Toll-like receptor 6
Toll-like receptor 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR6 gene.[5] TLR6 is a transmembrane protein, member of toll-like receptor family, which belongs to the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family. TLR6 acts in a heterodimer form with toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Its ligands include multiple diacyl lipopeptides derived from gram-positive bacteria and mycoplasma and several fungal cell wall saccharides. After dimerizing with TLR2, the NF-κB intracellular signalling pathway is activated, leading to a pro-inflammatory cytokine production and activation of innate immune response. TLR6 has also been designated as CD286 (cluster of differentiation 286).
Function
[edit]The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression.[6] This receptor functionally interacts with toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) to mediate cellular response to gram-positive bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi, some viruses and even protozoa.[7]
Interactions
[edit]TLR6 has been shown to interact in a heterodimer form with TLR2.[6] Synergistic interactions of TLR2/6 and TLR9 leading to higher resistance against lung infection have also been reported.[8]
Agonists
[edit]Unlike TLR2/1 heterodimer, which recognizes triacylated lipopeptides, the TLR2/6 heterodimer is known to be specific for diacylated lipopeptides such as lipoteichoic acid, found on the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria or macrophage-activating lipopeptide (MALP2), found on the cell membrane of mycoplasma. It is also known that TLR2/6 binds some viral products, among them hepatitis C core and NS3 protein from the hepatitis C virus and glycoprotein B from cytomegalovirus. Several fungal ligands such as glucuronoxylomannan, phospholipomannan and zymosan have been reported. Moreover, TLR2/6 is known to bind one protozoan ligand – lipopeptidophosphoglycan.[7] TLR2/6 can also be activated by synthetic lipopeptides, such as Pam2CSK4 or Fibroblast–stimulating lipopeptide (FSL-1).[9]
Signalling
[edit]After ligand recognition, TLR6 receptor dimerizes with TLR2. Ligand-mediated dimerization is crucial for recruiting the adaptor proteins, which are necessary for transmitting the signal inside the cell. TLR2/6 heterodimer, just as most of the Toll-like receptors, generally induces MyD88-dependent intracellular signalling pathway, which leads to nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. But MyD88 also activates mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs).[7][10] However, several strains of lactic acid bacteria have been reported to stimulate immune regulation via TLR2/6, leading to tolerogenic interleukin 10 secretion, instead of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion.[11]
Expression
[edit]In human, TLR6 is highly expressed in appendix, spleen and lymph node.[6] Among the immune cells, TLR6 has been detected in conventional dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, microglia, neutrophils, NK cells and B lymphocytes.[12][13]
Clinical significance
[edit]A 359T>C single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the extracellular leucine rich repeat domain is associated with susceptibility to Legionnaires’ Disease.[14] Increased occurrence of asthma in some populations may be associated with Ser249Pro polymorphism, also present in the extracellular domain of the encoded protein.[6] On the other hand, a protective SNP also exists - S249P is possibly liked to protection from bronchial asthma and resistance from asthma in children.[10]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000174130 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000051498 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Sanjo H, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, et al. (April 1999). "TLR6: A novel member of an expanding toll-like receptor family". Gene. 231 (1–2): 59–65. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00098-0. PMID 10231569.
- ^ a b c d "Entrez Gene: TLR6 toll-like receptor 6".
- ^ a b c Oliveira-Nascimento L, Massari P, Wetzler LM (2012). "The Role of TLR2 in Infection and Immunity". Frontiers in Immunology. 3: 79. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00079. PMC 3342043. PMID 22566960.
- ^ Duggan JM, You D, Cleaver JO, Larson DT, Garza RJ, Guzmán Pruneda FA, et al. (May 2011). "Synergistic interactions of TLR2/6 and TLR9 induce a high level of resistance to lung infection in mice". Journal of Immunology. 186 (10): 5916–26. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1002122. PMC 3654378. PMID 21482737.
- ^ Kang JY, Nan X, Jin MS, Youn SJ, Ryu YH, Mah S, et al. (December 2009). "Recognition of lipopeptide patterns by Toll-like receptor 2-Toll-like receptor 6 heterodimer". Immunity. 31 (6): 873–84. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2009.09.018. PMID 19931471.
- ^ a b Mukherjee S, Huda S, Sinha Babu SP (July 2019). "Toll-like receptor polymorphism in host immune response to infectious diseases: A review". Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 90 (1): e12771. doi:10.1111/sji.12771. PMID 31054156.
- ^ Ren C, Zhang Q, de Haan BJ, Zhang H, Faas MM, de Vos P (October 2016). "Identification of TLR2/TLR6 signalling lactic acid bacteria for supporting immune regulation". Scientific Reports. 6: 34561. Bibcode:2016NatSR...634561R. doi:10.1038/srep34561. PMC 5052581. PMID 27708357.
- ^ Yeh DW, Huang LR, Chen YW, Huang CF, Chuang TH (2016). "Interplay between Inflammation and Stemness in Cancer Cells: The Role of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling". Journal of Immunology Research. 2016: 4368101. doi:10.1155/2016/4368101. PMC 5223024. PMID 28116318.
- ^ Olson JK, Miller SD (September 2004). "Microglia initiate central nervous system innate and adaptive immune responses through multiple TLRs". Journal of Immunology. 173 (6): 3916–24. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3916. PMID 15356140.
- ^ Misch EA, Verbon A, Prins JM, Skerrett SJ, Hawn TR (October 2013). "A TLR6 polymorphism is associated with increased risk of Legionnaires' disease". Genes and Immunity. 14 (7): 420–6. doi:10.1038/gene.2013.34. PMC 3791179. PMID 23823019.
Further reading
[edit]- Lien E, Ingalls RR (January 2002). "Toll-like receptors". Critical Care Medicine. 30 (1 Suppl): S1-11. doi:10.1097/00003246-200201001-00001. PMID 11782555.
External links
[edit]- Toll-Like+Receptor+6 at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- TLR6 human gene location in the UCSC Genome Browser.
- TLR6 human gene details in the UCSC Genome Browser.
- Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q9Y2C9 (Human Toll-like receptor 6) at the PDBe-KB.
- Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q9EPW9 (Mouse Toll-like receptor 6) at the PDBe-KB.