Jump to content

Timeline of LGBTQ history in the United Kingdom

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a timeline of notable events in the history of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community in the United Kingdom. There is evidence that LGBT activity in the United Kingdom existed as far back as the days of Celtic Britain.

1st century

[edit]
  • The Roman conquest of Britain begins, creating Roman Britain. Roman society was to shape Britain for the next four centuries. In the three main cities of London, Colchester and Saint Albans as in all Roman settlements was patriarchal, and the freeborn male citizen possessed political liberty (libertas) and the right to rule both himself and his household (familia). "Virtue" (virtus) was seen as an active quality through which a man (vir) defined himself. The conquest mentality and "cult of virility" shaped same-sex relations. Roman men were free to enjoy sex with other males without a perceived loss of masculinity or social status, as long as they took the dominant or penetrative role.
  • Acceptable male partners included prostitutes, and entertainers, whose lifestyle placed them in the nebulous social realm of infamia, excluded from the normal protections accorded to a citizen even if they were technically free.
  • Although Roman men in general seem to have preferred youths between the ages of 12 and 20 as sexual partners, freeborn male minors were off limits, though professional prostitutes and entertainers might remain sexually available well into adulthood.[1]
  • By the end of the first century, Londinium the city was dotted with lupanaria ('wolf dens' or public pleasure houses), fornices (brothels) and thermiae (hot baths).

2nd century

[edit]
Antinous
Antinous
  • 117 – Emperor Hadrian, ruled Britain from 117 to 138. Hadrian was not only a peacemaker, he was also the first leader of Rome to make it clear that he was in today's language what we would call gay. Many predecessors had taken male lovers, as was possible in Roman society. Hadrian was unique however in making his love "official" in a way that no other emperor had before him.[2] Hadrian had an openly sexual relationship with a beautiful youth, Antinous. When Antinous drowned in AD 130, Hadrian made Antinous into a god, publicly commemorated him across the empire, created a city Antinopolis in his name and created a religious cult equivalent at the time to Christianity in his name.[3]

3rd century

[edit]
  • Britain was still under Roman rule, and as a result, homosexuality was still permissible.

4th century

[edit]
  • 312 – Roman Empire began to accept Christianity with the first emperor to convert to Christianity, Emperor Constantine. Along with his bishops, monks and missionaries an endless loop of alternating permissiveness and homosexual censure in the Roman world began.[4]
  • Eusebius of Caesarea wrote that "Among the Gauls, the young men marry each other (gamountai) with complete freedom. In doing this, they do not incur any reproach or blame, since this is done according to custom amongst them."[5]
  • Temples devoted to the goddess Cybele are present in Britain, including sites that are now Catterick and Corbridge. Archeology in Catterick has located the remains of a Galla; one of a priesthood to Cybele who could be understood in today's language as being transgender.[6] A similar excavation at Hungate included the body of a person whose skeleton was sexed as male, but who possessed feminine-associated jewellery. [7]

5th century

[edit]
  • 410 – Following the departure of the Romans, Jutes, Angles, Frisians and Saxons arrived at different times and regions, bringing with them their indigenous sexual traditions. (Tacitus previously described North Germanic tribes punishing homosexuality by drowning the offender in a bog.) There was no specific mention of homosexuality in Anglo-Saxon law (which was in place during the Anglo-Saxon period in England, before the Norman conquest) until the seventh century.[8]

6th century

[edit]
  • Welsh King Maelgwn (Malgo) of Gwynedd ruled. Geoffrey of Monmouth in his pseudohistorical book History of the Kings of Britain described the king as one of the handsomest of men in Britain, a great scourge of tyrants, and a man of great strength, extraordinary munificence, and matchless valour, but addicted very much to the detestable vice of sodomy, by which he made himself abominable to God.[9]
  • 597 – Christianity did not formally arrive in Britain until 597, when Augustine of Canterbury arrived in Britain to convert the Germanic Anglo Saxons (Jutes, Angles, Frisians and Saxons) to Christianity, thus confirming the prohibition of homosexuality, which was already punishable by death in Germanic societies.

8th century

[edit]
  • 797  – During the Carolingian Renaissance, Alcuin of York, an abbot affectionately known as David, wrote love poems to other monks in spite of numerous church laws condemning homosexuality.[10] Historians agree that Alcuin at times "comes perilously close to communicating openly his same-sex desires", and this reflects the erotic subculture of the Carolingian monastic.[11]
Alcuin of York, 8th-century cleric and scholar

11th century

[edit]
  • 1050–1150  – Historian John Boswell called the High Middle Ages the time of the 'Triumph of Ganymede' and finds evidence for a "reappearance for the first time since the decline of Rome of "what might be called a gay subculture" between 1050 and 1150 which completely disappears by 1300.[12]
  • 1056–1100 – William II of England inherited the throne on his father William the Conqueror's death in 1087. Described as red haired, muscular and stocky and a taste for the latest fashion (including shoes that curled up at the toe), he never married or produced heirs. William of Malmesbury, the foremost English historian of the 12th century, described the King as "being in lust with Ranulf Flambard". He described the men of court having flamboyant tunics, pointed shoes, and hair down their backs like whores. He said court was full of "sodimites" and that William's death while hunting was judgement for his sins. Sodomy at this time however related to any sexual practice outside of marriage, and therefore does not necessarily refer to homosexuality.[13]

12th century

[edit]

[14]

13th century

[edit]
  • 1290 – Publication of Fleta, first book to suggest a punishment for homosexuality in English law. The 'Fleta' required 'sodomites' to be punished by being buried alive, whilst the 'Britton' advocated burning. No evidence exists that the punishments were ever carried out.[16]
  • 1297 – Edward II of England (1307–1337) and his favourite, his closest political and emotional ally and lover Piers Gaveston, met. At 16 years old, Edward thus began a history of conflict with the nobility, who repeatedly banished Gaveston, the Earl of Cornwall, until Edward was king and could keep him reinstated. Gaveston's abuse of that power led to dangerous tensions with the barons who helped run the country and resulted in Gaveston's capture and eventual execution. After his death in 1312, Edward "constantly had prayers said for [Gaveston's] soul; he spent a lot of money on Gaveston's tomb".[17]

14th century

[edit]
The head of Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall, is delivered to Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster; Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford; and Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel, for inspection.
The head of Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall, is delivered to Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster; Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford; and Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel, for inspection.
  • 1315–1317 – King Edward II had Piers Gaveston's embalmed body buried, two and a half years after his death. Edward moved on with a growing infatuation with Roger d'Amory which can be tracked from the extensive list of gifts, grants, wardship and land. By 1317 Damory was the most important man at court and the King's 'favourite'. It is unknown whether Roger Damory was Edward II's lover.
  • 1320 – King Edward II formed a close relationship with another good looking favorite and aide, Hugh Despenser, who manoeuvred into the affections of King Edward, displacing Roger d'Amory. This came much to the dismay of the baronage as they saw him both taking their rightful places at court at best, and at worst being the new, worse Gaveston. By 1320 Despenser's greed was running free. He also supposedly vowed revenge on Roger Mortimer, because Mortimer's grandfather had killed his own grandfather.
  • 1321 – Despenser had earned many enemies in every stratum of society, from King Edward's wife Queen Isabella in France, to the barons, to the common people. There was even a plot to kill Despenser by sticking his wax likeness with pins.
  • 1326 – While Isabella was in France to negotiate between her husband and the French king, she formed a liaison with Roger Mortimer and began planning an invasion of England in September 1326. The majority of the nobility rallied to them throughout September and October, preferring to stand with them rather than King Edward and Despenser. Despenser fled west with the King, with a sizeable sum from the treasury, but the escape was unsuccessful. The King and Despenser were deserted by most of their followers, and were captured near Neath in mid-November.
  • 1337 – King Edward II was placed in captivity and later forced to abdicate in favour of his son Edward III. The popular story that the king was then assassinated by having a red-hot poker thrust into his anus has no basis in accounts recorded by Edward's contemporaries.[18] Despenser was brought to trial and was found guilty on many charges. He was sentenced to death and was dragged naked through the streets, for the crowd's mistreatment. He was made a spectacle, which included writing on his body biblical verses against the capital sins he was accused of. Then he was hanged as a mere commoner, yet released before asphyxiation killed him. In Froissart's account of his execution, Despenser was then tied firmly to a ladder and his genitals sliced off and burned while he was still conscious. His entrails were slowly pulled out; finally, his heart was cut out and thrown into a fire. Froissart (or, rather, Jean le Bel's chronicle, on which he relied) is the only source to mention castration; other contemporary accounts have Despenser hanged, drawn and quartered, which usually did not involve castration.[19]
  • 1395 – John Rykener, known also as Johannes Richer and Eleanor, a transvestite prostitute working mainly in London (near Cheapside), but also active in Oxford, was arrested for cross-dressing and interrogated.

16th century

[edit]
King James I of England, VI of Scotland
King James I of England, VI of Scotland
  • 1533 – King Henry VIII passed the Buggery Act 1533 making all male–male sexual activity punishable by death. Buggery related only to intercourse per anum by a man with a man or woman or intercourse per anum or per vaginum by either a man or a woman with an animal. Other forms of "unnatural intercourse" amounted to indecent assault or gross indecency, but did not constitute buggery.[20] The lesser offence of "attempted buggery" was punished by two years of jail and often horrific time on the pillory.
  • 1540 - Sir Walter Hungerford was the first man to be executed under the Buggery Act in England.
  • 1541 – The Buggery Act 1533 only ran until the end of the parliament. The law was re-enacted three times, and then in 1541 it was enacted to continue in force "for ever".[21]
  • 1543 – Henry VIII gives royal assent to the Laws in Wales Act 1542, extending the buggery law into Wales.
  • 1547 – King Edward VI's first Parliament repealed all felonies created in the last reign of King Henry VIII.[21]
  • 1548 – The provisions of the Buggery Act 1533 were given new force, with minor amendments. The penalty for buggery remained death, but goods and lands were not forfeit, and the rights of wives and heirs were safeguarded.[21]
  • 1553 – Mary Tudor ascended the English throne and repealed the Buggery Act 1533 during her brief reign of 1553–1558.[21]
  • 1558 – Elizabeth I ascended the English throne and reinstated the sodomy laws[22] of 1533 (not 1548), which were then given permanent force until 1828 when replaced with the Offences Against the Person Act 1828.
  • 1570 - the first recorded execution for sodomy in Scotland took place, when John Litster and John Swan were strangled and burnt at the stake.[23] Their crime was recorded at the time as the ‘wild, filthie, execrabill, detestable and unnatural sin of sodomy’.
  • 1580 – King James VI of Scotland, King James I England had romantic relationships with three men: Esmé Stewart, Robert Carr and George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. In 1580 at 14 years old, King James I of England began a relationship with Franco-Scottish Lord Esmé Stewart, 1st Duke of Lennox. Lennox was a relative and 24 years senior to James, married and the father of 5 children. The influence Lennox his "favourite" had on politics, and the resentment at the wealth they acquired, became major political issues during his reign.[24] Scottish nobles ousted Lennox by luring the young king to Ruthven Castle as a guest but then imprisoned him for ten months. The Presbyterian nobles forced King James to banish Lennox to France. Lennox and James remained in secret contact. Lennox remained in France. He died in Paris in 1583. William Schaw took Lennox's heart back to James in Scotland, since in life its true place had been with the King.
  • 1594 - Pamphleteer Thomas Nashe wrote about ‘the art of sodomitry.’

17th century

[edit]
  • 1634 - The Buggery Act 1533 was extended to Ireland.
  • 1663 - The London diarist Samuel Pepys wrote that ‘Sir Jemmes and Mr Batten both say that buggery is now almost grown as common among our gallants as in Italy.’
  • 1682 – A same-sex marriage is annulled. Arabella Hunt had married "James Howard" two years earlier but the marriage was annulled on the ground that Howard was in fact Amy Poulter, a 'perfect woman in all her parts', and two women could not validly marry.[25]
  • 1690 – King William III of England had several close, male associates, including two Dutch courtiers to whom he granted English titles: Hans Willem Bentinck became Earl of Portland and Arnold Joost van Keppel was created Earl of Albemarle. These relationships with male friends and his apparent lack of more than one female mistress led William's enemies to suggest that he might prefer homosexual relationships. Keppel was 20 years William's junior, described as strikingly handsome, and rose from being a royal page to an earldom with some ease.[26]
  • 1697 – William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland wrote to King William III that "the kindness which your Majesty has for a young man, and the way in which you seem to authorise his liberties ... make the world say things I am ashamed to hear".[27] This, he said, was "tarnishing a reputation which has never before been subject to such accusations". William tersely dismissed these suggestions, saying, "It seems to me very extraordinary that it should be impossible to have esteem and regard for a young man without it being criminal."[27]
Captain Edward Rigby
  • 1698 - Agent provocateurs from the Society for the Reformation of Manners were sometimes used to entrap men, such as naval Captain Edward Rigby, who was arrested in 1698. Edward had approached William Minton, unbeknownst to him an agent of the society, spoke with and kissed him then arranged to meet the next day in a local tavern. When they met, constables listened to Edward’s propositions, leading to him being convicted for "sodomitical intent". He served part of a prison sentence before he was able to escape to France, where he worked on French vessels.[28]

18th century

[edit]
  • 1711 – Anne, Queen of Great Britain ended a long-lasting intimate friendship with Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough. The "Queen's Favourite" hoped to wield power equal to that of a government minister. When their relationship soured, she blackmailed Anne with letters revealing their intimacy, and accused her of perverting the course of national affairs by keeping lesbian favourites. Anne and Sarah had invented petnames for themselves during their youths which they continued to use after Anne became queen: Mrs Freeman (Sarah) and Mrs Morley (Anne).[29] Effectively a business manager, Sarah had control over the queen's position, from her finances to people admitted to the royal presence.[30][31]
  • 1722 – John Quincy writes about lesbianism in his second edition of the Lexicon Physico Medicum. According to Quincy, confricatrices or confictrices were terms used by authors for lesbians "who have learned to titulate one another with their clitoris, in imitation of venereal intercourse with men".[32]
  • 1724 – Margaret Clap, better known as Mother Clap, ran a coffee house from 1724 to 1726 in Holborn, London. The coffee house served as a Molly House for the underground gay community.[33][34] Her house was popular,[35] being well known within the gay community. She cared for her customers, and catered especially to the gay men who frequented it. She was known to have provided "beds in every room of the house" and commonly had "thirty or forty of such Kind of Chaps every Night, but more especially on Sunday Nights".[36]
    18th century illustration of a "Molly" (contemporary term for an effeminate homosexual)
  • 1726 – Three men (Gabriel Lawrence, William Griffin, and Thomas Wright) were hanged at Tyburn for sodomy following a raid of Margaret Clap's Molly House.[37]
  • 1727 – Charles Hitchen, a London Under City Marshal, was convicted of attempted sodomy at a Molly House. Hitchen had abused his position of power to extort bribes from brothels and pickpockets to prevent arrest, and he particularly leaned on the thieves to make them fence their goods through him. Hitchen had frequently picked up soldiers for sex, but had eluded prosecution by the Society for the Reformation of Manners.[38]
  • 1728 –18th century London Molly House, Julius Caesar Taylor's, Tottenham Court Road, Jenny Greensleeves' Molly House, Durham Yard, off The Strand, The Golden Ball, Bond's Stables, off Chancery Lane, Royal Oak Molly House, Giltspur Street, Smithfield and Three Tobacco Rolls Covent Garden were operating in London.[39]
  • 1730 – The term "lesbian" to describe same sex relationships between women comes into use around the 1730s.[40]
  • 1735 – Conyers Place wrote "Reason Insufficient Guide to Conduct Mankind in Religion".[41]
  • 1736 – Love letters from Lord John Hervey to Stephen Fox PC, a British peer and Member of Parliament, show that they had been living in a homosexual relationship for a period of ten years, from 1726 to 1736.[42]
  • 1749 – Thomas Cannon wrote "Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplified".[43]
  • 1772 – The first public debate about homosexuality began during the trial of Captain Robert Jones who was convicted of the capital offence of sodomising a thirteen-year-old boy. The debate during the case and with the background of the 1772 Macaroni prosecutions considered Christian intolerance of homosexuality and the human rights of men who were homosexual.[44][45] Jones was acquitted and received a pardon on condition that he leave the country. He ended up living in grandeur with his footman at Lyon, in the South of France.
  • 1773 – Charles Crawford wrote "A Dissertation on the Phaedon of Plato".[46]
  • 1776 –18th century London gay bar, Harlequin (Nag's Head Court, Covent Garden) was operating[47]
  • 1778 - Eleanor Butler & Sarah Ponsonby, known as The Ladies of Llangollen, were two upper-class Irish women whose relationship scandalised and fascinated their contemporaries during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.[48] The pair moved to a Gothic house in Llangollen, North Wales, in 1780 after leaving Ireland to escape the social pressures of conventional marriages. Over the years, numerous distinguished visitors called upon them. Guests included Shelley, Byron, Wellington and Wordsworth, who wrote a sonnet about them.
  • 1785 – Jeremy Bentham becomes one of the first people to argue for the decriminalisation of sodomy in England, which was punishable by hanging.[22] The essay Offences Against One's Self,[49] written about 1785, argued for the liberalisation of laws prohibiting homosexual sex. He argued that homosexual acts did not weaken men, nor threaten population or marriage. The essay was never published in his lifetime.
  • 1797 – The Encyclopædia Britannica published a brief mention of homosexuality in the article about Greece.[50]

19th century

[edit]
  • 1806 – Yorkshire gentlewoman Anne Lister starts writing love letters to and from Eliza Raine. Lister actively participated in and wrote about her lesbian relationships in an encrypted diary. Although she did not use the word lesbian, at age thirty, she wrote, "I love and only love the fairer sex and thus, beloved by them in turn my heart revolts from any other love but theirs."[51]
  • 1810 – The nineteenth century began with a wave of prosecutions against homosexual men. On 14 January, a farmer in West Yorkshire wrote in his diary that capital punishment seemed an unacceptably cruel response to a sexual behavior that nature or God had ordained in an individual. (The diary entry was discovered in 2020.)[52] On 8 July, the Bow Street Runners raided The White Swan, a tumbledown pub of Tudor origin near Drury Lane. Twenty-seven men were arrested on suspicion of sodomy and attempted sodomy.[53]
  • 1811 – The Scottish court case Woods and Pirie vs Dame Cumming Gordon showed two teachers are accused of having a lesbian relationship by a pupil, claiming they had indecent sexual relationships.[54] However, one judge found that sex between women was "equally imaginary with witchcraft, sorcery or carnal copulation with the devil", illustrating notions at the time that tied sexuality with masculinity.[55]
  • 1812 – James Miranda Barry graduated from the Medical School of Edinburgh University as a doctor. Barry went on to serve as an army surgeon working overseas. Barry lived as a man but was found to be female-bodied upon his death in 1865.[56] David Thomas Myers was sentenced to be hung for an "abominable crime" with apprentice tailor Thomas Crow.[57]
  • 1816 - Waiter John Attwood Eglerton was convicted of buggering a groom and was sentenced to death. The judge in his case described his actions as "a crime subversive of every idea of virtue and manliness".[58]
  • 1828 – The Buggery Act 1533 was repealed and replaced by the Offences against the Person Act 1828. Buggery remained punishable by death.[59]
  • 1833 – 24-year old actor Eliza Edwards was found dead. The corpse was taken to Guy's Hospital for an autopsy, where it was discovered that Edwards was 'a perfect man'.[60] The Dorset Member of Parliament William John Bankes was arrested for committing sodomy with a soldier named Thomas Flowers in a urinal near the House of Commons.
  • 1835 – The last two men to be executed in Britain for buggery, James Pratt and John Smith, were arrested on 29 August in London after being spied upon while having sex in a private room. They were hanged on 27 November, with James reportedly crying ‘Oh God, this is horrible, this is indeed horrible’ just before their deaths. The Police magistrate Hensleigh Wedgwood wrote in a letter to the Home Secretary that death was too harsh a punishment for the two men on the basis that no one was harmed and that the only reason for the death sentence in the case is that no lawyer wanted to defend such a "shameful crime". He also highlighted the class inequality in sodomy convictions, noting that richer men could more easily get away with the crime.[61]
  • 1838 – Harry Stokes was a master bricklayer, beerhouse manager and special constable in Manchester. He was assigned a female gender at birth but lived as a man. Harry had two long-term relationships with women, both of which lasted over 20 years. In 1838 and 1859 his gender variance became the subject of local and national newspaper articles in which he was described as a 'man-woman' and a 'female husband'.
    The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, John Martin, 1852
    1852 – John Martin paints The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorah. Sodom was (supposedly) destroyed for the sin of sodomy, although a strong case has been made that violence against persons and transgression of the laws of hospitality, including a demand that he hand over his houseguests (who happened to be angels) to the ruffian citizens of the town, were more important at the time of the composition of the story in Genesis, chapter 19.
  • 1857 - The Obscene Publications Act was passed which made it a criminal offence to produce written material ‘for the single purpose of corrupting the morals of youth and of a nature calculated to shock the common feelings of decency in any well-regulated mind.’
  • 1861 – The death penalty for buggery was abolished when the Offences Against the Person Act 1828 was replaced with the Offences Against the Person Act 1861. A total of 8921 men had been prosecuted since 1806 for sodomy with 404 sentenced to death and 56 executed. Homosexuality remained illegal until 1967 in England and Wales and until 1980 in Scotland.[62]
  • 1866 – Marriage was defined as being between a man and a woman (preventing future same-sex marriages). In the case of Hyde v. Hyde and Woodmansee (a case of polygamy), Lord Penzance's judgment began "Marriage as understood in Christendom is the voluntary union for life of one man and one woman, to the exclusion of all others."[63]
  • 1871 – Ernest 'Stella' Boulton and Frederick 'Fanny' Park, two Victorian transvestites and suspected homosexuals, appeared as defendants in the celebrated Boulton and Park trial in London. The case was ravenously covered by the press across the country and it was labelled ‘the Great Petticoat Fiasco’ in The Grantham Journal. Boulton and Park were charged "with conspiring and inciting persons to commit an unnatural offence". The indictment was against Lord Arthur Clinton, Ernest Boulton, Frederic Park, Louis Hurt, John Fiske, Martin Cumming, William Sommerville and C. H. Thompson. The prosecution was unable to prove either that they had committed any homosexual offence or that men wearing women's clothing was an offence in English law.[64] The defence lawyer was able to persuade the jury at the Old Bailey that the pair were merely two high-spirited young men with a taste for amateur theatrics. Boulton had an affair with Lord Arthur Clinton, during which he wore a wedding ring and had calling cards made with ‘Lady Stella Pelham Clinton’ engraved on them. Lord Arthur Clinton died by suicide before his trial.
Fanny and Stella (Park & Boulton) on stage
  • 1872 – Sheridan Le Fanu published the novella Carmilla, which depicts the tale of a lesbian vampire luring young women for her mother to sacrifice
  • 1883 – John Maynard Keynes, Baron Keynes of Tilton, CB FBA was born. Openly homosexual, Keynes was a British economist whose ideas have profoundly affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics, as well as the economic policies of governments. He diarised his homosexual encounters and records that he had 65 encounters in 1909, 26 in 1910, and 39 in 1911.[65]
  • 1885 – The British Parliament enacted Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, section 11 of which, known as the Labouchere Amendment, prohibited gross indecency between males. It thus became possible to prosecute homosexuals for engaging in sexual acts where buggery or attempted buggery could not be proven.[66][67]
  • 1885 – A collection of the poems of Sappho were translated and published in English by Henry Thornton Wharton as Sappho: Memoir, Text, and Selected Renderings. Wharton maintained a homosexual interpretation of "Ode to Aphrodite".[68]
  • 1889 – The Cleveland Street scandal occurred, when a homosexual male brothel in Cleveland Street, Fitzrovia, London, was raided by police after they discovered telegraph boys had been working there as rent boys. The teenage telegraph messenger Charles Thomas Swinscow was found carrying eighteen shillings (more than double his weekly wages) by the Postal Constable Luke Hanks, and revealed that the money had come from a ‘house of assignation’ on Cleveland Street. A number of aristocratic clients were discovered to be clients, including Lord Arthur Somerset, equerry to the Prince of Wales. The Prince of Wales's son Prince Albert Victor and Lord Euston were also implicated in the scandal.[69] Scotland became the last jurisdiction in Europe to abolish the death penalty for same-sex sexual intercourse, which reduced the penalty to life imprisonment in a penitentiary.[70][71]
  • 1890 - The Chelsea Workhouse Scandal occurred after 35 year old kitchen porter John Bailey and his assistant and Workhouse inmate 16 year old Hugh Johnson were indited for "inciting each other to the commission of unnatural offences". Bailey was found guilty of attempting buggery with Johnson and was sentenced to 5 years imprisonment, while the younger was given a conditional discharge on account of his age and the power imbalance in their positions.
  • 1892 - Oscar Wilde popularised wearing green carnations on suit lapels to allude to queer sexuality when he asked his friends to wear them to a showing of his play Lady Windermere’s Fan.
  • 1895 – Oscar Wilde, tried for gross indecency over a relationship with Lord Alfred Douglas, was sentenced to two years in prison with hard labour.[72] The gay English poet A. E. Housman wrote a poem about the trial of Oscar Wilde. Due to its content, it was not published until after Housman's death.[73] Friends and colleagues of Wilde were accused of having sex with other men by the press in a sensationalised witch hunt, such as the illustrator Aubrey Beardsley.
  • Winston Churchill was accused of having committed "acts of gross immorality of the Oscar Wilde type" while a cadet at Sandhurst. Churchill sued the accuser for defamation and was awarded £400 in damages.[74] Throughout his life, Churchill showed little interest in women other than his wife, enjoyed the company of homosexuals, and was deeply attached to male friends and his long-standing secretary Edward Marsh, although there is no evidence of any physical relationships.[75]
  • 1897 – George Cecil Ives organised the first homosexual rights group in England, the Order of Chaeronea. Dr Helen Boyle and her partner, Mabel Jones, set up the first women-run general practice in Brighton, including offering free therapy for poor women. Helen Boyle also founded the National Council for Mental Hygiene (which subsequently became MIND) in 1922.[56] British sexologist Havelock Ellis published Sexual Inversion, the first volume in an intended series called Studies in the Psychology of Sex. He argues that homosexuality is not a disease but a natural anomaly occurring throughout human and animal history, and that it should be accepted, not treated. He describes lesbians as being more like men, possessing male intelligence and a propensity for independence.[76] The book was banned in England for being obscene; the subsequent volumes in the series were published in the US and not sold in England until 1936.[56]
  • 1898 – George Bedborough was convicted of obscenity for selling a copy of Havelock Ellis's book Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 2, on the topic of homosexuality.[77]

20th century

[edit]
Christopher Isherwood (left) and W. H. Auden (right), photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1939
  • 1906  – Dr. Louisa Martindale set up a private practice in Brighton and became the first woman GP. With a group of other Brighton feminists she developed the New Sussex Hospital for Women and Children, where she was Senior Surgeon and Physician. She later became a specialist in the early treatment of cervical cancer and was appointed a CBE in 1931. Louisa lived with her partner, Ismay FitzGerald, for three decades and wrote of her love for her in her autobiography, A Woman Surgeon, published in 1951.[56]
  • 1909 – The transgender writer Irene Clyde published Beatrice the Sixteenth, a science fiction utopian novel set in a postgender society.[78]
  • 1910  – While homosexuals in London had always socialised in public places such as pubs, coffee houses and tea shops, it possibly became more overt. Waitresses ensured that a section of Lyons Corner House in Piccadilly Circus was reserved for homosexuals.[79] The section became known as the Lily Pond.
  • 1912  – London's first gay pub (as we now know the term), Madame Strindgberg's The Cave of the Golden Calf opened in Heddon Street, off Regent Street.[80]
  • 1913  – The British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology was founded by a group of theorists and activists, with Edward Carpenter as president. Carpenter was a proponent of the theory of the homosexual as a third sex and lived openly with his lover, George Merrill.[56] The society was particularly concerned with homosexuality, aiming to combat legal discrimination against homosexuality with scientific understanding. Members included George Cecil Ives, Edward Carpenter, Montague Summers, Stella Browne, Laurence Housman, Havelock Ellis, George Bernard Shaw, and Ernest Jones.[81]
  • 1914 – The First World War broke out in August 1914, affecting thousands of lives. Openly homosexual writer Joe Randolph "J. R." Ackerley was commissioned as a second lieutenant and assigned to the 8th Battalion of the East Surrey Regiment. In June 1915, he was sent to France. On 1 July 1916 he was wounded at the Battle of the Somme. After lying wounded in a shell-hole for six hours, he was rescued and sent home for sick-leave. In May 1917, Ackerley led an attack in the Arras region where he was again wounded. While he awaited help, the Germans arrived and took him prisoner, assigning him to an internment camp in neutral Switzerland. There, he began his play, The Prisoners of War, which expresses the cabin fever of captivity and his frustrated longings for another male English prisoner.
  • 1915 - Edith Lees wrote the first British play that suggested ‘sapphic’ love occurring between women, The Mothers.[82]
  • 1916 – Urania, a privately published feminist gender studies journal, was established. It challenged gender stereotypes and advanced the abolishment of gender;[83] each issue is headed with the statement: "There are no 'men' or 'women' in Urania."[84] Urania was edited by Eva Gore-Booth, Esther Roper, Irene Clyde, Dorothy Cornish, and Jessey Wade.[85]
  • 1917 - May Toupie Lowther, known as 'Toupie', was awarded the Croix de Guerre for her World War One efforts, which included the creation of an all-female ambulance unit. The unit travelled to France and close to the front line where they retrieved the wounded using their own cars. Lowther was a close friend of Radclyffe Hall, author of The Well of Loneliness and Hall drew on some of Lowther's experiences in depicting the life and character of its protagonist Stephen.[86]
  • 1918 – World War I ended. Army historian A.D. Harvey writes that "at least 230 soldiers were court-martialled, convicted and sentenced to terms of imprisonment for homosexual offences" during World War I. The gay English poet and writer W. H. Auden attended his first boarding school where he met Christopher Isherwood; when reintroduced to Isherwood in 1925, Auden probably fell in love with Isherwood, and in the 1930s they maintained a sexual friendship in intervals between their relations with others.[87]

1920s

[edit]
Radclyffe Hall
Radclyffe Hall

1930s

[edit]
  • 1932  – Sir Noël Coward wrote "Mad About the Boy", a song which dealt with the theme of homosexual love; it was introduced in the 1932 revue, but due to the risque nature of the song, it was sung by a woman. The News of the World published a story, 'Amazing Change of Sex', about a trans man from Sussex who transitioned 'from Margery to Maurice', namely Colonel Sir Victor Barker (1895–1960) who married Elfrida Haward in Brighton. Barker's birth sex (female) was later revealed and the marriage was consequently annulled. Barker went on to appear in freak show displays in New Brighton, Southend-on-Sea and Blackpool.[56]
  • 1935 – Queer club culture in the 1930s was vibrant and varied, especially in the growing post-First World War underground scene. Music was central to the character of many of these venues, from the music hall artists to the expanding London jazz scene. At the centre of the action was the Shim Sham Club at 37 Wardour Street, an unlicensed jazz club popular with black and gay audiences, and its successor the Rainbow Roof.[92]
  • 1936  – A 30-year-old British athletic champion, Mark Weston of Plymouth, transitioned from female to male. The story appeared in some national newspapers, including the News of the World (31 May 1936). The reportage was accurate and sensitive. In the words of L. R. Broster, the Harley Street surgeon who treated him, 'Mark Weston, who has always been brought up as a female, is a male and should continue to live as such'.[56] Nightwood by Djuna Barnes, a novel that portrays explicit homosexuality between women, was published in London by Faber and Faber.[93]

1940s

[edit]
  • 1940 – Throughout the forties, attitudes to homosexuality were relaxed. With conscription into the armed services, men and women were removed from their homes and families were relocated to a military life. John Howard described the services as being tolerant of 'homosex', which was same-sex sexual activity but which makes no assumption about the sexuality of its participants. In the Navy masturbation between seamen was known as a "flip".[94][95] Jivani claims that in the Navy 'wingers' were sexual relationships between seamen of unequal rank and 'oppos' were sexual relationships between men of similar rank.[96] In the army sex between men was often viewed by officers and other ranks as a legitimate response to the absence of women and the need for safe sexual relief. Both in the Army and the RAF the system of employing young boys as batmen who acted as orderlies for their officers was sometimes rooted in sex.[97]
  • 1940 – Urania, a feminist gender studies journal with strong pacifist editorial stance, ceased publication. The journal's goal was the abolition of gender in order to build a society of equal women whose sex and orientation were unimportant. Urania remained privately published for its 24-year history.[98][99]
  • 1939–1945 Blackouts during World War II afforded men many new opportunities for sexual encounters under the cover of complete darkness.
  • 1945 – World War II ended. 6,508,000 men and women had served in the British Armed Forces during World War II.[100] Following the war, moral attitudes to prostitution and homosexuality rapidly changed. The Anglican Public Morality Council declared that the police were once again 'conducting a campaign against this deplorable offence' (homosexual sex). In London, gay men in Piccadilly and Leicester Square were targeted and anyone caught charged with being "concerned together in committing an act of gross indecency".[101]
  • 1946 – Harold Gillies and a colleague carried out one of the first sex reassignment surgeries from female to male on Michael Dillon.[102] In 1951 he and colleagues carried out one of the first modern sex reassignment surgeries from male to female on Roberta Cowell, using a flap technique[102] which became the standard for 40 years.
  • 1947 - The first female deputy chief medical officer at the Department of Health, Albertine Winner, was commissioned to write a report titled Homosexuality in Women. She wrote that ‘there are two categories of female homosexuals, the woman who tends to prefer the society of women and a much more dangerous type, the promiscuous Lesbian who may cause great harm and unhappiness.’
  • 1948 - The Kinsey Reports estimated that the number of individuals in the United Kingdom that have experienced same-sex interest ranged from one to more than ten million. [103] Ivor Cummings, an openly gay British civil servant with Sierra Leonean ancestry, welcomes the first immigrants of the Windrush generation, and his decisions on how to support them end up establishing Brixton as a modern hub for Britain's African Caribbean community. He is known as the "gay father of the Windrush generation."[104] The British Broadcasting Corporation’s Variety Programmes Policy Guide, also known as the Green Book, outlined a ban of jokes about effeminacy in men, vulgarity or immorality of any kind.

1950s

[edit]

Throughout the Cold War period, anti-gay sentiment was high in the United States and the United Kingdom. This was later called the Lavender Scare. The then Home Secretary, Sir David Maxwell Fyfe, had promised "a new drive against male vice" that would "rid England of this plague." As many as 1,000 men were locked up in Britain's prisons every year amid a widespread police clampdown on homosexual offences. Undercover officers conducted plain clothes surveillance on places where gay men were known to meet.[105] Sir Fyfe also introduced ‘positive vetting’ for recruits to the Foreign Office to identify queer men and stop them from being employed in the service. The prevailing mood has been described as one of barely concealed paranoia.[106]

  • 1950 – In Rotherham, an English schoolteacher, Kenneth Crowe, aged 37, was found dead wearing his wife's clothes and a wig. He had approached a man on his way home from the pub, who upon discovering Crowe was male, beat and strangled him.[107] The killer, John Cooney, was found not guilty of murder and sentenced to five years for manslaughter.[108]
  • 1951 – Roberta Cowell, a former World War II Spitfire pilot, became the first transgender woman to undergo male-to-female confirmation surgery on 16 May. Cowell continued her career as a racing driver and published her autobiography in 1954. Ivor Novello, an Anglo-Welsh matinee idol, author, and composer noted for his hospitality and homosexuality, died.[109]
  • 1952 – Sir John Nott-Bower, commissioner of Scotland Yard began to weed out homosexuals from the British Government[110] at the same time as McCarthy was conducting a federal homosexual witch hunt in the US.[111]
  • 1953 – John Gielgud, the actor-director, was arrested on 20 October in Chelsea for cruising in a public lavatory, and was subsequently fined. When the news broke he was in Liverpool on the pre-London tour of a new play. He was paralysed by nerves at the prospect of going onstage, but fellow players, led by Sybil Thorndike, encouraged him. The audience gave him a standing ovation, showing that they didn't care about his private life. The episode affected Gielgud's health and he suffered a nervous breakdown months later. He did not acknowledge publicly that he was gay.
  • Edward Montagu (the 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu) was charged and committed for trial at Winchester Assizes, firstly in 1953 for having underage sex with a 14-year-old boy scout at his beach hut on the Solent, a charge he always denied. The American Institute of Public Relations had just voted him the most promising young PR man when he was arrested. Although he enjoyed the support of his close family and a wide variety of friends, for a year or so he became "the subject of endless blue jokes and innumerable bawdy songs". This was not to be Montagu's first arrest during this witch hunt period.
  • 1954 – Michael Pitt-Rivers and Peter Wildeblood were arrested and charged with having committed specific acts of "indecency" with RAF airmen Edward McNally and John Reynolds; they were also accused of conspiring with Edward Montagu (the 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu) to commit these offences. The Director of Public Prosecutions gave his assurance that the witnesses Reynolds and McNally would not be prosecuted if they testified in court against the three defendants. Michael Pitt-Rivers, Montagu and Peter Wildeblood were tried in the Great Hall at Winchester in 1954. All three were convicted with two of the men sent to prison for 12 months and Wildeblood receiving an 18-month prison sentence. This set off a chain of events which would lead to the decriminalisation of homosexuality in 1967.[106]
Alan Turing in 1930
Alan Turing in 1930

1960s

[edit]
  • 1961 – Victim was the first English-language film to use the word "homosexual". It premiered in the UK on 31 August 1961.
  • 1963 – The Minorities Research Group (MRG) became the UK's first lesbian social and political organisation. They went on to publish their own lesbian magazine called Arena Three.
  • 1964 – The North West Homosexual Law Reform Committee was founded, abandoning the medical model of homosexuality as a sickness and calling for its decriminalisation. The first meeting was held in Manchester. The North West branch of the national Homosexual Law Reform Committee became the national Committee for Homosexual Equality in 1969 and in 1971 after the advent of the Gay Liberation Front in 1970, changed its name to Campaign for Homosexual Equality.
  • 1965  – In the House of Lords, Lord Arran proposed the decriminalisation of male homosexual acts (lesbian acts had never been illegal). A UK opinion poll finds that 93% of respondents see homosexuality as a form of illness requiring medical treatment.
  • 1966  – In the House of Commons Conservative MP Humphry Berkeley introduce a bill to legalise male homosexual relations along the lines of the Wolfenden report. Berkeley was well known to his colleagues as a homosexual, according to a 2007 article published in The Observer and was unpopular.[118] His Bill was given a second reading by 164 to 107 on 11 February, but fell when Parliament was dissolved soon after. Unexpectedly, Berkeley lost his seat in the 1966 general election, and ascribed his defeat to the unpopularity of his bill on homosexuality. The Beaumont Society, a London-based social/support group for people who cross-dress, are transvestite or who are transsexual, was founded. The society takes its name from Charles-Geneviève-Louis-Auguste-André-Timothée d'Éon de Beaumont (the Chevalier d'Éon) a French spy and diplomat, born a man, who lived as a woman for the last 33 years of her life, and after whom Havelock Ellis invented the term Eonism to refer to transgender conditions.[119]
  • 1967 – Ten years after the Wolfenden Report, MP Leo Abse introduced the Sexual Offences Bill 1967 supported by Labour MP Roy Jenkins, then the Labour Home Secretary. When passed, The Act decriminalised homosexual acts between two men over 21 years of age in private in England and Wales.[120] The 1967 Act did not extend to Scotland, Northern Ireland, the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man, where all homosexual behaviour remained illegal. The privacy restrictions of the act meant a third person could not be present and men could not have sex in a hotel. These restrictions were overturned in the European Court of Human Rights in 2000.[121]
The book Homosexual Behavior Among Males by Wainwright Churchill breaks ground as a scientific study approaching homosexuality as a fact of life and introduces the term "homoerotophobia", a possible precursor to "homophobia".[122] The courts decided that transsexuals could not get married; Justice Ormerod found that in the case of Talbot (otherwise Poyntz) v. Talbot where one spouse was a post-operative transsexual their marriage was not permitted. Justice Ormerod stated that Marriage is a relationship which depends on sex, not on gender.[123][124]

1970s

[edit]
Quentin Crisp
  • 1975 – The groundbreaking film portraying homosexual gay icon Quentin Crisp's life, The Naked Civil Servant (based on the 1968 autobiography and starring John Hurt) was transmitted by Thames Television for the British Television channel ITV. British journal Gay Left begins publication.[132] British Home Stores sacked openly gay trainee Tony Whitehead; a national campaign subsequently picketed their stores.[129] The Liberal Party passed a conference resolution in support of equality for gay people including an equal age of consent.[133]
  • 1976 – Britain's political pressure group Liberty, under its original name National Council for Civil Liberties (NCCL), called for an equal age of consent of 14 in Britain.[134] The term Gay Bowel Syndrome was coined to describe a range of rectal diseases seen among gay male patients; in the pre-AIDS era, this is the first medical term to relate to gay men.[56]
  • 1976 – The London Gay Teenage Group was established by Phillip Cox and Paul Welch, building on foundations laid by the Campaign for Homosexual Equality. It was chaired by Steven Power, a 1970s gay activist, from 1977 until 1980 when he became 21. It was the first officially registered gay youth group in Europe.[135][136]
  • 1977 – The first gay lesbian Trades Union Congress (TUC) conference took place to discuss workplace rights for Gays and Lesbians.
  • 1978 – The International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) was founded as the International Gay Association (IGA) on 8 August during the conference of the Campaign for Homosexual Equality in Coventry, England, at a meeting attended by 30 men representing 17 organisations from 14 countries. The Coventry conference also called upon Amnesty International to take up the issue of persecution of lesbians and gays.
  • 1979 – The Gay Humanist Group (later LGBT Humanists UK) was founded, launching at the Brighton conference of the Campaign for Homosexual Equality.[137] The group sought to challenge "ignorance, superstition, dogma and bigotry", and "to encourage more gays and humanists to come out and declare themselves and their convictions with pride".[138]

1980s

[edit]
The red ribbon is a symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with AIDS
Activists target a bus operated by Brian Souter's Stagecoach company at a rally in Albert Square, Manchester, on 15 July 2000

1990s

[edit]
London gay pub bombing in 1999 killed three and injured 70
The landmark case – P v S and Cornwall County Council – finds that an employee who was about to undergo gender reassignment was wrongfully dismissed. It was the first piece of case law, anywhere in the world, which prevented discrimination in employment or vocational education because someone is trans.[172][173]
Angela Eagle

21st century

[edit]

2000s

[edit]
  • 2000
    • The Labour government stops banning homosexuals from the armed forces after the European Court of Human Rights rules it unlawful.[182] The law will not actually be repealed until the Armed Forces Act 2016.[183]
    • The Labour government introduces legislation to repeal Section 28 in England and Wales – Conservative MPs oppose the move. The bill is defeated by bishops and Conservatives in the House of Lords.[156]
    • Scotland abolished Clause 2a (Section 28) of the Local Government Act in October though it remains in place in England and Wales.
    • HIV charity London Lighthouse merged with Terrence Higgins Trust as the Aled Richards Trust and Body Positive London, closed. Shrinkage of the HIV charity sector occurred largely as a result of Management of HIV/AIDS HAART treatment allowing people living with HIV to be more self-sufficient.[184][185]
Tony Blair's Labour government enacted the Civil Partnership Act 2004
  • 2001
    • The last two pieces of unequal law regarding gay male sex are changed.[120] In 1997 the European Commission of Human Rights found that the European Convention on Human Rights were violated by a discriminatory age of consent; the government submitted that it would propose a Bill to Parliament for a reduction of the age of consent for homosexual acts from 18 to 16. The Crime and Disorder Bill which proposed these amendments, was voted for in the House of Commons but rejected in the House of Lords. In 1998 it was reintroduced and again was voted for in the House of Commons but rejected in the House of Lords. It was reintroduced a third time in 1999 but the House of Lords amended it to maintain the age for buggery at 18 for both sexes. Provisions made in the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 made it possible to enact the bill without the Lords voting it through. The provisions of the Act came into force throughout the United Kingdom on 8 January 2001, lowering the age of consent to 16. Under the act consensual group sex for gay men is also decriminalised.[186]
  • 2002
    • Same-sex couples are granted equal rights to adopt.
    • Alan Duncan becomes the first Conservative MP to admit being gay without being pushed.[120]
    • Brian Dowling becomes the first openly gay children's television presenter in the UK on SMTV Live.
    • In December 2002, the British Lord Chancellor's office publishes a Government Policy Concerning Transsexual People document that categorically states, "What transsexualism is not ... It is not a mental illness."[187]
  • 2003
  • 2004
    • The Civil Partnership Act 2004 is passed by the Labour Government, giving same-sex couples the same rights and responsibilities as married heterosexual couples in England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales.[120]
    • The Gender Recognition Act 2004 is passed by the Labour Government. The act gives people with gender dysphoria legal recognition as members of the sex appropriate to their gender identity (male or female) allowing them to acquire a Gender Recognition Certificate, affording them full recognition of their acquired sex in law for all purposes, including marriage.[190]
  • 2005
    • The first civil partnership formed under the Civil Partnership Act 2004 took place at 11:00 GMT 5 December between Matthew Roche and Christopher Cramp at St Barnabas Hospice, Worthing, West Sussex. The statutory 15-day waiting period was waived as Roche was suffering from a terminal illness: he died the following day.[191]
    • The first partnership registered after the normal waiting period was held in Belfast on 19 December.[192]
    • The Adoption and Children Act 2002 comes into force, allowing unmarried and same-sex couples to adopt children for the first time.[193]
    • Twenty-four-year-old Jody Dobrowski is murdered on Clapham Common in a homophobic attack.
    • Chris Smith one of the first openly gay British MPs, (1984), becomes the first MP to acknowledge that he is HIV positive.[194][195]
    • The UK-based online newspaper PinkNews is launched, which is specifically marketed to the LGBT community.[196]
  • 2006
  • 2007
  • 2008
  • 2009
    • The Labour Government Prime Minister Gordon Brown makes an official public apology on behalf of the British government for the way in which Alan Turing was chemically castrated for being gay, after the war.[113]
    • Opposition leader David Cameron apologises on behalf of the Conservative Party, for introducing Section 28 during Margaret Thatcher's third government.[210]
    • Welsh rugby star Gareth Thomas becomes the first known top-level professional male athlete in a team sport to come out while still active in professional sport.[211]
    • Nikki Sinclaire becomes the first openly lesbian member of the European Parliament for the UK delegation. Some 6,281 Civil Partnerships were conducted in 2009.[212]

2010s

[edit]
  • 2010
    • Pope Benedict XVI condemns British equality legislation for running contrary to "natural law" as he confirmed his first visit to the UK.[213]
    • The Equality Act 2010 makes discrimination on grounds of gender reasignment and sexual orientation in employment and in the provision of goods and services illegal.
    • The Supreme Court ruled that two gay men from Iran and Cameroon have the right to asylum in the UK and Lord Hope, who read out the judgment, said: To compel a homosexual person to pretend that his sexuality does not exist or suppress the behaviour by which to manifest itself is to deny him the fundamental right to be who he is.[214]
    • Some 6,385 Civil Partnerships were conducted in Britain in 2010, 49% were men.[215]
    • Claire Rayner, ally of the gay rights movement, dies.[56]
    • Shadow Home Secretary Chris Grayling MP said that he thought bed and breakfast owners should be able to bar gay couples, however, under the Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2007 no-one can be refused goods or services on the grounds of their sexuality. Grayling subsequently was passed over as Home Secretary when the Coalition government came to power.[216]
    • Parental orders for gay men and their partners became possible on 6 April 2010, reassigning the legal parents for gay men parenting children under surrogacy arrangements.[217]
Nicole Sinclaire
  • 2011
    • England, Wales and Scotland allow gay and bi men to donate blood after a 1-year deferral period.
  • 2012
    • In the year in which London hosted the Olympic Games, London hosts World Pride but the committee fails to secure funding and has to drastically cut back the parade and cancel many of the events.[218]
    • The coalition government committed to legislate for gay marriage by 2015, but by 2012 still had not been included in the Queen's Speech.[219]
    • Thousands of people sign an e-petition to feature Alan Turing, father of Computing and of Artificial Intelligence on the ten pound note.[220]
    • Government Ministers pledge to push through legislation granting same-sex couples equal rights to get married despite the threat of a split with the Church of England and the continuance of current arrangements for the state recognition of canon law.[221]
  • 2013
  • 2014
    • Same-sex marriage becomes legal in England and Wales on 29 March under the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013. The first couple to wed were Peter McGraith and David Cabreza, who walked out from their ceremony in Islington Town Hall to a crowd of supporters waving placards and rainbow flags. Mr McGraith addressed the crowd and said: ‘very few countries afford their gay and lesbian citizens equal marriage rights and we believe that this change in law will bring hope and strength to gay men and lesbians in Nigeria, Uganda, Russia, India and elsewhere, who lack basic equality and are being criminalised for their sexual orientation.’ Campaigner Peter Tatchell was one of the witnesses to the marriage.
    • Legislation to allow same-sex marriage in Scotland was passed by the Scottish Parliament in February 2014, received royal assent on 12 March 2014 and took effect on 16 December 2014.[229]
    • Queen Elizabeth II praises the London Lesbian and Gay Switchboard for their 40-year history, the first time the Crown has ever publicly supported the LGBT community. The Switchboard receives a comment from the Queen saying: "Best wishes and congratulations to all concerned on this most special anniversary."[230]
  • 2015
    • Mikhail Ivan Gallatinov and Mark Goodwin became the first couple to have a same-sex wedding in a UK prison after marrying at Full Sutton Prison in East Yorkshire.[231]
    • Northern Ireland's assembly voted narrowly in favour of gay marriage equality but the largest party in the devolved parliament, the Democratic Unionist Party, subsequently vetoed any change in the law.[232]
    • The Royal Vauxhall Tavern became the first ever building in the UK to be given a special "listing" status based on its LGBT history; it was accorded Grade II listed status by the UK's Department of Culture, Media and Sport.[233]
    • Inga Beale, CEO of Lloyd's of London, became the first woman and the first openly bisexual person to be named number one in the OUTstanding & FT Leading LGBT executive power list.[234]
Andy Street

2020s

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality, passim; Elizabeth Manwell, "Gender and Masculinity," in A Companion to Catullus (Blackwell, 2007), p. 118.
  2. ^ Akbar, Arifa (11 January 2008). "Hadrian the gay emperor". The Independent. Retrieved 11 January 2008.
  3. ^ Renberg, Gil H. Hadrian and the Oracles of Antinous (SHA, Hadr. 14.7); with an appendix on the so-called Antinoeion at Hadrian's Villa and Rome's Monte Pincio Obelisk, Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol. 55 (2010) [2011], 159–198; Jones, Christopher P., New Heroes in Antiquity: From Achilles to Antinoos (Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, 2010), 75–83; Bendlin, Andreas, Associations, Funerals, Sociality, and Roman Law: The collegium of Diana and Antinous in Lanuvium (CIL 14.2112) Reconsidered, in M. Öhler (ed.), Aposteldekret und antikes Vereinswesen: Gemeinschaft und ihre Ordnung (WUNT 280; Tübingen, 2011), 207–296.
  4. ^ Ackroyd, Peter (24 May 2018). Queer City. Vintage. ISBN 9780099592945.
  5. ^ SHAW, BRENT D. "RITUAL BROTHERHOOD IN ROMAN AND POST-ROMAN SOCIETIES." Traditio, vol. 52, 1997, pp. 327–355. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/27831954. Accessed 6 Aug. 2021. Copy
  6. ^ "Dig reveals Roman transvestite". BBC News. 21 May 2003. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022.
  7. ^ "International Transgender Day of Visibility: The Galli in Yorkshire". 31 March 2023.
  8. ^ Peter, Ackroyd (2019). Queer City: gay London from the Romans to the present day. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 978-1-4197-3514-1. OCLC 1048940054.
  9. ^ Geoffrey of Monmouth, Lewis Thorpe (25 January 1973). The History of the Kings of Britain. Penguin Classics. ISBN 9780140441703.
  10. ^ David Bromell. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History, London, 2000 (Ed. Wotherspoon and Aldrich)
  11. ^ Coon, Lynda L. (2011). Dark Age Bodies: Gender and Monastic Practice in the Early Medieval West. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0491-9.
  12. ^ Boswell, John (1981). Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century. University of Chicago Press. hdl:2027/heb.01041.0001.001. ISBN 9780226345369.
  13. ^ "Homosexuality and the Throne of England". Naked History. 23 May 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  14. ^ Karlen, Arno. "The Homosexual Heresy". The Chaucer Review, vol. 6, no. 1, 1971, pp. 44–63. JSTOR 25093179. Accessed 11 September 2021.
  15. ^ (Boswell, 1981) p.215 states "The Council of London of 1102 ... insisted that in future sodomy be confessed as a sin."
  16. ^ Johnson, Paul (2018). "Buggery and Parliament, 1533–2017". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3155522. ISSN 1556-5068.
  17. ^ a b Beresford, Meka (18 September 2016). "The first person in the royal family has just come out as gay". PinkNews. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  18. ^ Weir, Alison (2006). Isabella: She-wolf of France, Queen of England. Pimlico. ISBN 978-0712641944.
  19. ^ Sponsler, C. (April 2001). "The King's Boyfriend Froissart's political theater of 1326". In Burger, G.; Kruger, S. F. (eds.). Queering the Middle Ages. University of Minnesota. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-8166-3404-0. OCLC 247977894.
  20. ^ Smith & Hogan, Criminal Law (10th ed), ISBN 0-406-94801-1
  21. ^ a b c d Bailey, 147–148, and H. Montgomery Hyde, The Love That Dared Not Speak Its Name: A Candid History of Homosexuality in Britain (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970) [British title: The Other Love]
  22. ^ a b Fone, Byrne R. S. (2000). Homophobia: a history. New York: Metropolitan Books. ISBN 0-8050-4559-7.
  23. ^ "Death Penalty For Buggery/Sodomy Abolished – Scotland – Voices and Visibility". Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  24. ^ Bergeron, David Moore (1999), King James and Letters of Homoerotic Desire, University of Iowa Press, ISBN 978-0-87745-669-8
  25. ^ Mendelson, Sara H. (January 2008). "Hunt, Arabella (1662–1705)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14190. Retrieved 14 March 2012. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  26. ^ Van der Kiste, 201
  27. ^ a b Van der Kiste, 202–203
  28. ^ "Queering Genealogy Part 1: History, Language and the Criminalisation of Homosex". 2 February 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  29. ^ Hooke 1742, p. 14.
  30. ^ "Duties of the Keeper of the Privy Purse". Official Website of the British Royal Family. August 2007. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  31. ^ Field, p. 99
  32. ^ Quincy, John (1722). Lexicon Physico Medicum. England: E. Bell. p. 86.
  33. ^ Norton, Rictor (5 February 2005). "The Raid on Mother Clap's Molly House". Archived from the original on 6 November 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
  34. ^ Bateman, Geoffrey (18 August 2005). "Margaret Clap". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
  35. ^ Norton, Rictor (20 June 2008). "The Trial of Margaret Clap". Retrieved 11 February 2010.
  36. ^ Norton, Rictor (20 June 2008). "The Trial of Gabriel Lawrence". Retrieved 11 February 2010.
  37. ^ Matt Cook et al, A Gay History of Britain, 2007., Oxford: Greenwood World Publishing
  38. ^ Matt Cook, A Gay History of Britain, p. 82
  39. ^ Rictor Norton (Ed.), "The Trial of Thomas Burrows, 1776", Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. 5 September 2014 <http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1776burr.htm>
  40. ^ Bennett, Judith M. (2000). ""Lesbian-Like" and the Social History of Lesbianisms". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 9 (1/2): 1–24. ISSN 1043-4070. JSTOR 3704629.
  41. ^ Rictor Norton (Ed.), "Immorality of the Ancient Philosophers, 1735", Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook, 28 April 2007
  42. ^ "The Gay Love Letters of John, Lord Hervey to Stephen Fox"; excerpts from My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries (1998), edited by Rictor Norton, accessed 26 May 2010
  43. ^ Cannon, Thomas. "The Indictment of John Purser, Containing Thomas Cannon's Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplify'd". Hal Gladfelder and Dudley Ryder Knight (eds.). Eighteenth-Century Life (Duke University Press) 31, no. 1 (2007): 39–61.
  44. ^ Rictor Norton (ed.), "The Trial of Robert Jones, 1772", Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook, 19 December 2004
  45. ^ Norton, Rictor (3 April 2007). "The First Public Debate about Homosexuality in England: The Case of Captain Jones, 1772". The Gay Subculture in Georgian England.
  46. ^ Rictor Norton (ed.) "Plato the Pederast, 1773". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. 2 April 2010
  47. ^ Rictor Norton (Ed.), "The Trial of Thomas Burrows, 1776", Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. 5 September 2014 <http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1776burr.htm>.
  48. ^ Mavor, Elizabeth (1971). The Ladies of Llangollen. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books.
  49. ^ "Jeremy Bentham, Offences Against One's Self".
  50. ^ Macfarquhar, Colin (1797). Encyclopedia Britannica. Vol. III. George Gleig (3rd ed.). A. Bell and Macfarquhar.
  51. ^ Clark, Anna (1996). "Anne Lister's Construction of Lesbian Identity". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 7 (1): 23–50. ISSN 1043-4070. JSTOR 3840441. PMID 11613422.
  52. ^ "Yorkshire farmer argues homosexuality is natural in 1810 diary discovery". University of Oxford. 10 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  53. ^ "The White Swan: The Gay Brothel in Vere Street". 25 September 2010. Archived from the original on 21 May 2010.
  54. ^ Moore, Lisa (1992). ""Something More Tender Still than Friendship": Romantic Friendship in Early-Nineteenth-Century England". Feminist Studies. 18 (3): 499–520. doi:10.2307/3178079. hdl:2027/spo.0499697.0018.304. ISSN 0046-3663. JSTOR 3178079.
  55. ^ "Drumsheugh: Lesbian sex row rocked society". www.scotsman.com. 25 February 2009. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  56. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Northwest NHS trust LGBT Timeline". February 2011. Archived from the original on 20 June 2011.
  57. ^ "Queering Genealogy Part 1: History, Language and the Criminalisation of Homosex". 2 February 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  58. ^ "Queering Genealogy Part 1: History, Language and the Criminalisation of Homosex". 2 February 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  59. ^ Cocks, H. G. (2003). Nameless Offences: Homosexual Desire in the 19th Century. I.B.Tauris. p. 30. ISBN 1860648908.
  60. ^ "Transgender identities in the past". The British Library. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  61. ^ "LGBTQ+ Rights in Britain". The National Archives. Retrieved 7 August 2024. Text was copied from this source, which is available under an Open Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright.
  62. ^ Matt Cook, A Gay History of Britain, p. 109
  63. ^ Hyde v. Hyde and Woodmansee [L.R.] 1 P. & D. 130
  64. ^ H. G. Cocks (2003). Nameless offences: homosexual desire in the nineteenth century. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-890-8
  65. ^ O'Grady, Sean (12 March 2015). "John Maynard Keynes: New biography reveals shocking details about the economist's sex life". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  66. ^ "CONSIDERATION. (Hansard, 6 August 1885)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 6 August 1885.
  67. ^ Matt Cook, A Gay History of Britain, p. 133
  68. ^ Dilts, Rebekkah (2019). "(Un)veiling Sappho: Renée Vivien and Natalie Clifford Barney's Radical Translation Projects". Refract: An Open Access Visual Studies Journal. 2 (1). doi:10.5070/R72145856.
  69. ^ Matt Cook, A Gay History of Britain, p. 132
  70. ^ Hirschfeld, Magnus (24 June 2013). The Homosexuality of Men and Women. Prometheus Books. ISBN 9781615926985 – via Google Books.
  71. ^ "Homosexuality in Great Britain Section Two: Legislation". www.banap.net.
  72. ^ a b c Stoddard, Katy (17 February 2007). "Let's talk about sex". The Guardian. London.
  73. ^ "Featured Poem: 'The Colour of His Hair' by A. E. Housman". The Reader. 7 September 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  74. ^ Martin Gilbert, Churchill: a life. (Minerva Paperback, 1991) page 61.
  75. ^ Bloch, pages 82–83.
  76. ^ "Studies in the Psychology of Sex", Elsevier, 1942, pp. ii, doi:10.1016/b978-1-4831-9998-6.50001-4, ISBN 978-1-4831-9998-6, retrieved 11 December 2020 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  77. ^ Goldman, Emma (2008). Falk, Candace (ed.). Emma Goldman, Vol. 2: A Documentary History of the American Years, Volume 2: Making Speech Free, 1902–1909. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-252-07543-8.
  78. ^ "Clyde, Irene". SFE. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  79. ^ A Gay History of Britain, Matt Cook, p. 152
  80. ^ Matt Cook (6 November 2008). London and the Culture of Homosexuality, 1885–1914 (Cambridge Studies in Nineteenth-Century Literature and Culture). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521089807.
  81. ^ David C. Weigle, 'Psychology and homosexuality: The British Sexological Society', Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 31:2 (April 1995), p.137-148
  82. ^ Davis, Jill (June 1991). "'This be different' - the lesbian drama of Mrs Havelock Ellis". Women: A Cultural Review. 2 (2): 134–148. doi:10.1080/09574049108578074. ISSN 0957-4042.
  83. ^ Carey, Niamh. "The Politics of Urania". Glasgow Women's Library. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  84. ^ Hamer, Emily (2016). Britannia's Glory: A History of Twentieth Century Lesbians. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-4742-9280-1.
  85. ^ O'Connor, Sarah; Shepard, Christopher C., eds. (2009). Women, Social and Cultural Change in Twentieth Century Ireland: Dissenting Voices?. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-4438-0693-0.
  86. ^ May Toupie Lowther on Lives of the First World War
  87. ^ Davenport-Hines, Richard (1995). Auden. London: Heinemann. pp. ch. 3. ISBN 0-434-17507-2
  88. ^ "COMMONS AMENDMENT. (Hansard, 15 August 1921)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 15 August 1921. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  89. ^ Thomson (1994, 26–27), Meech (1994, 54–55).
  90. ^ Munt, Sally R. (2001). "The Well of Shame". Doan & Prosser, 199–215.
  91. ^ Souhami, Diana (1999). The Trials of Radclyffe Hall. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-48941-2, pp. 194–196.
  92. ^ Archives, The National (5 February 2020). "The National Archives – The Shim Sham Club: 'London's miniature Harlem'". The National Archives blog.
  93. ^ Gilmore, Leigh (1994). "Obscenity, Modernity, Identity: Legalizing "The Well of Loneliness" and "Nightwood"". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 4 (4): 603–624. ISSN 1043-4070. JSTOR 4617155.
  94. ^ Chow, Y. W.; Pietranico, R.; Mukerji, A. (27 October 1975). "Studies of oxygen binding energy to hemoglobin molecule". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 66 (4): 1424–1431. doi:10.1016/0006-291x(75)90518-5. ISSN 0006-291X. PMID 6.
  95. ^ "Shanker Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, (1909–4 June 1976), Star of Nepal (1st Class) 1946; Om Ram Patta (1st Class) 1948; Trishakti Patta (1st Class) 1948; Dakshina Bahu (1st Class) 1941; General, Nepalese Army", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u159473, retrieved 13 August 2021
  96. ^ "Hallsworth, Prof. Ernest Gordon, (1913–14 Feb. 2002), scientific consultant and author; Chairman of Directors, Hallsworth and Associates", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u18712, retrieved 13 August 2021
  97. ^ Vickers, Emma (1 November 2015). Queen and country. Manchester University Press. doi:10.7765/9781526103376. ISBN 978-1-5261-0337-6.
  98. ^ Succi, Giorgia (14 March 2017). "Urania: How to be a bad XXs feminist and a queer angel in the 20s". Glasgow Women's Library. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  99. ^ Succi, Giorgia (24 April 2017). "Arena Three: Lesbians do it better". Glasgow Women's Library. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  100. ^ "History of the Second World War: United Kingdom Medical Series". Journal of the American Medical Association. 169 (15): 1808. 11 April 1959. doi:10.1001/jama.1959.03000320110032. ISSN 0002-9955.
  101. ^ Waller, Maureen (2020). London 1945 : life in the debris of war. London. ISBN 978-1-5293-3815-7. OCLC 1144718927.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  102. ^ a b Mary Roach (18 March 2007). "Girls Will Be Boys". New York Times. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
  103. ^ Davies, P. (2020). Sex, Gay Men and AIDS. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-15435-1. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  104. ^ "Who was the 'gay father of the Windrush generation'?". The Independent. 25 June 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  105. ^ Occasionally some police officers may have acted as "agents provocateurs" by posing as gay men and inviting an advance by another man, but most of the police work was surveillance. See Heterosexual Dictatorship: Male Homosexuality in Postwar Britain (Fourth Estate; First Edition (18 Nov. 1996)) by Patrick Higgins
  106. ^ a b "Lord Montagu on the court case which ended the legal persecution of homosexuals". London Evening Standard. 14 July 2007. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  107. ^ "'Thought Man Was Woman' Story: Charge Is Now Murder". News of the World. 5 November 1950.
  108. ^ "He Killed Man Who Dressed As a Woman". News of the World. 26 November 1950.
  109. ^ "Ivor Novello | Composer | Blue Plaques".
  110. ^ A Gay History of Britain, Matt Cook, p. 169
  111. ^ D'Emilio, John (1998). Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities (2d ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-14267-1 pp41-49
  112. ^ Turing had reported a theft at his home and the suspect for the theft then reported that he had consenting sex with Turing. The case received minimal publicity at the time
  113. ^ a b "PM apology after Turing petition". BBC News. 11 September 2009.
  114. ^ The Sunday Times published an article entitled "Law and Hypocrisy" on 28 March that dealt with this trial and its outcome. Soon after, on 10 April, the New Statesman printed an article called "The Police and the Montagu Case". A month after the Montagu trial the Home Secretary Sir David Maxwell Fyfe agreed to appoint a committee to examine and report on the law covering homosexual offences (this would become known as The Wolfenden Report)
  115. ^ a b "Lesbian, bisexual and trans women's services in the UK: Briefing 20" (PDF). 2010.[permanent dead link]
  116. ^ Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution, 1957, Report of the Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution., London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office
  117. ^ Mark Brown, arts correspondent (16 March 2013). "Newly unearthed ITV play could be first ever gay television drama". guardian.co.uk. London. Retrieved 19 April 2013. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  118. ^ Geraldine Bedell "Coming out of the dark ages", The Observer, 24 June 2007
  119. ^ "The Beaumont Society | Help and support for the transgendered community".
  120. ^ a b c d e f g h i Pidd, Helen (3 July 2010). "From Section 28 to a Home Office float – Tories come out in force at gay march". The Guardian. London.
  121. ^ "CASE OF A.D.T. v. THE UNITED KINGDOM". European Court of Human Rights. 31 July 2000. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  122. ^ Homosexual Behavior Among Males. A Cross-Cultural and Cross-Species Investigation: By Wainright Churchill, M.D. New York: Hawthorn Books, Inc., 1967. 349 pp.
  123. ^ Brent, Gail (1972–1973). "Some Legal Problems of the Postoperative Transsexual". Journal of Family Law. 12: 405.
  124. ^ "HC Deb 02 April 1971 vol 814 c.1829". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 2 April 1971. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  125. ^ Obituary: Ian Dunn | The Independent
  126. ^ Cretney, Stephen (2003). Family law in the twentieth century: a history. Oxford University Press. pp. 70–71. ISBN 0-19-826899-8.
  127. ^ "1 (a) Marriages between persons of the same sex". Report on Nullity of Marriage (PDF). Law Reform Commission Reports. Vol. 9. Ireland: Law Reform Commission. October 1984. pp. 4–8.
  128. ^ Out of the Shadows (2010) edited by Tony Walton, with a foreword by Michael Cashman MEP. Published by Bona Street Press. ISBN 978-0-9566091-0-6. 250 pages, 74 illustrations
  129. ^ a b "History of lesbian, gay and bisexual equality". 26 July 2016.
  130. ^ Trans Britain : our journey from the shadows. Christine Burns. London. 2018. ISBN 978-1-78352-472-3. OCLC 1030535314.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  131. ^ "Where are they now: Maureen Colquhoun". Archived from the original on 14 December 2013.
  132. ^ The Knitting Circle Archived 14 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine – 'Gay Left Collective'
  133. ^ "always been there for you and we always will". LGBT+ Lib Dems. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  134. ^ Waites, Matthew (2005, p.135-136). The age of consent – Young people, Sexuality and Citizenship. New York/London: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-2173-4. ISBN 1-4039-2173-3
  135. ^ "London Gay Teenage Group". LGBTarchive UK. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  136. ^ Courage to be: Organised Gay Youth in England 1967-1990, A history of the London Gay Teenage Group and other lesbian and gay youth groups, by Clifford Williams,was published in October 2021 (The Book Guild)
  137. ^ The Third pink book : a global view of lesbian and gay liberation and oppression. Internet Archive. Buffalo, N.Y. : Prometheus Books. 1993. ISBN 978-0-87975-831-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  138. ^ "Humanist Heritage: LGBT Humanists". Humanist Heritage. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  139. ^ "Dixon, Stephen Michael (1993) Gender dysphoria: Transsexualism and identity. Masters thesis, Durham University" (PDF). 1993.
  140. ^ "Lesbian, bisexual and trans women's services in the UK: Briefing 21" (PDF). 2010.[permanent dead link]
  141. ^ "Rabbi Lionel Blue, the first openly gay British rabbi, dies at 86 | Jewish Telegraphic Agency". Jta.org. 20 December 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  142. ^ Glyn Davis; Gary Needham (3 December 2008). Queer TV: Theories, Histories, Politics. Routledge. pp. 109–. ISBN 978-1-134-05856-3.
  143. ^ "Obituary: Dudley Cave". The Independent. 22 October 2011. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  144. ^ Dubois RM (1981), 'Primary Pneumocystis Carinii and Cytomegalovirus Infections', the Lancet, ii, 1339
  145. ^ "Key dates for lesbian, gay, bi and trans equality". Stonewall. 26 July 2016.
  146. ^ "Where is it illegal to be gay?". BBC News. 10 February 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  147. ^ "Terrence Higgins Trust". Archived from the original on 24 June 2006. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
  148. ^ World Health Organization (1983), 'Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Emergencies, Report of a WHO Meeting, Geneva 22–25 November'
  149. ^ Gunson HH (1986) 'The blood transfusion service in the UK', in Proceedings of the AIDS Conference 1986, edited by Jones P., Intercept, p.91-100
  150. ^ Department of Health & Social Security (1985) 'Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, general information for doctors', May
  151. ^ Sunday People (1985) 'Scandal of AIDS Cover-Up on QE2', 17 February
  152. ^ The Times, 14 March 1986
  153. ^ AVERT/NUS (1986), 'AIDS Is Everyone's Problem', Campaign Briefing
  154. ^ "Remembering Pearl Alcock, the Black bisexual shebeen queen of Brixton – gal-dem". gal-dem.com. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  155. ^ Natasha, Holcroft-Emmess (31 March 2016). "The Long Road To Legal Recognition Of Transgender Rights". Each Other. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  156. ^ a b "Section 28 timeline". The Guardian. London.
  157. ^ Bureau of Hygiene & Tropical Diseases (1987), 'AIDS Newsletter', Issue 6, 10 April
  158. ^ Fischl MA et al (1987), 'The Efficacy of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex, a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial'
  159. ^ Local Government Act 1988 (c. 9), section 28. Accessed 1 July 2006 on opsi.gov.uk
  160. ^ Spence C (1996), 'On Watch: Views from the Lighthouse', Cassell, p.36
  161. ^ The programme is online: "Third Ear: Section 28", BBC Radio 3, 27 January 1988
  162. ^ "Ian McKellen." Host: James Lipton. Inside the Actors Studio. Bravo. 8 December 2002. No. 5, season 9.
  163. ^ a b Richardson, Colin (14 August 2002). "The worst of times". The Guardian. London.
  164. ^ "Queen star dies after Aids statement". The Guardian. London. 25 November 1991.
  165. ^ "Brighton Pride homepage". Archived from the original on 18 July 2011.
  166. ^ "The National Theatre's Black Plays Archive".
  167. ^ "Bacon, Francis (1909-1992)".
  168. ^ "Kenny and Holly find positive ways to face up to a new kind of fame: Celebrities may own up to HIV freely or under pressure, but the result is usually the same, writes William Leith". The Independent. London. 11 April 1993. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022.
  169. ^ "Lesbians protest over charity ban – Life & Style". The Independent. London. 5 October 1994. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  170. ^ Cooper DA and Merigan TC (1996) et al, 'Clinical treatment', AIDS, 1996, 10 (suppl A): S133-S134
  171. ^ Positive Nation (2004), 'Interview with the Professor' issue 100, March
  172. ^ "P v S and Cornwall County Council [1996] ECR I-2143 (C-13/94)". EUR-Lex.
  173. ^ Chalmers et al. 2011, p. 548
  174. ^ Edgecliffe-Johnson, Andrew. "Lunch with the FT: Waheed Alli". FT. Retrieved 28 February 2012. one of the few gay Muslims in British public life.
  175. ^ Alderson, Andrew (6 March 2010). "Lord Alli attacks bishops in 'gay marriage' row". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 25 April 2012. one of the few openly-gay Muslim politicians
  176. ^ "Crime and Disorder Bill – Reduce age of consent for homosexual acts to 16". Public Whip. 22 June 1998.
  177. ^ "Thousands remember Soho dead". BBC News. 2 May 1999.
  178. ^ "The Admiral Duncan Bombing – 10 years on". The Lesbian and Gay Foundation (UK). 30 April 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  179. ^ Hunt, El (23 February 2024). "Queer As Folk at 25: a watershed moment for gay representation on TV". Evening Standard. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  180. ^ "The secrets of Cupboard 55". The Telegraph. London. 19 June 1999. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012.
  181. ^ Kennedy, Maev (12 May 2006). "British Museum exhibition reveals saucy side of the ancient world". The Observer. London.
  182. ^ "It's official:gays do NOT harm forces", The Guardian, London, 19 November 2000.
  183. ^ a b "Armed Forces Act 2016". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  184. ^ The Guardian (2000), 'Force for good: Twin attack in merger of HIV charities' Wednesday 4 October
  185. ^ National AIDS Trust press release (2000), 'Body Positive closure highlights lack of London HIV strategy'
  186. ^ "Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000". The UK Statute Law Database. Office of Public Sector Information. Commencement Information. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  187. ^ "Government Policy concerning Transsexual People". People's rights/Transsexual people. U.K. Department for Constitutional Affairs. 2003. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008.
  188. ^ "UK Gay Rights" The Guardian, London, 17 November 2003
  189. ^ "Couple challenge UK stance on Gay Marriage". Liberty. 11 August 2005. Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
  190. ^ Example of a Gender Recognition Certificate Archived 6 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  191. ^ "'Gay wedding' man dies of cancer". BBC News. 6 December 2005. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
  192. ^ 'Gay weddings' first for Belfast BBC News 19 December 2005. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
  193. ^ Mulholland, Hélène (30 December 2005). "Unmarried and same-sex couples free to adopt". The Guardian. London.
  194. ^ "Former minister is HIV positive". BBC News Online. 30 January 2005. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
  195. ^ Why this is the time to break my HIV silence[dead link], Chris Smith writing in The Sunday Times, 30 January 2005
  196. ^ Luft, Oliver (28 July 2010). "Pink News five years on: 'revenue could rise ten-fold'". Press Gazette. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
  197. ^ "Gay sex at 16 legal". Pink News. 14 August 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
  198. ^ Shoffman, Marc (8 May 2006). "Lancashire politician becomes first MP to have gay marriage". Pink News. Archived from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
  199. ^ "I can't be 'outed'". Evening Standard. 2 March 2004.
  200. ^ "Three and a half thousand English gay couples tie the knot". Pink News. 22 February 2006.
  201. ^ Leeds-based Catholic charity wins gay adoption ruling bbc.co.uk, 17 March 2010
  202. ^ "Civil Partnerships: Over 18,000 formed by December 2006". Office for National Statistics. 28 June 2007. Retrieved 8 September 2007.
  203. ^ Harrison, Iain (21 December 2008), "Gay MSPs stay in closet", The Times, London, retrieved 22 December 2008[dead link]
  204. ^ "Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008". opsi.gov.uk.
  205. ^ Angela Eagle: My pride at being first lesbian MP to 'marry' Liverpool Daily Post, 11 September 2008
  206. ^ MP sets civil ceremony precedent BBC News, 27 September 2008
  207. ^ "Civil partnerships down by 18%". The Guardian. 4 August 2009.
  208. ^ Brown, Jonathan (24 February 2009). "Young. Gay. Proud. Murdered: the hairdresser battered to death". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  209. ^ Bryant, Ben (10 August 2018). "A decade after gay teen Michael Causer's murder, is hate crime rising?". BBC Three. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  210. ^ "David Cameron apologises to gay people for section 28" "The Guardian", London, 2 July 2009
  211. ^ Smith, Gary (3 May 2010). "Gareth Thomas... The Only Openly Gay Male Athlete". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  212. ^ Cassidy, Sarah (20 August 2010). "Civil partnerships in 12 per cent decline". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022.
  213. ^ Butt, Riazat (1 February 2010). "Pope condemns British Equality Law". The Guardian. London.
  214. ^ "Gay asylum seekers from Iran and Cameroon win appeal". BBC News. London. 7 July 2010.
  215. ^ "More women than men having civil partnerships". Pink News. 7 July 2011.
  216. ^ "Grayling suggests B&Bs should be able to bar gay guests". BBC News. 4 April 2010.
  217. ^ "A History of LGBT Rights in the UK". Imperial College London. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  218. ^ "World Pride event in London cut back due to lack of funds". BBC. 29 June 2012.
  219. ^ Bentley, Daniel (9 May 2012). "The Queen's Speech: Don't abandoned gay marriage plans, urge campaigners". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022.
  220. ^ "Thousands petition government to put code-breaker Alan Turing on £10 note". Wired Magazine. 23 March 2012. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  221. ^ Jowit, Juliette (12 June 2012). "Gay marriage gets ministerial approval". The Guardian. London.
  222. ^ "Equal Marriage Bill Published Today". 25 January 2013.
  223. ^ "Gay marriage: Commons passes Cameron's plan". BBC News. 21 May 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
  224. ^ "Royal pardon for codebreaker Alan Turing". BBC News. 24 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  225. ^ "Alan Turing granted Royal pardon by the Queen". Archived from the original on 24 December 2013.
  226. ^ Wright, Oliver (23 December 2013). "Alan Turing gets his royal pardon for 'gross indecency' – 61 years after he poisoned himself". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022.
  227. ^ "Former UKIP MEP reveals she is the UK's first transgender Parliamentarian ·". Pinknews.co.uk. 17 November 2013. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  228. ^ Bowcott, Owen (18 January 2011). "Gay couple wins discrimination case against Christian hoteliers". The Guardian. London.
  229. ^ "Date set for first same-sex marriages in Scotland". BBC News. 13 October 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
  230. ^ Passport Magazine (7 March 2014). "Hear Hear Queen Elizabeth Makes First Gesture of Goodwill to the LGBT Community". Passportmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  231. ^ "Two Murderers Become First Same-Sex Couple to Marry in UK Prison". Frontiers Media. 2 April 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  232. ^ Henry McDonald. "Northern Ireland assembly votes to legalise same-sex marriage". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  233. ^ Tim Teeman (10 September 2015). "This London Pub Just Made Gay History—but Can It Be Saved?". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  234. ^ Julia Kollewe (2015). "Lloyd's of London boss is first woman to top LGBT power list | Business". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  235. ^ Matt Hooper (2016). "The UK has more LGBT MPs than anywhere else in the world". Gay Times. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  236. ^ "First three openly gay and lesbian AMs 'a milestone'". BBC News. 7 May 2016.
  237. ^ Andy Towle (18 May 2016). "Meet Carl Austin-Behan, the Former Mr. Gay UK Just Sworn in as Manchester's Lord Mayor". Towleroad. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  238. ^ "Prince William makes history with gay magazine cover". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  239. ^ "Justine Greening comes out as first female UK cabinet minister in a same-sex relationship · PinkNews". Pinknews.co.uk. 25 June 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  240. ^ Sarah Hughes. "Meet Hari Nef: actor, model – and Elle's first transgender cover girl in UK | Society". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
  241. ^ Ring, Trudy (20 August 2016). "Olympic History Made: First Gold Medals for Same-Sex Spouses". Advocate.com. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  242. ^ Sherwood, Harriet (2 September 2016). "Bishop of Grantham first C of E bishop to declare he is in gay relationship". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  243. ^ The Telegraph — Bishop of Grantham becomes first Church of England bishop to come out publicly as gay (Accessed 3 September 2016)
  244. ^ Press release — Changing Attitude England welcomes Bishop Nick Chamberlain's openness Archived 3 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine (Accessed 3 September 2016)
  245. ^ Lesbian and Gay Christian Movement — The Bishop of Grantham (Accessed 3 September 2016)
  246. ^ Harley, Sarah (17 September 2016). "Queen's cousin Lord Ivar Mountbatten has spoken of his decision to come out as gay after finding love". The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  247. ^ a b Beresford, Meka (18 September 2016). "The first person in the royal family has just come out as gay". Pink News. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  248. ^ "Labour Party's first transgender councillor elected". Pink News. 10 May 2016. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
  249. ^ "Meet the transgender ex-soldier who is now a Wolverhampton councillor". Express & Star. Midland News Association. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  250. ^ "Merchant Shipping (Homosexual Conduct) Act 2017". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  251. ^ "Merchant Shipping (Homosexual Conduct) Act 2017 — UK Parliament". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  252. ^ "Government backs plan to tackle the UK's 'last anti-gay law'". 23 January 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  253. ^ Metro.co.uk, Simon Robb for (23 January 2017). "UK's last 'anti-gay law' to be scrapped". Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  254. ^ Butterworth, Benjamin (5 May 2017). "Conservative Andy Street becomes UK's first directly-elected gay metro mayor". Pink News. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  255. ^ Fotheringham, William. "Philippa York: 'I've known I was different since I was a five-year-old'". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  256. ^ Tom Batchelor (9 June 2017). "Election results: record number of LGBTQ MPs elected to Parliament". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  257. ^ O'Callaghan, Rory. "Ryan Atkin reveals positive response to becoming the first openly gay official in English football | Football News". Sky Sports. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  258. ^ Duffy, Nick (24 September 2018). "Queen's cousin marries in first gay royal wedding". PinkNews.
  259. ^ a b "The first ever gay royal wedding has taken place". Attitude. 24 September 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  260. ^ "Meghan Markle puts Sinéad Burke on the cover of Vogue's September issue". The Irish Times. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  261. ^ Barr, Sabrina (29 July 2019). "Meghan Markle: Jameela Jamil, Laverne Cox and Gemma Chan react to appearing on cover of British Vogue". The Independent. Yahoo! News. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  262. ^ Thanks to Meghan Markle, Laverne Cox Is the 1st Trans Woman to Appear on the Cover of British Vogue
  263. ^ Hayley Dixon (18 August 2019). "Songs of Praise broadcasts show's first gay wedding". The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  264. ^ "Lucia Lucas: Making UK operatic debut at the ENO". BBC News. BBC. 5 October 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  265. ^ Batchelor, James (12 September 2019). "Gayming Magazine to host week-long live event". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved 6 April 2022. Gayming Magazine first went live earlier this year, and already has a readership of 17,000.
  266. ^ Duffy, Nick (2 January 2020). "Liberal Democrat MP Layla Moran comes out as pansexual: 'Pan is about the person, not the gender'". PinkNews. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  267. ^ "Layla Moran: Lib Dem MP announces she is pansexual". BBC News. 3 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  268. ^ "Same-sex marriage now legal in Northern Ireland". BBC News. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  269. ^ "First same-sex marriage takes place in Northern Ireland". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  270. ^ Emmrich, Stuart (23 November 2020). "Jan Morris, the Celebrated Travel Writer Who Elegantly Chronicled Her Own Journey of Transition, Dies at 94". Vogue. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  271. ^ "Bell v Tavistock case". December 2020.
  272. ^ "Celebrity X Factor and rugby star Levi Davis comes out as bisexual after battling 'sense of shame' for years". Metro. 14 September 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  273. ^ "As #LGBTHM21 comes to an end, our temporary Chief Constable @BTPDeputy reflects on his journey within the force. We believe Adrian has made history as the first openly gay male to reach the rank of Chief Constable in the UK". Twitter – @btp. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  274. ^ "First openly gay man to lead a UK police force doesn't want it to be an 'historic moment'". PinkNews. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  275. ^ "Wales' first non-binary council mayor elected to represent Bangor". 13 May 2021.
  276. ^ "Conversion therapy ban finally confirmed in Queen's Speech". 11 May 2021.
  277. ^ "Couple 'thrilled' to donate blood as rules change". 13 June 2021.
  278. ^ "Sex and gender identity question development for Census 2021". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  279. ^ Siddique, Haroon (17 September 2021). "Appeal court overturns UK puberty blockers ruling for under-16s 17 September 2021". Guardian. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  280. ^ Salisbury, Josh (4 January 2022). "Pardons extended for gay and bisexual men convicted of abolished same sex crimes". Yahoo News. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  281. ^ Walker, Peter (17 January 2023). "UK government formally blocks Scotland's gender recognition law". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  282. ^ Women to get gay-conviction pardons for first time BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-65878427

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]