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Lesbians in Nazi Germany

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Commemoration of female gay prisoners at Ravensbrück concentration camp by Initiative for Autonomous Feminist WomenLesbians from Germany and Austria, 22 April 2018

In Nazi Germany, gay women who were sent to concentration camps were often categorized as "asocial", if they had not been otherwise targeted based on their ethnicity or political stances.[1][2] Female homosexuality was criminalized in Austria, but not other parts of Nazi Germany.[3][1] Because of the relative lack of interest of the Nazi state in female homosexuality compared to male homosexuality, there are fewer sources to document the situations of lesbians in Nazi Germany.[2]

Background

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In Berlin, homosexual bars and night clubs opened up in the aftermath of the First World War. Notable amongst them was the Mali und Igel, run by entrepreneur Elsa Conrad. Inside the bar was a club called Monbijou des Westens. The club was exclusive and catered for Berlin's female gay intellectual elite; one famous guest was the actress Marlene Dietrich. Each year the club hosted balls with up to 600 women in attendance.[4] A campaign to close all homosexual bars, including female ones, began in March 1933.[5] All homosexual periodicals (such as Die Freundin) and organizations were also targeted for closure.[1][6]

Historiography

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Historians investigating individual cases have come to varying conclusions.[2] Women in Nazi Germany accused of a homosexual relationship faced a different fate depending on their characteristics. Those who were Jewish, black, or politically opposed to the regime faced imprisonment in a concentration camp or death—sentences that in some cases were likely made more harsh by the victims' homosexual identity.[2] In contrast, historian Samuel Clowes Huneke concludes that female gays accused of non-political crimes were not treated differently based on being homosexual, and simply being denounced as gay typically led to a police investigation but no punishment.[2] Therefore, he suggests "heterogenous persecution" as one way that homosexual experiences in Nazi Germany might be described.[2]

Historian Laurie Marhoefer argues that "Though not the subjects of an official state persecution, gender-nonconforming women, transvestites, and women who drew negative attention because of their homosexuality ran a clear, pronounced risk of provoking anxiety in neighbours, acquaintances, and state officials, and that anxiety could, ultimately, inspire the kind of state violence that [Ilse] Totzke suffered"—imprisonment in Ravensbrück concentration camp.[7]

Memorials

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In 2008, there was a controversy over the Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism in Tiergarten, Berlin about the initial non-inclusion of gay females in the memorial. Critics argued that, while gay women did not face systematic persecution to the same extent as gay men, it was appropriate to memorialize those women who had been sent to concentration camps. A plan to replace the initial video with one that included women faced a backlash from opposing historians, activists, and memorial directors who argued that it would be "falsification" to include gay females.[8] Despite efforts by some gay female activists to commemorate female homosexuals imprisoned and murdered at Ravensbrück, as of 2021 there has not been agreement on the establishment of a female gay memorial at the camp.[9] Huneke argues that even though gay homosexuals were not systematically persecuted, it may be appropriate to erect memorials because some gay women in Nazi Germany faced violence and discrimination.[2]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Rupp 2009, p. 181–183.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Huneke 2021, Conclusions.
  3. ^ Huneke 2021, abstract.
  4. ^ Lavie 2021, p. 81.
  5. ^ Lavie 2021, p. ??.
  6. ^ Hürner 2010, S. 38–43 & 46–52.
  7. ^ Marhoefer 2016, pp. 1193–1194.
  8. ^ Marhoefer 2016, p. 1167.
  9. ^ Huneke 2021, first section.

Sources

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  • Rupp, Leila J. (2009). Sapphistries: A Global History of Love Between Women. Internet Archive. New York University Press. pp. 181–183. ISBN 978-0-8147-7592-9.
  • Huneke, Samuel Clowes (2021). "Heterogeneous Persecution: Lesbianism and the Nazi State". Central European History. 54 (2): 297–325. doi:10.1017/S0008938920000795. S2CID 235760995.
  • Hürner, Julia (2010). "Lebensumstände lesbischer Frauen in Österreich und Deutschland - von den 1920er Jahren bis zur NS-Zeit" (PDF). pp. S. 38–43 & 46–52.
  • Lavie, Hilla (2021). Being a Jewish Lesbian in Berlin. transcript Verlag. pp. 77–96. ISBN 978-3-8394-5332-2.
  • Marhoefer, Laurie (2016). "Lesbianism, Transvestitism, and the Nazi State: A Microhistory of a Gestapo Investigation, 1939–1943". The American Historical Review. 121 (4): 1167–1195. doi:10.1093/ahr/121.4.1167.

Further reading

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