Nisoish languages

Nisoish
Nisoish
Southeastern Loloish
Ethnicity	Yi people, Phula people
Geographic; distribution	Southern China, Vietnam
Linguistic classification	Sino-Tibetan Lolo-Burmese Loloish Ni–Li–Kazhuoish Nisoish; ; ; ;
Subdivisions	Northern Loloish (Nisoid); Southeastern Loloish (Axi-Puoid);
Language codes
ISO 639-3	yso
Glottolog	sout3212

The Nisoish or Yi languages, which contains both the Northern Loloish (Northern Ngwi) and Southeastern Loloish (Southeastern Ngwi) branches, are a branch of the Loloish languages proposed by Lama (2012). Northern Loloish and Southeastern Loloish were established by Bradley (1997), while the Nisoish group combining Bradley's two branches was proposed by Ziwo Lama (2012). Lama (2012) refers to Northern Loloish as Nisoid or Nisu–Lope, and Southeastern Loloish as Axi–Puoid.

Classification history

In the past, Southeastern Loloish languages had variously been classified as Northern Loloish or Central Loloish, but were later recognized as forming a separate branch of Loloish by Bradley (2002).^[1] Jamin Pelkey (2011:368-371) also noted that Southeastern Loloish and Northern Loloish branches are likely to be sister branches with each other. Shortly later, Ziwo Lama's (2012) computational phylogenetic analysis of the Lolo-Burmese languages gave further support to Pelkey's hypothesis. Northern Loloish and Southeastern Loloish languages were also found to constitute a single branch in Satterthwaite-Phillips' (2011) computational phylogenetic analysis of the Lolo-Burmese languages, who considers Nasu, Nosu, Nisu, and Samei as belonging to the same branch.^[2]

Languages

Lama (2012)'s Nisoish branch is contains two subgroups, namely Axi–Puoid (also known as Southeastern Loloish) and Nisoid (also known as Northern Loloish). Lama (2012) gives the following internal phylogeny for the Nisoish branch.

Nisoish

Axi–Puoid

Puoid

Zuoke, Pholo (≈ Phowa)

Axioid

	Azha

	Sani (–Samei), Azhe–Axi

Nisoid (Nisu–Lope)

Lope (Awu)

	Nuosu (incl. Qumusu, Niesu)

	Nasu (incl. Nesu, Gepo)

Nisu (Nishu)

Four of the six Yi languages (fangyan 方言) officially recognized by the Chinese government belong to Lama's Nisoish clade.

Northern Yi (Nuosu 诺苏)
Eastern Yi (Nasu 纳苏)
Southern Yi (Nisu 尼苏)
Southeastern Yi (Sani 撒尼)

However, the remaining two of the six officially recognized Yi languages belong to Lama's Lisoish clade.

Western Yi (Lalo 腊罗)
Central Yi (Lolopo 倮倮泼)

Phonological innovations

Lama (2012) lists the following changes from Proto-Loloish as phonological innovations among various branches and languages of Nisoish.

*NC- > NCʰ (Nasu and Gepu)
*s- > ɕ- (Zuoke and Polo)
*xl- > ɬ-, h- (Sani, Axi, Azhe, Azha)
*plh- > tʰ- (Nisoid)
*ŋg- > (n)dz-, dz- (Nisoid)

Demographics and varieties

Wang (2003)

Yiyu Fangyan Bijiao Yanjiu (彝语方言比较研究) by Wang Chengyou (王成有) (2003)^[3] gives phonological inventories for Yi (Nisoish) languages spoken in the following locations.

Miyajing, Sanhe, Nanhua County 南华县三河底米丫井村^[4]
Zhuangke, Zhuangke, Yao'an County 姚安县庄科乡庄科村^[5]
Langzhe, Yunshan, Yongsheng County 永胜县云山乡朗者村^[6]
Lang'e, Lang'e, Yongsheng County 永胜县莨莪乡茛莪村^[7]
Zhijuxiao, Zhonghe, Yongren County 永仁县中和乡直苴小村^[8]
Hongmai, Lijiang 丽江红麦; Tanglang language 堂郎语^[9]
Huazhuqing, Xin'an, Mojiang County 思茅地区墨江县新安乡滑竹箐^[10]
Hemezha, Digengzuo, Buqi, Tanhua, Dayao County 大姚县昙华乡补期地耕作黑么鲊村
Aiguo, Yangjiang, Weishan County 巍山县漾江农场爱国村^[11]
Sanjia, Chongfeng, Weishan County 巍山县冲锋乡三家村
Lewuju, Wule, Nanjian County 南涧县五乐乡五具村^[12]
Yanzijiao, Guanting, Jingxing, Mojiang County 思茅地区墨江县景星乡官厅岩子脚村^[13]
Xiaoguangshan, Baoxiu, Shiping County 红河州石屏县宝秀乡小光山村^[14]
Zuoluo, Honghe County 红河州红河县座落村^[15]
Zhuyuan, Zhuyuan, Laochang District, Xinping County 新平县老厂区竹园乡竹园村^[16]
Suomili, Laowudou, Xinping County 新平县老五斗乡梭咪里村
Washaozong, Tadian, Eshan County 峨山县塔甸乡瓦哨宗村^[17]
Suxiong, Ganluo County 凉山州甘洛县苏雄乡
Laodashu, 2nd Township, Huili County 凉山州会理县第二乡老大树
Lizi, Hongma, Xide County 凉山州喜德县红玛乡李子村
Damaichong (upper village), Hejia, Liangshan, Yuanmou County 元谋县凉山乡何家村大麦冲上队^[18]
Daxingzhai, Wenshan County 文山县大兴寨; Zuoke language 坐柯
Huangzhai (small village), Gaodeng, Wenshan County 文山县高登乡村公所荒寨小队;^[19] Azhapu language 阿扎仆
Longshu, Qiubei County 丘北县龙树村; Axi Touruo language 阿细拖若
Anwang, Guangnan County 广南县安王村;^[20] Flowery Lolo 花倮
Long'an, Funing County 富宁县龙安;^[21] White Lolo 白倮
Musang, Funing County 富宁县木桑村;^[22] Black Lolo 黑倮
Sayingpan, Luquan, Kunming City 昆明市禄劝撒营盘^[23]
Banaji, Wuding County 武定县罢纳吉村
Chijiabi, Biji, Xishan, Kunming City 昆明市西山区碧鸡乡赤甲碧村^[24]
2nd Village, Wafei, 5th District, Zhenxiong County 镇雄县五区娃飞乡二村^[25]
Laolin, Yanshan District, Zhaotong County 昭通县盐山区老林乡
Jingdi, Sayu, Zhaotong County 昭通县洒渔乡井底村^[26]
Longjie, 9th Township, Weining County 威宁县九乡龙街
Dafang County 大方县
Pan County 盘县
De'e, Longlin County 隆林县德峨
Axi 阿细: Xiaolongpu, Huakou, Xishan, Mile County 弥勒县西三镇花口村公所小龙铺村^[27]
Azhe 阿哲: Zhongzhai, Wushan, Mile County 弥勒县五山中寨村^[28]
Gupo 古泼: Songshulin, Niupo, Wushan, Mile County 弥勒县五山乡牛坡村公所松树林村^[29]
Sani 撒尼: Fengwu, Wujiepu, Luxi County 泸西县午街铺镇凤午村^[30]
Pula 濮拉: Wudupi, Chongmen, Mazheshao, Kaiyuan County 开远县马者哨乡冲门村委会乌都皮村^[31]
Nisu 尼苏: Baishengzhai (upper village), Baishengzhai, Yuanyang County 元阳县百胜寨乡百胜寨上村^[32]
Naisu 乃苏: Weisuo, Wushan, Mile County 弥勒县五山乡围锁村^[33]

YYFC (1983)

YYFC (1983)^[34] gives vocabulary lists for Yi (Nisoish) languages spoken in the following locations.

Luquan (autonym: na̱³³so³³pʰo⁵⁵): in Tuanjie Township 团街公社
Wuding (autonym: ʔᴀ⁵⁵lɑ̱³³pʰo⁵⁵): in Dongpo Township 东坡公社
Xundian (autonym: ne⁵⁵su̱³³pʰo⁵⁵): in Jiga, Sishao Village, Jijie Township 鸡街公社四哨大队既嘎村^[35]
Lunan (Heixi 黑夕) (autonym: ni⁵⁵sɛ²¹pʰu⁵⁵): in Miaozhuqing Township 亩竹箐公社
Luoping (autonym: na⁵⁵sɯ²¹pʰo⁵⁵): in Fawan, Dashuijing Township 大水井公社法湾大队^[36]
Weining (autonym: nɤ⁵⁵su¹³): in Shejigu, Longjie Township, District 9, Weining County, Guizhou 贵州威宁九区龙街公社奢基姑大队
Kunming (autonym: ʂaŋ²¹ni⁵¹): in Puzhao Village, Ala Township, Guandu District 官渡区阿拉公社普照村^[37]
Lunan (Sani 撒尼) (autonym: nɪ²¹): in Xuanzheng Village, Weize Township; and in Yehetaoshu Village, Xueshan Township 尾则公社宣政村、雪山公社野核桃树村^[38]
Mile (Awu 阿乌) (autonym: lo²¹³pʰɯ²¹): in Jieyupo, Shemu Village, Dongshan Township 东山公社舍木大队捷雨坡村^[39]
Mile (Axi 阿细) (autonym: ᴀ²¹ɕɪ⁵⁵pʰo²¹): in Youzhadi and Dapingdi villages, Gongyi Township 西一公社油乍地、大平地^[40]^[41]
Mile (Azhe 阿哲) (autonym: ᴀ²¹dʐɛ²²pʰo²¹): in Zhongzhai Shengchan, Sijia Village, Wushan Township 五山公社四家大队中寨生产队^[42]
Yanshan (autonym: pʰo⁵⁵lo⁵⁵): in Datiezhai, Changji Village, Ganhe Township 干河公社长吉大队大铁寨村^[43]
Wenshan (autonym: dzω²¹kʰω³³): in Daxingzhai, Zhuilijie Township 追栗街公社大兴寨
Funing (autonym: mo²¹ndʑi²¹): in Musang, Daping Village, Muyang Township 木央公社大坪大队木桑队^[44]
Xinping (autonym: ȵe̱³³ʂu⁵⁵): in Zhuyuan, Zhuyuan Village, Laochang Township 老厂公社竹园大队竹园村^[45]
Weishan (autonym: la²¹lu̪³³pa¹¹): in Wuying Township 武应公社[五印乡]
Yangbi (autonym: lᴀ²¹lu⁵⁵po⁵⁵): in Yangbi County 漾濞县
Yongren (autonym: lo³³lo³³pʰo²¹): in Zhiju, Zhonghe Township 中和公社直苴小村^[46]
Yongsheng (Taliu 它六) (autonym: tʰɑ²¹lu̪⁵⁵): in Village 9, Liude Village, Liude Township, 六德公社六德大队九队^[47]
Yongsheng (Lawu 拉务) (autonym: lᴀ²¹u²¹): in Wangjia, Maowu Shengchan Village, Lang'e Village, Xinghu Township 星湖公社莨莪大队茅五生产队王家村^[48]
Lijiang (autonym: tʰo³³lo³³za³³): in Shuimao, Hongqi Village, Tai'an Township 太安公社红旗大队水茅村
Yuanmou (autonym: niɛ³³su³³): in Upper Damaichong, Hejia Village, Liangshan Township 凉山公社何家村大队大麦冲上队^[49]
Liangshan (autonym: nɔ³³su³³): in Yanyuan County, Sichuan 凉山州盐源县
Honghe (autonym: ne³³ʂu⁵⁵pʰo²¹)
Shiping (autonym: nie̱³³su⁵⁵pʰo²¹)
Jiangcheng (autonym: ne̱³³su⁵⁵pʰo²¹)
Eshan (autonym: nᴀ³³su⁵⁵pʰo²¹)
Nanjian (autonym: la²¹lo³³pa²¹)

YYFC (1983) was subsequently republished as Zhang (2017).^[50]

References

^ Bradley, David (2002). "The Subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman". In Beckwith, Christopher; Blezer, Henk (eds.). Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages. Leiden: Brill. pp. 73–112.
^ Satterthwaite-Phillips, Damian (2011). Phylogenetic Inference of the Tibeto-Burman Languages or on the Usefulness of Lexicostatistics (And "Megalo"-Comparison) for the Subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman (Ph.D. thesis). Stanford University.
^ Wang, Chengyou 王成有 (2003). Yíyǔ fāngyán bǐjiào yánjiū 彝语方言比较研究 (in Chinese). Chengdu: Sichuan minzu chubanshe. ISBN 7-5409-2765-8.
^ "Nánhuá Xiàn Shāqiáo Zhèn Mǐyājǐng Cūnwěihuì" 南华县沙桥镇米垭井村委会 [Miyajing Village Committee, Shaqiao Town, Nanhua County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Zhuāngkē Cūnwěihuì" 庄科村委会 [Zhuangke Village Committee]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Yǒngshèng Xiàn Liùdé Lìsùzú Yízú Xiāng Yíngshān Cūnwěihuì Lǎngzhě Cūn" 永胜县六德傈僳族彝族乡营山村委会朗者村 [Langzhe Village, Yingshan Village Committee, Liude Lisu and Yi Ethnic Township, Yongsheng County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Yǒngshèng Xiàn Chénghǎi Zhèn Làngé Cūnwěihuì" 永胜县程海镇莨峨村委会 [Lang'e Village Committee, Chenghai Town, Yongsheng County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Yǒngrén Xiàn Zhōnghé Zhèn Zhíjū Cūnwěihuì" 永仁县中和镇直苴村委会 [Zhiju Village Committee, Zhonghe Town, Yongren County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Yùlóng Nàxīzú Zìzhìxiàn Tàiān Xiāng Hóngmài Cūnwěihuì" 玉龙纳西族自治县太安乡红麦村委会 [Hongmai Village Committee, Tai'an Township, Yulong Naxi Autonomous County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Mòjiāng Hānízú Zìzhìxiàn Xīn'ān Xiāng Xīnshēng Cūnwěihuì Huázhúqìng Zìráncūn" 墨江哈尼族自治县新安乡新生村委会华竹箐自然村 [Huazhuqing Natural Village, Xinsheng Village Committee, Xin'an Township, Mojiang Hani Autonomous County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Wēishān Yízú Huízú Zìzhìxiàn Qīnghuá Xiāng Yàngjiāng" 巍山彝族回族自治县青华乡漾江 [Yangjiang, Qinghua Township, Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ http://ww.ynszxc.net/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=30418 ^{[dead link]}
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^ "Shípíng Xiàn Bǎoxiù Zhèn Xiǎoguānshān Cūnwěihuì" 石屏县宝秀镇小官山村委会 [Xiaoguanshan Village Committee, Baoxiu Town, Shiping County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Hónghé Xiàn Bǎohuá Xiāng Bǎohuá Cūnwěihuì Zuòluò Cūn" 红河县宝华乡宝华村委会座落村 [Zuoluo Village, Baohua Village Committee, Baohua Township, Honghe County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ http://ww.ynszxc.net/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=250307 ^{[dead link]}
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^ "Yuánmóu Xiàn Liángshān Xiāng Nàdí Cūnwěihuì Dàmàichōng Shàng Cūn" 元谋县凉山乡那迪村委会大麦冲上村 [Damaichong Upper Village, Nadi Village Committee, Liangshan Township, Yuanmou County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Wénshān Shì Dōngshān Yízú Xiāng Huāngzhài Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Huāngzhài" 文山市东山彝族乡荒寨村民委员会荒寨 [Huangzhai Village Committee, Dongshan Yi Ethnic Township, Wenshan City]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Guǎngnán Xiàn Nánpíng Zhèn Ānwáng Cūnwěihuì" 广南县南屏镇安王村委会 [Anwang Village Committee, Nanping Town, Guangnan County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Fùníng Xiàn Mùyāng Zhèn Mùyāng Cūnwěihuì Lóngāndòng Cūn Xiǎozǔ" 富宁县木央镇木央村委会龙安洞村小组 [Longandong Village Group, Muyang Village Committee, Muyang Town, Funing County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Fùníng Xiàn Mùyāng Zhèn Dàpíng Cūnwěihuì Mùsāng Cūn Xiǎozǔ" 富宁县木央镇大坪村委会木桑村小组 [Musang Village Group, Daping Village Committee, Muyang Town, Funing County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "禄劝彝族苗族自治县撒营盘镇新农村建设信息网". ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Xīshān Qū Bìjī Jiēdào Bànshìchù Bìjī Jūwěihuì Chējiābì Cūn Jūmín Xiǎozǔ" 西山区碧鸡街道办事处碧鸡居委会车家壁村居民小组 [Chejiabi Village Residents' Group, Biji Residents' Committee, Biji Subdistrict Office, Xishan District]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Zhènxióng Xiàn Línkǒu Yízú Miáozú Xiāng Wáfēi Cūnwěihuì" 镇雄县林口彝族苗族乡娃飞村委会 [Wafei Village Committee, Linkou Yi and Miao Ethnic Township, Zhenxiong County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Zhāoyáng Qū Sūjiǎ Xiāng Jǐngdǐ Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì" 昭阳区苏甲乡井底村民委员会 [Jingdi Villagers Committee, Sujia Township, Zhaoyang District]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Mílè Xiàn Xīsān Zhèn Huākǒu Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Dàlóngpù Cūn" 弥勒县西三镇花口村民委员会大龙铺村 [Dalongpu Village, Huakou Village Committee, Xisan Town, Mile County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Mílè Xiàn Wǔshān Xiāng Sìjiā Cūnwěihuì Zhōngzhài Cūn" 弥勒县五山乡四家村委会中寨村 [Zhongzhai Village, Sijia Village Committee, Wushan Township, Mile County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Mílè Xiàn Wǔshān Xiāng Niúpíng Cūnwěihuì Sōngshùlín Cūn" 弥勒县五山乡牛平村委会松树林村 [Songshulin Village, Niuping Village Committee, Wushan Township, Mile County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Lúxī Xiàn Wǔjiēpù Zhèn Fèngwǔ Cūnwěihuì" 泸西县午街铺镇凤午村委会 [Fengwu Village Committee, Wujiepu Town, Luxi County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Kāiyuǎn Shì Mǎzhěshào Xiāng Chōngmén Cūnwěihuì Wūdōupí Cūn" 开远市马者哨乡冲门村委会乌都皮村 [Wudupi Village, Chongmen Village Committee, Mazheshao Township, Kaiyuan City]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Yuányáng Xiàn Xīnjiē Zhèn Bǎishèngzhài Cūnwěihuì Bǎishèng Shàng Zhài Cūn" 元阳县新街镇百胜寨村委会百胜上寨村 [Baishengzhai Upper Village, Baishengzhai Village Committee, Xinjie Town, Yuanyang County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Mílè Xiàn Wǔshān Xiāng Wūyī Cūnwěihuì Wéisuǒ Cūn" 弥勒县五山乡乌衣村委会围锁村 [Weisuo Village, Wuyi Village Committee, Wushan Township, Mile County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
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^ "Xúndiān Huízú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn Jījiē Xiāng Sìshào Cūnwěihuì Jìgāshào Cūn" 寻甸回族彝族自治县鸡街乡四哨村委会既嘎哨村 [Jigashao Village, Sishao Village Committee, Jijie Township, Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Luōpíng Xiàn Jiùwūjī Yízú Xiāng Fǎwān Cūnwěihuì Fǎwān Cūn" 罗平县旧屋基彝族乡法湾村委会法湾村 [Fawan Village, Fawan Village Committee, Jiuwuji Yi Ethnic Township, Luoping County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Guāndù Qū Ālā Yízú Xiāng Pǔzhào Cūnwěihuì Pǔzhào Cūn" 官渡区阿拉彝族乡普照村委会普照村 [Puzhao Village, Puzhao Village Committee, Ala Yi Ethnic Township, Guandu District]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Shílín Yízú Zìzhìxiàn Guīshān Zhèn Xiǎoguīshān Cūnwěihuì Yěhétáoshù Zìráncūn" 石林彝族自治县圭山镇小圭山村委会野核桃树自然村 [Yehetaoshu Natural Village, Xiaoguishan Village Committee, Guishan Town, Shilin Yi Autonomous County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Mílè Xiàn Dōngshān Zhèn Shěmù Cūnwěihuì Jíyǔpō Cūn" 弥勒县东山镇舍木村委会吉雨坡村 [Jiyupo Village, Shemu Village Committee, Dongshan Town, Mile County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Mílè Xiàn Xīyī Zhèn Yóuzhà Cūnwěihuì" 弥勒县西一镇油榨村委会 [Youzha Village Committee, Xiyi Town, Mile County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Mílè Xiàn Xīyī Zhèn Qǐfēi Cūnwěihuì Dàpíngdì Cūn" 弥勒县西一镇起飞村委会大平地村 [Dapingdi Village, Qifei Village Committee, Xiyi Town, Mile County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Mílè Xiàn Wǔshān Xiāng Sìjiā Cūnwěihuì Zhōngzhài Cūn" 弥勒县五山乡四家村委会中寨村 [Zhongzhai Village, Four Village Committee, Wushan Township, Mile County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Yànshān Xiàn Gànhé Yízú Xiāng Kǎjí Cūnmínwěi Dǎtiělǎozhài" 砚山县干河彝族乡卡吉村民委打铁老寨 [Datielaozhai, Kaji Village Committee, Ganhe Yi Ethnic Township, Yanshan County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Fùníng Xiàn Mùyāng Zhèn Dàpíng Cūnwěihuì Mùsāng Cūn Xiǎozǔ" 富宁县木央镇大坪村委会木桑村小组 [Musang Village Group, Daping Village Committee, Muyang Town, Funing County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Xīnpíng Xiàn Lǎochǎng Xiāng Zhúyuán Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì" 新平县老厂乡竹园村民委员会 [Zhuyuan Village Committee, Laochang Township, Xinping County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Yǒngrén Xiàn Zhōnghé Zhèn Tādejū Cūnwěihuì Xiǎozhíjū Cūn" 永仁县中和镇他的苴村委会小直苴村 [Xiaozhiju Village, Taju Village Committee, Zhonghe Town, Yongren County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Yǒngshèng Xiàn Liùdé Lìsùzú Yízú Xiāng Liùdé Cūnwěihuì" 永胜县六德傈僳族彝族乡六德村委会 [Liude Village Committee, Lisu and Yi Ethnic Township, Liude County, Yongsheng County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Yǒngshèng Xiàn Chénghǎi Zhèn Làngé Cūnwěihuì" 永胜县程海镇莨峨村委会 [Lang'e Village Committee, Chenghai Town, Yongsheng County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ "Yuánmóu Xiàn Liángshān Xiāng Nàdí Cūnwěihuì Dàmàichōng Shàng Cūn" 元谋县凉山乡那迪村委会大麦冲上村 [Damaichong Upper Village, Nadi Village Committee, Liangshan Township, Yuanmou County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
^ Zhang, Tingxian 张廷献 (2017). Yunnan Yiyu fangyan ciyuhui bian 云南彝语方言词语汇编. Kunming: Yunnan People's Publishing House 云南民族出版社. ISBN 978-7-5367-7323-3.

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