Portal:World/Topics

v t e Earth
Continents	Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America
Oceans	Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean
Geology	Age of Earth Geology Earth science Erosion Extremes on Earth Future Geological history time scale Geologic record Geophysics Gravity History of Earth Magnetic field Plate tectonics Structure
Atmosphere	Atmosphere of Earth Climate Global warming Weather
Environment	Biome Biosphere Ecology Ecosystem Human impact on the environment Evolutionary history of life Nature
Cartography	Digital mapping Satellite imagery Virtual globe World map
Culture and society	List of sovereign states dependent territories In culture Earth Day World economy Etymology World history Time zones World
Planetary science	Earth's orbit Evolution of Solar System Geology of solar terrestrial planets Location in the Universe The Moon Solar System
Outline of Earth

Continents of Earth

Afro-Eurasia (Old World)

Americas (New World)

Eurasia

Oceania

Prehistoric supercontinents
Gondwana
Laurasia
Pangaea
Pannotia
Rodinia
Columbia
Kenorland
Nena
Ur
Vaalbara

Other prehistoric continents
Amazonia
Arctica
Asiamerica
Atlantica
Avalonia
Baltica
Cimmeria
Congo Craton
Euramerica
Kalaharia
Kazakhstania
Laramidia
Laurentia
North China
Siberia
South China
East Antarctica
Pampia
Cuyania
Chilenia

Submerged continent/landmasses
Beringia
Doggerland
Kerguelen Plateau
Mauritia
Sahul
Sunda
Zealandia

Possible future supercontinents
Pangaea Proxima
Amasia
Novopangaea
Aurica

Mythical, lost and hypothesised continents
Atlantis
Kumari Kandam
Lemuria
Meropis
Mu
Hyperborea
Terra Australis

See also: Regions of the world
Continental fragment

Earth's primary regions and subregions

v t e Regions of Africa
Central	Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Cameroonian Highlands forests East Sudanian savanna Congolian rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau
East	African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Virunga Mountains Kavirondo Zanj East African montane forests Eastern Arc Mountains Serengeti Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al-Habash Barbaria Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Dahlak Archipelago Hanish Islands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Red Sea Indian Ocean islands Comoro Islands Lamu Archipelago Madagascar Central Highlands Northern Highlands Zanzibar Archipelago Swahili coast
North	Eastern Desert Maghreb Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Barbary Coast Gibraltar Arc Ifriqiya Nile Valley Nile Delta Bashmur Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Tibesti Mountains Western Sahara
South	Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Maputaland Highveld Fynbos Indian Ocean coastal belt Albany thickets Cape Floristic Region Skeleton Coast Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta Cape Peninsula False Bay
West	Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Guinean Forests of West Africa Upper Guinean forests Lower Guinean forests Guinean forest-savanna mosaic Guinea Highlands Gulf of Guinea Dahomey Gap Niger Basin Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta West Sudanian savanna Yorubaland
Macro-regions	Aethiopia Afromontane Arab world Commonwealth realm Equatorial Africa Françafrique Greater Middle East Guineo-Congolian region Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean basin MENASA Middle East Middle East and North Africa Miombo woodlands Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese-speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Southeast Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan (region) Sudanian savanna Tropical Africa Zambezian region

v t e Regions of Asia
Central (The 'stans)	Roof of the World Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Tartary Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Arachosia Khwarazm Sistan Kazakhstania Kazakh Steppe Betpak-Dala Eurasian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Mongolian–Manchurian grassland Iranian plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans-Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier Tibetan Plateau
East (Northeast)	Orient Japanese Archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korea Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Greater Central Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Northeast China Northeast China Plain Outer Manchuria Mongolian–Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Liaodong Peninsula High-mountain Asia Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Karakoram Kunlun Mountains Qilian Mountains Hengduan Mountains Tarim Basin Qinling Mountains Sichuan Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze Yangtze Delta Yellow River Pearl River Delta Yenisey Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Far East/Pacific Asia Ring of Fire Asia–Pacific Tropical Asia
North (Siberia)	Arctic Arctic Circle Inner Asia Northeast Ural Ural Mountains Far East/Pacific Asia Russian Far East Okhotsk–Manchurian taiga Beringia Chukchi Peninsula Kamchatka Peninsula Extreme North Tartary Siberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal) Baraba steppe Khatanga Gulf Transbaikal West Amur Basin Yenisey Gulf Yenisey Basin Sikhote-Alin Kolyma Bering Strait Ring of Fire Outer Manchuria Asia–Pacific
Southeast (East Indies)	Orient Sundaland Mainland/Indochina Northern Triangle temperate forests Maritime/Malay Archipelago Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago/Nusantara Wallacea Timor Philippine Archipelago Luzon Mindanao Visayas Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Far East/Pacific Asia Ring of Fire Asia–Pacific Tropical Asia
South (Indian Subcontinent)	Subregions Eastern Northern Northwestern Southern Orient Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Kangchenjunga Nanda Devi Hindu Kush Bactria Carnatic region Tamilakam Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Guzgan Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Gedrosia Makran Marathwada Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo-Gangetic Plain Eastern Coastal Plains Kalinga Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit-Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley High-mountain Asia Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bengal Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Halar Gulf of Mannar Palk Strait Trans-Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Laccadive Islands Aminidivi Paropamisadae Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldives Alpide belt Asia–Pacific Tropical Asia Tibetan Plateau
West (Middle East and South Caucasus)	Red Sea Hanish Islands Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Elam Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al-Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Al-Yamama Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Al-Sharat Tigris–Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh Plains Akkad (region) Babylonia Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Eber-Nari Kurdistan Levant (Syria region) Palestine region Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Philistia Golan Heights Hula Valley Galilee Canaan Gilead Syrian Desert Judea Samaria Arabah Aram Aram-Naharaim Negev Phoenicia Retjenu Anti-Lebanon Mountains Bekaa valley Levantine Sea Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Fertile Crescent Iranian Azerbaijan Hauran Iranian plateau Dasht-e Kavir Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus South Caucasus Shirvan Kur-Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Kartli Anatolia Taurus Mountains Aeolis Paphlagonia Phasiane Isauria Ionia Bithynia Cilicia Cappadocia Caria Corduene Chaldia Doris Lycaonia Lycia Lydia Galatia Pisidia Pontus Mysia Arzawa Speri Sophene Biga Peninsula Troad Tuwana Alpide belt

v t e Regions of Europe
North	Arctic Arctic Circle Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Jutland Gotland Sápmi Ingria West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Livonia Curonian Spit Nemunas Delta Cap of the North
East	Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Wallachia Transylvania Moldavia Bukovina Bessarabia Livonia Ruthenia Carpathian Ruthenia Donbas Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izium Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Crimea Caucasus Greater Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Arctic Arctic Circle Taman Peninsula Southern Russia Kola Peninsula East European Plain Ryn Desert Cap of the North
Central	North European Plain Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Rhineland Eastphalia Westphalia Prussia Lusatia Bohemia Moravia Silesia Czech Silesia Pomerania Pomerelia Kashubia Bukovina Istria Transdanubia Polesia Germania Germania Slavica
West	Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Doggerland Upper Rhine Plain Upper Rhine Gaul Gascony Normandy Brittany Septimania Batavia Gulf of Lion Iberia Al-Andalus Baetic System Meseta Central Pyrenees Alpide belt
South	Italy Po Valley (Padania) Italian Peninsula Tuscan Archipelago Insular Italy Aegadian Islands Occitania Iberia Al-Andalus Baetic System Meseta Central Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Epirus Rumelia Balkans Aegean Sea Aegean Islands Attica Boeotia Opuntian Locris Phocis Megaris Peloponnese Chalkidiki Aetolia Gulf of Chania Istria Mediterranean Alpide belt
Related	Germanic Romance Celtic Slavic countries European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic–Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Macaronesia
Regions of Europe

Regions of North America

Upper Northern
(i.e. Canada and Alaska (US))

Eastern	Atlantic Canada The Maritimes Central Canada Great Lakes
Northern (Canada and Alaska)	North American Arctic Arctic Circle Canadian Arctic Archipelago Alaska Aleutian Arc Aleutian Islands Aleutian Range Alaska Peninsula Bering Strait Gulf of Alaska Greenland
Western	Pacific Northwest Cascadia Prairie Pothole Region
Acadia Acadian Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Banks Peninsula (Nunavut) Brodeur Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Canadian Prairies Canadian Shield Cook Peninsula Cypress Hills English Canada French Canada Gaspé Peninsula Georgian Bay Gulf Islands Gulf of Boothia Hudson Bay Interior Alaska–Yukon lowland taiga James Bay Kodiak Island Labrador Peninsula Melville Peninsula Newfoundland Island Palliser's Triangle Peace River Country Quebec City–Windsor Corridor Strait of Georgia The Maritimes Vancouver Island

Lower Northern
(i.e. United States)

Central	Midwest Upper Midwest Old Southwest Tallgrass prairie
Eastern	Appalachia East Coast Northeast Atlantic Northeast Mid-Atlantic New England Southeast Thirteen Colonies
Northern	East North Central states Great Lakes
Southern	Deep South Old South South Central Gulf Coast Upland South
Southwestern	Four Corners Great Basin Llano Estacado West Texas Santa Fe de Nuevo México Southern Rocky Mountains
Western	Basin and Range Province Northwest Cascadia Inland Northwest Pacific Northwest West Coast
Pacific Coast Ranges Oregon Trail Mormon corridor Calumet Region Llano Estacado Third Coast Backcountry Trans-Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark-La-Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mountain states Intermountain West Mojave Desert The Dakotas Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay East Bay Silicon Valley Interior Alaska–Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile–Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula "Belt" regions Bible Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt

Mexico

Central	Bajío Huasteca Islas Marías La Mixteca Mezquital Valley Revillagigedo Islands Sierra Gorda Tierra Caliente Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests Valley of Mexico
Northern	Baja California peninsula Basin and Range Province Comarca Lagunera Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Isla Llave Lerdo Landing Pimería Alta Salton Trough Sierra de San Francisco
Southern	Chiapas Highlands Isthmus of Tehuantepec Ku-Maloob-Zaap Petén Basin Puuc Sierra Madre de Chiapas Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Sierra Madre del Sur Soconusco Triangle of the Sun Yucatán Peninsula
Gulf of Mexico Sierra Madre Occidental Sierra Madre Oriental

Central

West Indies

North America portal

Regions of Oceania

Australasia

Australia

Mainland Australia

Australian Capital Territory	Canberra
Jervis Bay Territory	Jervis Bay Village Wreck Bay Village
New South Wales	Central Coast Central Tablelands Central West Far West Greater Blue Mountains Area Hunter Illawarra Mid North Coast Monaro New England North West Slopes Northern Rivers Northern Tablelands Orana Riverina South Coast South West Slopes Southern Highlands Southern Tablelands
Northern Territory	Arnhem Land Barkly Tableland Central Australia Darwin Katherine Top End
Queensland	Central West Central Darling Downs Far North Gulf Country North South East South West Wide Bay–Burnett
South Australia	Adelaide Hills Barossa Light and Lower North Eastern Adelaide Eyre Western Far North Fleurieu and Kangaroo Island Limestone Coast Murray and Mallee Northern Adelaide Southern Adelaide Western Adelaide Yorke and Mid North
Victoria	Barwon South West Gippsland Grampians Greater Melbourne Hume Loddon Mallee
Western Australia	Gascoyne Goldfields–Esperance Great Southern Greater Perth Perth Metropolitan Area Kimberley Mid West Peel Pilbara South West Wheatbelt

Tasmania

External Territories

Australian Indian Ocean Territories	Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands

New Zealand‡

North Island

South Island

Outlying Islands

NZ Subantarctic Islands	Antipodes Islands Auckland Islands Bounty Islands Campbell Islands Snares Islands

Melanesia

Island Melanesia

East Melanesian Islands

Solomon Islands Archipelago	Bougainville Bonis Peninsula Solomon Islands

New Guinea

Aru Islands

Papua New Guinea	Highlands Region Momase Region Huon Gulf Huon Peninsula Southern Region
Western New Guinea	Central Papua Highland Papua Papua South Papua Southwest Papua West Papua

Micronesia

Polynesia

Polynesian Triangle

Phoenix Islands	Canton Island Howland and Baker Islands Baker Island Howland Island

Polynesian Outliers

‡ also part of Polynesia

v t e Regions of South America
East	Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado
North	Caribbean South America West Indies Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta
South	Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula Triple Frontier Río de la Plata Río de la Plata Basin
West	Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert
Middle Latin Hispanic Bolivarian American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC

v t e Earth's polar regions
Antarctic	Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands
Arctic	Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic

v t e Earth's oceans and seas
Antarctic/Southern Ocean	Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser-Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea
Arctic Ocean	Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Pechora Sea Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea
Atlantic Ocean	Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea American Mediterranean Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Lion Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Sidra Gulf of St. Lawrence Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Sea of Marmara Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea
Indian Ocean	Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea
Pacific Ocean	Arafura Sea Bali Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Java Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seram Sea Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea
Endorheic basins	Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea
Others	Ocean Sea Superocean
Oceans portal Category

Geological history of Earth

Cenozoic Era
(present–66.0 Ma)

Quaternary (present–2.58 Ma)	Holocene (present–11.7 ka) Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
Neogene (2.58–23.0 Ma)	Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma) Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
Paleogene (23.0–66.0 Ma)	Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma) Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma) Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)

Mesozoic Era
(66.0–252 Ma)

Cretaceous (66.0–145 Ma)	Late (66.0–100 Ma) Early (100–145 Ma)
Jurassic (145–201 Ma)	Late (145–164 Ma) Middle (164–174 Ma) Early (174–201 Ma)
Triassic (201–252 Ma)	Late (201–237 Ma) Middle (237–247 Ma) Early (247–252 Ma)

Paleozoic Era
(252–539 Ma)

Permian (252–299 Ma)	Lopingian (252–260 Ma) Guadalupian (260–272 Ma) Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
Carboniferous (299–359 Ma)	Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma) Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
Devonian (359–419 Ma)	Late (359–383 Ma) Middle (383–393 Ma) Early (393–419 Ma)
Silurian (419–444 Ma)	Pridoli (419–423 Ma) Ludlow (423–427 Ma) Wenlock (427–433 Ma) Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
Ordovician (444–485 Ma)	Late (444–458 Ma) Middle (458–470 Ma) Early (470–485 Ma)
Cambrian (485–539 Ma)	Furongian (485–497 Ma) Miaolingian (497–509 Ma) Series 2 (509–521 Ma) Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)

Proterozoic Eon
(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)

Neoproterozoic (539 Ma–1 Ga)	Ediacaran (539–635 Ma) Cryogenian (635–720 Ma) Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
Mesoproterozoic (1–1.6 Ga)	Stenian (1–1.2 Ga) Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga) Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
Paleoproterozoic (1.6–2.5 Ga)	Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga) Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga) Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga) Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)

Archean Eon (2.5–4 Ga)

Hadean Eon (4–4.6 Ga)

ka = kiloannum (thousand years ago); Ma = megaannum (million years ago); Ga = gigaannum (billion years ago).
See also: Geologic time scale •

Geology portal •

World portal

v t e World's largest cities
City proper	Capitals Americas (North Latin Central South) Asia (Arab world ASEAN Arabia East, South and Southeast Asia) Europe (European Union Nordic)
Metropolitan area	Americas (North South West Indies) Europe (European Union Nordic) Asia Africa Middle East
Urban area/agglomeration	Asia Africa Europe European Union Nordic North America Oceania Transborder
Historical	World Europe
Related articles	Arcology Ecumenopolis Global city Megacity Megalopolis Conurbation Satellite city population Primate city Secondary city

v t e Lists of World Heritage Sites
Locations	Africa Americas North America Central America Caribbean South America Asia Eastern Northern and Central Southeast Southern Western Europe Eastern Northern Southern Western Oceania
Related	World Heritage in Danger Former sites By country By year of inscription

World cinema

National cinema

Africa

Northern	Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Tunisia
Eastern	Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Mauritius Somalia South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda
Western	Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Ghana Liberia Niger Nigeria Senegal Togo
Central	Cameroon Central African Republic Chad D.R. Congo Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe
Southern	Angola Botswana Namibia South Africa Zambia Zimbabwe

Asia

Eastern	China Hong Kong Japan Mongolia Korea North South Taiwan
Southern	Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Assamese Bengal Bhojpuri Chhattisgarhi Deccani Dogri Gujarati Haryanvi Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Malayalam Meitei Marathi Oriya Punjabi Rajasthani Sanskrit Tamil Telugu Tulu Nepal Pakistan Lollywood Sri Lanka
Southeastern	Burma Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam
Central	Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
Western	Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jewish Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen

Europe

Eastern	Austria Belarus Czech Republic Germany German Turks Hungary Moldova Poland Romania Russia Russian Empire Soviet Union Slovakia Switzerland Ukraine
Northern	Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland Iceland Latvia Lithuania Norway Sweden
Southern	Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Greece Italy Kosovo Malta Montenegro North Macedonia Serbia Yugoslavia Slovenia
Western	Belgium France Ireland Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal United Kingdom Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Spain Catalonia Galicia

Americas

North	Canada Quebec Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Haiti Jamaica Mexico United States Puerto Rico
South	Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru (Iquitos) Uruguay Venezuela

Oceania

Intercontinental

Film portal

World exhibitions

Bureau International des Expositions (BIE)

Retrospectively
recognized
expositions

BIE-recognized
Universal
expositions

BIE-recognized
specialized
expositions

BIE-recognized
horticultural
exhibitions (AIPH)

Not BIE-
recognized

Africa	Cape Town 1877 Kimberley 1892–1893 Johannesburg 1936–1937
Asia	Calcutta 1883–1884 Hanoi 1902 Nanking 1910 Semarang 1914 Hangzhou 1929 Taihoku (Taipei) 1935 Nagoya 1937 Clark 1998 Shenyang 2006
Europe	London 1756 Dublin 1853 Manchester 1857 Porto 1865 Stockholm 1866 London 1871–1874 Lyon 1872 Vienna 1873 Amsterdam 1883 Liverpool 1886 London 1886 Copenhagen 1888 Glasgow 1888 Frankfurt 1891 Prague 1891 Lyon 1894 Oporto 1894 Berlin 1896 Stockholm 1897 Glasgow 1901 Cork 1902 London 1905 London 1906 Marseille 1906 Dublin 1907 London 1908 Zaragoza 1908 London 1910 Dresden 1911 London 1911 London 1912 Lyon 1914 Cologne 1914 London 1914 Kristiania 1914 Malmö 1914 London 1921 Marseille 1922 Gothenburg 1923 British Empire Exhibition 1924–1925 Antwerp 1930 Stockholm 1930 Paris 1931 Porto 1934 Glasgow 1938 Stockholm 1943
North America	New York City 1826–1897 Bryant Park, New York City 1853 Atlanta 1881 Louisville 1883–1887 New Orleans 1884 Atlanta 1887 San Francisco 1894 Atlanta 1895 Nashville 1897 Omaha 1898 Buffalo 1901 Charleston 1901–1902 Portland, Oregon 1905 Jamestown 1907 Seattle 1909 Knoxville 1913 San Diego 1915–1917 Bronx 1918 Philadelphia 1926 San Diego 1935–1936 Dallas 1936 Cleveland 1936–1937 Dallas 1937 San Francisco 1939–1940 Chicago 1940 New York City 1964–1965
Oceania	Geelong 1862 Melbourne 1866 Sydney 1870 Melbourne 1875 Brisbane 1876 Sydney 1879 Adelaide 1887 Melbourne 1888 Dunedin 1889 Christchurch 1906 Auckland 1913–1914 Dunedin 1925 Wellington 1939–1940
South America	Santiago 1875 Buenos Aires 1910 Rio de Janeiro 1922

^†Postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic

v t e Carnival around the world
Asia	Indonesia Solo Jember Jakarta
Europe	Austria Belgium Aalst Binche Croatia Denmark England France Nice Paris Belarus, Russia, Ukraine Germany Cologne Mainz Greece Hungary Italy Venice Viareggio Ivrea Lithuania Malta Netherlands Portugal Madeira Ovar Spain Cádiz Las Palmas Santa Cruz Switzerland Basel Turkey
North America	Canada Ottawa Quebec City Toronto México United States Mobile New Orleans New York City
Caribbean	Antigua Bahamas Barbados Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Haiti Nevis Puerto Rico (Ponce) Trinidad and Tobago
South America	Argentina Buenos Aires Murga Bolivia Oruro Brazil Bahia Rio Colombia Barranquilla Negros y Blancos French Guiana Cayenne Guyana Uruguay
Oceania	Australia

v t e World Sailing
World championships in sailing Sailing at the Summer Olympics Sailing at the Summer Paralympics Sailing at the Youth Olympic Games
Confederations	ASF ASCON EUROSAF OSAF SASC
World Championships	Sailing World Championships Youth Sailing World Championships ISAF Offshore Team Racing World Championship ISAF Open Match Racing World Championship Para World Sailing Championships ISAF Team Racing World Championship Women's Match Racing World Championship eSailing World Championship
World Cup	Sailing World Cup
Special events	America's Cup Extreme Sailing Series PWA World Tour Star Sailors League Vendée Globe Volvo Ocean Race World Match Racing Tour
Presidents	Sir Ralph Gore (1946–1955) Sir Peter Scott (1955–1969) Beppe Croce (1969–1986) Peter Tallberg (1986–1994) Paul Henderson (1994–2004) Göran Petersson (2004–2012) Carlo Croce (2012–2016) Kim Andersen (2016–2020) Quanhai Li (2020-present)
Awards	World Sailor of the Year ISAF Sailing Hall of Fame Beppe Croce Trophy

Olympic Games

Olympic sports
Olympism

IOC	Charter Olympic Congress IOC meetings International sports federations
Medals	Medal table All-time medal table youth Medal table leaders by Olympic Games Medalists youth Medal ties Incentives by country Stripped medals Olympic diploma Olive wreath
Nations	Summer Olympics Winter Olympics tropical nations country codes
Host cities	Bids youth Venues youth Olympic Stadium
Ceremonies	Olympic Mass People who opened the Olympics Torch relays lighters of the Olympic cauldron Keepers of the Olympic flag
Media	Television Olympic Broadcasting Services Olympic Channel American Social media Films summer winter Video games
Symbols	Flame Olympiad Oath Songs and anthems Hymn Emblem Poster Mascots Coins summer (pre-2000) summer (2000-present) winter Pierre de Coubertin Medal Olympic Cup Olympic Diploma of Merit Olympic Laurel Olympic Order
Other	Art competitions at the Olympics medalists Scandals and controversies antisemitism colonialism doping Deaths WWI WWII Participation of women
Related	Paralympic Games Continental African Asian European Pacific Pan-American Olympic Esports Series Deaflympics Special Olympics 1906 Intercalated Games Ancient Olympic Games

Olympic Games
Summer	1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin^[a] 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo^[b] 1944 London^[b] 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio 2020 Tokyo^[c] 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 Brisbane 2036 TBD
Winter	1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo^[b] 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo^[b] 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake 2006 Torino 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 PyeongChang 2022 Beijing 2026 Milano Cortina 2030 French Alps 2034 Salt Lake City–Utah

Youth Olympic Games
Summer	2010 Singapore 2014 Nanjing 2018 Buenos Aires 2026 Dakar 2030
Winter	2012 Innsbruck 2016 Lillehammer 2020 Lausanne 2024 Gangwon 2028
^ Cancelled due to World War I ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cancelled due to World War II ^ Postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic

Economic classification of countries

Three-World Model

Gross domestic product (GDP)

Nominal	By country past and projected per capita per capita
Purchasing power parity (PPP)	By country future estimates per capita per capita per person employed

Gross national income (GNI)

Wages

Wealth

Other national accounts

Human development

Digital divide

Net international
investment position (NIIP)

Economics portal

Global catastrophic risks

Technological

Sociological

Ecological

Climate change

Earth Overshoot Day

Biological

Extinction	Extinction event Holocene extinction Human extinction List of extinction events Genetic erosion Genetic pollution
Others	Biodiversity loss Decline in amphibian populations Decline in insect populations Biotechnology risk Biological agent Biological warfare Bioterrorism Colony Collapse Disorder Defaunation Dysgenics Interplanetary contamination Pandemic Pollinator decline Overfishing

Astronomical

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World War I

Theatres

European	Balkans Serbia Western Front Eastern Front Romania Italian Front
Middle Eastern	Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia
African	South West East Kamerun Togoland North
Asian and Pacific	Tsingtao German Samoa German New Guinea
Naval warfare	U-boat campaign North Atlantic Mediterranean

Principal
participants

Entente powers	Leaders Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia Siam United Kingdom British Empire United States
Central Powers	Leaders Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria

Timeline

Pre-War conflicts	Franco-Prussian War Scramble for Africa (1880–1914) Russo-Japanese War (1905) Tangier Crisis (1905–06) Bosnian Crisis (1908–09) Agadir Crisis (1911) Italo-Turkish War (1911–12) First Balkan War (1912–13) Second Balkan War (1913)
Prelude	Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis
Autumn 1914	Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia First Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres
1915	Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Sinking of the RMS Lusitania Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice–Tarnów offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos
1916	Erzurum offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov offensive Baranovichi offensive Battle of Romani Monastir offensive Battle of Transylvania
1917	Capture of Baghdad February Revolution Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky offensive Battle of Mărăști Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) Battle of Mărășești Third Battle of Oituz Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine offensive October Revolution Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Focșani Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
1918	Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest-Litovsk German spring offensive Zeebrugge Raid Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 Battle of Goychay Second Battle of the Piave River Second Battle of the Marne Hundred Days Offensive Vardar offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse–Argonne offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Second Romanian campaign Armistice with Germany Armistice of Belgrade
Other conflicts	Somaliland campaign (1900–1920) Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) Libyan resistance (1911–1932) Muscat rebellion (1913–1920) Maritz rebellion (1914–15) Zaian War (1914–1921) Kurdish rebellions (1914–1917) Kelantan rebellion (1915) Senussi campaign (1915–16) Volta-Bani War (1915–1917) Easter Rising (1916) Darfur Expedition (1916) Kaocen revolt (1916–17) Central Asian Revolt (1916-17) Russian Revolution (1917) Manchu Restoration (1917) Finnish Civil War (1918)
Post-War conflicts	Russian Civil War (1917–1921) Soviet–Ukrainian War (1917–1921) Armenian–Azerbaijani War (1918–1920) Armeno-Georgian War (1918) German Revolution (1918–19) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920) Hungarian–Romanian War (1918–19) Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19) Estonian War of Independence (1918–1920) Latvian War of Independence (1918–1920) Lithuanian Wars of Independence (1918–1920) Polish–Ukrainian War (1918–19) Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919) Egyptian Revolution (1919) Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921) Irish War of Independence (1919–1921) Turkish War of Independence Franco-Turkish War (1918-1921) Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) Turkish–Armenian War (1920) Iraqi revolt (1920) Polish–Lithuanian War (1920) Vlora War (1920) Franco-Syrian War (1920) Soviet–Georgian War (1921)

Aspects

Warfare	Trench warfare Chemical weapons Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Strategic bombing Cryptography Horse use
Atrocities Civilian impact	Spanish flu Blockade of Germany Deportations from East Prussia Destruction of Kalisz Ottoman people Armenian genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Rape of Belgium Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia Bulgarian occupations Albania Serbia German occupations Belgium Luxembourg Northeastern France Ober Ost Russian occupations Eastern Galicia Western Armenia
Agreements	Constantinople Agreement Treaty of London Damascus Protocol Bulgaria–Germany treaty Sykes–Picot Agreement Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement Paris Economy Pact Treaty of Bucharest Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
Peace treaties	Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Treaty of Bucharest Paris Peace Conference Treaty of Versailles Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Lausanne

Category

World War II

Outline
Military engagements
- Battles
- Operations
Leaders
- Allied
- Axis
- Commanders
Casualties
Conferences

General

Topics	Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II
Theaters	Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas
Aftermath	Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations
War crimes	Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Ianjo Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Marocchinate Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland

Participants

Allies	Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria (from September 1944) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (Swaziland) Finland (from September 1944) France Free France Greece India Italy (from September 1943) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania (from August 1944) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia
Axis	Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) Wang Jingwei regime Croatia Finland (until September 1944) Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovakia Thailand Vichy France
Resistance	Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia
POWs	Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union Soviet prisoners Finland mistreatment by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union

Timeline

Prelude	Africa Asia Europe
1939	Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China
1940	Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass
1941	East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union Summer War Finland (Silver Fox) Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo (1941–1942) Greek famine of 1941–1944
1942	Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu (occupation) Kiska Zhejiang-Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore St Nazaire Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943
1943	Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Bengal famine of 1943
1944	Monte Cassino / Anzio Narva Korsun–Cherkassy Tempest Ichi-Go Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines (1944–1945) Burma (1944–1945) Dutch famine of 1944–1945
1945	Vistula–Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy (Spring 1945) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany document Project Hula Manchuria Manila Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Vietnamese famine of 1945 Surrender of Japan document End of World War II in Asia