Southern Uzbek language
| Southern Uzbek | |
|---|---|
| اۉزبېکچه, اۉزبېکی, اۉزبېک تورکچه سی | |
 | |
| Native to | Afghanistan |
| Ethnicity | Uzbeks |
Native speakers | L1: 3.5 million (2017)[1] L2: 1.1 million (2022)[1] |
Early forms | |
| Perso-Arabic | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Afghanistan (3rd most spoken language) |
Recognised minority language in |
|
| Regulated by | Afghan Ministry of Education |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | uzs |
| Glottolog | sout2699 |
| Linguasphere | db 44-AAB-da, db |
Southern Uzbek, also known as Afghan Uzbek, is the southern variant of the Uzbek language, spoken chiefly in Afghanistan with up to 4.6 million speakers including first and second language speakers.[1] It uses the Perso-Arabic writing system in contrast to the language variant of Uzbekistan.
Southern Uzbek is intelligible with the Northern Uzbek spoken in Uzbekistan to a certain degree. However, it has differences in grammar and also many more loan words from Dari, the local New Persian variety, in which many Southern Uzbek speakers are proficient.[3]
Southern Uzbek Alphabet
[edit]
Southern Uzbek is written using the Perso-Arabic writing system called Arab Yozuv ("Arab Script"). The writing system is for the most part identical to Persian alphabet, with 3 additional letters. These include two vowels, "اۉ / ۉ" and "اې / ې" (optional in writing, and substitutable in practice by "او / و" and "ای / ی" respectively), which are meant to represent the sounds represented in Uzbek Latin Script with "E e" and "Oʻ oʻ". The alphabet also includes a combined consonant letter "نگ", formerly (and currently in writing systems such as Uyghur) shown with the letter "ڭ". This letter represents the sound /ŋ/, and represented in the Latin writing system with "-ng". This letter makes the Voiced velar nasal sound, where in English one can for example hear when pronouncing the word "wingman".
Uzbek has 6 vowels, and it has lost its vowel harmony rules, unlike other Turkic languages.[4]
| Notes | IPA | Arabic | Latin | Cyrillic | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Final | Medial | Initial | ||||
| [æ ~ ɑ] | ـه | ـَ | اَ | A a | А а | |
| [ɒ ~ ɔ] | ـا | آ | O o | О о | ||
| [i] | ـِی | ـِیـ | اِیـ | I i | И и | |
| In unvocalized spelling, it may be substituted by ی. Final -e is limited to Persian loanwords and its spelling depends on how vocabulary is spelled in Persian. For loanwords from other languages than Persian, ـِه is preferred. | [e] | ـې | ـېـ | اېـ | E e | Э э / Е е |
| ـِه | ||||||
| Only used in Persian and Arabic loanwords. | [i, e] | N/A | ـِ | اِ | I i E e |
И и Э э / Е е |
| [u] | ـُو | اُو | U u | У у | ||
| In unvocalized spelling, it may be substituted by و. | [o] | ـۉ | اۉ | Oʻ oʻ | Ў ў | |
| Only used in Persian and Arabic loanwords. | [u, o] | N/A | ـُ | اُ | U u Oʻ oʻ |
У у Ў ў |
Other than the additional combined letter "نگ / -ng", the consonants of Uzbek Arabic Alphabet are identical to that of Persian. Thus, there indeed is a case of various letters representing the same sound, as is the case in Persian. But the letters "ث، ح، ذ، ژ، ص، ض، ط، ظ، ع" are not used for writing of native Uzbek words. They are solely used for writing of loanwords from Arabic, Persian, or any of the European languages.
| Letter | Latin | IPA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Final | Medial | Initial | Isolated | ||
| ـب | ـبـ | بـ | ب | B b | /b/ |
| ـپ | ـپـ | پـ | پ | P p | /p/ |
| ـت | ـتـ | تـ | ت | T t | /t/ |
| ـث | ـثـ | ثـ | ث | S s | /s/ |
| ـج | ـجـ | جـ | ج | J j | /dʒ/ |
| ـچ | ـچـ | چـ | چ | Ch ch | /tʃ/ |
| ـح | ـحـ | حـ | ح | H h | /h/ |
| ـخ | ـخـ | خـ | خ | X x | /x/ |
| ـد | د | د | D d | /d/ | |
| ـذ | ذ | ذ | Z z | /z/ | |
| ـر | ر | ر | R r | /r/ | |
| ـز | ز | ز | Z z | /z/ | |
| ـژ | ژ | ژ | J j | /ʒ/ | |
| ـس | ـسـ | سـ | س | S s | /s/ |
| ـش | ـشـ | شـ | ش | Sh Sh | /ʃ/ |
| ـص | ـصـ | صـ | ص | S s | /s/ |
| ـض | ـضـ | ضـ | ض | Z z | /z/ |
| ـط | ـطـ | طـ | ط | T t | /t/ |
| ـظ | ـظـ | ظـ | ظ | Z z | /z/ |
| ـع | ـعـ | عـ | ع | ʻ | /ʔ/ |
| ـغ | ـغـ | غـ | غ | Gʻ gʻ | /ɣ~ʁ/ |
| ـف | ـفـ | فـ | ف | F f | /f/ |
| ـق | ـقـ | قـ | ق | Q q | /q/ |
| ـک | ـکـ | کـ | ک | K k | /k/ |
| ـگ | ـگـ | گـ | گ | G g | /g/ |
| ـم | ـمـ | مـ | م | M m | /m/ |
| ـن | ـنـ | نـ | ن | N n | /n/ |
| ـنگ | ـنگـ | - | نگ | -ng | /ŋ/ |
| ـو | و | و | V v | /v/ | |
| ـه | ـهـ | هـ | ه | H h | /h/ |
| ـی | ـیـ | یـ | ی | Y y | /j/ |
| - | ـئـ / ـأ / ـؤ | ئـ / أ / ؤ | ء | ʻ | /ʔ/ |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c Southern Uzbek at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
- ^ Scott Newton (20 November 2014). Law and the Making of the Soviet World: The Red Demiurge. Routledge. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-317-92978-9.
- ^ "Uzbek, Southern".
- ^ Asamura, Takao. “Longing for Legacy: Vowel Harmony in the Uzbek Standard Language, 1924-1934.” Russian and East European Studies 2007, no. 36 (2007): 48–60. https://doi.org/10.5823/jarees.2007.48.
- ^ Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963). Uzbek Structural Grammar (PDF). Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 18. Bloomington: Indiana University. pp. 16–18.
- ^ Uzbek Turki to Persian/Dari Dictionary, authored by D. Faizullah Aimaq (فرهنگ تورکی اوزبیکی به فارسی/ دری، تألیف داکتر فیض الله ایماق) [1] (Archive)
External links
[edit]Dictionaries
- Uzbek to Persian/Dari Dictionary (Archive) [PDF] by Dr. Faizullah Aimaq, Toronto, Canada
- Word translator from Southern Uzbek to Farsi
| Official languages | ||
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| Regional languages | ||
| Minority languages | ||
| Sign languages | ||
