Armistice of Focșani
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 "Bukarester Tagblatt" announcing the conclusion of the truce | |
| Type | Truce |
|---|---|
| Signed | 9 December 1917 |
| Location | Focșani, Kingdom of Romania |
| Negotiators |
|
| Parties | |
The Armistice of Focșani (Romanian: Armistițiul de la Focșani, also called the Truce of Focșani) was an agreement that ended the hostilities between Romania (member of the Allied Powers) and the Central Powers in World War I. It was signed on 9 December 1917 in Focșani in Romania.
Background
[edit]Romania had entered World War I in August 1916, invading Austria-Hungary in an attempt to seize Transylvania. However, the Central Powers launched a successful counteroffensive in September 1916, capturing Bucharest and occupying approximately two thirds of the Romanian territory by December 1916. The Romanian government was forced to retreat to Iași, in the historical region of Moldavia, but was able to stave off complete collapse thanks to the numerous Russian reinforcements that had been sent to Romania to prevent a Central Power invasion of southern Russia at the beginning of 1917, and later, in spite of the unwillingness of the Russian troops to continue fighting, thanks to the successful repulse of the Central Powers' offensive at Mărășești and Oituz.[2][3]
Truce
[edit]
After the October Revolution of 1917, Russia fell into civil war, and the Russian government began withdrawing its troops from Romania. On 4 and 5 December 1917, the Russians signed two ceasefire agreements with the Central Powers, followed later (on 15 December) by a full armistice and, under the direction of Leon Trotsky and Adolph Joffe, peace negotiations with the Central Powers in Brest-Litovsk. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk made Romania geographically exposed. Lacking Russian support, the Romanian government was subsequently forced to sue for peace.[2][4]
The resulting truce was signed on 9 December 1917 in Focșani on the Siret River, which was the site of the main Romanian defensive line. The armistice ended Romanian hostilities with Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.
Aftermath
[edit]While the fighting had ended, much of Romania remained under Central Powers occupation after the truce. On 7 May 1918, following this Armistice of Focșani, the Romanian government signed the punitive Treaty of Bucharest, which required Romania to cede Southern Dobruja, the southern Northern Dobruja, and several passes in the Carpathian Mountains and grant multiple economic privileges to the Central Powers.[3][5] On 10 October 1918, Romania claimed its disabling of the Treaty of Bucharest to rejoin the Allied Powers against the Central Powers.
In 1919, Romania's territorial cessions to Germany were renounced in the Treaty of Versailles. Romania's cessions to Austria-Hungary were renounced in the Treaty of Saint-Germain in 1919 and the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, while the cessions to Bulgaria were renounced in the Treaty of Neuilly in 1919.
Notes
[edit]- ^ Ștefan Borcea (22 April 2015). "Armistiţiul de la Focşani din anul 1917, "vântul de abandon şi de trădare". Salvarea României a venit pe termen scurt, cu consecinţe ireparabile (Armistice of Focșani from 1917, "the wind of abandonment and treason". Romania's salvation came on short term, with irreparable consequences)" (in Romanian). Adevărul. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ^ a b Home, p.455
- ^ a b Tucker, p.1555
- ^ Bunyan, James (1934). The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-1918: Documents and Materials. Stanford University Press. p. 273. ISBN 9780804703444.
- ^ Home, p.456
References
[edit]- Home, John (2012). A Companion to World War I. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781119968702.
- Tucker, Spencer (2006). World War I: A Student Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851098798.
Further reading
[edit]- Glenn E. Torrey (1989), "Romania Leaves the War: The Decision to Sign an Armistice, December 1917", East European Quarterly, 23 (3): 283–92