 but it appears the readings for few days at that station were unreliable. -34.0C is claimed at Sarmiento in July 1950 as the lowest temperature ever recorded at low elevation in Argentina,but this was probably recorded at the village of El Pasto instead. The -33C also claimed at Sarmiento in 1907 is very dubious. More reliable but unofficial records includes -30.0C at Las Bayas (Rio Negro province).
- ^ Francisco de Aparicio, Horacio A. Difrieri. Old temperatures recorded at Rivadavia of 48.9C, Villa de Maria Rio Seco of 49.1C and other places were taken with not proper instruments. Unofficial and dubious higher records like the 48.5C at Coronel Juan Sola' (Morillo) (Salta province) and 47.8C at Ingeniero Juarez (Formosa province) were recorded on 16 October 2014.
- ^ An old 19C was possibly also recorded in the capital Oranjestad.
- ^ Boletín Mensual del Tiempo 1946, Bolivia Servicio Meteorológico, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 27 January 2007.
- ^ Temperatures around -30C have also been reported in the Laguna Colorada (Colorada Lake), but there have been years with very unreliable figures like the period 1991 to 1993 when the temperature reached values as low as -35C (September 1992) but the data is clearly underestimated.
- ^ Boletines Climatológicos, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (SENAMHI). Retrieved 18 June 2007. Higher temperatures at Villamontes between 1920 and 1950 were recorded under not proper exposure conditions. 47.2C recorded at the same location in January 1953 is possibly correct, although not officialized by the bolivian authorities.47.0C was also recorded at Bermejo in October 1975, but this reading is also unofficial for a possible overexposure of the old instrument at that site.
- ^ [ http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS-99DEC1B4-AE58-48D4-967C-724C6B32F417.pdf Climatological Data, West Indies and Caribbean, February 1966], National Climate Data Center. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
- ^ Temperatures as low as 16.4°C reported from Kralendijk between 1962 and 1972 are probably unreliable.
- ^ Temperatures of 36.7C in August and September 1998 and other data above 36C are all wrong synops data,possibly transmission errors.
- ^ Sibéria brasileira no sul do Brasil, Serra Catarinense. Retrieved 23 February 2007.
- ^ An unofficial and dubious reading of -17.8C has been reported on the top of the Morro da Igreja on June 29th,1996, but the temperature is probably unreliable.-17C has also been reported at Sao Jose dos Ausentes and this reading also is unofficial and questioned.
- ^ Primavera bem Alternada e Verão…, ClimaTerra. Retrieved 9 August 2007.
- ^ 44.8°C was reported from Bom Jesus do Piauí Piauí state on 21 November 2005 but the reading is probably unreliable. 44.8C was also recorded in late XIX century at the Fazenda Descalvados, in the Pantanal region.
- ^ Boletines Anteriores, Junio 2002, Sección de Meteorología del Departamento de Geofísica de la Universidad de Chile. Retrieved 13 June 2007.
- ^ An unofficial lowest temperature of -40C was recorded on the same day at the nearby location of Puesto Viejo. -37C was also recorded at high elevation at 3600m asl at the village of Ollague , near the border with Bolivia ,in 1962,although this reading might be considered unofficial because in 1962 the station data was not stored in the observations book.Lowest temperature recorded in the Easter Island is 7.2C at Mataveri Airport on 29 July 1997.
- ^ This temperature,alongside similar temperatures recorded in the area ,might have been affected by overheated air caused by bushfires. A more reliable temperature on the same day would be 42.3C at Longavi Sur. Highest temperature recorded in the Easter Island is 31.0C recorded at Hanga Roa on 15 February 1912,19 February 1938 and 24 January 1942.
- ^ Date is believed to be correct.
- ^ There are dubious readings equal or higher this reliable record: 43.0C at Manati in April 1992,42.6C at El Carmen de Bolivar also in April 1992, 42.6C at El Salado,Cienaga de Oro in February 1998, 43.0C at Puerto Salgar in May 2002 and 44.2C at Anchique,Natagaima in 2015 and others.
- ^ NOAA Rescue Data. This reading was recorded in the town district of Cas Chiquito. A lowest temperature of 19.0C is also claimed to have been reached at the Hato International Airport, although it has not been confirmed by Meteo Netherlands Antilles. A lowest temperature of 17.0C recorded at Fort Nassau,Willemestad on March 9th,1933 is not fully reliable and it has been discharged by the meteorological authorities.16.1C at the Smithsonian Station in January 1961 is wrong.
- ^ http://www.meteo.an
- ^ This is the confirmed lowest temperature recorded in a inhabited place, but colder temperatures have been reported in remote areas , some of them might have a very small population. -14.2°C has been reported from high elevation at El Refugio de Cotopaxi and -15C on the top of Chimborazo Volcano. A temperature of -10.5C at Olmedo Pichincha in June 1997 is unreliable.
- ^ A temperature of 39.8C was recorded in April 1963 in the central coastal plains and this is claimed to be the highest temperature ever recorded in Ecuador. Nevertheless, no specific location is given and the Ecuadorian Meteorological Service doesn't have that data in their archive. 39.5C was also supposedly recorded in the Peninsula de Santa Elena. Also, 39.4C was claimed at Chone and 39.0C at Santa Cecilia and Portoviejo. None of these temperatures are reliable. Another temperature of 39.9C recorded at San Lorenzo was recorded with faulty instruments.
- ^ A temperature of 39.5C at the same location in January 2011 is believed to be incorrect.
- ^ Tables of Temperature, Relative Humidity and Precipitation for the World. Great Britain Meteorological Office (1958-1967).
- ^ Historical Weather: Mount Pleasant Airport, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (sic), El Tiempo. Retrieved 28 June 2007.
- ^ <Low temperatures at Saul of 14.0C and 14.1C in February and March 1981,August 1961 and December 1973 are wrong data.
- ^ http://www.meteofrance.fr/FR/climat/clim_guyan.jsp. Temperatures as high as 39.7C recorded at Grand Santis are wrong data. Other records between 38C and 39C at Iracoubo, Regina and Grand Santis in 1969,1983,1987 and 2005 are unreliable.
- ^ http://www.cimh.edu.bb/summary/s2004b/sheet006.php Summary of Daily Observations – 2004], Caribbean Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 28 July 2007. This reading was recorded in January 2004, since the observations at Kaieteur Falls don't encompass a long period of time, lower temperatures may have been recorded during colder years.
- ^ Temperatures as low as 1°C have been reported from high elevation on Mount Roraima.
- ^ http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd318_pdf/LSN1612.PDF Monthly Weather Summary 1997, Caribbean Meteorological Institute], NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 18 June 2007.39.5C at Ebini in October 2007 is probably incorrect.
- ^ The same temperature recorded at Dadanawa on 29 October 1918 is probably unreliable, having the station being affected by overexposure.
- ^ Valores Extremos Historicos, Dirección de Meteorología e Hidrología. Retrieved 17 June 2007.
- ^ Unofficial records of 46.0C were also reported at Pedro Pena and Prats Gills
- ^ http://bvpad.indeci.gob.pe/doc/pdf/esp/doc320/doc320_4b.pdf. Chuacalpa lowest temperatures in 2002 and 2003 are believed to have been recorded under not proper exposure conditions including the -28.2C recorded in August 2003.
- ^ Boletín Climatológico Anual, Año 1963, Dirección General de Meteorología, Perú, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 9 August 2007. There are some doubts regarding the reliability of the Neshuya temperatures in 1963. Second highest reliable temperature in Peru is 40.6C recorded at Juanjui' on 13 September 1990. 41.6C was recorded at Nuevo Lima on 17 September and 30 October 2015 ,but the station is possibly overexposed. 42.0C recorded at Pucallpa in January 1955, 42.0C at San Ramon ,41.2C at Tejedores and 41.0C at Iberia are wrong or unreliable data.
- ^ Historical Weather: South Thule Island, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, El Tiempo. Retrieved 29 Jul 2007.Note that South Sandwich and South Georgia Islands are geologically part of Antarctica.
- ^ a b .
- ^ Interface to BAS/Met Oracle database, British Antarctic Survey. Retrieved 18 June 2007.28.8°C has been reported from Grytviken (Cumberland Bay) on 10 March 1922 but is probably unreliable.
- ^ Temperatures are believed to approach 11C near the border with Brazil.
- ^ Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West-Indië, Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren. Retrieved 22 June 2007.39.3C recorded at Placer L. en F. de Jong (near Brownsweg) between 1897 and 1902 is probably affected by overexposure.
- ^ Monthly Weather Summary 1977, Caribbean Meteorological Institute, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 30 May 2007.
- ^ Monthly Weather Summary 1978, Caribbean Meteorological Institute, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 30 May 2007.
- ^ Temperatures of 11.1°C and 38.3°C reported from St Clair Trinidad appear to be over-exposed and therefore may be unreliable. A temperature of 14.4C in December 1929 is probably unreliable.
- ^ This is the official highest temperature recorded in the country. An unofficial highest of 37.7C was claimed in the station of Chaguaramas.
- ^ a b http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/records.txt. Retrieved 24 June 2007. This temperature might be slightly overestimated. Temperatures as high as 44.6C at Mercedes between 1910 and 1940 are believed to be overestimated.A record of 44.0C at Rivera in February 1953 is unreliable and it has already been dismissed by Uruguaian authorities.
- ^ http://www.mucubaji.com/3Clima.html. -12C was also recorded at high elevation at Piedras Blancas and -11°C has been reported in the Mifafi Valley and near the Espejo Peak.
- ^ There are some higher but unreliable data in regional stations like 44.5C at Los Caracas, Miranda State and at Plan Bonito, Zulia State all in different dates.
The following table lists records of extreme temperature in territories of Oceania.
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ Numerous temperatures as low as 15°C reported from the airport prior to 1966 are unreliable.
- ^ Old record of 36.7C taken at Pago Pago City early in the XX century might have been affected by oveirexposure.37.2C recorded in 1958 is unreliable too.
- ^ a b Average Temperatures, Year Book of Australia 2002, Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 28 February 2007.
- ^ A temperature of 53.1C recorded at Cloncurry on 16 January 1889 was recorded nor proper exposure conditions.
- ^ As most of Oceania data, many data of Cook Islands is quite suspicious due to the poor instruments used in most stations.37.3C reported at Tongareva and other readings are not considered reliable,also including a 35.6C at Aitutaki in February 1933.
- ^ a b Monthly Climate Statistics: Willis Island, Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 19 August 2007.
- ^ Annual Meteorological Report for the Year 1938, Colony of Fiji, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
- ^ Annual Meteorological Report for the Year 1939, Colony of Fiji, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
- ^ Weather Summary for Fiji Islands – January 2003, Fiji Meteorological Service, World AgroMeteorological Information Service (WAMIS). Retrieved 28 December 2011.
- ^ 39.4°C reported from Nacocolevu Viti Levu in February 1968 and 38.0 °C reported from Labasa (Lambasa) Vanua Levu in January 1980 are probably unreliable.
- ^ Guam WSMO, Pacific Ocean, Period of Record General Climate Summary – Temperature, Western Regional Climate Center, Retrieved 18 March 2007. This temperature in 1973 was believed to be recorded with a metar in Fahreneit degrees. The same temperature of 65F on 23 January of the same year and on 18 March 1965 are not confirmed. Note that most of Guam data is unreliable due to a large amounts of instruments errors, instruments overexposed, transmission data errors, widespread errors and missing data in the archives.Guam WSMO minimum temperatures likey the 12.2C on 14 March 1965 are also believed to be overexposed and exaggerated.Guam Mariana Island Station also recorded 16.0C on 28 January 1973,while Guam WFO has recorded 17.2C on 8 February 1969. Tiyan Airport also recorded 18.3C on 2 and 22 January 1983 and 22 January 1987 but the minimum in these days is not confirmed by metar airport data. Agana International Airport lowest metar of 18C on 18 January 2000 was likely a wrong approximation of 18.9C.
- ^ Guam NAS, Pacific Ocean, Period of Record General Climate Summary – Temperature, Western Regional Climate Center, Retrieved 18 March 2007.Note. A temperature of 35.6C on 8 June 1987 is suspicious and a 35.0C on 16 April 1971 as well.
- ^ http://www.meteo.pf/climat.php?lien=pf
- ^ http://www.meteo.pf/climat.php?lien=pf.There are a number of higher but unreliable figures.
- ^ Arorae station data is almost surely affected by overexposure and/or problems of calibrating instruments.Therefore its records of 36.8C has been discharged. Some old extremes temperatures recorded in the Kanton Island have also been discharged for large amounts of problems in that meteorological station.
- ^ a b Pacific Islands Annual Temperature Summary (F), Western Regional Climate Centre. Data from Eniwetok and other stations are to be considered not reliable, due to a large amount of errors in their series. Moreover, instruments used are believed to have been badly calibrated. All that results in having these series being completely unusable.Lower temperatures recorded at Laura and at Arno are probably not reliable.
- ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
KNMIwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Lower temperatures recorded in several stations, like 17.8C at Chuuk in October 1999, are unreliable.
- ^ There are several unreliable temperatures like 37.1C at Oroluk,36.7C at Pingelap and other obvious errors.
- ^ Old temperatures between 17C and 20C are either incorrect or taken under not proper exposure conditions.
- ^ Higher old temperatures as high as 37.2C were taken under bad exposure conditions.The period of time which air temperature have been recorded with proper screens is very limited.
- ^ a b Quel temps fait-il en Nouvelle - Calédonie ?, CyclonExtrème. Retrieved 23 February 2007.
- ^ The official national record had been the -21.6C recorded at Ophir always in the Otago province on 3 July 1995, but later this old record was discovered in an old document by the New Zealand Meteorological services.
- ^ Some sources also claim 42.4C at Jordan on the same day, but the correct figure seems to have been 42.3C.
- ^ New Zealand Meteo Office. Lower readings at Alofi and Vaipapahi are unreliable.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
THREADwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Northern Marianas data are extremely poor.Many other more extreme readings are likely wrong data.
- ^ Temperatures recorded in Nekken Forestery are highly questioned due to the big ammount of wrong data and the reliable temperatures encompass a short period of time.
- ^ Wohlt, P. (1989). Migration from Yumbisa, 1972-75, Mountain Research and Development, 9, pp. 224-234. Lowest temperature recorded in the Autonomous province of Bougainville,which has very scarce data, is 17.8C at Kieta.
- ^ A reading of 38.9C claimed at Samarai Island is almost surely incorrect. Highest temperature recorded in the Autonomous province of Bougainville,which has very scarce data, is 36.7C at Buin.
- ^ Temperatures in the Pitcairn Island are taken on a small hillock above the settlement of Adamstown, resulting in cooler temperatures compared to the climate of the village.
- ^ This reading may be suspicious and cannot be confirmed.In separated official readings recorded in 1991 and early 1992 highest temperature was 31.7C.
- ^ http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/12/15/000386194_20111215004704/Rendered/INDEX/E28540EA0v30P10MF000December0202011.txt
- ^ Old higher temperature recorded in the capital Apia have been discharged by the Samoa Meteorological Services for possible overexposure conditions,but a temperature of 98F (36.7C) was also recorded with a well screened instrument,so that is possibly reliable. Asau data in 2015, together with other new AWS installed by the NOAA,is unreliable.
- ^ A lowest temperature of 15.6C at Kirakira should be regarded as suspicious and probably taken under not proper exposure conditions.
- ^ Higher temperatures recorded in the first decades of the XX century were likley taken under not correct exposure conditions.
- ^ A lowest temperature of 16.7C recorded in August 1952 is unreliable.
- ^ Tokelau old temperatures may be affected by overexposure. Normal temperatures range is between 22C and 35C and some old records,although official, must be regarded as suspicious. 37.9C was reported in Atafu in December 1981 but appears to be unreliable.Nukunonu temperatures recorded between the end of 2009 and the first days of January of 2010 were taken under not correct exposure conditions.
- ^ Old Tongan readings might have been affected by slight overexposure, but they generally look acceptable. Modern record of lowest temperature is 8.7C at Fua'amotu on 8 September 1994.
- ^ Higher temperatures reported during the first half of XX century were taken under not proper exposure conditions.
- ^ This temperature is possibly unreliable. Other old readings of temperatures between 16C and 18C are highly unreliable. Reliable temperature data for Tuvalu encompasses a short period of time. Very reliable and confirmed lowest temperatures in Tuvalu are around 21C.
- ^ Temperatures data from Tuvalu is full of wrong and faulty data. Many hourly data is also missing,causing a not correct range of min/max.Moreover instruments used has been not precise and in some cases without sun cages.Therefore some records may be over/under estimated,like many readings like 36.1C at Funafuti itself and Niulakita,35.9C at Nui and 35.8C at Nanumea.
- ^ Dubious temperatures of 35.0C (95F) were also claimed at Johnston Atoll on 11 October 1987, 5 August,10 September,13 September and 14 September 1996,20 June and 4 July 1998.
- ^ Historical Weather: Bauerfield Efate, Vanuatu, El Tiempo. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
- ^ Old readings as high as 37.0C recorded at Port Vila during the late years of the XIX century and the early years of the XX century are not considered official and might have been affected by overexposure.
- ^ http://www.wallis.co.nc/meteo/ClimatologieWF.html. 17.6C was recorded at Mala'etoli, in Wallis Island, on 1 June 1987,but that station is not fully reliable. A temperature of 17.7C at Wallis on 16 May 1972 is possibly unreliable.
- ^ Historical Weather: Maopoopo Ile Futuna, France, El Tiempo. Retrieved 19 March 2007.Futuna temperatures prior to 2018 might be overestimated.