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Seniority in the United States House of Representatives

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This is a complete list of current members of the United States House of Representatives based on seniority. For the most part, representatives are ranked by the beginning of their terms in office. Representatives whose terms begin the same day are ranked alphabetically by last name.

Seniority calculation

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Seniority is calculated by:

  1. Number of total terms served (subtracting one term from the number of non-consecutive terms)
  2. Number of consecutive terms served
  3. Alphabetically by last name[1]

An additional clause applies for representatives that have a prior tenure of less than two terms. In this case, they will have preference over all other members who are freshmen by tenure.[citation needed]

An example of this ranking system is Rep. Pete Sessions had previously served eleven terms, from 1997 to 2019 (after his defeat in the 2018 midterms), when he was once again elected in 2020. Instead of holding seniority with others whose terms began January 3, 2021, he was credited with ten terms, and holds seniority above all representatives whose terms began on or after January 3, 2001.

Benefits of seniority

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Committee leadership in the House is often associated with seniority, especially in the Democratic Caucus. The Republican leadership, in comparison with the Democratic Party, prioritizes voting records and campaign fundraising over seniority for committee leadership.[2] Party leadership in the House is not strictly associated with seniority.

The more senior a representative is, the more likely the representative is to receive desirable committee assignments or leadership posts. Seniority also affects access to more desirable office space in the House Office Buildings:[3] after an office is vacated, members next in seniority can choose whether to move into it. Only after allocations for existing members are complete can incoming members be assigned offices via the congressional office lottery.[4]

Vacancies

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Current seniority list

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Rank Member Party District Seniority date Previous service[a]
Committee and leadership positions
1 Hal Rogers R Kentucky 5 January 3, 1981 Dean of the House
2 Chris Smith R New Jersey 4  
3 Steny Hoyer D Maryland 5 May 19, 1981
4 Marcy Kaptur D Ohio 9 January 3, 1983
5 Nancy Pelosi D California 11 June 2, 1987 Speaker Emerita of the House
6 Frank Pallone D New Jersey 6 November 8, 1988 Ranking Member: Energy and Commerce
7 Richard Neal D Massachusetts 1 January 3, 1989 Ranking Member: Ways and Means
8 Rosa DeLauro D Connecticut 3 January 3, 1991 Ranking Member: Appropriations
9 Maxine Waters D California 43 Ranking Member: Financial Services
10 Jerry Nadler D New York 12 November 3, 1992 Ranking Member: Judiciary
11 Sanford Bishop D Georgia 2 January 3, 1993  
12 Ken Calvert R California 41
13 Jim Clyburn D South Carolina 6 Assistant Democratic Leader
14 Anna Eshoo D California 16  
15 Bobby Scott D Virginia 3 Ranking Member: Education and the Workforce
16 Nydia Velázquez D New York 7 Ranking Member: Small Business
17 Bennie Thompson D Mississippi 2 April 13, 1993 Ranking Member: Homeland Security
18 Frank Lucas R Oklahoma 3 May 10, 1994 Chair: Science, Space and Technology
19 Lloyd Doggett D Texas 37 January 3, 1995  
20 Zoe Lofgren D California 18 Ranking Member: Science, Space and Technology
21 Earl Blumenauer D Oregon 3 May 21, 1996  
22 Robert Aderholt R Alabama 4 January 3, 1997
23 Danny Davis D Illinois 7
24 Diana DeGette D Colorado 1
25 Kay Granger R Texas 12 Chair: Appropriations until April 10, 2024
26 Jim McGovern D Massachusetts 2 Ranking Member: Rules
27 Brad Sherman D California 32  
28 Adam Smith D Washington 9 Ranking Member: Armed Services
29 Gregory Meeks D New York 5 February 3, 1998 Ranking Member: Foreign Affairs
30 Barbara Lee D California 12 April 7, 1998  
31 John B. Larson D Connecticut 1 January 3, 1999
32 Grace Napolitano D California 31
33 Jan Schakowsky D Illinois 9
34 Mike Simpson R Idaho 2
35 Mike Thompson D California 4
36 Pete Sessions R Texas 17 January 3, 2021 1997–2019
37 Sam Graves R Missouri 6 January 3, 2001 Chair: Transportation and Infrastructure
38 Rick Larsen D Washington 2 Ranking Member: Transportation and Infrastructure
39 Betty McCollum D Minnesota 4  
40 Adam Schiff D California 30
41 Stephen F. Lynch D Massachusetts 8 October 16, 2001
42 Joe Wilson R South Carolina 2 December 18, 2001
43 Michael C. Burgess R Texas 26 January 3, 2003 Chair: Rules from April 10, 2024
44 John Carter R Texas 31  
45 Tom Cole R Oklahoma 4 Chair: Rules until April 10, 2024
Chair: Appropriations from April 10, 2024
46 Mario Díaz-Balart R Florida 26  
47 Raúl Grijalva D Arizona 7 Ranking Member: Natural Resources
48 Mike Rogers R Alabama 3 Chair: Armed Services
49 Dutch Ruppersberger D Maryland 2  
50 Linda Sánchez D California 38
51 David Scott D Georgia 13 Ranking Member: Agriculture
52 Mike Turner R Ohio 10 Chair: Intelligence
53 Darrell Issa R California 48 January 3, 2021 2001–2019  
54 Emanuel Cleaver D Missouri 5 January 3, 2005
55 Jim Costa D California 21
56 Henry Cuellar D Texas 28
57 Virginia Foxx R North Carolina 5 Chair: Education and the Workforce
58 Al Green D Texas 9  
59 Michael McCaul R Texas 10 Chair: Foreign Affairs
60 Patrick McHenry R North Carolina 10 Chair: Financial Services
61 Cathy McMorris Rodgers R Washington 5 Chair: Energy and Commerce
62 Gwen Moore D Wisconsin 4  
63 Debbie Wasserman Schultz D Florida 25
64 Doris Matsui D California 7 March 8, 2005
65 Gus Bilirakis R Florida 12 January 3, 2007
66 Vern Buchanan R Florida 16
67 Kathy Castor D Florida 14
68 Yvette Clarke D New York 9
69 Steve Cohen D Tennessee 9
70 Joe Courtney D Connecticut 2
71 Hank Johnson D Georgia 4
72 Jim Jordan R Ohio 4 Chair: Judiciary
73 Doug Lamborn R Colorado 5  
74 John Sarbanes D Maryland 3
75 Adrian Smith R Nebraska 3
76 Bob Latta R Ohio 5 December 11, 2007
77 Rob Wittman R Virginia 1
78 André Carson D Indiana 7 March 11, 2008
79 Steve Scalise R Louisiana 1 May 3, 2008 Majority Leader
80 Gerry Connolly D Virginia 11 January 3, 2009  
81 Brett Guthrie R Kentucky 2
82 Jim Himes D Connecticut 4 Ranking Member: Intelligence
83 Blaine Luetkemeyer R Missouri 3  
84 Tom McClintock R California 5
85 Chellie Pingree D Maine 1
86 Bill Posey R Florida 8
87 Glenn Thompson R Pennsylvania 15 Chair: Agriculture
88 Paul Tonko D New York 20  
89 Mike Quigley D Illinois 5 April 7, 2009
90 Judy Chu D California 28 July 14, 2009
91 John Garamendi D California 8 November 3, 2009
92 Tim Walberg R Michigan 5 January 3, 2011 2007–2009
93 Bill Foster D Illinois 11 January 3, 2013 2008–2011
94 Kweisi Mfume D Maryland 7 April 28, 2020 1987–1996
95 Larry Bucshon R Indiana 8 January 3, 2011
96 Rick Crawford R Arkansas 1
97 Scott DesJarlais R Tennessee 4
98 Jeff Duncan R South Carolina 3
99 Chuck Fleischmann R Tennessee 3
100 Paul Gosar R Arizona 9
101 Morgan Griffith R Virginia 9
102 Andy Harris R Maryland 1
103 Bill Huizenga R Michigan 4
104 Bill Keating D Massachusetts 9
105 Mike Kelly R Pennsylvania 16
106 David Schweikert R Arizona 1
107 Austin Scott R Georgia 8
108 Terri Sewell D Alabama 7
109 Daniel Webster R Florida 11
110 Frederica Wilson D Florida 24
111 Steve Womack R Arkansas 3
112 Mark Amodei R Nevada 2 September 13, 2011
113 Suzanne Bonamici D Oregon 1 January 31, 2012
114 Suzan DelBene D Washington 1 November 6, 2012
115 Thomas Massie R Kentucky 4
116 Dina Titus D Nevada 1 January 3, 2013 2009–2011
117 Andy Barr R Kentucky 6
118 Joyce Beatty D Ohio 3
119 Ami Bera D California 6
120 Julia Brownley D California 26
121 Tony Cárdenas D California 29
122 Matt Cartwright D Pennsylvania 8
123 Joaquin Castro D Texas 20
124 Lois Frankel D Florida 22
125 Richard Hudson R North Carolina 9
126 Jared Huffman D California 2
127 Hakeem Jeffries D New York 8 Minority Leader
128 David Joyce R Ohio 14  
129 Dan Kildee D Michigan 8
130 Derek Kilmer D Washington 6
131 Annie Kuster D New Hampshire 2
132 Doug LaMalfa R California 1
133 Grace Meng D New York 6
134 Scott Perry R Pennsylvania 10
135 Scott Peters D California 50
136 Mark Pocan D Wisconsin 2
137 Raul Ruiz D California 25
138 Eric Swalwell D California 14
139 Mark Takano D California 39 Ranking Member: Veterans' Affairs
140 Juan Vargas D California 52  
141 Marc Veasey D Texas 33
142 Ann Wagner R Missouri 2
143 Randy Weber R Texas 14
144 Brad Wenstrup R Ohio 2
145 Roger Williams R Texas 25 Chair: Small Business
146 Robin Kelly D Illinois 2 April 9, 2013  
147 Jason Smith R Missouri 8 June 4, 2013 Chair: Ways and Means
148 Katherine Clark D Massachusetts 5 December 10, 2013 Minority Whip
149 Alma Adams D North Carolina 12 November 4, 2014  
150 Donald Norcross D New Jersey 1
151 Ed Case D Hawaii 1 January 3, 2019 2002–2007
152 Pete Aguilar D California 33 January 3, 2015 Democratic Caucus Chair
153 Rick W. Allen R Georgia 12  
154 Brian Babin R Texas 36
155 Don Beyer D Virginia 8
156 Mike Bost R Illinois 12 Chair: Veterans' Affairs
157 Brendan Boyle D Pennsylvania 2 Ranking Member: Budget
158 Buddy Carter R Georgia 1  
159 Mark DeSaulnier D California 10
160 Debbie Dingell D Michigan 6
161 Tom Emmer R Minnesota 6 Majority Whip
162 Ruben Gallego D Arizona 3  
163 Garret Graves R Louisiana 6
164 Glenn Grothman R Wisconsin 6
165 French Hill R Arkansas 2
166 Ted Lieu D California 36
167 Barry Loudermilk R Georgia 11
168 John Moolenaar R Michigan 2
169 Alex Mooney R West Virginia 2
170 Seth Moulton D Massachusetts 6
171 Dan Newhouse R Washington 4
172 Gary Palmer R Alabama 6
173 David Rouzer R North Carolina 7
174 Elise Stefanik R New York 21 Republican Conference Chairwoman
175 Norma Torres D California 35  
176 Bonnie Watson Coleman D New Jersey 12
177 Bruce Westerman R Arkansas 4 Chair: Natural Resources
178 Trent Kelly R Mississippi 1 June 2, 2015  
179 Darin LaHood R Illinois 16 September 10, 2015
180 Warren Davidson R Ohio 8 June 7, 2016
181 James Comer R Kentucky 1 November 8, 2016 Chair: Oversight and Accountability
182 Dwight Evans D Pennsylvania 3  
183 Brad Schneider D Illinois 10 January 3, 2017 2013–2015
184 David Valadao R California 22 January 3, 2021 2013–2019
185 Jodey Arrington R Texas 19 January 3, 2017 Chair: Budget
186 Don Bacon R Nebraska 2  
187 Jim Banks R Indiana 3
188 Nanette Barragán D California 44
189 Jack Bergman R Michigan 1
190 Andy Biggs R Arizona 5
191 Lisa Blunt Rochester D Delaware at-large
192 Salud Carbajal D California 24
193 Lou Correa D California 46
194 Neal Dunn R Florida 2
195 Adriano Espaillat D New York 13
196 Drew Ferguson R Georgia 3
197 Brian Fitzpatrick R Pennsylvania 1
198 Vicente Gonzalez D Texas 34
199 Josh Gottheimer D New Jersey 5
200 Clay Higgins R Louisiana 3
201 Pramila Jayapal D Washington 7
202 Mike Johnson R Louisiana 4 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
203 Ro Khanna D California 17  
204 Raja Krishnamoorthi D Illinois 8
205 David Kustoff R Tennessee 8
206 Brian Mast R Florida 21
207 Jimmy Panetta D California 19
208 Jamie Raskin D Maryland 8 Ranking Member: Oversight and Accountability
209 John Rutherford R Florida 5  
210 Lloyd Smucker R Pennsylvania 11
211 Darren Soto D Florida 9
212 Ron Estes R Kansas 4 April 11, 2017
213 Jimmy Gomez D California 34 June 6, 2017
214 Ralph Norman R South Carolina 5 June 20, 2017
215 John Curtis R Utah 3 November 7, 2017
216 Debbie Lesko R Arizona 8 April 24, 2018
217 Michael Cloud R Texas 27 June 30, 2018
218 Troy Balderson R Ohio 12 August 7, 2018
219 Kevin Hern R Oklahoma 1 November 6, 2018
220 Joseph Morelle D New York 25 Ranking Member: House Administration
221 Mary Gay Scanlon D Pennsylvania 5  
222 Susan Wild D Pennsylvania 7 Ranking Member: Ethics
223 Steven Horsford D Nevada 4 January 3, 2019 2013–2015  
224 Tom Suozzi D New York 3 February 13, 2024 2017–2023
225 Colin Allred D Texas 32 January 3, 2019
226 Kelly Armstrong R North Dakota at-large
227 Jim Baird R Indiana 4
228 Tim Burchett R Tennessee 2
229 Sean Casten D Illinois 6
230 Ben Cline R Virginia 6
231 Angie Craig D Minnesota 2
232 Dan Crenshaw R Texas 2
233 Jason Crow D Colorado 6
234 Sharice Davids D Kansas 3
235 Madeleine Dean D Pennsylvania 4
236 Veronica Escobar D Texas 16
237 Lizzie Fletcher D Texas 7
238 Russ Fulcher R Idaho 1
239 Chuy García D Illinois 4
240 Sylvia Garcia D Texas 29
241 Jared Golden D Maine 2
242 Lance Gooden R Texas 5
243 Mark Green R Tennessee 7 Chair: Homeland Security
244 Michael Guest R Mississippi 3 Chair: Ethics
245 Josh Harder D California 9  
246 Jahana Hayes D Connecticut 5
247 Chrissy Houlahan D Pennsylvania 6
248 Dusty Johnson R South Dakota at-large
249 John Joyce R Pennsylvania 13
250 Andy Kim D New Jersey 3
251 Susie Lee D Nevada 3
252 Mike Levin D California 49
253 Lucy McBath D Georgia 7
254 Dan Meuser R Pennsylvania 9
255 Carol Miller R West Virginia 1
256 Joe Neguse D Colorado 2
257 Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez D New York 14
258 Ilhan Omar D Minnesota 5
259 Chris Pappas D New Hampshire 1
260 Greg Pence R Indiana 6
261 Dean Phillips D Minnesota 3
262 Katie Porter D California 47
263 Ayanna Pressley D Massachusetts 7
264 Guy Reschenthaler R Pennsylvania 14
265 John Rose R Tennessee 6
266 Chip Roy R Texas 21
267 Kim Schrier D Washington 8
268 Mikie Sherrill D New Jersey 11
269 Elissa Slotkin D Michigan 7
270 Abigail Spanberger D Virginia 7
271 Greg Stanton D Arizona 4
272 Pete Stauber R Minnesota 8
273 Bryan Steil R Wisconsin 1 Chair: House Administration
274 Greg Steube R Florida 17  
275 Haley Stevens D Michigan 11
276 William Timmons R South Carolina 4
277 Rashida Tlaib D Michigan 12
278 Lori Trahan D Massachusetts 3
279 David Trone D Maryland 6
280 Lauren Underwood D Illinois 14
281 Jeff Van Drew R[b] New Jersey 2
282 Michael Waltz R Florida 6
283 Jennifer Wexton D Virginia 10
284 Dan Bishop R North Carolina 8 September 10, 2019
285 Greg Murphy R North Carolina 3
286 Mike Garcia R California 27 May 12, 2020
287 Tom Tiffany R Wisconsin 7
288 Claudia Tenney R New York 24 February 11, 2021 2017–2019
289 Ryan Zinke R Montana 1 January 3, 2023 2015–2017
290 Jake Auchincloss D Massachusetts 4 January 3, 2021
291 Cliff Bentz R Oregon 2
292 Stephanie Bice R Oklahoma 5
293 Lauren Boebert R Colorado 3
294 Jamaal Bowman D New York 16
295 Cori Bush D Missouri 1
296 Kat Cammack R Florida 3
297 Jerry Carl R Alabama 1
298 Andrew Clyde R Georgia 9
299 Byron Donalds R Florida 19
300 Pat Fallon R Texas 4
301 Randy Feenstra R Iowa 4
302 Michelle Fischbach R Minnesota 7
303 Scott L. Fitzgerald R Wisconsin 5
304 Scott Franklin R Florida 18
305 Andrew Garbarino R New York 2
306 Carlos A. Giménez R Florida 28
307 Tony Gonzales R Texas 23
308 Bob Good R Virginia 5
309 Marjorie Taylor Greene R Georgia 14
310 Diana Harshbarger R Tennessee 1
311 Ashley Hinson R Iowa 2
312 Ronny Jackson R Texas 13
313 Sara Jacobs D California 51
314 Young Kim R California 40
315 Jake LaTurner R Kansas 2
316 Teresa Leger Fernandez D New Mexico 3
317 Nancy Mace R South Carolina 1
318 Nicole Malliotakis R New York 11
319 Tracey Mann R Kansas 1
320 Kathy Manning D North Carolina 6
321 Lisa McClain R Michigan 9
322 Mary Miller R Illinois 15
323 Mariannette Miller-Meeks R Iowa 1
324 Barry Moore R Alabama 2
325 Blake Moore R Utah 1
326 Frank J. Mrvan D Indiana 1
327 Troy Nehls R Texas 22
328 Jay Obernolte R California 23
329 Burgess Owens R Utah 4
330 August Pfluger R Texas 11
331 Matt Rosendale R Montana 2
332 Deborah K. Ross D North Carolina 2
333 María Elvira Salazar R Florida 27
334 Victoria Spartz R Indiana 5
335 Michelle Steel R California 45
336 Marilyn Strickland D Washington 10
337 Ritchie Torres D New York 15
338 Beth Van Duyne R Texas 24
339 Nikema Williams D Georgia 5
340 Julia Letlow R Louisiana 5 March 20, 2021
341 Troy Carter D Louisiana 2 April 24, 2021
342 Melanie Stansbury D New Mexico 1 June 1, 2021
343 Jake Ellzey R Texas 6 July 27, 2021
344 Shontel Brown D Ohio 11 November 2, 2021
345 Mike Carey R Ohio 15
346 Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick D Florida 20 January 11, 2022
347 Mike Flood R Nebraska 1 June 28, 2022
348 Brad Finstad R Minnesota 1 August 9, 2022
349 Mary Peltola D Alaska at-large August 16, 2022
350 Pat Ryan D New York 18 August 23, 2022
351 Rudy Yakym R Indiana 2 November 8, 2022
352 Mark Alford R Missouri 4 January 3, 2023
353 Becca Balint D Vermont at-large
354 Aaron Bean R Florida 4
355 Josh Brecheen R Oklahoma 2
356 Nikki Budzinski D Illinois 13
357 Eric Burlison R Missouri 7
358 Yadira Caraveo D Colorado 8
359 Greg Casar D Texas 35
360 Lori Chavez-DeRemer R Oregon 5
361 Juan Ciscomani R Arizona 6
362 Mike Collins R Georgia 10
363 Eli Crane R Arizona 2
364 Jasmine Crockett D Texas 30
365 Anthony D'Esposito R New York 4
366 Don Davis D North Carolina 1
367 Monica De La Cruz R Texas 15
368 Chris Deluzio D Pennsylvania 17
369 John Duarte R California 13
370 Chuck Edwards R North Carolina 11
371 Mike Ezell R Mississippi 4
372 Valerie Foushee D North Carolina 4
373 Maxwell Frost D Florida 10
374 Russell Fry R South Carolina 7
375 Robert Garcia D California 42
376 Marie Gluesenkamp Pérez D Washington 3
377 Dan Goldman D New York 10
378 Harriet Hageman R Wyoming at-large
379 Erin Houchin R Indiana 9
380 Val Hoyle D Oregon 4
381 Wesley Hunt R Texas 38
382 Glenn Ivey D Maryland 4
383 Jeff Jackson D North Carolina 14
384 Jonathan Jackson D Illinois 1
385 John E. James R Michigan 10
386 Sydney Kamlager D California 37
387 Thomas Kean Jr. R New Jersey 7
388 Jen Kiggans R Virginia 2
389 Kevin Kiley R California 3
390 Nick LaLota R New York 1
391 Greg Landsman D Ohio 1
392 Nick Langworthy R New York 23
393 Mike Lawler R New York 17
394 Laurel Lee R Florida 15
395 Summer Lee D Pennsylvania 12
396 Anna Paulina Luna R Florida 13
397 Morgan Luttrell R Texas 8
398 Seth Magaziner D Rhode Island 2
399 Rich McCormick R Georgia 6
400 Morgan McGarvey D Kentucky 3
401 Rob Menendez D New Jersey 8
402 Max Miller R Ohio 7
403 Cory Mills R Florida 7
404 Marc Molinaro R New York 19
405 Nathaniel Moran R Texas 1
406 Jared Moskowitz D Florida 23
407 Kevin Mullin D California 15
408 Wiley Nickel D North Carolina 13
409 Zach Nunn R Iowa 3
410 Andy Ogles R Tennessee 5
411 Brittany Pettersen D Colorado 7
412 Delia Ramirez D Illinois 3
413 Andrea Salinas D Oregon 6
414 Hillary Scholten D Michigan 3
415 Keith Self R Texas 3
416 Eric Sorensen D Illinois 17
417 Dale Strong R Alabama 5
418 Emilia Sykes D Ohio 13
419 Shri Thanedar D Michigan 13
420 Jill Tokuda D Hawaii 2
421 Derrick Van Orden R Wisconsin 3
422 Gabe Vasquez D New Mexico 2
423 Brandon Williams R New York 22
424 Jennifer McClellan D Virginia 4 February 21, 2023
425 Gabe Amo D Rhode Island 1 November 7, 2023
426 Celeste Maloy R Utah 2 November 21, 2023
427 Tim Kennedy D New York 26 April 30, 2024
428 Vince Fong R California 20 May 21, 2024
429 Michael Rulli R Ohio 6 June 11, 2024
430 Greg Lopez R Colorado 4 June 25, 2024
431 LaMonica McIver D New Jersey 10 September 18, 2024
432 Erica Lee Carter D Texas 18 November 5, 2024
433 Tony Wied R Wisconsin 8
Rank Member Party District Seniority date Previous service[a]
Committee and leadership positions

Delegates

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Delegates are non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives.

Rank Delegate Party District Seniority date
(previous service, if any)
1 Eleanor Holmes Norton D District of Columbia at-large January 3, 1991
2 Gregorio Sablan D Northern Mariana Islands at-large January 3, 2009
3 Stacey Plaskett D United States Virgin Islands at-large January 3, 2015
4 Amata Coleman Radewagen R American Samoa at-large
5 Jenniffer González NPP/R Puerto Rico at-large January 3, 2017
6 James Moylan R Guam at-large January 3, 2023

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b Members elected with substantial prior service receive credit for part of that service when calculating seniority.
  2. ^ A party change does not affect seniority.

References

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  1. ^ "Terms of Service for Members of the House of Representatives". Historian of the United States House of Representatives. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
  2. ^ "House Seniority and Committee Leadership". U.S. News & World Report. December 8, 2006.
  3. ^ Goodwin, George (1959). "The Seniority System in Congress". The American Political Science Review. pp. 412–436. doi:10.2307/1952154. Retrieved 15 August 2022 – via JSTOR.
  4. ^ Langhorne, Thomas B. (October 16, 2018). "Scramble for office space in Congress is about status". Evansville Courier & Press. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  5. ^ "New Jersey Democratic Rep. Bill Pascrell dead at 87". The Hill. 21 August 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  6. ^ Amiri, Farnoush; Mascaro, Lisa. "Rep. Matt Gaetz resigns from Congress". Associated Press. Retrieved November 14, 2024.
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